| 1. Title: The impact of socioeconomic and demographic variables on poverty: a village study. Author: Chaudhry IS; Malik S; ul Hassan A Source: Lahore Journal of Economics. 2009 Summer;14(1):39-68. Abstract: Poverty is a complex phenomenon based on a network of interlocking economic, social, political, and demographic factors. An understanding of the extent, nature, and determinants of rural poverty is a precondition for effective public policy to reduce poverty in rural Pakistan. The present study attempts to analyze the impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households on poverty, using primary data collected in the village ofBetti Nala in Tehsil Jatoi, district MuzaJfargarh in southern Punjab. We have used two distinct approaches: (i) a poverty profile, and (ii) an econometric approach in our empirical analysis. The results show that household size, dependency on household, participation, landholdings, and number oflivestock have a Significant impact on poverty incidence. Our final conclusion is that efforts should be made to improve socioeconomic foctors in general and demographic foctors in particular to alleviate rural poverty in remote areas of Pakistan, while land should beallotted to landless households. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | NEEDS | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Communication Document Number: 340236 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change. Author: Gjonca A; Aassve A; Mencarini L Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(11):261-292. Special Collection 7: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe. Abstract: For a very long time, Albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in Europe: in 2002 the total fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman was the highest in Europe. Although this current level is high, the country has experienced a rapid fertility reduction during the last 50 years: a TFR decline from 7 to 2.2. This reduction has occurred in the absence of modern contraception and abortion, which indicates the significance of investments in the social agenda during the communist regime that produced policies with indirect effects on fertility. Most significant of these were policies focused on education, in particular on female education. Social and demographic settings for a further fertility reduction in Albania have been present since 1990. Contraception and abortion have been legalized and available since the early 1990s, but knowledge of their use is still not widespread in the country, largely due to the interplay between traditional and modern norms of Albanian society. This chapter points out that future fertility levels will be determined not only by new policies that might be introduced, but predominantly by the balance of this interplay. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POPULATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327530 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: The timing and partnership context of becoming a parent: Cohort and gender commonalities and differences in childhood antecedents. Author: Hobcraft J Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 22;19(34):1281-1322. Abstract: This paper uses two British birth cohorts, born in 1958 and 1970. There are substantial inter-cohort shifts in timing and context of becoming a parent and gender differences in timing. We use common childhood measures for the two cohorts, pool the two data sets and fit common models. We then ask whether explicit terms for gender or for cohort are required. These can be an unexplained gender or cohort differential or specific differential pathways through measured childhood antecedents. There is considerable support for elements of a common model, but some interpretable gender and cohort terms are also necessary. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | COHORT ANALYSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 327755 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: The decline of son preference in South Korea: The roles of development and public policy. Author: Chung W; Das Gupta M Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Dec;33(4):757-783. Abstract: Since the mid-1990s, sex ratios at birth in South Korea have steadily declined, setting a precedent in Asia. What light does the South Korean experience shed on the relationship between development and son preference? Further, what are the implications of the South Korean experience for trends in other countries such as China and India, and what policies might help reduce son preference there? Will those countries have to wait until they are as highly developed as South Korea before child sex ratios begin to normalize? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PATRIARCHY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323069 |
| 5. Title: Understanding population health terminology. Author: Kindig DA Source: Milbank Quarterly. 2007 Jan;85(1):139-161. Abstract: Population health is a relatively new term, with no agreement about whether it refers to a concept of health or a field of study of health determinants. There is debate, sometimes heated, about whether population health and public health are identical or different. Discussions of population health involve many terms, such as outcomes, disparities, determinants, and risk factors, which may be used imprecisely, particularly across different disciplines, such as medicine, epidemiology, economics, and sociology. Nonetheless, thinking and communicating clearly about population health concepts are essential for public and private policymakers to improve the population's health and reduce disparities. This article defines and discusses many of the terms and concepts characterizing this emerging field. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | TERMINOLOGY | HEALTH | COMMUNITY | POPULATION | RISK FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Biology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324043 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluating the proximate determinants framework for HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Author: Lewis JJ; Donnelly CA; Mare P; Mupambireyi Z; Garnett GP Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007;83 Suppl 1:i61-i69. Abstract: Risk factors for HIV infection can act at one of several causal levels, making interpretation of results problematic. One suggested solution has been a proximate determinants framework, in which risk factors are grouped into "underlying", "proximate" and "biological" determinants. A baseline, cross-sectional survey of HIV serostatus and potential risk factors was carried out among 9480 adults in Zimbabwe. Associations were assessed separately for men and women using logistic regression models; data were only included for those who reported sexual debut. The predictive ability of proximate determinants describing both individual and partnership characteristics was assessed along with that of the underlying determinants. The