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Title: Building support for orphans and vulnerable children.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: We provide solid scientific evidence about programs targeting orphans and vulnerable children to help governments and communities provide better care for these children in need. The Council’s studies apply innovative research techniques to address complex issues about providing care and services to children affected by HIV. The Council’s evaluation of the RAPIDS intervention has highlighted the effectiveness of program activities and valuable lessons for program managers and providers. A mid-term evaluation in 2007 showed important progress, such as more help with school books, uniform fees, and transportation and improvements in school attendance among vulnerable children. Results from the 2009 data collection promise to provide further guidance to program managers on how to ensure the greatest impact with available resources. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | INFORMATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331493

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Principles of contraceptive care: choice, acceptability and access.
Author: Belfield T
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):177-185.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 329668

Peer Reviewed

Title: Pharmacy worker practices related to use of misoprostol for abortion in one Mexican state.
Author: Billings DL; Walker D; Mainero del Paso G; Clark KA; Dayananda I
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):445-51.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pharmacies are important sites for access to health information and medications in Mexico. Most workers are not trained in health issues and may provide inaccurate information to consumers. Misoprostol is used by women throughout Mexico for early abortion and often is purchased from pharmacies. This study aims to understand the practices of pharmacy workers when asked for advice about and medications for abortion, in particular misoprostol. STUDY DESIGN: A random sample of pharmacies in both urban and rural areas of one state of Mexico included both chain and independent pharmacies (n=169). Two mystery clients (MCs) visited the pharmacies, requesting medication for "bringing down the period" and then asking for misoprostol. MCs recorded information about the interactions following each visit in standardized formats. Bivariate comparisons were made between spontaneous and prompted discussions of misoprostol. Associations were considered statistically significant at alpha<.05. RESULTS: Ninety percent of pharmacy workers attending to the MCs discussed misoprostol as an abortifacient, either spontaneously or after being prompted by the MCs. Misoprostol was for sale in most (61%) of these pharmacies. The majority of pharmacy workers (75%) did not request a prescription. Over 75% of all pharmacy workers provided the MCs referral to trained medical providers with whom they could seek a follow-up visit. Sixteen percent of pharmacy workers suggested a regimen consistent with evidence and recommendations for using misoprostol for early abortion. Regimens that were underdosages were common, and few workers recommended a potentially harmful overdosage. Instructions about side effects and risks were rare. The price of misoprostol ranged from 900 to 1800 pesos (US$83-167) for a bottle of 28 tablets (200 mcg each) or US$4.07 per tablet, on average. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy workers in both urban and rural areas of Mexico are increasingly becoming aware of misoprostol as an effective abortifacient and are willing to provide the information to consumers. However, their information is limited and often inaccurate. Strategies need to be developed so that they receive timely and correct information, consistent with evidence-based recommendations. The legal context of abortion in Mexico (with restrictions in every state, except Mexico City), the restricted registration of misoprostol as a therapeutic agent only for gastric ulcers and the fact that the majority of pharmacy workers are not considered to be health workers are among the most important barriers to advances in training pharmacy workers in the correct application of misoprostol.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | MISOPROSTOL | ABORTION | INFORMED CHOICE | INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 342599 Notification

5.
Title: Acquiring allergen information from condom manufacturers: a questionnaire survey.
Author: Blyumin ML; Rouhani P; Avashia NJ; Jacob SE
Source: Dermatitis. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):161-70.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis from condoms is a problem that carries significant morbidity and that has been increasingly reported due to the use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases as well as for birth control. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the process by which condom manufacturing companies divulge product allergen information to health care professionals. METHODS: An interviewer-administered telephone questionnaire eliciting the staff member's knowledge of condom allergens was utilized. Eligible respondents were condom manufacturers' service staff over 18 years of age. RESULTS: Complete surveys were obtained regarding 36 (85.7%) of the 42 subtypes of condoms. Telephoning was the primary (75%) method of obtaining allergen information. The majority (63.9%) of the information was obtained within minutes to hours of the initial contact. Nearly two-thirds of the interviews evaluated the condom manufacturers' service staff as good and effective in their knowledge base and in providing product information. CONCLUSION: The study determined that the extent of knowledge, helpfulness, and effectiveness of the customer service personnel in relaying product allergen information to clinicians were generally good. The study additionally generated a reference table outlining the common allergens in major manufactured condoms.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | CONDOMS | ALLERGIC REACTION | DERMATITIS | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection
Document Number: 341311

