1.  Title: Laboratory logistics handbook: A guide to designing and managing laboratory logistics systems. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jun. 83 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Abstract: The importance of quality laboratory services is indisputable. The expansion of programs for human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria requires strong and supportive laboratory services. For antiretroviral therapy (ART) in particular, there has been a growing recognition of this importance, given the number of laboratory tests required to effectively diagnose and monitor AIDS treatment. The need to improve laboratory services for all of these disease programs provides an opportunity to strengthen laboratories in health systems overall so they can accommodate the needs of the communities they serve. This document describes the function and organization of laboratory services and the commodities needed for laboratory services, and it discusses supply chain considerations for management of laboratory commodities. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | LABORATORY | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | STANDARDS | QUALITY CONTROL | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | HEALTH POLICY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331659 |
2.  Title: Preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity chromatography column for the selective extraction of trace contraceptive drug levonorgestrel from water samples. Author: Qiao Y; Yang H; Wang B; Song J; Deng A Source: Talanta. 2009 Nov 15;80(1):98-103. Abstract: The preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column for the specific extraction and enrichment of trace contraceptive drug levonorgestrel (LNG) from water samples were described. The IAC column was constructed by covalently coupling specific polyclonal antibody against LNG to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B and packed into a common solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The extraction conditions including loading, washing and eluting solutions, as well as the effect of flow rate on the extraction were carefully optimized. Pure water, 5% of methanol and 50% of methanol were respectively selected as loading, washing and eluting solutions, while the flow rates in the loading, washing and eluting steps were selected to be 1.0, 2.0 and 0.5 mL min(-1), respectively. Under optimal conditions, the IAC column was characterized in terms of maximum capacity, extraction recovery and stability. It was found that, for IAC column packed with 0.2g of solid support immobilized with antibody, the maximum capacity for LNG was about 260 ng. The extraction recoveries of the column for LNG at three different spiked concentrations were within 95.3-106.9%. After more than 35 times repeated usage, there was not significant loss of specific recognition. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as an analytical tool, trace amount of LNG in the range of ng L(-1) was found in river water and wastewater samples after 600-fold enrichment, demonstrated the feasibility of the prepared IAC column for LNG extraction. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | LEVONORGESTREL | WATER QUALITY | SAFETY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ANTIBODIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342928 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Human placental extract offers protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis: A pilot study for a phase-I clinical trial. Author: Chakraborty D; Basu JM; Sen P; Sundar S; Roy S Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2008;102(1):21-38. Abstract: An aqueous extract of human placenta (HPE) was found to offer protection against established experimental visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice and hamsters, whether the Leishmania donovani strain involved was one that was sensitive or resistant to pentavalent antimony. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract, into mice or hamsters that had been infected 2 months previously, led to antileishmanial T-cell proliferation among splenic mononuclear cells, the generation of host-protective cytokines (interferon-c, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-12) and the upregulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (and subsequent NO generation) in splenocytes. Furthermore, splenic macrophages from the HPE-treated mice showed increased generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced surface expression of antigens of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), and the extract restored the otherwise-defective antigen-presenting ability of the macrophages. Thus, in mice and hamsters infected with L. donovani, HPE therapy can stimulate both arms of the host's immune system and favour the complete resolution of the leishmanial infection. Among five human cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 30 daily intramuscular injections of HPE, at doses much lower than those used in the experimental infections, also gave very promising results. Based on the results of this pilot study, a further evaluation of the efficacy of HPE therapy, which may offer a cost-effective way of improving the treatment of antimony-resistant cases of visceral leishmaniasis, is being undertaken. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PILOT PROJECTS | CLIENTS | ANIMALS | FETAL MEMBRANES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | LEISHMANIASIS | TREATMENT | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Drugs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 323108 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon. Author: Chouaibou M; Etang J; Brevault T; Nwane P; Hinzoumbe CK Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Apr;13(4):476-486. Abstract: The objective was to explore temporal variation in insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to the four chemical groups of insecticides used in public health and agriculture, in close match with the large-scale cotton spraying programme implemented in the cotton-growing area of North Cameroon. Mosquito larvae were collected in 2005 before (mid June), during (mid August) and at the end (early October) of the cotton spraying programme. Larvae were sampled in breeding sites located within the cotton fields in Gaschiga and Pitoa, and in Garoua, an urban cotton-free area that served as a control. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out with 4% DDT (organochlorine), 0.4% chlorpyrifos methyl (organophosphate), 0.1% propoxur (carbamate), 0.05% deltamethrin and 0.75% permethrin (pyrethroids). Throughout the survey, An. gambiae s.l. populations were completely susceptible to carbamate and organophosphate, whereas a significant decrease of susceptibility to organochlorine and pyrethroids was observed during spraying in cotton-growing areas. Tolerance to these insecticides was associated with a slight increase of knockdown times compared to the reference strain. Among survivor mosquitoes, the East and West African Kdr mutations were detected only in two specimens of An. gambiae s.s. (n = 45) and not in Anopheles arabiensis (n = 150), suggesting metabolic-based resistance mechanisms. Environmental disturbance due to the use of insecticides in agriculture may provide local mosquito populations with the enzymatic arsenal selecting tolerance to insecticides. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | INSECTS | MALARIA | PARASITE CONTROL | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | DRUG RESISTANCE | METABOLIC EFFECTS | PUBLIC HEALTH | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Physiology | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325994 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Wash resistance of PermaNets in comparison to hand-treated nets. Author: Gunasekaran K; Vaidyanathan K Source: Acta Tropica. 2008 Feb;105(2):154-157. Abstract: The wash resistance of factory produced PermaNets (with deltamethrin bonded to the netting with a resin) was studied by bioassays with Anopheles stephensi. Commercial detergent powders were used to wash the nets. For comparison, conventionally treated nets were washed and bio-assayed. Nets were washed under laboratory conditions using a Rotary shaker for 10 min. Mosquito bioassays used standard WHO plastic cones with an exposure time of 3 min. The PermaNet caused almost a 100% mortality of An. stephensi after up to 18 washes and greater than 80% mortality up to 26 washes but after 30 washes mortality declined. The differences between the mortality of An. stephensi on treated nets washed with detergent or soap (uncoloured, non-perfumed) were not significant. When conventional nets dipped in deltamethrin (25 mg/m2) or lambdacyhalothrin (10 mg/m2) were washed under similar laboratory conditions, the wash resistance was markedly less than that of the PermaNet. In the case of deltamethrin, mosquito mortality remained greater than 80% up to 12 washes and with lambdacyhalothrin mortality remained above 80% up to 11 washes. The relationship of 80% mortality from a 3 min bioassay to effectiveness against free flying mosquitoes remains to be determined. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | BED NETS | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TREATMENT | ANIMALS | MORTALITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 324404 |
| 6. Title: The influence of the environment and other exogenous agents on spontaneous abortion risk. Author: Weselak M; Arbuckle TE; Walker MC; Krewski D Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 2008;11 Pt B:221-241. Abstract: It is estimated that close to 30% of all pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. Although about 60% of spontaneous abortions are thought to be due to genetic, infectious, hormonal, and immunological factors, the role of the environment remains poorly understood. Pregnancy involves a delicate balance of hormonal and immunological functions, which may be affected by environmental substances. Many toxic substances that are persistent in the environment and accumulate in the fatty tissues may disrupt this equilibrium. This overview addresses known risk factors for spontaneous abortions and examines the role, if any, that environmental factors (chemical and physical) may play in the etiology of this adverse health outcome. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | RISK FACTORS | ENVIRONMENT | PESTICIDES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | METALS | TOXICITY | WATER QUALITY | TOBACCO USE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Biology | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Water | Natural Resources | Behavior Document Number: 326263 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: Executive summary. Author: Woodruff TJ; Carlson A; Schwartz JM; Giudice LC Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Feb;89(2):281-300. Abstract: The 2007 Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility convened scientists, health care professionals, community groups, political representatives, and the media to hear presentations on the impact of environmental contaminants on reproductive health and fertility, and to discuss opportunities to improve health through research, education, communication, and policy. Environmental reproductive health focuses on exposures to environmental contaminants, particularly during critical periods of development, and their potential effects on future reproductive health, including conception, fertility, pregnancy, adolescent development, and adult health. Approximately 87,000 chemical substances are registered for commercial use in the United States, with ubiquitous human exposures to environmental contaminants in air, water, food, and consumer products. Exposures during critical windows of susceptibility may result in adverse effects with lifelong and even intergenerational health impacts. Effects can include impaired development and function of the reproductive tract and permanently altered gene expression, leading to metabolic and hormonal disorders, reduced fertility and fecundity, and illnesses such as testicular, prostate, uterine, and cervical cancers later in life. This executive summary reviews effects of pre- and postnatal exposures on male and female reproductive health, and provides a series of recommendations for advancing the field in the areas of research, policy, health care, and community action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | EXPOSURE | FERTILITY | PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HEALTH | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Risk Factors | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction Document Number: 324375 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Secondary sex ratio in Greece: Evidence of an influence by father's occupational exposure. Author: Alexopoulos EC; Alamanos Y Source: Human Reproduction. 2007;22(11):2999-3001. Abstract: Several medical, occupational and environmental paternal exposures have been suggested to be associated with low offspring sex ratios. The purpose of this study was to analyse trends and variations in the secondary sex ratio in Greece during the last 50 years and among different occupational groups of male employees of a shipyard. Data were retrieved from National Statistics Agency databases through the period 1955-2005, and linear regression was administered to examine the evolution of the sex ratio of newborns. In addition, 587 male shipyard employees with 1012 children were included in the study. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to study the influence of father's job title on offspring sex ratio. Total births in Greece declined by ~30% between the mid 1950s and 1980, while little change in sex ratio occurred. In contrast, while between 1980 and 2000, the birth rate continued to decline at the same rate (by ~30%), there appeared to be a trend toward a decrease in sex ratio. The groups of sandblasters/painters and of ship carpenters showed a significantly lower proportion of boys among newborn children. Data from men working in a Greek shipyard suggest that the trend toward a decrease in secondary sex ratio observed in this country may be accounted for by a decrease in male births associated with specific workplace exposures of the father. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | FATHERS | INFANT | CHILD, MALE | WORKPLACE | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | EXPOSURE | IMPACT | SEX RATIO | FERTILITY DECLINE | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Risk Factors | Biology | Communication | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 321405 |