significance of the underlying determinants once adjusted for proximate determinants was then evaluated. Finally, the relationship between the underlying determinants and some of the key proximate determinants was explored. The two most important proximate determinants for men and women were lifetime number of sexual partners and symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (p < 0.001). After adjustment for all proximate determinants, some underlying determinants were still significant, particularly age group, marital status and community (p < 0.001). Although proximate determinants could explain the action of many underlying determinants, several of the latter remained significant after adjustment for the proximate determinants. Hence, the proximate determinants were probably not measured completely. An important determinant of an individual's risk of HIV infection is the HIV status of their sexual partners. This was not measured in this survey, and may be related to the individual's age (as a predictor for the age of the partner), marital status and community prevalence. However, it will be measured in a subsequent survey of this cohort. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | LOGISTIC MODEL | ADULTS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Population Dynamics Document Number: 319069 |
| 7. Title: [Heterogeneity in the expression of female sexual commerce in Mexico City] Heterogeneidad en la expresion del comercio sexual femenino en la Ciudad de Mexico. Author: Uribe-Salas F; Hernandez-Avila M; Conde-Gonzalez C; Juarez-Figueroa L Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2007 Jan-Feb;49(1):20-26. Abstract: The objectives were to evaluate the relationships among the socioeconomic, demographic, and sexual behavior characteristics of commercial sexual workers (CSW) and their work site. A sampling frame was constructed in the Delegación Cuauhtémoc, México City, which included massage parlors, bars, and street points. During 1993, women were selected who answered a questionnaire that inquired about socio-economic and demographic characteristics and sexual behavior, and who gave a blood sample for evaluating the seroprevalence of the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), which was evaluated using a Western blot test. Characteristics such as age, education, socio-economic level, sexual behavior, and seroprevalence indicators were related with the work site variable. This last variable was associated with the women's sexual behavior and with the prevalence of antibodies against HSV-2. Socio-economic and sexual behavior characteristics of the women studied, measured at the individual level, were significantlyrelated with social processes such as the organization of commercial sex in Mexico City. This organization is heterogeneous, taking on different expressions depending on the type of work site. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Evaluar la relación entre características indagadas en el nivel individual de mujeres trabajadoras sexuales (MTS) con el tipo de sitio en que trabajan. Se construyó un marco muestral de sitios (bares, estéticas y puntos de calle) en la Delegación Cuauhtémoc de la Ciudad de México. Durante 1993, fueron seleccionadas MTS que contestaron un cuestionario sobre características socioeconómicas, demográficas y de comportamiento sexual, y proporcionaron una muestra de sangre para la evaluación de la seroprevalencia del virus herpes simplex tipo 2 (VHS-2) mediante la prueba de Western blot. Características de las mujeres como edad, escolaridad, índice de nivel socioeconómico, indicadores de comportamiento sexual y seroprevalencia del VHS-2, estuvieron relacionados con el sitio de trabajo. Diferentes características socioeconómicas y de comportamiento sexual, medidas en el nivel individual de las mujeres estudiadas, estuvieron significativamente relacionadas con procesos sociales como el de la organización del sexo comercial femenino en la Ciudad de México. Esta organización no es homogénea, sino que toma diferentes expresiones según sitios de trabajo. (del autor) Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | EVALUATION | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HERPES GENITALIS | ANTIBODIES | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 315754 |
| 8. Title: Quality of women's lives in India: Some findings from two decades of psychological research on gender. Author: Vindhya U Source: Feminism and Psychology. 2007 Aug;17(3):337-356. Abstract: Research on gender is being increasingly recognized as critical to accomplishing the goals of societal development. This article reviews the engagement of psychological research in India with issues of gender over the last two decades in particular and the consequent production of knowledge about quality of women's lives. Three significant areas of inquiry can be identified: the work-family interface; mental health experiences; and violence against women. The work-family linkage among urban middle-class women is vigorously pursued in mainstream psychological research reflective of a sample bias. Mental health and domestic violence, on the other hand, are areas of research emanating from the cross-disciplinary engagement between academics and advocacy groups and characterized by a critical women's studies perspective, calling attention to the power relations that are disempowering forces in women's lives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | MENTAL HEALTH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FAMILY LIFE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | MARRIAGE | EMPLOYMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Behavior | Social Welfare | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household | Personality | Nuptiality | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Behavior Document Number: 322420 |
| 9. Title: ?It Happened One Night?: the sexual context of fertility decision-making. Author: Fennell J Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. [32] p. Abstract: In order to better understand the influence of sex on fertility processes, I begin by discussing the significance of levels of analysis in theory-building, and I problematize the idea of theoretical universalism. I also address the issue of both conceptualizing "rational" and "choice" with reference to sex and fertility. Then I formally construct three models of micro-level fertility decision-making-a "child-focused" framework, and two "sex-focused" frameworks, one for short-term and another for long-term relationships. I do not wish to argue that these child-focused and sex-focused frameworks are either complementary or competing; rather, each is necessary to answer certain kinds of research questions, and I try to emphasize what kinds of research questions are appropriate for each. However, my main focus is the sex-focused frameworks, because demographers have given much less attention to sex both theoretically and empirically than they have to versions of the child-focused framework. These models are developed with specific reference to the United States, but should be applicable to most developed countries. I explicate my assumptions to help researchers identify appropriate contexts in which to apply these frameworks. I wish to establish at the outset that I am not trying to set forth a specific theory of fertility decision-making here, but rather models from which advanced theories can be built. As I elaborate on my frameworks, I try to highlight areas which could greatly benefit from further theoretical exploration using these frameworks. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | DECISION MAKING | FERTILITY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Population | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Diseases Document Number: 316987 |
