1.  Peer Reviewed Title: High fertility in city suburbs: compositional or contextual effects? La fecondite elevee dans les banlieues urbaines: effets de composition ou de contexte? Author: Kulu H; Boyle PJ Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 May;25(2):157-174. Abstract: Fertility rates are known to be higher in city suburbs. One interpretation is that the suburban 'context' influences the behaviour of individuals who reside there while an alternative is that the 'composition' of the suburban population explains the higher fertility levels. Furthermore, suburban in-migrants who intend to have children may have a significant influence on suburban fertility rates. Using Finnish longitudinal register data we show that fertility rates are higher in the suburbs and rural areas and lower in the cities. Fertility variation across these residential contexts decreases significantly after controlling for women's demographic and socio-economic characteristics. However, it does not disappear entirely suggesting that the local context may have some influence on fertility. While movers to suburbs do display higher fertility levels than non-migrant residents, their overall impact is not great because they form a small share of the suburban population. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | RESIDENTIAL SELECTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migration | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution Document Number: 340173 |
2.  Title: An overview of urbanization, internal migration, population distribution and development in the world. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Jan 14. 34 p. (UN/POP/EGM-URB/2008/01) Prepared for the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, New York, January 21-23, 2008. Abstract: The distribution of humanity on the earth's surface has always responded to the opportunities that different territories provide. After the invention of agriculture, the availability of arable land largely determined the place where most people settled. The practice of agriculture also permitted the accumulation of food surpluses and the differentiation of productive activities that led to the emergence of more complex settlements generically identified as "cities". In modern history, cities have played key roles as centres of Government, production, trade, knowledge, innovation and rising productivity. The changes brought about by the industrial revolution would be unimaginable in the absence of cities. The mechanization of production made necessary the concentration of population. Rapid industrialization was accompanied by increasing urbanization. In 1920, the more developed regions, being the most industrialized, had just under 30 per cent of their population in urban areas. As industrialization advanced in the developing world so did urbanization, particularly in Latin America where 41 per cent of the population was urban by 1950. In Africa and Asia levels of urbanization remained lower, although the urban population increased markedly, particularly in Asia. Between 1920 and 2007, the world's urban population increased from about 270 million to 3.3 billion, with 1.5 billion urban dwellers added to Asia, 750 million to the more developed regions, just under 450 million to Latin America and the Caribbean, and just over 350 million to Africa. These changes foreshadow those to come. Between 2007 and 2050, the urban population is expected to increase as much as it did since 1920, that is, 3.1 billion additional urban dwellers are expected by 2050, including 1.8 billion in Asia and 0.9 billion in Africa. These powerful trends will shape and in turn be shaped by economic and social development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBAN AREAS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POLICY | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323730 |
| 3. Title: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, 21-23 January 2008. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Mar. 364 p. (ESA/P/WP.206) Abstract: In 2008, the world is reaching an important milestone: for the first time in history, half of the world population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization has significant social and economic implications: Historically, it has been an integral part of the process of economic development and an important determinant of the decline in fertility and mortality rates. Many important economic, social and demographic transformations have taken place in cities. The urban expansion, due in part to migration from rural to urban areas, varies significantly across regions and countries. The distribution and morphology of cities, the dynamics of urban growth, the linkages between urban and rural areas and the living conditions of the rural and urban population also vary quite substantially across countries and over time. In general, urbanization represents a positive development, but it also poses challenges. The scale of such challenges is particularly significant in less developed regions, where most of the urban growth will take place in the coming decades. To discuss trends in population distribution and urbanization and their implications, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development. The meeting, which took place from 21 to 23 January at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, brought together experts from different regions of the world to present and discuss recent research on urbanization, the policy dimensions of urban growth and internal migration, the linkages and disparities between urban and rural development, aspects of urban infrastructure and urban planning, and the challenges of climate change for the spatial distribution of the population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED KINGDOM | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | UN | GROUP MEETING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 325697 |