| 9. Title: Total oxidant / antioxidant status in jaundiced newborns before and after phototherapy. Author: Aycicek A; Erel O Source: Jornal de Pediatria. 2007 Jul-Aug;83(4):319-322. Abstract: The objective was to assess the effect of phototherapy on serum oxidant and antioxidant status in hyperbilirubinemic full-term newborns. Thirty-four full-term infants from 3 to 10 days of age exposed to phototherapy were studied. The serum antioxidant status was assessed by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and individual antioxidant components: vitamin C, uric acid, albumin, thiol contents and total bilirubin. The oxidant status was assessed by determining the total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and individual oxidant components: malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipid hydroperoxide levels. Vitamin C, uric acid, total bilirubin and MDA concentration were significantly lower, whereas serum TOS, lipid hydroperoxide and OSI levels were significantly higher after phototherapy (p less than 0.05). There were significant positive correlations between serum total bilirubin and MDA (r = 0.434, p = 0.001). Although the MDA level was reduced after phototherapy, phototherapy has a negative impact on numerous parts of the oxidant/antioxidant defense system in jaundiced full-term newborns, exposing them to potential oxidative stress. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | JAUNDICE | TREATMENT | SIDE EFFECTS | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | MEASUREMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology Document Number: 323602 |
| 10. Title: Improving the ORS: Does glutamine have a role? [editorial] Author: Bardhan PK Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2007 Sep;25(3):263-266. Abstract: Diarrhoea continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, resulting in an estimated 1.5 billion episodes and 1.5 million to 2.2 million deaths annually among children aged less than five years. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) effectively treats mild-to-moderate dehydration due to diarrhoea and, for the past three decades, has saved millions of lives, mostly in developing countries. A crucial aspect in this decrease in mortality due to diarrhoea has been the widespread acceptance of ORT for the prevention and treatment of dehydration associated with diarrhoeal illnesses. However, despite its remarkable success, the currently-recommended oral rehydration solution (ORS) does not significantly reduce stool volume or duration of diarrhoeal illness. Thus, the search continues for improved formulations of ORS capable of lessening the severity of diarrhoea. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | CHILD | DIARRHEA | CAUSES OF DEATH | ROTAVIRUS | ORAL REHYDRATION | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TREATMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 323837 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Increased standardized incidence ratio of breast cancer in female electronics workers. Author: Sung TI; Chen PC; Lee LJ; Lin YP; Hsieh GY Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Jun 8;7:102. Abstract: In 1994, a hazardous waste site, polluted by the dumping of solvents from a former electronics factory, was discovered in Taoyuan, Taiwan. This subsequently emerged as a serious case of contamination through chlorinated hydrocarbons with suspected occupational cancer. The objective of this study was to determine if there was any increased risk of breast cancer among female workers in a 23-year follow-up period. A total of 63,982 female workers were retrospectively recruited from the database of the Bureau of Labor Insurance (BLI) covering the period 1973-1997; the data were then linked with data, up to 2001, from the National Cancer Registry at the Taiwanese Department of Health, from which standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for different types of cancer were calculated as compared to the general population. There were a total of 286 cases of breast cancer, and after adjustment for calendar year and age, the SIR was close to 1. When stratified by the year 1974 (the year in which the regulations on solvent use were promulgated), the SIR of the cohort of workers who were first employed prior to 1974 increased to 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.70). No such trend was discernible for workers employed after 1974. When 10 years of employment was considered, there was a further increase in the SIR for breast cancer, to 1.62. Those workers with breast cancer who were first employed prior to 1974 were employed at a younger age and for a longer period. Previous qualitative studies of interviews with the workers, corroborated by inspection records, showed a short-term high exposure to chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, particularly trichloroethylene before 1974. There were no similar findings on other types of cancer. Female workers with exposure to trichloroethylene and/or mixture of solvents, first employed prior to 1974, may have an excess risk of breast cancer. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | WORKPLACE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER QUALITY | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | EXPOSURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Water | Natural Resources | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 313594 |
| 12. Title: Parental exposure to lead and small for gestational age births. Author: Chen PC; Pan IJ; Wang JD Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2006 Jun;49(6):417-422. Abstract: Previous studies about the effect of lead exposure on adverse birth outcomes are still inconsistent and few studies estimate the relationship between parental lead exposure and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. An occupational cohort study to assess whether parental lead exposure would be related to decreased birth weight and shortened gestational ages of their offspring was conducted. Whether higher lead exposure doses would increase risks of low birth weight (LBW), preterm delivery, and SGA births was also investigated. A Program to Reduce Exposure by Surveillance System--Blood Lead Levels (Press-BLLS) was established in Taiwan in July 1993. The names of workers exposed to lead was collected from this occupational blood-lead notification database. The birth outcomes of their offspring were determined by linking to the Taiwan birth registration database from 1993 to 1997. Only singleton births whose parental blood-lead concentrations were tested during pregnancy or prior to conception, or within a 1-year span before these two periods were included. Among 1,611 eligible births, 72 births were LBW, 74 were preterm deliveries, and 135 were SGA. Maternal blood-lead concentrations (PbBs) equal to or more than 20 µg/dl had a higher risk of mothering a SGA child (risk ratio (RR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15--3.83). Additional evidence of the effects of lead on adverse birth outcomes, especially for SGA births is reported. Maternal exposure to lead plays a more important role in the