| 10. Title: Toward a better theory of very low fertility: lessons from Italy. Author: Kertzer DI; White MJ; Bernardi L; Gabrielli G Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. [38] p. Abstract: Among the world's wealthier countries, few--if any--more important demographic changes have taken place in recent decades than the shift toward levels of fertility well below replacement. This development has tremendous implications for the future economic and social well-being of the people living in these countries, where-barring huge and unprecedented waves of in-migration--fewer and fewer working-age people must support more and more older people. But this historically sudden, and largely unforeseen plummeting of fertility poses a challenge of another kind as well, for it has called into question previous theorizing about demographic behavior. The persistence of sub-replacement childbearing is today leading to a fervid reevaluation not only of theories of fertility, but of theories that seek to account for human behavior more generally. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY | BIRTH INTERVALS | IMPACT | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Changes | Communication Document Number: 317006 |
| 11. Title: Determinants of prevalence, acquistion, and persistence of human papillomavirus in healthy Mexican military men. [Determinantes de prevalencia, adquisición y persistencia de papilomavirus humano en hombres militares mexicanos sanos] Author: Lajous M; Mueller N; Cruz-Valdéz A; Aguilar LV; Franceschi S Source: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. 2005 Jul;14(7):1710-1716. Abstract: Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is sexually transmitted, but the nature of the infection in males is poorly understood. We sought to identify determinants of HPV infection, acquisition, and persistence in 1,030 healthy military men in Mexico. Methods: From July 2000 to July 2003, trained interviewers administered a questionnaire, conducted a genital examination, and collected samples. The presence of multiple HPV types in genital cells from the urethra, urethral meatus, scrotum, penile shaft, and coronal sulcus was evaluated. At baseline 1,030 participants and after 1-year follow-up 336 individuals were sampled using a highly sensitive DNA reverse blot strip assay. Results: HPV prevalence was 44.6%; infection with high-risk types was observed in 34.8% participants and 51.1% were multiply infected. After 1- year follow-up, 165 men remained free of HPV, 68 cleared their infection, 45 acquired one, and 37 remained infected with the same HPV type. The period prevalence was 50.9%, the incidence rate was 17.9/1,000 men-months [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 13.0-23.9], clearance was 54%, and persistence was 29.4%. At baseline, the number of partners before age 20 years, a history of a sexually transmitted disease, and the presence of condilomas significantly increased the association with HPV infection. Having anal intercourse with males was associated with the risk of acquiring a HPV infection (odds ratio, 5.2%; 95% CI, 1.2-23). The odds ratio for persistent infection was 0.10 (95% CI, 0-0.87) in men who reported being circumcised compared with those who did not. Conclusions: High-risk sexual behavior increases the risk of HPV infection in males, whereas circumcision may lower the risk of persistence. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Antecedentes: Se sabe que la infección por papilomavirus humano (HPV, human papillomavirus) se transmite por vía sexual, sin embargo hay muchos interrogantes respecto de la naturaleza de la infección en los varones. El objeto del estudio fue identificar determinantes de la infección, la adquisición y la persistencia del HPV en 1030 hombres militares sanos en México. Métodos: De julio de 2000 a julio de 2003, entrevistadores capacitados administraron un cuestionario, realizaron un examen genital y obtuvieron muestras de los participantes. Se evaluó la presencia de múltiples tipos de HPV en las células genitales de la uretra, el meato uretral, el escroto, el tronco peneano y el sulcus coronario. Se analizaron muestras de los 1030 participantes al inicio del estudio y después de un año de seguimiento se estudiaron 336 participantes mediante un ensayo altamente sensible de inmunotransferencia inversa de ADN. Resultados: La prevalencia del papilomavirus humano fue del 44,6%; en el 34,8% de los participantes se observó infección por tipos de alto riesgo y en el 51,1% infección por múltiples tipos de HPV. Al cabo de un año de seguimiento, 165 hombres se mantenían libres de papilomavirus humano, en 68 había desaparecido la infección, 45 habían adquirido una infección y 37 continuaban infectados por el mismo tipo de HPV. La prevalencia de período fue del 50,9%, la tasa de incidencia fue de 17,9/1000 hombres/meses (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 13,0 - 23,9]; la depuración fue del 54% y la persistencia del 29,4%. Al comenzar el estudio, el número de parejas previas a los 20 años, los antecedentes de enfermedades de transmisión sexual y la presencia de condilomas aumentaron significativamente la asociación con la infección por HPV. El hecho de mantener relaciones sexuales con hombres se asoció al riesgo de adquirir una infección por HPV (odds ratio [OR] 5,2%; IC 95%: 1,2 - 23). El odds ratio para persistencia de la infección fue de 0,10 (IC 95%: 0 - 0,87) en los hombres que informaron estar circuncidados, en comparación con los que no lo estaban. Conclusiones: En los varones, las conductas sexuales de alto riesgo aumentan el riesgo de infección por HPV, mientras que la circuncisión puede reducir el riesgo de persistencia. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | MEN | MILITARY PERSONNEL | HPV | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government | Political Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior Document Number: 291798 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of unprotected sex among HIV-positive patients in South Africa. Author: Olley BO; Seedat S; Gxamza F; Reuter H; Stein DJ Source: AIDS Care. 2005 Jan;17(1):1-9. Abstract: This study examined the prevalence of unprotected sex, other sexual risk behaviours, and factors associated with unprotected sex among men and women recently diagnosed with HIV in South Africa. One hundred and forty-nine outpatients (44 males and 105 females) were assessed, of whom 101 were sexually active at least 6 months prior to study entry. Subjects were asked about sexual risk behaviours with reference to their most recent sexual encounter. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the predictors of condom use, with independent variables selected from five general categoies: [(1)] sociodemographic characteristics; [(2)] situational characteristics regarding sexual intercource (i.e. alcohol or drugs used before intercourse); [(3)] clinical diagnoses; [(4)] negative life events; and [(5)] coping styles. Fifty- five patients (19 males and 36 females), representing 54.4% of those sexually active in the 6 months preceding the study, had not used a condom during the most recent intercourse. Compared with those who used condoms, participants who did not significantly reported shorter duration of HIV infection (t = 02.7, p<0.001), have a current partner (?(2)=3.98, p=0.005), and lack knowledge of their partner's HIV status (?(2)=4.78, p=0.004). Also they were significantly more likely to engage in denial (t=3.2, p<0.002) and to use substance (t=1.98, p<0.05) as a means of coping. Logistic regression showed that shorter duration of illness (odds ratio (OR) = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.41) and coping styles characterized by denial (OR=0.6, 95% CI=0.45-0.9) were significantly associated with unprotected sex. These data suggest the need for interventions to further reduce sexual risk behaviours in HIV-positive patients in South Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior Document Number: 285622 |
| 13. Title: Policy and partnership for health promotion -- addressing the determinants of health [editorial] Author: Tang KC; Beaglehole R; O'Byrne D Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005 Dec;83(12):884-885. Abstract: Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants. This is done by strengthening individual skills and capabilities and the capacity of groups to change the many conditions, particularly the social and economic causes that affect health. The value of health promotion has recently been reaffirmed. It is a core function of public health and a cornerstone of primary health care. It is both effective and cost effective, and the links between health, health promotion and human and economic development are increasingly recognized. In 1986, health promotion came into full force through the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The Ottawa Charter, adopted at the first WHO Global Conference on Health Promotion and reinforced by further conferences held in Adelaide, Sundsvall, Jakarta and Mexico City, sets out a clear agenda to pursue health for all by addressing the broad determinants of health such as shelter, education, food and income. Through joint efforts with others, including the International Union for Health Promotion and Education, academic institutes and many professional associations and ministries, health promotion has successfully shifted the focus from behavioural change at the individual level (with a disease orientation) to health-oriented behaviour and other determinants such as a healthy diet, physical activity, personal hygiene, education for women and social connectedness, through the use of combinations of the five Ottawa Charter Action Areas. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | HEALTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH EDUCATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | PROMOTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Education | Policy | Marketing Document Number: 292850 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors associated with contraceptive use in late- and post-apartheid South Africa. Author: Burgard S Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2004 Jun;35(2):91-104. Abstract: In 1994, South Africa underwent a transition from the institutionalized racism of an apartheid state to a nonracial democracy. This study uses data from two surveys conducted in the style of the Demographic and Health Surveys to compare patterns and predictors of racial differences in modern contraceptive use in the late- and post-apartheid periods. Age-group-specific logistic regression models show that despite strong state family planning programs targeting black women, these women were less likely than nonblacks to practice modern contraception both before and after the political transition, even after controlling for large racial-group differences in sociodemographic characteristics and the distribution of socioeconomic resources. Black, colored, Indian, and white women show different patterns of contraceptive use across their reproductive careers; in particular, young, unmarried black and colored women show high levels of use. Use of injectable contraceptives is also high among black and colored women, whereas injectables are not the primary method used by Indian or white women. These findings are discussed in light of their research and policy implications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INJECTABLES | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Anthropology | Social Sciences Document Number: 193302 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Time trends and determinants of completed family size in a rural community from the Basque area of Spain. Author: Alfonso-Sanchez MA; Pena JA; Calderon R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2003 Oct;35(4):481-497. Abstract: The focus of this work is the analysis of changes in completed family size and possible determinants of that size over time, in an attempt to characterize the evolution of reproductive patterns during the demographic transition. With this purpose in mind, time trends are studied in relation to the mean number of live births per family (as an indirect measure of fertility), using family reconstitution techniques to trace the reproductive history of each married woman. The population surveyed is a Spanish rural community called Lanciego, located at the southern end of the province of Alava (Basque Country). A total of 24,510 parish records of baptisms, marriages and burials made between 1800 and 1969 were examined to obtain the demographic data set. For each reconstituted family, the variables included in the study were the number of live births per family or family size (FAMS), year of marriage (YEAR), age at marriage of both partners (AMAN, AWOM), wife’s age at the end of marriage (WEND), duration of marriage (MARD), age at first maternity (A1CH), length of reproductive span (REPS) and number of children dying before their first anniversary (MINF). Through a principal component analysis, three factors were found that explained more than 75% of the total variance. Association of variables in factors I and III was particularly useful in characterizing the variability of mean family size in pre-transitional, transitional and post-transitional cohorts. During