| 4. Title: Culture, Risk and HIV/AIDS among Migrant and Mobile Men in Goa, India. Author: Bailey A Source: Amsterdam, Netherlands, Rozenberg Publishers, 2008. 262 p. Dissertation of the faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen. Abstract: Within HIV and AIDS research, culture to a large extent has been relegated to the realm of beliefs and myths, i.e. culture has not been taken very seriously. This study, among migrant and mobile (truckers and fishermen) men from Karnataka in Goa, examines how HIV risk assessment and protection behaviour are culturally grounded. The study combines different theoretical insights such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), cultural schemes, cultural heuristics, cultural production of place and othering. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used in the data collection. A range of different qualitative methods was applied, ranging from in-depth interviews (25), focus group discussions (16), key informant interviews, analysis of media reports, observation, walk through the spaces, to visual materials. In a locally informed survey (N= 1259), results of the qualitative research have been quantified and validated. Migrant and mobile men in Goa perceived the economic consequences of being infected with the HIV virus to be more severe in comparison to the social and health consequences. Men applied cultural heuristics of gender roles, vigilance and trust and used visual cues as guides to risk assessment and decision making when they had partial or uncertain information about their sexual partner. Knowledge on HIV and AIDS is locally produced and shared through cultural narratives. The link between culture and space /place is depicted in the manner in which migrants make their places (e.g. houses, temples), are othered by the Goan host population and search for sex workers. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | MIGRANTS | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | HIV INFECTIONS | CULTURE | RISK FACTORS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 308678 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Saving 'face' and 'othering': getting to the root of barriers to condom use among Chinese female sex workers. Author: Chapman J; Estcourt CS; Hua Z Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Aug;5(3):291-298. Abstract: China has one of the most rapidly expanding HIV epidemics in the world with sexual transmission between female sex workers (FSW) and clients accounting for a rising fraction of new infections. Successful HIV prevention relies on the delivery of relevant, culturally appropriate messages to influence behaviour change. However, the cultural systems that give rise to barriers to condom use among Chinese FSW have been poorly examined. A better understanding of these barriers is fundamental to global HIV prevention efforts particularly considering increasing international migration of Chinese women who go on to engage in sex work in their migrant country. We conducted semistructured interviews with 23 FSW incarcerated in a re-education and detention centre in Shenzhen, China in July to August 2004. All respondents were internal economic migrants who had entered the sex industry in pursuit of greater financial reward. Respondents explained that they would 'lose face' if they returned from their migration penniless. Women's distinction between commercial and non-commercial partners was very subtle; the nature of 'boyfriend' relationships was diverse and these were often transactional. Condom use was influenced by gender norms, familiarity, a desire to 'save' and 'give' face and, in transactional relationships, whether more money was offered. Women felt HIV was a disease of 'others'; only two women felt personally at risk. The present study has highlighted the importance of unique cultural structures in Chinese FSW sexual decision-making, an understanding of which will enhance the success of HIV-prevention efforts globally. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PRISONERS | MIGRANTS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | CONDOM USE | SELF ESTEEM | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Gender Issues Document Number: 322962 |
| 6. Title: Gender and migration in the central valleys of Oaxaca. Author: Cohen JH; Rodriguez L; Fox M Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):79-101. Abstract: In this paper, we examine the gendered nature of international and internal migration that originates in the central valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Our goals are to define migration patterns and outcomes for Oaxacan women from the central valleys region and note the differences that mark migrant men and women. We use ethnographic data from anthropological research in 12 of Oaxaca's central valley communities to argue that local concepts of what defines correct behaviour (for both men and women) are critical to the outcomes and the differences that exist in the practices of migrant men and women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | RURAL AREAS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | MOTIVATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324346 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender role beliefs and family migration. Author: Cooke TJ Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):163-175. Abstract: Consistent empirical evidence demonstrates that demographic indicators associated with traditional gender roles, such as the presence of children, are linked to the negative effect of moving on married women's employment and earnings. However, very few studies have directly examined how gender role beliefs are related to family migration behaviour. This analysis demonstrates that when a couple shares egalitarian gender role beliefs, the family has a lower probability of moving when the wife is employed and has a higher probability of moving when the wife is unemployed and wants to work. Among couples that do not share traditional gender role beliefs, migration appears to be unaffected by the employment status of the wife. This study is one of the few which clearly demonstrates that family migration is contingent on the gender role beliefs of husbands and wives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | COUPLES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | GENDER ISSUES | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 326579 |