adverse effect on birth outcome than does paternal exposure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PARENTS | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | EXPOSURE | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | GESTATIONAL AGE | PREMATURE BIRTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Fetus Document Number: 306431 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Occupational exposure and effects on the male reproductive system. Author: de Queiroz EK; Waissmann W Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2006 Mar;22(3):485-493. Abstract: A significant increase in the incidence of male infertility has been described in the international literature, raising questions about its causes. Part of this effect may result from synthetic toxic substances acting on the endocrine system (endocrine disruptors), many of which are routinely used in work processes. We provide a critical review of the specialized literature on work-related chemical substances capable of causing male infertility. Pesticides such as DDT, linuron, and others, heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, and copper, and substances from various industrial uses and residues such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), ethylene dibromide (EDB), phthalates, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ethanol are among the main endocrine disruptors that can cause male infertility. Based on the literature, gonadal dysfunction and congenital malformation are the main alterations caused by these substances in the male reproductive system. We conclude that despite the relative lack of studies on this issue, the relevance of such risk calls for further studies as well as measures to prevent workers' exposure to the various substances. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | LITERATURE REVIEW | WORKERS | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | MEN'S HEALTH | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | METALS | TOXICITY | EXPOSURE | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | INFERTILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors | Endocrine System | Reproduction Document Number: 310768 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia. Author: Lon CT; Tsuyuoka R; Phanouvong S; Nivanna N; Socheat D Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006 Nov;100(11):1019-1024. Abstract: Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs can cause death and contribute to the growing malaria drug resistance problem, particularly in Southeast Asia. Since 2003 in Cambodia the quality of antimalarial drugs both in the public and private health sector is regularly monitored in sentinel sites. We surveyed 34% of all 498 known facilities and drug outlets in four provinces. We collected 451 drug samples; 79% of these were not registered at the Cambodia Department of Drugs and Food (DDF). Twenty-seven percent of the samples failed the thin layer chromatography and disintegration tests; all of them were unregistered products. Immediate action against counterfeit drugs was taken by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) and the DDF. They communicated with the Provincial Health Department about the presence of counterfeit antimalarial drugs through alert letters, a manual, annual malaria conferencing and other training occasions. Television campaigns to alert the population about counterfeit drugs were conducted. Moreover, the NMCP has been promoting the use of good quality antimalarial drugs of a blister co-packaged combination of artesunate and mefloquine in public and private sectors. Appropriate strategies need to be developed and implemented by relevant government agencies and stakeholders to strengthen drug quality assurance and control systems in the country. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CLIENTS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TREATMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 305996 |
| 15. Title: Iron fortification technology development: new approaches. Author: Mehansho H Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2006 Apr;136(4):1059-1063. Abstract: The objective of our fortification technology development has been to deliver meaningful levels of bioavailable iron via commonly consumed foods and beverages without compromising taste, appearance, and stability. However, fortification of foods is accompanied with unsolved problems such as unacceptable taste, color, stability, and bioavailability. To solve these problems, we developed a fortification technology that prevents the iron-mediated undesirable taste and appearance of the final product while preserving stability and bioavailability. Iron was stabilized by applying principles of colloid chemistry (encapsulation), chelation, and electrochemical chemistry (redox modulation). Results from color and sensory evaluations showed that formulation of products using the new fortification technology known as ''GrowthPlus'' eliminated detrimental effects on taste, appearance, and product stability. Bioavailability evaluation using animal models and human subjects showed the GrowthPlus technology does not interfere with the bioavailability of iron from either ferrous bis-glycinate or ferrous fumarate. Multiple intervention trials showed that repeated consumption of the redox stabilized iron in the form of a powdered fruit beverage increased iron status indicators (hemoglobin and ferritin) and reduced iron deficiency anemia significantly in school children, adolescent girls, and pregnant women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | IRON | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | Education | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 298785 |
| 16. Title: Pesticide use practices and safety issues: the case of cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Author: Tijani AA Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(3):183-190. Abstract: This study investigates pesticides in common use in cocoa agriculture, dangers associated with their use and established regulatory incentive (if any) that protect farmers and farm workers against pesticide risk. The study was conducted in Idanre local government area of Ondo state, Nigeria. A total of fifty farmers, fifty farm workers and thirty two pesticide marketing agents were interviewed using structured questionaire. The commonly used pesticides identified are Gammalin 20, Aldrex 20, Perenox, Cacaobre Sandoz, copper sulphate, Basudin, Thionex and Unden. Result reveals that most of these pesticides are classified as 'highly' or 'moderately' hazardous by the world Health Organization and have been banned or restricted in many economically advanced countries. Contrary to this most of the marketers claimed that the pesticides are registered in Nigeria and do not present acute health hazards to users, by-standers, livestock, wild-life, and environment in general. Analysis shows that farmers are not taking the necessary precautions to prevent hazards associated with their use. Farmers and farm workers suffer from discomforts ranging from headaches, tiredness, vomiting and nausea to skin problems such as skin burn and itching after using these pesticides. Although the Federal government of Nigeria through the Federal Environmental Protection Agency recognizes the problems of pesticides use and has put in place legal and administrative procedures to protect users as well as the nation's environment from the adverse effects of pesticides, work on effective monitoring, enforcement or implementation of their procedures and mechanisms is not being pursued with the seriousness required. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | GOVERNMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | PESTICIDES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Biology Document Number: 304912 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Occupational risk factors for esophageal and stomach cancers among female textile workers in Shanghai, China. Author: Wernli KJ; Fitzgibbons ED; Ray RM; Gao DL; Li W Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2006 Apr 15;163(8):717-725. Abstract: The authors evaluated associations between occupational exposures in the textile industry and the risks of esophageal cancer and stomach cancer. The authors conducted a case-cohort study nested in a cohort of female textile workers in Shanghai, China. One hundred and two workers with incident esophageal cancer and 646 workers with incident stomach cancer diagnosed between 1989 and 1998 were compared with an age-stratified reference subcohort (n = 3,188). Work histories were ascertained for all study subjects from factory personnel records or interviews. Exposures were reconstructed for chemicals and dusts by linking work history data with a job-exposure matrix developed for the Shanghai textile industry. Hazard ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated with Cox proportional hazards modeling adapted for the case-cohort design. Risk of esophageal cancer was associated with long-term (= 10 years) exposure to silica dust (hazard ratio = 15.8, 95% confidence interval: 3.5, 70.6) and metals (hazard ratio = 3.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.9, 7.1). Cumulative exposure to endotoxin, a contaminant of cotton dust, was inversely related to risks of both esophageal cancer (p-trend = 0.01) and stomach cancer (p-trend < 0.001) when exposures were lagged 20 years. Endotoxin has not been previously reported to be a protective factor for either stomach cancer or esophageal cancer and therefore warrants further study. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | WORKPLACE | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TOXICITY | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 298496 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Spatial effects of the social marketing of insecticide-treated nets on malaria morbidity. Author: Abdulla S; Gemperli A; Mukasa O; Schellenberg JR; Lengeler C Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2005 Jan;10(1):11-18. Abstract: Randomized controlled trials have shown that insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have an impact on both malaria morbidity and mortality. Uniformly high coverage of ITNs characterized these trials and this resulted in some protection of nearby non-users of ITNs. We have now assessed the coverage, distribution pattern and resultant spatial effects in one village in Tanzania where ITNs were distributed in a social marketing programme. The prevalence of parasitaemia, mild anaemia (Hb <11 g/dl) and moderate/severe anaemia (Hb <8 g/dl) in children under five was assessed cross-sectionally. Data on ownership of ITNs were collected and inhabitants’ houses were mapped. One year after the start of the social marketing programme, 52% of the children were using a net which had been treated at least once. The ITNs were rather homogeneously distributed throughout the village at an average density of about 118 ITNs per thousand population. There was no evidence of a pattern in the distribution of parasitaemia and anaemia cases, but children living in areas of moderately high ITN coverage were about half as likely to have moderate/severe anaemia (OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9) and had lower prevalence of splenomegaly, irrespective of their net use. No protective effects of coverage were found for prevalence of mild anaemia nor for parasitaemia. The use of untreated nets had neither coverage nor short distance effects. More efforts should be made to ensure high coverage in ITNs programmes to achieve maximum benefit. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILD | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TREATMENT | BED NETS | ANIMALS | MALARIA PREVENTION | ANEMIA | SOCIAL MARKETING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 280561 |
| 19. Title: Heavy metals concentrations in coal and sediments from River Ekulu in Enugu, Coal City of Nigeria. Author: Adaikpoh EO; Nwajei GE; Ogala JE Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(3):5-8. Abstract: The levels of some heavy metals such as; Mn, Cr, Cd, As, Ni, and Pb were analysed in coal and sediment samples from River Ekulu in Enugu, Coal City using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) model Spectra-AA-10 variant. Mean concentrations of Mn (0.256-0.389mg/kg) and Cr (0.214-0.267 mg/kg) are high relative to concentrations of Cd (0.036-0.043 mg/kg), As (0.016-0.018 mg/kg), Ni, (0.064-0.067 mg/kg) and Pb (0.013-0.017 mg/kg). Except for Mn, there is a steady decrease in the concentration of all metals from November to March corresponding to decreasing run-off. Metal concentrations are generally higher in the coal samples than in the sediments. Selective leaching of these metals is suspected from the trends of their concentration. Seasonal fluctuations are higher in the sediments than the coal samples. Correlation coefficients show that all the metals are positively correlated with each other implying that they are from the same source or origin. The presence of toxic metals in the area is established, calling for the assessment of their impact on the health of human and aquatic lives around the area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NATURAL RESOURCES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | METALS | TOXICITY | WATER QUALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Water Document Number: 295969 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Influences of oxygen, albumin and pH on copper dissolution in a simulated uterine fluid. Author: Bastidas DM; Cano E; Mora EM Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2005 Jun;10(2):123-130. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of albumin content, from 5 to 45 g/L, on copper dissolution and compounds composition in a simulated uterine solution. Experiments were performed in atmospheric pressure conditions and with an additional oxygen pressure of 0.2 atmospheres, at 6.3 and 8.0 pH values, and at a temperature of 37 ± 0.18 °C for 1, 3, 7, and 30 days experimentation time. The copper dissolution rate has been determined using absorbance measurements, finding the highest value for pH 8.0, 35 g/L albumin, and with an additional oxygen pressure of 0.2 atmospheres: 674 µg/day for 1 day, and 301 µg/day for 30 days. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show copper(II) as the main copper oxidation state at pH 8.0; and copper(I) and metallic copper at pH 6.3. The presence of albumin up to 35 g/L, accelerates copper dissolution. For high albumin content a stabilisation on the copper dissolution takes place. Corrosion product layer morphology is poorly protective, showing paths through which copper ions can release. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | COPPER | OXYGEN | UTERINE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Inorganic Chemicals | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 290049 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Corrosion behavior of Cu and the Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy in simulated uterine fluid. Author: Chen B; Liang C; Fu D; Ren D Source: Contraception. 2005;72:221-224. Abstract: Chemical immersion tests, electrochemical methods and atomic absorption spectrometry were employed to investigate the corrosion behavior of Cu and the Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloy (SMA) in simulated uterine fluid. The effect of pH on corrosion rate and corrosion potential was also investigated. The results indicated that in the static state in simulated uterine fluid, dealuminumification of the Cu–Zn–Al alloy occurred with Cl combining with aluminum ions to form hydroxyl aluminum chloride. The hydroxyl aluminum chloride hydrolyzed readily and facilitated further dealuminumification corrosion. The corrosion process of Cu and Cu–Zn–Al SMA in simulated uterine fluid was controlled by cathodic reduction of oxygen. Because the tendency for surface ionization is greater for aluminum than for zinc, a compact protective aluminum layer was formed, which inhibited the cathodic reduction of oxygen. Hence, the corrosion rate of Cu–Zn–Al SMA was smaller than that of Cu in simulated uterine fluid. With increasing pH, the corrosion rate of Cu and Cu–Zn–Al SMA in simulated uterine fluid decreased and the open-circuit potential moved in a positive direction. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 289894 |
| 22. Title: Occurrence of aflatoxin in some of the food and feed in Nepal. Author: Koirala P; Kumar S; Yadav BK; Premarajan KC Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2005 Aug;59(8):331-336. Abstract: There are many contaminants like aflatoxin present in food products. Aflatoxin in comparison to many other contaminants is very toxic and also carcinogenic. There are reports of outbreak of aflatoxin toxicity in many parts of the world. The aim was to find out the level of aflatoxin in common food and feed. The study was conducted in 16 districts of the Eastern region of Nepal. Samples were collected from retailers and whole sellers from 1995 to 2003. Common food items that had high chances of infestation were collected. Food sample were taken to the laboratory to estimate the level of aflatoxin. The thin layer chromatography method was used to detect aflatoxin in the samples and comparison of fluorescence of sample spot with fluorescence of standard for estimation. There were 832 samples for aflatoxin detection and estimation. One-third samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin. The highest percentage of contamination was found in peanut butter/vegetable oil (42.5%) and the lowest in areca nut (25%). Highest proportion of cornflakes samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin by more than the recommended value (30 ppb) and contamination in peanut was the lowest. People consume many common food items that contain aflatoxin. It is of high importance for the concerned department to give attention to this important public health issue. Even in small doses, continuous consumption can lead to many health problems. So it is of paramount importance to detect and control these contaminants in food items. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | POISON | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MEASUREMENT | QUALITY CONTROL | PUBLIC HEALTH | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Nutrition | Health | Toxicity | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration Document Number: 291517 |
| 23. Title: Calcium absorption from corn tortilla is relatively high and is dependent upon calcium content and liming in Mexican women. [En las mujeres mexicanas la absorción de calcio de la tortilla de maíz es relativamente alta y depende del contenido de calcio y de óxido de calcio] Author: Rosado JL; Díaz M; Rosas A; Griffit I; García OP Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:2578-2581. Abstract: Corn tortillas are the staple food of Mexico. During their preparation, calcium is added to the tortillas; therefore, tortillas are the main source of calcium for a large proportion of the population. The bioavailability of calcium from lime-treated tortillas in humans is not known. The objectives of the present study were to determine calcium absorption from corn tortilla, to determine the effect of lime treatment on calcium absorption from corn tortilla, and to compare calcium absorption from tortilla prepared with a commercial corn flour and tortillas prepared with the traditional lime treatment at home. Nonpregnant, nonlactating women (n = 9) were administered 3 different treatments: 1) 180 g of corn tortilla prepared from corn flour with no lime treatment (CF), 2) 180 g of corn tortilla prepared from lime-treated commercial corn flour (LTCCF), or 3) 180 g of corn tortillas prepared from lime-treated home-prepared corn flour (LTHCF). Calcium absorption was measured using an established dualtracer stable isotope technique. Calcium absorption of CF, LTCCF, and LTHCF was (mean ± SD): 44 ± 3.2, 32 ± 4.4, and 30 ± 2.4%, respectively; the fractional calcium absorption from CF differed from that of either LTCCF or LTHCF (P < 0.01). The total amount of calcium absorbed per treatment was higher in LTHCF (98.10 mg ± 21.7) than in LTCCF (59.9 mg ± 23.7, P < 0.001) and CF (3.78 mg ± 0.9, P < 0.0.001). In conclusion, calcium absorption from corn tortillas is high and dependent on calcium concentration. The addition of calcium during lime treatment increases calcium concentration and total calcium absorption. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Las tortillas de maíz son el plato básico de la cocina mexicana. Durante la preparación, se les agrega calcio, por lo tanto las tortillas de maíz son la principal fuente de calcio para una gran parte de la población. Se desconoce la biodisponibilidad de calcio de las tortillas tratadas con óxido de calcio en los seres humanos. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la absorción de calcio de la tortilla de maíz, para establecer el efecto del tratamiento con óxido de calcio sobre la absorción de calcio de las tortillas de maíz, y comparar dicha absorción entre las tortillas preparadas con harina comercial de maíz y las preparadas con el tratamiento tradicional con óxido de calcio en el hogar. Se administraron tres tratamientos a mujeres no embarazadas ni que estuvieran amamantando (n = 9): 1) 180 g de tortillas de maíz preparadas de harina de trigo sin tratamiento con óxido de calcio (CF, corn flour), 2) 180 g de tortilla de maíz preparada con una harina comercial de maíz tratada con óxido de calcio (LTCCF, lime-treated commercial corn flour), o 3) 180 g de tortillas de maíz preparadas con una harina de maíz casera tratada con óxido de calcio (LTHCF, lime-treated home-prepared corn flour). Se midió la absorción de calcio utilizando una técnica establecida de isótopo estable con marcador doble. La absorción de calcio de CF, LTCCF, y LTHCF fue (media ± desviación estándar): 44 ± 3,2, 32 ± 4,4, y 30 ± 2,4%, respectivamente; la absorción fraccional de calcio CF fue diferente de las de los dos otros grupos (LTCCF o LTHCF) (P < 0,01). La cantidad total de calcio absorbido por tratamiento fue más alta en LTHCF (98,10 mg ± 21,7) que en LTCCF (59,9 mg ± 23,7, P < 0,001) y CF (3,78 mg ± 0,9, P < 0,001). En conclusión, la absorción de calcio de las tortillas de maíz es más alta y depende de la concentración de calcio. El calcio adicional durante el tratamiento con óxido de calcio aumenta la concentración de calcio y la absorción total de calcio. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CALCIUM | PLANTS | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | METABOLIC EFFECTS | ANTHROPOMETRY | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Measurement Document Number: 292389 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Experience of targeting subsidies on insecticide-treated nets: what do we know and what are the knowledge gaps? Author: Worrall E; Hill J; Webster J; Mortimer J Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2005 Jan;10(1):19-31. Abstract: Widespread coverage of vulnerable populations with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) constitutes an important component of the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) strategy to control malaria. The Abuja Targets call for 60% coverage of children under 5 years of age and pregnant women by 2005; but current coverage in Africa is unacceptably low. The RBM ‘Strategic Framework for Coordinated National Action in Scaling-up Insecticide-Treated Netting Programmes in Africa’ promotes coordinated national action and advocates sustained public provision of targeted subsidies to maximise public health benefits, alongside support and stimulation of the private sector. Several countries have already planned or initiated targeted subsidy schemes either on a pilot scale or on a national scale, and have valuable experience which can inform future interventions. The WHO RBM ‘Workshop on mapping models for delivering ITNs through targeted subsidies’ held in Zambia in 2003 provided an opportunity to share and document these country experiences. This paper brings together experiences presented at the workshop with other information on experiences of targeting subsidies on ITNs, net treatment kits and retreatment services (ITN products) in order to describe alternative approaches, highlight their similarities and differences, outline lessons learnt, and identify gaps in knowledge. We find that while there is a growing body of knowledge on different approaches to targeting ITN subsidies, there are significant gaps in knowledge in crucial areas. Key questions regarding how best to target, how much it will cost and what outcomes (levels of coverage) to expect remain unanswered. High quality, well-funded monitoring and evaluation of alternative approaches to targeting ITN subsidies is vital to develop a knowledge base so that countries can design and implement effective strategies to target ITN subsidies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | PREGNANT WOMEN | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TREATMENT | BED NETS | ANIMALS | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | MALARIA PREVENTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 280562 |
| 25. Title: Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soymilk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women. Author: Zhao Y; Martin BR; Weaver CM Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:2379-2382. Abstract: Calcium (Ca)-fortified soymilk has gained popularity in the United States. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-fortified soymilk was shown to have a lower Ca bioavailability than cow’s milk in men. However, the most popular soymilk in the U.S. is fortified with Ca carbonate (CC) and has not been evaluated. Ca bioavailability from CC-fortified soymilk (CCSM) and TCP-fortified soymilk (TCPSM) was compared with cow’s milk in young healthy women using the dual stable isotope technique. In a 3-way crossover design, 20 volunteers (23 ± 2 y old) consumed 250 mg Ca in cow’s milk, CCSM, or TCPSM along with 10 mg 44Ca after an overnight fast. Cow’s milk was extrinsically labeled, whereas each fortified soymilk was intrinsically labeled with each chemical salt of 44Ca at the manufacturing facility. Another stable isotope, 43/Ca, was injected i.v. 1 h after the complete consumption of cow’s milk or soymilk. Fractional Ca absorption was determined from the ratios of 43Ca:42Ca and 44/Ca:42/Ca by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS in the 24-h urine samples. A mixed linear model (SAS proc mixed) was used to compare the fractional Ca absorption among groups. Fractional Ca absorption in CCSM (0.211 ± 0.057) did not differ from that of cow’s milk (0.217 ± 0.040), but both were higher (P < 0.05) than that of TCPSM (0.181 ± 0.039). Our result suggests that calcium absorption is equivalent for CCSM and cow’s milk at similar calcium loads. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | YOUTH | WOMEN | CALCIUM | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | PLANTS | ANIMALS | NUTRITION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 292387 |
| 26. Title: Fish consumption to promote good health and minimize contaminants: a quick reference guide for clinicians. Author: Physicians for Social Responsibility; Association of Reproductive Health Professionals Source: Washington, D.C., Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, 2004. [20] p. Abstract: The health benefits of fish and seafood have been well documented and widely promoted in recent years. Fish is low in saturated fat and is a healthy alternative to red meat. It provides the body with essential vitamin and minerals, including iron; zinc (from shellfish); vitamins A, B and D; and, of course, protein. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are also beneficial, particularly in terms of cardiovascular health. Preliminary evidence suggests that early exposure to omega-3 fats may enhance brain development as well. At the same time, fish are also vulnerable to contamination by toxic industrial pollutants, such as mercury, as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, flame retardants, and other lipophilic chemicals. These pollutants accumulate fish flesh (mercury) or fatty tissue (PCBs), exposing people who eat them. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MANUAL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DIET | FISHING | HEALTH | USFDA | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | METALS | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | TOXICITY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Nutrition | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 291826 |