Peer Reviewed

Title: Rural Gambian women's reliance on health workers to deliver sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as recommended intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy.
Author: Brabin L; Stokes E; Dumbaya I; Owens S
Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:25.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of most anti-malarial medications is restricted during pregnancy, but two doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine are recommended after the first trimester as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). In The Gambia, only 32% of women receive two doses and very little research has been conducted on women's awareness of drug safety during pregnancy. The objective of this paper was to assess whether rural Gambian women were aware of the importance of the timing of the two-dose IPT dose schedule and its relevance to drug safety. METHODS: This was a qualitative study in which 41 interviews and 16 focus group discussions with women, adolescents, men and traditional birth attendants were conducted. A generic qualitative approach was used to generate a theory as to why women might not participate in IPTp as recommended. RESULTS: Although most women used calendar months to count their stage of pregnancy, these months did not correlate with their concept of foetal development. Foetal growth was described following Islamic tradition as water, clot, piece of meat and human being, although there was little consensus about the order or timing in which these stages occurred. Common signs and conditions of malaria were known. Women were anxious about miscarriage and recognized that some medicines should not be taken in the first trimester, but were urged by men and traditional birth attendants to attend for antenatal care in the first trimester to "start treatment." General knowledge about the purpose of pregnancy medications and when they should be taken was poor among both men and women. One important result was that women relied entirely on health workers to provide safe drugs, at the correct time. CONCLUSION: Women did not have relevant information to judge the safety and appropriate timing of pregnancy drugs, which made them over-reliant on health workers. They should be encouraged to date their own pregnancies in culturally relevant terms and to anticipate when and which medications they should receive.
Language: English
Keywords:
GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | MEN | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | MALARIA PREVENTION | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | TREATMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services
Document Number: 330897

Title: [Assessment of factors associated with patients' comprehension of treatment at the start of antiretroviral therapy] Evaluacion de factores asociados a la comprension del tratamiento en pacientes
Author: Braga Ceccato MG; Acurcio Fde A; Vallano A; Comini Cesar C; Crosland Guimaraes MD
Source: Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica. 2009 Jan;27(1):7-13.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with patients' comprehension of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis in which patients at 2 HIV/AIDS public referral centers (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were interviewed after initiating ART. Information was recorded on variables related to the patient's characteristics, the treatment prescribed, and the healthcare professional involved. A score indicating the patients' level of comprehension regarding the medications prescribed was obtained using a latent trait model estimated by the item response theory. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were interviewed. Mean (SD) age was 35 (10) years, 227 were men (56%), 302 of Afro-American ethnicity (77%), and 213 had <8 years of education (53%). The regression model determined that 52.25% of the variability of comprehension was explained by the individual's characteristics. Variables associated (P<0.05) with poorest understanding about ART were lower education (<8 years), lack of knowledge about treatment duration and clinical severity, inadequate information provided by physicians, inability to understand pharmaceutical information, daily number of tablets, and the ART regimen prescribed. CONCLUSION: Comprehension of information about the ART regimen prescribed varies considerably between individuals. Nonetheless, several factors were found to be associated with the level of understanding: characteristics of the patient (education, clinical severity), characteristics of treatment (daily number of tablets, ART regimen prescribed), and contribution of healthcare professionals (information from physicians and pharmacists). Strategies to reinforce information about ART should be a priority for patients with a low level of understanding.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PRESCRIPTIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | KNOWLEDGE | TREATMENT | INFORMATION | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Distributional Activities | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior
Document Number: 341238