demographic transition, a decreasing trend is observed in the variables FAMS, REPS and MINF, while variables AWOM, AMAN, WEND and A1CH show a tendency to increase over the 20th century. Results obtained by multiple regression analysis confirm that the best predictors of family size (dependent variable) were REPS and MINF, which between them explained over 85% of the total variation in FAMS (R(2)=0.853). In Lanciego, birth control seems to be present on the evidence of an increase in age at first maternity and a decrease in age at last parturition, indicating that the beginning of the reproductive span is delayed and its end is brought forward. Interaction between family size and infant mortality is discussed in the light of various hypotheses, including replacement of descendants, the so-called biological effect and the theory of r and k selection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nuptiality Document Number: 188411 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: The proximate determinants of the decline to below-replacement fertility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Sibanda A; Woubalem Z; Hogan DP; Lindstrom DP Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2003 Mar;34(1):1-7. Abstract: Between 1990 and 2000, the total fertility rate (TFR) in Ethiopia declined moderately from 6.4 to 5.9 children per woman of reproductive age. During the same period, the TFR in the capital city of Addis Ababa declined from 3.1 to 1.9 children per woman. Even more striking than the magnitude of this decline is that it occurred in the absence of a strong and effective national family planning program. In this study, the components of this fertility decline are identified using the Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility. The results of a decomposition analysis indicate that a decrease in the age-specific proportions of women who are married, followed by an increase in contraceptive use are the most important mechanisms by which fertility has declined in Addis Ababa. Poor employment prospects and relatively high housing costs are likely factors that encourage couples to delay marriage and reduce marital fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | MARITAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Contraception | Family Planning | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 177243 |
| 17. Title: [Adolescents and "risky business": a psychobiological perspective] Determinanti psicobiologiche dei comportamenti a rischio in età adolescenziale. Author: Laviola G; Macri S; Adriani W; Morley Fletcher S Source: Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità. 2002;38(3):279-287. Abstract: Human adolescence is mainly characterised by an elevated number of psychological, biological and behavioural changes. This rapid as well as challenging change in the “inner state” during adolescence in humans seems to share a number of similarities with the age-dependent alteration of the normal and “linear” development in other mammalian species. Hence, in order to further investigate the biological bases of these idiosyncratic age-related responses, it seems worth to develop and to study suitable animal models for this developmental phase. Aim of the present review is to show experimental results indicating an elevated similarity between humans and rodents (mice and rats) in a number of psychological (elevated levels of novelty seeking as well as of harmavoidance due to a reduced anxiety) behavioural (elevated exploration of novel as well as potentially dangerous environments and peculiar vulnerability to incentive properties of drugs of abuse) and neurobiological (developing state of the underlying cortical pathways implicated in the above mentioned responses) processes. These findings could prove really useful in view of a general deeper comprehension of this age period and helpful in developing earlier and more effective prevention strategies aimed at reducing the social impact of dangerous and reckless behaviours frequently shown by human adolescents (drug addiction, undesired pregnancy, AIDS and car accident). (author's) Language: Italian Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | ADOLESCENTS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | ANIMALS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | AIDS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 188368 |
| 18. Title: Determinants of mission house delivery among booked patients in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Author: Orji EO; Dare FO; Makinde ON; Fasubaa OB Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001;21(5):482-484. Abstract: This study examines the determinants of Mission House Delivery among booked patients in Ile-lfe, Nigeria. During the 12 months of the study (1 May 1999–30 April 2000) 196 booked patients at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife who delivered at mission houses were analysed. All ages and parity groups, educational level and social classes were involved. The majority (73%) were of low socio-economic class. The reasons for mission house delivery included financial constraints (41%), fear of possible caesarean section (46%), industrial action by health-care workers (39%), transport difficulty at night (26%), previous deliveries in mission houses (16%) and communal feud (12%). Four maternal deaths occurred (MMR 978/100 000 births) and 20 perinatal deaths (PNMR 118/1000 total births). Reduction of hospital user fees, provision of transportation and efficient telecommunication facilities at all times, conflict resolution and proper remuneration of health care workers are urgent needs to be addressed. Legislation against delivery in unsafe places and establishment of appropriate facilities by churches interested in maternity services is highly recommended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | RELIGION | HOSPITALS | SAFETY | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | NEEDS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Health Services | Economic Factors Document Number: 194018 |
| 19. Title: Banking on fewer children: financial intermediation, fertility and economic development. Author: Lehr CS Source: JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS. 1999;12(4):567-90. Abstract: This study examines the influence of financial intermediation on fertility rate and labor allocation decisions. A panel Vector Autoregression model using three variables of interest, specifically, financial intermediation, fertility, and industrial employment data in 87 countries, was estimated. This convenient methodology allows the relationship between the variables to change over time. Findings indicate that the increase in wages led some households to shift from traditional labor intensive methods of production to modern sector firms. Since it is optimal for households in the modern sector to have fewer children then the labor allocation decision leads to a lower national fertility. Furthermore, results imply that the emergence and development of the financial intermediation sector will enhance modern sector employment and lower total fertility rates. Thus, the financial intermediation process is an important part of the overall developmental process. Language: English Keywords: THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY RATE | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 148534 |