| 27. Title: Aquatic oil pollution impact indicators. Author: Enujiugha VN; Nwanna LC Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2004;8(2):71-75. Abstract: Aquatic oil pollution impact indicators such as oil-grease, low dissolved oxygen concentration, increased biochemical oxygen demand, increased water temperature and acidity of the water are associated with aquatic habitat degradation, reduced productivity and or loss of biodiversity. These impact indicators are interrelated and connected in a chain reaction that a severe shift in any of the parameters will induce negative changes in others. For instance, introduction of significant quantities of crude oil into the aquatic ecosystem will cause increase in biochemical oxygen demand, reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration, increased temperature and pH of the water body. The resultant effect of these abnormal shifts in the impact indicators is disorders in the physiological status and reduction in the immune status of aquatic organisms, which may lead to mortality. Therefore to ensure sustainable management and optimum exploitation of the aquatic resources, it is necessary to set safe limits for the pollution impact indicators. This paper reviews the deleterious impacts of these indicators on the aquatic habitat and productivity, and establishes the safe limits for each impact indicator in relation to the freshwater, brackish water and marine ecosystems. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WATER QUALITY | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | METALS | IMPACT | NATURAL RESOURCES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Communication | Water Document Number: 295965 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Tents pre-treated with insecticide for malaria control in refugee camps: an entomological evaluation. Author: Graham K; Rehman H; Ahmad M; Kamal M; Khan I Source: Malaria Journal. 2004 Jul 15;3(25):[7] p.. Abstract: A refugee shelter that is treated with insecticide during manufacture would be useful for malaria control at the acute stage of an emergency, when logistic problems, poor co-ordination and insecurity limit the options for malaria control. Tents made of untreated canvas with deltamethrin-treated polyethylene threads interwoven through the canvas during manufacture, 'pre-treated tents', were tested in Pakistan for their impact on malaria vectors. Fixed-time contact bioassays tested the insecticidal activity of the material over 3 months of outdoor weathering. Unweathered tents were erected under large trapnets on outdoor platforms and tested using wild-caught, host-seeking mosquitoes and insectaryreared mosquitoes released during the night into the trap-nets. The insecticide-treated tents were effective both in killing mosquitoes and reducing blood-feeding. Mean 24 hour mortality was 25.7% on untreated tents and 50.8% on treated tents (P = 0.001) in wild anophelines and 5.2% on untreated tents and 80.9% on treated tents (P < 0.001) in insectary-reared Anopheles stephensi. Blood-feeding of wild anophelines was reduced from 46% in the presence of an untreated tent to 9.2% (P < 0.001) in the presence of treated tents and from 51.1% to 22.2% (P < 0.001) for insectary-reared An. stephensi. In contact bioassays on tents weathered for three months there was 91.3% mortality after 10-minute exposure and a 24 h holding period and 83.0% mortality after 3-minute exposure and a 24 h holding period. The results demonstrate the potential of these pre-treated canvas-polyethylene tents for malaria control. Further information on the persistence of the insecticide over an extended period of weathering should be gathered. Because the epidemiological evidence for the effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated tents for malaria control already exists, this technology could be readily adopted as an option for malaria control in refugee camps, provided the insecticidal effect is shown to be sufficiently persistent. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEE CAMPS | PARASITE CONTROL | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | BED NETS | TESTING | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | MALARIA PREVENTION | CLIMATE | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Environment Document Number: 276146 |
| 29. Title: Trial of spatial repellency of metofluthrin-impregnated paper strip against Anopheles and Culex in shelters without walls in Lombok, Indonesia. Author: Kawada H; Maekawa Y; Tsuda Y; Takagi M Source: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2004;20(4):434-437. Abstract: Trials of metofluthrin-impregnated multilayer paper strips against mosquitoes in shelters with no walls were carried out at 3 sites in Lombok, Indonesia. Major reductions in human biting by Culex qrrinquefasciatus, Anopheles balabacensis, and An. sundaicus were achieved. The device is a very practical measure of preventing outdoor mosquito biting, with no need for electricity or heating to evaporate its active ingredient. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | HOUSING | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | ANIMALS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | POPULATION DENSITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases Document Number: 282100 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Subsidized sales of insecticide-treated nets in Afghan refugee camps demonstrate the feasibility of a transition from humanitarian aid towards sustainability. Author: Kolaczinski JH; Muhammad N; Khan QS; Jan Z; Rehman N Source: Malaria Journal. 2004 Jun 10;3(15):[11] p.. Abstract: Introducing sustainability and self-reliance is essential in chronic humanitarian emergencies before financial assistance is phased out. In Pakistan-based Afghan refugee camps, this was attempted through shifting from indoor residual spraying (IRS) to the subsidized sale of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for prevention of malaria and anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Here we outline the strategy and document the progress to provide guidance for replication of similar approaches in other chronic refugee situations. The operational monitoring data presented were collected through: (i) two surveys of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP); (ii) routine sales reporting of health-care providers; (iii) records completed during field visits; and (iv) registers used during annual re-treatment campaigns. From 2000 until 2003, subsidized ITN sales expanded from 17 to 44 camps. Based on 2003 sales records, maximum coverage from subsidized sales exceeded 50% in 13 camps and 20% in an additional 14 camps. Free annual treatment campaigns showed that many refugees were in possession of non-programme nets, which were either locally-made or had leaked from an ITN programme in Afghanistan. Estimated re-treatment coverage of sold and existing nets through annual campaigns exceeded 43% in all camps and was above 70% in the majority. Subsidized sales of ITNs have effectively introduced the components of sustainability and self-reliance to the prevention of malaria and ACL in Afghan refugee camps. Similar approaches should be investigated in other chronic refugee situations to discourage expectations of continuing humanitarian donations that cannot be fulfilled. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | REFUGEE CAMPS | PARASITE CONTROL | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | BED NETS | SLEEPING | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | MALARIA PREVENTION | MONITORING | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation Document Number: 276141 |
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