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adolescent Comprehension of Emergency Contraception in New York City.
Author: Cremer M; Holland E; Adams B; Klausner D; Nichols S; Scott Ram R; Alonzo TA
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Apr;113(4):840-844.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To estimate comprehension of the over-the-counter emergency contraception label among female adolescents aged 12 through 17 years, and to compare the results with a similar study that focused on adults. METHODS:: Surveys were administered to female adolescents in New York City in public venues such as malls, movie theaters, and parks. Participants were asked to read the emergency contraception (levonorgestrel) label before answering survey questions. Comparisons were made in SPSS version 13.0 using chi tests of independence and Fisher exact tests for sparse data. RESULTS:: One thousand eighty-five girls between the ages of 12 and 17 participated in the study. Overall, adolescents demonstrated high comprehension of the key points of emergency contraception: (1) that it is a method of preventing pregnancy 92% (confidence interval [CI] 91-94%); (2) that it has to be taken within the first 72 hours after unprotected intercourse 83% (CI 83-87%); (3) that if you are already pregnant emergency contraception will not be effective 87% (CI 85-89%); (4) that emergency contraception will not protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 95% (CI 94-96%); and (5) that emergency contraception should not be used as a method of long-term birth control 85% (CI 83-87%). CONCLUSION:: After reading the emergency contraception (levonorgestrel) label, female adolescents aged 12 to 17 understood the information necessary to use emergency contraception safely and effectively as well as their adult counterparts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: III.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | INFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330854

Title: A survey of mothers' comfort discussing contraception with infant providers at well-child visits.
Author: Fagan EB; Rodman E; Sorensen EA; Landis S; Colvin GF
Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Mar;102(3):260-4.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mothers feel comfortable with their infants' providers discussing contraception with them at their infants' well-child checks. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 114 mothers presenting at a community family medicine residency program for well-child visits among infants up to 17 months old. RESULTS: Almost all mothers (87%) felt comfortable talking with their infants' providers about contraception and were likely to accept the advice of their infants' providers to see their own doctors regarding contraception (83%) or to use a prescription from their infants' providers for contraception (75%). CONCLUSION: Many mothers miss or delay their postpartum visits but see their infants' doctor multiple times within the first year. Mothers are comfortable talking with infant providers about contraception. By discussing contraception with mothers at well-child visits, physicians may encourage mothers to use contraception and prevent unintended pregnancies.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | INFANT | CLINICS | PHYSICIANS | CLINIC VISITS | CONTRACEPTION | POSTPARTUM | INFORMATION | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Personnel | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Puerperium | Reproduction | Health Services
Document Number: 330896

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: What do young adults know about the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Findings from a population based study in Karachi, Pakistan.
Author: Farid-ul-Hasnain S; Johansson E; Krantz G
Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2009;9:38.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: HIVAIDS is spreading globally, hitting the younger generations. In Pakistan, the prevalence of HIV in high-risk subpopulations is five per cent or higher. This poses a serious threat of a generalised epidemic especially among the younger population. In the wake of HIVAIDS epidemic this is worrying as a well informed younger generation is crucial in restricting the spread of this epidemic. This study investigated Pakistani young adults' (male and female) knowledge and awareness of the HIV/AIDS disease. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study of 1,650 male and female adults aged 17-21 years living in Karachi was conducted using a structured questionnaire. A multi-stage cluster sampling design was used to collect data representative of the general population in an urban area. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed separately for males and females. RESULTS: Of 1,650 subjects, 24 per cent (n = 390) reported that they had not heard of HIV/AIDS. Among the males, those with a poor knowledge were younger (AOR = 2.20; 95 per cent CI, 1.38, 3.49), with less than six years of schooling (AOR = 2.46; 1.29 4.68) and no computer at home (AOR = 1.88; 1.06 3.34). Among the females, the risk factors for poor knowledge were young age (AOR = 1.74; 1.22, 2.50), low socio-economic status (AOR = 1.54; 1.06, 2.22), lack of enrolment at school/college (AOR = 1.61; 1.09, 2.39) and being unmarried (AOR = 1.85; 1.05, 3.26). CONCLUSION: Alarming gaps in knowledge relating to HIV/AIDS were detected. The study emphasises the need to educate young adults and equip them with the appropriate information and skills to enable them to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. However, taboos surrounding public discussions of sexuality remain a key constraint to preventive activities.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADULTS | YOUTH | NEEDS | INFORMATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 341350

11.

Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviour: have information campaigns reduced HIV infection? The case of Kenya.
Author: Frolich M; Vazquez-Alvarez R
Source: African Development Review. 2009 Apr;21(1):86-146.
Abstract: AIDS continues to have a devastating effect on developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of a proven effective vaccine to stop HIV transmission has led to much of public policy putting an emphasis on information campaigns in order to reduce HIV-prevalence. In this paper we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS-knowledge from two sides. First, we examine to what extent the campaigns have been successful at inducing the expected behavioural change with regards to HIV-related attitudes. Second, we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS knowledge on HIV status. The basic policy issue can be expressed as follows: even if individuals have acquired sufficient and necessary information on the basic facts about AIDS, factors such as innate risk attitudes or cultural background could undermine the effects of the campaigns. Using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2003) we elicit empirical evidence on the relation between declared HIV/AIDS-knowledge, behavioural attitudes related to HIV/AIDS situations and the relation between knowledge and observed HIV-status. Overall, our empirical findings suggest that information campaigns have been effective at equipping the adult population in Kenya with the required knowledge to avoid becoming HIV-positive. However, when HIV-status is measured objectively we find that the relation between correctly declared attitudes and actual behaviour is only statistically significant for females who have arrived into sexuality late enough to benefit from such campaigns: it is for these females that the impact of the information campaigns has been to statistically reduce the probability of becoming HIV positive, as intended. In the case of males we find that there is no statistical relation between either knowledge or timing of the information campaigns and a positive HIV status. Nevertheless, another important finding refers to the selection bias induced by males who are sampled randomly but decline to take the HIV test. The consequences of this bias are twofold; first, the estimated policy parameters for males should be interpreted with caution, but more importantly, estimating the population level HIV-prevalence for Kenyan males based on the DHS implies underestimating the true and unknown prevalence rate. Our analysis controls for individual characteristics, selection bias and endogeneity effects, thus allowing us to make inferences for the full population and with regards to policy implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | INFORMATION | CAMPAIGNS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341877

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among women of reproductive age in the slums of Delhi and Hyderabad, India.
Author: Ghosh J; Wadhwa V; Kalipeni E
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Feb;68(4):638-42.
Abstract: This report explores how vulnerability to HIV/AIDS applies to women in the reproductive age range living in the slum areas of Delhi and Hyderabad. The paper is based on a qualitative study of AIDS awareness levels conducted during the summer of 2006. It offers insightful narratives from a sample of 32 women, providing an in depth view of their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS due to their precarious socioeconomic conditions and low AIDS awareness. The women cited lack of education, low empowerment in expressing and accessing information related to sexual matters, and poverty as key factors to vulnerability.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | SLUMS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | AWARENESS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | RISK FACTORS | POVERTY | INFORMATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341554

13.

Title: [Comprehensive sexual and contraceptive education for young people] Educacion integral en sexualidad y anticoncepcion para los/las jovenes.
Author: Gonzalez Hernando C; Sanchez-Crespo Bolanos JR; Gonzalez Hernando A
Source: Enfermeria Clinica. 2009 Jul 13;
Abstract: According to the National Institute of Statistics (INE) the number of unwanted pregnancies in Spain is increasing every year. This is particularly worrying as regards unwanted in young people, particularly those under 15, which increased by 76% from 2001 to 2005. The younger age when people begin sexual relationships, the increasingly liberal attitudes, a higher number of sexual partners and high risk sexual practices, expose them to very important health problems, such as unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Adolescence is a vital phase in the personal and sexual identity process. Sexual Education is necessary in a society which seems to be well informed but on the other hand has a high proportion of ignorance and errors, which could seriously affect the emotional balance of people. Teaching to know and accept their own body, seek information or ask for help is an education that can help them to maintain healthier and satisfactory relationships. On the other hand, the increase in undesired pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, makes this kind of education a priority. Our experience in sexual education for young people answers this need. Young people have the right to an effective sexual education. Information and comprehensive sexual education provide them with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to take decisions in the present and future.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX EDUCATION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | DECISION MAKING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342124