| 20. Title: Kyrgyz Republic Demographic and Health Survey 1997. Author: Kyrgyzstan. Ministry of Health. Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics; Macro International. Demographic and Health Surveys [DHS] Source: Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Ministry of Health. Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, 1998 Aug. xxii, 259 p. Abstract: The results of the 1997 Kyrgyz Republic Demographic and Health Survey, the first national-level population and health survey to be carried out in the country, are presented. The survey was of a nationally representative sample of 3,848 women aged 15-49. Following an introduction to the country of Kyrgyzstan, there are chapters on the characteristics of households and respondents, fertility, contraception, induced abortion, other proximate determinants of fertility, fertility preferences, infant and childhood mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition of women and children, and anemia. There are appendixes on the survey methodology. Language: English Keywords: KYRGYZSTAN | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD NUTRITION | MATERNAL NUTRITION | ANEMIA | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Mortality | Health | Nutrition | Diseases Document Number: 256364 Notification |
| 21. Title: Determinants of the marital dissolution and female labor supply. Author: Hsu M Source: Journal of Population Studies. 1998 Oct;(19):143-160. Abstract: The objective of this study is motivated by the drastic changes in the divorce rate in Taiwan and to document the impact of various factors on divorce risk at one hand, and to investigate causality between marital dissolution and labor force participation rate on the other hand. A data set employed in this research is constructed from the 1992 and the 1993 Manpower Survey (MPS), and the 1993 Fertility and Employment of Married Women Survey (FEMWS). These three cross-sectional data were conducted by Bureau of Census, Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | DIVORCE | SEPARATION | COUPLES | MARRIAGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 140093 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Sociodemographic differentials in adult mortality: a review of analytic approaches. Author: Hummer RA; Rogers RG; Eberstein IW Source: POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW. 1998 Sep;24(3):553-78, 669, 671. Abstract: "Following a discussion of the conventional approaches used to analyze differentials in adult mortality, the authors pose a series of questions aimed at encouraging research on differential mortally along new, causally pertinent directions. These include the modeling of differential mortality in a proximate determinants perspective, the incorporation of time into differential mortality models, the inclusion of more refined outcome measures, and the use of a macro-level perspective to better understand mortality differentials. Examples of recent [U.S.] studies expanding in these directions are briefly described." This paper was originally presented at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ADULTS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | THEORETICAL MODELS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 256356 |
| 23. Title: The determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia: a graphical chain modelling approach. Author: Mohamed WN; Diamond I; Smith PW Source: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY, SERIES A: STATISTICS IN SOCIETY. 1998;161(3):349-66. Abstract: "A graphical chain modelling approach is used to study the determinants of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in Malaysia. This approach provides an easily interpretable empirical description and illustrates explicitly the conditional independence structure between each pair of variables. The interpretation can be read directly from a mathematical graph. Besides examining the direct association of each determinant on mortality, we also examine the effects of socio-economic determinants on intermediate determinants to understand the pathways through which the socioeconomic determinants affect the chance of mortality. The data anlaysed come from the second Malaysian Family Life Survey, fielded between August 1988 and January 1989. " (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | INFANT MORTALITY | THEORETICAL MODELS | NEONATAL MORTALITY | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Economic Factors Document Number: 256397 |
| 24. Title: The effect of settlement zones and economic diversity on reproductive behavior in West Africa. Author: Saha T Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 1998 Sep. 8, [22] p. (West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype Exploratory Analysis) Abstract: The goal of this study was to measure the relationship between reproductive behavior and settlement zones and economic diversity in 12 countries of Western Africa. The purpose of the study was to test the proposition and the extent to which town and rural areas have become integrated, and how economic diversity, as measured by the number of different economic sectors operating in each administrative units, affect reproductive behaviors, such as knowledge of family planning (FP), use of FP methods, and demand for FP. Language: English Keywords: DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | FERTILITY | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | RURAL AREAS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | SUMMARY REPORT | URBAN AREAS | AFRICA, WESTERN | WOMEN | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Migration | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa Document Number: 171574 |