| 8. Title: Expressions of HIV-related stigma among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Author: Hong Y; Li X; Stanton B; Fang X; Lin D; Wang J; Mao R; Yang H Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2008 Oct;22(10):823-31. Abstract: In China, HIV-related stigma is considered as a formidable barrier in the combat against the HIV epidemic. There have been few qualitative investigations on HIV-related stigma in China, especially among a vulnerable population of rural-to-urban migrants. Based on 90 in-depth interviews conducted in 2002-2003 with rural-to-urban migrants in Beijing and Nanjing, China, this study examines the forms and expressions of HIV-related stigma from migrants' perspectives regarding HIV infection and individuals at risk of HIV infection. Consistent with the general framework on stigma, Chinese rural-to-urban migrants' attitudes toward HIV infected individuals take forms of denial, indifference, labeling, separation, rejection, status loss, shame, hopelessness, and fear. These stigmatizing attitudes were mainly derived from fears of AIDS contagion and its negative consequences, fears of being associated with the diseases, and culturally relevant moral judgments. In addition to universal AIDS stigma, both traditional Chinese culture and socially marginalized position of rural migrant population have contributed to culturally unique aspects of stigmatizing attitudes among rural-to-urban migrants. These multifaceted manifestations of HIV-related stigma suggest that HIV stigma reduction intervention needs to address multiple aspects of HIV stigma and stigmatization including personal, cultural, institutional, and structural factors. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANT WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | STIGMA | AIDS | FEAR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 329399 |
| 9. Title: Internal displacement: Global overview of trends and developments in 2007. Author: Jennings E; Birkenes A; Eschenbacher JH; Foaleng M; Khalil K Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Norwegian Refugee Council, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2008 Apr. [98] p. Abstract: In 2007, the global internal displacement crisis continued unabated. Although international attention to the plight of internally displaced people (IDPs) has grown significantly over the past years, there was still no breakthrough in reducing the numbers and measurably improving the situation of those who had been forced to flee their homes as a result of conflict, generalised violence or human rights violations. Displacement, in the words of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, remained "arguably the most significant humanitarian challenge that we face". Millions of people were newly displaced by conflict during 2007, chased from their homes and land by brutal government armies and militias, rebel groups or hostile neighbouring communities. They joined the ranks of IDPs who had been uprooted in previous years and who remained unable to return to their homes or find other durable solutions, exposed to violence and severe violations even of their most basic human rights. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | MONITORING | INTERNAL MIGRATION | ADVOCACY | TRAINING PROGRAMS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Communication | Education | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326041 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Mobility and HIV-related sexual behavior in Burkina Faso. Author: Khan MR; Patnaik P; Brown L; Nagot N; Salouka S Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Mar;12(2):202-212. Abstract: This study compared HIV-related sexual behavior among mobile and non-mobile populations in Burkina Faso and identified venues where HIV/AIDS interventions targeting mobile individuals should be implemented. Men (N = 940) and women (N = 430) responded to a sexual behavior survey while socializing at venues where people meet sexual partners in eight Burkina Faso villages. Mobile women were more likely than nonmobile women to report new sexual partnerships (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR): 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19-3.59) and transactional sex (adjusted POR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.55-3.42) in the past month. Mobility was most common and associations between mobility and sexual partnership levels were particularly strong among women interviewed in urban commercial towns situated near international borders. Mobile women were most likely to be interviewed at venues such as bars and clubs, making these appropriate locations for HIV/AIDS interventions. Mobility was not associated with HIV-related sexual behaviors among men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX WORKERS | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRANTS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | SEX FACTORS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325246 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk factors affecting condom use among male sex workers who serve men in China: a qualitative study. Author: Kong TS Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Nov;84(6):444-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify key factors affecting condom use among male sex workers (MSW) who serve men in China. METHOD: In-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews in Beijing and Shanghai, China. Informants were recruited through referral from a non-governmental organisation with a strong men who have sex with men (MSM) network and the snowball technique. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2005, 30 MSW were interviewed (Beijing n = 14; Shanghai n = 16). The MSW in this study were mainly single, young, homosexual, rural migrants with secondary education. None practised safer sex in their home towns. Until they migrated to big cities and entered the sex industry, they did not develop safer sex practices. They reported high condom use at work, but more than half of them (n = 17) had not been tested for HIV. Four factors, derived from the interviews and correlated to their rural background, sexual orientation and sex work identity, put MSW at risk of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI): incorrect AIDS knowledge; economic hardship; homosexual orientation and over-trusting in sexual relationships. CONCLUSION: MSW, a distinctive but often neglected group in both studies and sentinel surveillance among the MSM population in China, deserve special attention. There is not only potential for HIV/STI infection among the MSM population but also for infecting the general public. Education and prevention programmes should take their three major interlocking identities: rural migrant, sex worker and homosexual into consideration in social, cultural and economic contexts in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | RISK FACTORS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | HIV TESTING | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | POVERTY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Biology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330068 |