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Community knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on malaria in Swaziland: a country earmarked for malaria elimination.
Author: Hlongwana KW; Mabaso ML; Kunene S; Govender D; Maharaj R
Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:29.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The potential contribution of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) studies to malaria research and control has not received much attention in most southern African countries. This study investigated the local communities' understanding of malaria transmission, recognition of signs and symptoms, perceptions of cause, treatment-seeking patterns, preventive measures and practices in order to inform the country's proposed malaria elimination programme in Swaziland. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was undertaken in four Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI) sentinel sites in Swaziland. These sentinel sites share borders with Mozambique. A structured questionnaire was administered to 320 randomly selected households. Only one adult person was interviewed per household. The interviewees were the heads of households and in the absence of the heads of households responsible adults above 18 years were interviewed. RESULTS: A substantial number of research participants showed reasonable knowledge of malaria, including correct association between malaria and mosquito bites, its potential fatal consequences and correct treatment practices. Almost 90% (n = 320) of the respondents stated that they would seek treatment within 24 hours of onset of malaria symptoms, with health facilities as their first treatment option. Most people (78%) perceived clinics and vector control practices as central to treating and preventing malaria disease. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage and bed net ownership were 87.2% and 38.8%, respectively. IRS coverage was in agreement with the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendation of more than 80% within the targeted communities. CONCLUSION: Despite fair knowledge of malaria in Swaziland, there is a need for improving the availability of information through the preferred community channels, such as tinkhundlas (districts), as well as professional health routes. This recommendation emerges along with the documented evidence suggesting that as the level transmission and disease decreases so does the perception about the importance of malaria control activities. Finally, given the relatively moderate ownership of bed net there is a need for future studies to evaluate the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) compared with IRS.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | MALARIA | MALARIA PREVENTION | TRANSMISSION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | INFORMATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Evaluation
Document Number: 330813

15.
Title: [Contraceptive methods used by women in the period before and after giving birth] Praxe v pouzivani kontracepcnich metod u zen v obdobi pred porodem a po porodu.
Author: Krepelka P; Hanacek J; Hrdlicka D
Source: Ceska Gynekologie. 2009 Jun;74(3):211-8.
Abstract: GOAL OF THE STUDY: To provide information on the knowledge and practices involving the use of the contraceptive methods employed by women of a fertile age, especially in the period of lactation. DESIGN: A cross-section, descriptive study. Setting: Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at the Institute of Postgraduate Education in Healthcare, Prague; Cegedim Strategic Data CZ s.r.o., Prague. METHODOLOGY: The method involved a written questionnaire in a structured form. The investigation was undertaken in two phases; the first round took place directly after giving birth, while the second took place 6 months after giving birth. The group consisted of 4535 women who gave birth at the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child in the period between 15. 11. 2006 - 15. 11. 2007. RESULTS: 2540 women (56.0%) answered the questions in the first round; 85% of them were in the 26-35 age group, 44.3% were secondary school graduates and 36.7% were university graduates. 61.3% were first-time mothers, 32.3% were second-time mothers and 5.4% were third-time mothers. Contraception used before current gravidity: (n=2540) oral hormonal contraception 59.7%, a condom 11.1%, intrauterine contraception 1.0% and 20.6% of the women used no contraceptive method. The users of oral hormonal contraception (n=1517) were most frequently prescribed (12.8% of the women) a preparation containing 20 microg ethinylestradiol and 150 eLg desogestrel (Mercilon). The contraception used during the course of lactation after a birth in the group of mothers of more than one child (n=982): oral hormonal contraception 19.6%, a condom 17.1%, intrauterine contraception 1.3%, no contraceptive method 54.5%. Breastfeeding users of oral hormonal contraception (n=192) were most frequently prescribed (20.3% of women) a preparation containing 500 microg lynestrenol (Exluton) and a preparation containing 75 microg desogestrel (Cerazette) (16.1% of women). The contraceptive methods planned by women after birth (n=2540): oral hormonal contraceptive 36.5%, a condom 18.8%, intrauterine contraception 18.8%, no method 20.1%. 1440 women (56.7%) answered the questions in the second round; 83.5% of them were in the 26-35 age group, 45.0% were secondary school graduates and 37.0% were university graduates. 64.4% were first-time mothers, 30.6% were second time mothers and 4.2% were third-time mothers. 74.6% of women were still breastfeeding 6 months after giving birth. Contraception used by breastfeeding women (n=1074): oral hormone contraception 27.6%, a condom 21.8%, an intrauterine system with levonorgestrel 2.8%, intrauterine contraception 2.4%, no method 39.5%. Contraception used by non-breastfeeding women (n=366): oral hormonal contraception 42.1%, a condom 15.0%, an intrauterine system with levonorgestrel 2.7%, intrauterine contraception 2.7%, no method 31.4%. In both groups of women, the users of oral hormonal contraception were most frequently prescribed a preparation containing 75 pg desogestrel (Cerazette); this accounted for 99.3% of the breastfeeding women and 18.8% of those not breastfeeding. 40.0% of breastfeeding and 48.4% of non-breastfeeding women are planning to use hormonal contraception in the coming period. The self-evaluation of the knowledge of contraception methods (n=2540): 61.6% of women evaluated their knowledge as good, but 77.6% of women did not know a suitable hormonal contraceptive for the period of lactation. According to 80.7% of the women, their main source of expert information in the area of family planning is their gynaecologist. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of breastfeeding women 6 months after giving birth is high in the monitored group. Oral hormonal contraceptives are the most frequently used contraceptive method in general, including during the lactation period when women prefer a preparation containing 75 microg desogestrel regardless of whether or not they are breastfeeding. The women's knowledge of suitable methods of contraception during the period of lactation is unsatisfactory and represents a challenge for healthcare providers to improve the amount of information available to women in this area
Language: Czech
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BREASTFEEDING | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342298