| 25. Title: Biological and behavioral factors influence group differences in prolactin levels among breastfeeding Nepali women. Author: Stallings JF; Worthman CM; Panter-Brick C Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 1998;10(2):191-210. Abstract: The biological and behavioral factors associated with population differences in fertility were investigated in a cross-sectional study of two natural fertility Nepali groups: the land-holding agropastoralist Tamang and the land-poor blacksmith Kami. Previous research (1982-83) had found that Tamang experience longer postpartum amenorrhea and inter-birth intervals than Kami, in spite of similar breast feeding and weaning patterns and higher workload-related energy expenditures. Enrolled in the August 1991 study were 71 breast-feeding women from four hamlets. Prolactin levels were measured in serum specimens collected 5, 30, and 50 minutes after a timed nursing episode. These determinations indicated that Tamang mothers have higher average prolactin levels than Kami for as long as 22 months postpartum. While Tamang breast-feeding mothers sustain average prolactin levels above those of nonpregnant, nonlactating women for nearly 2 years, prolactin levels among Kami breast-feeding mothers decline to levels found in nonpregnant, nonlactating women after only 1 year postpartum. The higher prolactin levels among Tamang were independent of maternal age, body mass index, maternal weight or height, and infant age. Moreover, the rate of decline in prolactin from 5 to 50 minutes after suckling was significantly greater for Kami than Tamang. The odds of having ceased lactational amenorrhea were 5 times higher for Tamang and Kami mothers with lower prolactin levels (10 ng/ml or less). These findings suggest that there are population differences in the pathways by which proximate determinants exert their effects on fertility. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | BREASTFEEDING | LACTATION | NATURAL FERTILITY | POSTPARTUM AMENORRHEA | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PROLACTIN | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 133393 |
| 26. Title: Premature death in the New Independent States. Author: Bobadilla JL; Costello CA; Mitchell F Source: Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1997. x, 404 p. Abstract: "The Workshop on Mortality and Disability in the New Independent States [formed following the collapse of the Soviet Union] and the Workshop on Adult Health Priorities and Policies in the New Independent States were held in September and November 1994, respectively. This volume includes an overview and revised versions of 13 of the papers that were presented; the workshop agendas are presented as appendices.... The volume is organized in two parts.... The first deals with the magnitude, trends, and causes of premature death, while the second addresses the proximate determinants of the diseases and injuries that cause the greatest number of premature deaths and measures for their reduction." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: USSR | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PREMATURE MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | Developing Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 254315 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of access in explaining state abortion rates. Author: Gober P Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1997 Apr;44(7):1003-16. Abstract: A geographer used a path analysis model of 1991-92 state abortion rates to examine the interrelationships of public demand and conditions of access to induced abortions. Public demand variables included population at risk of unplanned pregnancy (RISK), proportions of women at risk for various population subgroups (e.g., age, race, poverty, residence), per capita income (INCOME), proportion of women born outside the state (BORN), and religion (CATHOLIC). Access variables were proportion of hospitals providing abortion services, state abortion laws (LAWS), state funding for abortion services (FUNDING), and number of bombing and arson incidents during 1982-94. Abortion rates varied considerably from state to state. The abortion rate in California was 40/1000 women of reproductive age compared to 10/1000 for North Dakota. The variations have been rising, particularly in recent years. As state-level population characteristics and accessibility conditions interacted to produce the geographically varying environments in which abortion decisions are made, the variations among states became more pronounced over time. Restrictiveness of state abortion laws, state funding of abortions for poor women, and the availability of hospital abortions (i.e., access variables) directly influenced abortion rates. Greater accessibility to abortions is associated with higher abortion rates. Public demand variables influenced abortion rates both directly and indirectly through access conditions. RISK resulted in higher abortion rates directly and indirectly through its effects on medical access. Higher INCOME directly led to better availability of hospital abortions, higher FUNDING, less restrictive LAWS, and indirectly to higher abortion rates. CATHOLIC and BORN affected abortion rates indirectly through access variables (lower and higher rates, respectively). Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ABORTION RATE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RESIDENT STATUS | ABORTION | VIOLENCE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INCOME | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 121749 Notification |
| 28. Title: [Fertility in Imbabura, Los Rios, Carchi, Tungurahua and Manabi. Series: Provincial reports from the Demographic and Maternal-Child Health Survey, 1994. (ENDEMAIN / 94)] La fecundidad en Imbabura, Los Rios, Carchi, Tungurahua y Manabi. Serie: Informes Provinciales de ENDEMAIN / 94. Author: Pozo Avalos A Source: CORREO POBLACIONAL Y DE LA SALUD. 1997 Dec;5(4):29-36. Abstract: Ecuador's total fertility rate (TFR) declined from nearly 7 to 3.6 during 1965-69, while contraceptive prevalence rose from 33.6% to 56.8%. The provinces of Ecuador were classified into three equal groups based on Bongaarts' index of contraception, and their fertility characteristics were compared. The 5 provinces in group III with relatively homogeneous indices of contraception were examined in this article. The index of contraception was 0.503 in Imbabura, 0.469 in Los Rios, 0.457 in Carchi, 0.456 in Tungurahua, and 0.430 in Manabi. The 5 provinces were all in phase 3 of the demographic transition, with TFRs of 4.44 in Imbabura, 3.68 in Los Rios, 3.78 in Carchi, 3.68 in Tungurahua, and 3.43 in Manabi. The index of contraception and TFR, respectively, were 0.435 and 3.61 for Ecuador. The fertility differentials in provinces with similar levels of contraceptive usage were attributable in large part to differences in age patterns of fertility, maternal educational levels, marital status, and prevalence of contraceptive methods. Age-specific fertility rates for women aged 15-19 ranged from 76/1000 in Imbabura to 114/1000 in Los Rios and Carchi. The difference between the average number of children of illiterate women and that of women with higher education ranged from 1.66 children in Manabi and 1.69 in Carchi to 2.97 in Imbabura, compared to the difference of 2.44 for Ecuador. The proportion of women single ranged from 30.4% in Los Rios to 39.9% in Carchi. Contraceptive prevalence in the 5 provinces ranged from 50.9% in Imbabura to 56.9% in Tungurahua. The differences were reflected in Bongaarts' indices of nuptiality and postpartum infertility as well as contraception. Spanish Abstract: La tasa total de fecundidad (TTF) de Ecuador disminuyó de casi 7 a 3,6 durante 1965-69, mientras que la prevalencia de uso de anticonceptivos aumentó de 33,6% a 56,8%. Las provincias de Ecuador se clasificaron en 3 grupos iguales basándose en el índice de anticoncepción de Bongaarts, y se compararon sus características de fecundidad. En este artículo se examinaron las 