| 12. Title: Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Author: Mendola M Source: Journal of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;85(1-2):150-175. Abstract: In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on the people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but, given its lumpy-investment nature, lack of resources may constitute both a motivation and a hurdle to migrate. We use a cross-sectional household survey from rural Bangladesh to test whether migration is a diversification strategy that enables sending households to uptake high-yielding seed technology. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints by differentiating between temporary-domestic, permanent-domestic and international movement. We find that households able to engage in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) are more likely to employ modern farming technology, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the other hand, are unable to overcome the entry costs of cross-border movement and fall backon low net-return (i.e. domestic) migration, which does not drive production enhancements and may act as a poverty-trap. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LABOR MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Technology | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development Document Number: 327379 |
| 13. Title: The role of in-migrants in the increasing rural HIV-1 epidemic: results from a village population survey in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. Author: Mmbaga EJ; Leyna GH; Hussain A; Mnyika KS; Sam NE; Klepp KI Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Sep;12(5):519-25. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the magnitude of rural in-migration and the role of in-migrants in the observed increase in HIV-1 prevalence in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving the adult population aged 15-44 years residing in a rural village was conducted from March to May of 2005. Participants were interviewed regarding their risk behaviors and gave blood for HIV-1 and syphilis testing. RESULTS: Overall, the response rate was 73.0% (1528/2093). A total of 699 (48.1%) participants reported having in-migrated to the village at some point during their life. The prevalences of HIV-1 infection were 1.8%, 2.3%, and 3.7% among non-in-migrant, long-term in-migrant, and recent in-migrant men, respectively (p(trend)<0.001). The corresponding prevalences among women were 9.2%, 11.5%, and 14.5%, respectively (p(trend)=0.048). The odds of HIV-1 infection were higher among recent in-migrants as compared to non-in-migrants (men: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.4, 95% CI 1.8-6.6; women: AOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-5.0). Risk behaviors were inversely related to years since in-migration for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that rural in-migration is common for both men and women. In-migrants were at higher risk for HIV-1 infection and contributed significantly to increased rural HIV-1 prevalence. More studies to examine the rate and broader causes of rural in-migration in similar communities are called for. These may help in the design of intervention strategies for curbing the rising rural HIV epidemic. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNAL MIGRATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Measurement | Behavior Document Number: 329269 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Population change due to geographic mobility in Albania, 1989 -- 2001, and the repercussions of internal migration for the enlargement of Tirana. Author: Agorastakis M; Sidiropoulos G Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):471-481. Abstract: Being a country in transition, Albania has sustained vast political and socio-economic changes over the past 15 years, mostly due to its engagement in democratisation and transformation to an open market economy. The pathway to transition has involved economic hardship and political unrest and has been accompanied by intense, large-scale, geographical mobility. This paper describes population change due to internal and international migration, 1989-2001, using Census data at district level. Its contribution is a technical one in applying a method that allows new estimates to be made of the scale of internal migration in Albania. Descriptive analysis of population changes in 36 Albanian districts, based on the last two censuses, lead to the identification of poles of attraction of internal migrants. Limited data concerning the 1989 Census and the 12 years between the censuses resulted in the creation of various indices that characterise internal migration, such as the Attraction and Expulsion Indexstemming from the Origin-Destination Matrix of the districts. In addition an Index of Conservation of the population and an Index of External Migration were also derived at the district level. By considering internal and international migration as two separate phenomena, we emphasise their uniqueness in affecting population change in Albania. The District of Tirana, capital of Albania, absorbed the majority of the inflow of internal migrants. The latter part of the paper focuses on the population of Tirana as the county's major migration destination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | POPULATION SIZE | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321498 |
| 15. Title: The migration and development nexus in Southern Africa Introduction. Author: Crush J; Frayne B Source: Development Southern Africa. 2007 Mar;24(1):1-23. Abstract: The role of international and internal migration in facilitating or inhibiting development is currently attracting considerable attention globally. In southern Africa, the migration-development nexus has been researched for a number of years and policy makers in both the development and migration fields are now paying it increasing attention and increasingly recognising the significance of migration for development and poverty reduction. Much of the international debate on this nexus is hampered by the absence of sound, reliable national and local data. This collection of essays by southern African researchers combines the national with the local, the quantitative with the qualitative, and addresses several prominent themes in the global migration-development debate: remittances, the brain drain and migrant rights. It also focuses on key migration-development issues which have received less attention globally, but which are of critical importance to southern Africa: migration and HIV/AIDS, migration and food security and the rural impact of migrant retrenchments. This Introduction to the collection contextualises the essays within current international and local debates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | BRAIN DRAIN | POVERTY | REMITTANCES | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 326673 |
| 16. Title: Migrant opportunity and the educational attainment of youth in rural China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 47 p. Abstract: In this paper, we investigate how reductions of barriers to migration affect the decision of middle school graduates to attend high school in rural China. Change in the cost of migration is identified using exogenous variation across counties in the timing of national identity card distribution, which made it easier for rural migrants to register as temporary residents in urban destinations. We show that timing of ID card distribution is unrelated to local rainfall shocks affecting demand for migration, and not related to proxies reflecting time-varying changes in village policy or administrative capacity. We find a robust negative relationship between migrant opportunity and high school enrollment. The mechanisms behind the negative relationship are suggested by observed increases in subsequent local and migrant non-agricultural employment of high school age young adults as the size of the current village migrant network increases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | YOUTH | SOCIAL NETWORKS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Records | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 318527 |
| 17. Title: Gendered migrants networks and the health of the left behind: evidence from Indonesia. Author: Everett B; Kuhn R; Silvey R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [12] p. Abstract: The United Nations and the Copenhagen Consensus Project emphasize the potential development benefits of migration for sending countries, yet few micro-level studies have addressed the consequences of migration for the left behind (Martin 2004). Fewer still identify potential positive and negative consequences of migration; contextual features of the migration-health relationship, or the impact of migration on health disparity. The migration-health relationship is mediated through social networks which Bond et al. define as "patterns of relations such as friendship, kinship, and neighborliness that cut across bounded, institutionalized groups, and may be distinct from institutional structures." This study will address these gaps in the existing literature in the context of the differential impact of migrant sons and daughters on parental health in Indonesia. We focus on kin networks in particular in order to build upon two strains of past research on migrant social networks. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HOUSEHOLDS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | SEX FACTORS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | REMITTANCES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EMPLOYMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Health | Microeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318523 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Syphilis resurgent in China. Author: Fisman DN Source: Lancet. 2007 Jan 13;369(9556):84-85. Abstract: Syphilis was a major cause of morbidity and mortality during the past 500 years and perhaps earlier. Penicillin treatment for syphilis substantially reduced prevalence in many countries, and the elimination of syphilis is thought to be an achievable goal, at least in the developed world. However, to paraphrase Mark Twain, rumours of the demise of syphilis seem to have been exaggerated. In today's Lancet, Zhi-Qiang Chen and colleagues report a striking resurgence of infectious and congenital syphilis in China. This study follows on the heels of the increased incidence of infectious syphilis in the USA, Canada, and Europe, and it might seem that China is in a similar position to other economically vibrant areas of the world. However, resurgent syphilis in China has particular resonance because it epitomises the reversal of public-health achievements (such as near-eradication of sexually transmitted diseases) from the decades after Chinese Communists came to power in 1949. For syphilis, public-health successes occurred after the introduction of a collective centralised economy. Furthermore, key components of apparently successful public-health programmes included both laudable measures (eg, elimination of debt in the peasant population to reduce the likelihood of women being sold into prostitution),6 and those regarded as draconian (eg, incarceration of sex workers in so-called re-education camps). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | SYPHILIS | INCIDENCE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INTERNAL MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prevention and Control Document Number: 311601 |