5 provincias del grupo III con índices de anticoncepción relativamente homogéneos. El índice de anticoncepción fue de 0,503 en Imbabura, 0,469 en Los Ríos, 0,457 en Carchi, 0,456 en Tungurahua y 0,430 en Manabi. Todas las 5 provincias estaban en la fase 3 de la transición demográfica, y la TTF era de 4,44 en Imbabura, 3,68 en Los Ríos, 3,78 en Carchi, 3,68 en Tungurahua y 3,43 en Manabi. El índice de anticoncepción y la TTF, respectivamente, fueron de 0,435 y 3,61 respecto al Ecuador. Las diferencias de fecundidad en las provincias con niveles similares de uso de anticonceptivos se atribuyeron en gran parte a las diferencias en los patrones etarios de fecundidad, los niveles educacionales maternos, el estado civil y la prevalencia de métodos anticonceptivos. Las tasas de fecundidad específicas por edad de las mujeres de 15 a 19 años de edad oscilaron entre 76/1000 en Imbabura y 114/1000 en Los Ríos y Carchi. La diferencia entre el número promedio de hijos de mujeres analfabetas y el de las mujeres con educación superior fue desde 1,66 hijos en Manabi y 1,69 en Carchi hasta 2,97 en Imbabura, en comparación con la diferencia de 2,44 respecto al Ecuador. El porcentaje de mujeres solteras osciló entre 30,4% en Los Ríos y 39,9% en Carchi. La prevalencia de uso de anticonceptivos en las 5 provincias osciló entre 50,9% en Imbabura y 56,9% en Tungurahua. Las diferencias se reflejaron en los índices de Bongaarts de nupcialidad e infecundidad de postparto como también de anticoncepción. Language: Spanish Keywords: ECUADOR | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 134788 |
| 29. Title: [Fertility in Loja, Bolivar, Esmeraldas, Azuay and El Oro. Series: Provincial reports from the Demographic and Maternal-Child Health Survey, 1994 (ENDEMAIN-94)] La fecundidad en Loja, Bolivar, Esmeraldas, Azuay y El Oro. Serie: Informes provinciales de ENDEMAIN / 94. Author: Pozo Avalos A Source: CORREO POBLACIONAL Y DE LA SALUD. 1997 Sep;5(3):24-9. Abstract: During the periods 1965-69 and 1989-94, Ecuador's total fertility rate (TFR) declined from nearly 7 to 3.6, while contraceptive prevalence rose from 33.6% to 56.8%. The 15 provinces of Ecuador were divided into 3 equal groups on the basis of Bongaarts' index of contraception, and their fertility characteristics were compared. The groups discussed here showed moderate differences in the index of contraception from the national average of 0.435. 4 of the 5 provinces in group II had indices higher than the national average: Loja, 0.567; Bolivar, 0.566; Esmeraldas, 0.535; and Azuay, 0.526. El Oro's index of 0.398 was lower. El Oro's TFR of 3.46 was lower than the national average of 3.61, but it still was in the third phase of the fertility transition. Although Loja and Bolivar had nearly identical indices of contraception, the TFR in Loja (4.15) was significantly lower than that in Bolivar (5.12). The TFRs were 4.66 in Esmeraldas and 3.95 in Azuay. The differences in TFRs in provinces with similar indices of contraception are due in part to different age patterns of fertility, distributions of women according to educational and marital status, and other factors. Age-specific fertility rates for women aged 15-19 ranged from a low of 65/1000 in Loja to a high of 120 in Esmeraldas. Maternal education was the single greatest observed influence on the TFR. The TFR at the national level was 6.24 for illiterate women and 2.13 for those with higher education. The TFR in the 5 provinces for women with primary or lower education ranged from 6.1 in Esmeraldas and Bolivar to 4.02 in El Oro. The differential between the most and least educated women ranged from 1.36 in El Oro to 4.27 in Bolivar. The proportion of women single ranged from 29.3% in El Oro to 48.6% in Loja. Calculation of the indices of contraception, marriage, and postpartum infertility showed, as expected, that El Oro had the most favorable indices. Spanish Abstract: Durante los períodos de 1965-69 y 1989-94, la tasa total de fecundidad (TTF) de Ecuador disminuyó de casi 7 a 3,6; mientras que la prevalencia de uso de anticonceptivos aumentó de 33,6% a 56,8%. Las 15 provincias de Ecuador se dividieron en 3 grupos iguales basándose en el índice de anticoncepción de Bongaarts, y se compararon sus características de fecundidad. Los grupos aquí examinados demostraron diferencias moderadas en el índice de anticoncepción respecto al promedio nacional de 0,435. Cuatro de las cinco provincias del grupo II tenían índices más elevados que el promedio nacional: Loja 0,567, Bolívar 0,566, Esmeraldas 0,535 y Azuay 0,526. El índice de El Oro de 0,398 fue más bajo. La TTF de El Oro de 3,46 fue más baja que el promedio nacional de 3,61, pero todavía estaba en la tercera fase de la transición de la fecundidad. Aunque Loja y Bolívar tuvieron índices de anticoncepción casi idénticos, la TTF en Loja (4,15) fue considerablemente más baja que en Bolívar (5,12.). La TTF fue de 4,66 en Esmeraldas y de 3,95 en Azuay. Las diferencias en TTF en las provincias con índices de anticoncepción similares obedecen en parte a los diferentes patrones etarios de fecundidad, distribución de las mujeres según la educación recibida y el estado civil, y otros factores. Las tasas de fecundidad específicas por edad de las mujeres de 15 a 19 años de edad oscilaron entre una tasa baja de 65/1000 en Loja y una tasa alta de 120 en Esmeraldas. La educación materna fue la mayor influencia que se observó en la TTF. La TTF a nivel nacional fue de 6,24 respecto a las analfabetas y de 2,13 para las que habían recibido educación superior. La TTF en las 5 provincias respecto a las mujeres con educación primaria o inferior osciló entre 6,1 en Esmeraldas y Bolívar y 4,02 en El Oro. La diferencia entre las mujeres más instruidas y las menos instruidas osciló entre 1,36 en El Oro y 4,27 en Bolívar. El porcentaje de mujeres solteras osciló entre 29,3% en El Oro y 48,6% en Loja. El cálculo de los índices de anticoncepción, matrimonio e infecundidad en el postparto indicaron, como se esperaba, que El Oro tenían los índices más favorables. Language: Spanish Keywords: ECUADOR | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 134784 |
| 30. Title: Reproductive patterns and child survival in the United Arab Emirates. Author: Al-Qassimi S; Farid S Source: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Ministry of Health, 1996. xi, 136 p. Abstract: This volume presents further analyses of data from the 1987 United Arab Emirates National Child Health Survey. There are chapters on cohort nuptiality patterns, determinants of age at marriage, socioeconomic correlates of fertility, intermediate determinants of fertility, determinants of the duration of breast-feeding, and determinants of child mortality. (ANNOTATION) Language: English Keywords: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NUPTIALITY | FERTILITY | MARRIAGE AGE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | BREASTFEEDING | CHILD MORTALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | Research Methodology Document Number: 252830 |
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