| 19. Title: The impact of migration on household wealth in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand. Author: Ford K; Jampaklay A; Chamratrithirong A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [18] p. Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of migration and remittances on household wealth using data from a longitudinal study conducted in the Kanchanaburi province of Thailand. We estimated models of the effects of number of migrants and remittances on four types of household assets in 2004, controlling for assets in 2000, household and village characteristics. In general, the migration and remittance variables did not have strong effects on household assets in 2004. The strongest predictors of household assets in 2004 were household assets in 2000. Household characteristics such as education of members and members in non agricultural activities also contributed to household assets. Village characteristics made only minor contributions. The rice farming and cash crop areas of Kanchanaburi showed negative effects of the loss of migrants on measures of household wealth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | COMMUNITY | LABOR FORCE | REMITTANCES | HOME ECONOMICS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | AGRICULTURE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Migration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318521 |
| 20. Title: Internal migration, remittances and community development. Draft. Author: Garip F Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 64 p. Abstract: This paper evaluates how rural-urban migration and remittance flows alter the level and distribution of household assets in 22 sending communities in Nang Rong, Thailand. Principal components analysis is used to construct an index of household assets from sixteen asset indicators measured in 1994 and 2000. The index is decomposed into productive and consumer assets, which constitute two broad categories of investments, with potentially different implications for future household wealth and community development. The changes in the total, productive and consumer asset indices over 6 years are then modeled as a function of migration-remittance behavior of households in 1994, and other household and village characteristics in 1994 and 2000. Because households' migration-remittance behavior is non-random, a propensity score matching technique is used to correct for selectivity bias, where selection is specified as a multinomial choice among three household strategies: not migrate, migrate-not remit, migrate-remit. The findings show that households' migration and remittance choices have a significant effect on the level and nature of their subsequent investments, and this effect depends strongly on households' initial wealth. While rich households face a decrease in productive assets due to migration of their members, poor households gain assets, and improve their relative status within their communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | MIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | REMITTANCES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HOME ECONOMICS | INVESTMENTS | PRODUCTIVITY | CAPITAL | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Migration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Development | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318522 |
| 21. Title: Internal displacement, migration, and policy in northeastern India. Author: Goswami U Source: Washington, D.C., East-West Center Washington, 2007 Apr. 61 p. (East-West Center Washington Working Papers No. 8) Abstract: The paper is divided into four sections: Migration; Illegal Migration and Policy Lacunae; Ethnic Politics and Internal Displacement; and State Responses to Internal Displacement. In the first section I discuss the colonial policy environment, altered administrative boundaries and concepts and how all this aided/abetted large-scale migrations into the Northeast. Demographic patterns were fast changing under the colonial administration's policy of importing more migrants to people a frontier region, and this approach did not lapse when a post-colonial government was ushered in. I subsequently look at how colonial legacies lived on in the postcolonial period. Postcolonial policies reflected this while influx of population continued unabated. The case of Arunachal and settlement of refugees and other non-native populations there has been taken as an example for elucidation. There is also a close look at migrations from the various neighboring countries and a discussion of illegal migration, and the state's response all such migrations. The case of continued influx from Bangladesh-mainly into Assam-has been taken as a case in point. The inefficacy of the various instruments suggested by various quarters for tackling the problem have been discussed and the sincerity of all quarters towards solving the problem questioned. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | ILLEGAL MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | BORDER CROSSING | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | COLONIALISM | MIGRATION POLICY | LEGISLATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | International Migration | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 319214 |
| 22. Title: The effects of education and nativity on cause-specific older age mortality in Taiwan. Extended abstract. Author: Hermalin AI; Ofstedal MB; Sun C Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 10 p. Abstract: This paper initiates an examination into the mortality ramifications of a rather unique migration that took place in Taiwan. Between 1949-51 more than one million people, mostly younger males, arrived from mainland China in the wake of the Communist Civil War victory. The Mainlanders, as they are often called, were distinct from the existing Taiwanese population in a number of ways, although they share a common Chinese cultural heritage. The Mainlanders came largely from different provinces of China than the original Taiwanese settlers, they were better educated on average, and spoke Mandarin rather than Taiwanese. They mainly settled in the northern urban areas of Taiwan and were residentially segregated to some extent insofar as they occupied the neighborhoods vacated by the Japanese, who ruled the island between 1906 and 1945. A large number of migrants were in the military (approximately 600,000) and many of the others were officials or administrators in the Republic of China government. The education and occupational advantages of the Mainlanders may not have extended to income and wealth, as they were mainly salaried and probably lagged behind the rapid gains in income in the private sector and in the business opportunities that began to expand in Taiwan shortly after their arrival. Despite some hostilities and tensions between the two groups, there was also considerable interaction at many levels and, given the strong sex imbalance among the Mainlanders, a fair amount of intermarriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | OLDER ADULTS | MIGRANTS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ORIGIN | RISK BEHAVIOR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Death Rate | Mortality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317864 |
| 23. Title: Demographic shifts and the spread of HIV in China. Author: Hertog S; Merli MG Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 43 p. Abstract: In this paper, we implement a bio-behavioral macrosimulation model of the spread of HIV to first assess the extent of the oversupply of males in the partnership market and then to examine potential consequences of these sex ratio imbalances for the adoption of high risk behaviors. We simulate a range of possible HIV prevalence outcomes consistent with behavioral adaptations to changes in the availability of partners associated with both imbalances in the sex ratio at birth and rural-to-urban migration flows. Baseline behavioral inputs are drawn primarily from the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey (CHFLS), while potential behavioral adaptations to these demographic shifts are informed by hypotheses elaborated in the literature. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HETEROSEXUALS | HIV INFECTIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SEX RATIO | INTERNAL MIGRATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 317851 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Anticipation of migration and psychological stress and the Three Gorges Dam project, China. Author: Hwang SS; Xi J; Cao Y; Feng X; Qiao X Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Sep;65(5):1012-1024. Abstract: Findings from a prospective study of project-induced migration in China's Three Gorges Dam project are reported. The study tests the hypotheses that anticipation of involuntary migration is stressful and that the harmful effects are partially mediated and moderated by the resources migrants possess. Using data collected from a sample of designated migrants (n = 975) who will be forced to relocate because they live in an area, which will be flooded once the Three Gorges project is completed, and non-migrants (n = 555) in the same region, our analysis indicates that anticipation of involuntary migration is a robust predictor of mental distress. Anticipation of forced migration elevates depression (CES-D) not only directly, but also indirectly by weakening the social and the psychological resources (i.e., social support and mastery), which safeguard the mental well-being of migrants. However, our results show much less support for the hypothesis that resources moderate harmful effects of forced migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | STRESS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | INTERNAL MIGRATION | DEPRESSION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | MENTAL HEALTH | RESOURCES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319061 |
| 25. Title: Sexual risk behaviour and vulnerability to HIV infection among young migrant women workers in urban India. Author: Jain R; Gupta K; Singh AK Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [27] p. Abstract: The main objective of this study which was initiated in January 2005 is to explore the levels of knowledge about reproductive health issues of young women migrant workers and attitudes and behaviours that put them at risk for sexually transmitted infections or HIV transmission or unwanted pregnancies. Data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire from a random sample of unmarried female migrant workers under 30 years of age residing in Delhi, India. Findings suggest that city life, greater independence and social networks mold their behaviour and lure them to lavish life styles by having rich boy friends, acquiring expensive items like, mobile, home theatre, computer, luxury car, visiting expensive restaurants, going to discos, clubs, and bars, attending late night parties. To maintain their lavish life style, 20 percent of them had sex with their peers, colleagues or boss for monetary benefits or in exchange of promotion and 10 percent had sex with multiple partners. The high risk behaviour of these women put them at greater health risk, a substantial percentage of women have been found suffering from various sexual health problems. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRANT WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | YOUTH | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | LIFE STYLE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Age Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migration | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors Document Number: 317852 |
| 26. Title: Family migration as a vehicle for urban poverty and child morbidity. Author: Konseiga A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [2] p. Abstract: Between one and two million migrants reside in cramped conditions in Nairobi's slums without proper access to sanitation or affordable clean water. Children in such areas are exposed to enormous risks, health risks in particular. For example, a large demographic and health focused survey conducted in various Nairobi slums in 2002 by the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC) finds that not only are morbidity risks for all major childhood illnesses (fever, cough, diarrhea) higher for slum children compared to children elsewhere in Kenya, slum children also have less access to healthcare, including immunization, and subsequently face higher mortality rates than even their rural counterparts. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CHILDREN | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRANTS | SLUMS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CHILD HEALTH | POVERTY | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317836 |
| 27. Title: "Keep your head down": Unprotected migrants in South Africa. Author: Kriger N Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2007 Feb. 111 p. (Human Rights Watch Vol 19, No. 3(A)) Abstract: South Africa's vibrant and diverse economy is a powerful draw for Africans from other countries migrating in search of work. But the chance of earning a wage can come with a price: If undocumented, foreign migrants are liable to be arrested, detained, and deported in circumstances and under conditions that flout South Africa's own laws. And as highlighted by the situation in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, both documented and undocumented foreign farm workers may have their rights under South Africa's basic employment law protections violated by employers in ways ranging from wage exploitation to uncompensated workplace injury, and from appalling housing conditions to workplace violence. Human Rights Watch has conducted research on the situation and experiences of migrant workers around the globe. Its research demonstrates that migrant workers, whether documented or undocumented, are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses. Such abuses can be the result of many different factors includinginadequate legal protections, illegal actions of unscrupulous employers or state officials, and lack of state capacity or political will to enforce legal protections and to hold abusive employers and officials to account. The focus of this report is principally the situation of Zimbabweans and Mozambicans in South Africa's Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | ZIMBABWE | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | LABOR UNIONS | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 320246 |
| 28. Title: Coping strategies of independent child migrants from northern Ghana to southern cities. Author: Kwankye SO; Anarfi JK; Tagoe CA; Castaldo A Source: Brighton, United Kingdom, University of Sussex, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, 2007 Nov. 27 p. (Working Paper T-23) Abstract: Based on analysis of data collected by the authors in an independent child migration survey in Accra and Kumasi, carried out by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) and the Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), who are partners of the DFID-funded Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, this paper examines the coping strategies adopted by these independent child migrants with reference to their day-to-day living at the destination areas. The paper attempts to answer the following questions: What are the main reasons for the children staying in the destination areas? What risks are these child migrants exposed to? What coping/survival strategies do they adopt? The next section provides a brief overview of migration dynamics with reference to north-south child migration in Ghana. The following sections will then analyse the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the child migrants, the risks they are exposed to and their coping strategies. We will conclude with some relevant policy implications and recommendations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILDREN | MIGRANTS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Biology | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327390 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: What can the age composition of a population tell us about the age composition of its out-migrants? Author: Little JS; Rogers A Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):23-39. Abstract: Preliminary findings show that the age structure of a population can provide valuable information about the age composition of its out-migrants, and that this relationship can become a key ingredient in the proposed new method for estimating the age profile of outmigrants when accurate data are not available. The method relies on the Rogers-Castro model schedule to consistently and accurately represent age profiles of out-migration, and the results show that variation among these out-migration schedules can be captured by a typology based on a small set of clusters, or families of schedules. Membership of the clusters is then predicted from simple measures of population composition using discriminant function analysis. The investigation is based on data for US states, CMSAs, MSAs and non-metropolitan counties, and their outflows of migrants between 1995 and 2000. The measures of population age composition come from official 1995 intercensal age-specific population estimates for the same geographical units. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MIGRANTS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 311617 |
| 30. Title: Health selectivity of migration: a longitudinal analysis of health and internal migration in Indonesia. Author: Lu Y; Treiman DJ Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 5 p. Abstract: In contrast to abundant research on the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of migration, little has been done on the ways health affects migration decisions. Previous literature stresses the complexity of the health-migration association. However, few empirical studies have assessed the health selectivity of migration by comparing the health of migrants to those left behind. This is largely due to the lack of adequate data, which requires collecting information for the origin population prior to migration. Rather, most studies have compared the health of immigrants to that of permanent residents at the destination place, and most such studies have focused on international migration. Studies of this kind usually find that immigrants are generally healthier than the native-born populations of receiving countries (after adjusting for basic demographic and socioeconomic attributes), as indicated by mortality rates, chronic conditions, mental health, etc., though the advantage enjoyed by immigrants may deteriorate over time. This is commonly referred to as the "healthy migrant effect," which may exist because those in good health can better cope with the difficulties and uncertainties associated with migration. In contrast, a few other studies show that there is little or even a negative association between health and migration. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EVALUATION INDEXES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | IMMIGRANTS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Population | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Theoretical Models | Migrants | Migration | Health Document Number: 317835 |
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