16.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Uganda.
Author: Leahy E; Akitobi E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 34 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Uganda. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | INFORMATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing
Document Number: 331432

17.

Title: [Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the Fann, Dakar clinic of infectious diseases: testing circumstances, therapeutic course of patients, and determining factors] Depistage tardif de l'infection a VIH a la clinique des maladies infectieuses de
Author: Manga NM; Diop SA; Ndour CT; Dia NM; Mendy A; Coudec M; Taverne B; Diop BM; Sow PS
Source: Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses. 2009 Feb;39(2):95-100.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: The delay in the diagnosis of HIV infection is a major obstacle to optimal care for this disease. To deal with this problem, we conducted this study among newly diagnosed HIV patients hospitalized in the Fann University Hospital Infectious Diseases Clinic in Dakar. The epidemiological, clinical, biological and outcome aspects are described and patient history reviewed. A qualitative socio-anthropological study was made to understand and describe the logic of the decision processes in the patient's search for treatment. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included, with a mean age of 39.5+/-11.1 years and a sex-ratio: 1.08. The transmission was mainly heterosexual (90%), and chronic diarrhea (64%) and/or chronic cough (66%) were the principal symptoms leading to diagnosis. The mean delay before diagnosis was 5+/-4.27 months. The major opportunistic diseases were tuberculosis (44 cases) and infectious diarrhea (23 cases). Most patients were diagnosed at the AIDS stage (97%) and the death rate was 30% among hospitalized patients after admission. Sixty-eight percent of patients had consulted at least three times, generally a "traditional practitioner", at first and 43% had been hospitalized at least once. The qualitative investigation revealed that the "representation" or the "feeling of severity" of the disease were the principal justifications for consulting the "traditional practitioner" or the physician, respectively. CONCLUSION: Better information for health workers and global population is necessary for an earlier diagnosis of HIV infection in Dakar.
Language: French
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | INFORMATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Diseases | Evaluation
Document Number: 331200

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Tracking official development assistance for reproductive health in conflict-affected countries.
Author: Patel P; Roberts B; Guy S; Lee-Jones L; Conteh L
Source: Plos Medicine. 2009 Jun;6(6):1-13.
Abstract: Background: Reproductive health needs are particularly acute in countries affected by armed conflict. Reliable information on aid investment for reproductive health in these countries is essential for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of aid. The purpose of this study was to analyse official development assistance (ODA) for reproductive health activities in conflict-affected countries from 2003 to 2006. Methods and Findings: The Creditor Reporting System and the Financial Tracking System databases were the chosen data sources for the study. ODA disbursement for reproductive health activities to 18 conflict-affected countries was analysed for 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. An average of US$20.8 billion in total ODA was disbursed annually to the 18 conflict-affected countries between 2003 and 2006, of which US$509.3 million (2.4%) was allocated to reproductive health. This represents an annual average of US$1.30 disbursed per capita in the 18 sampled countries for reproductive health activities. Non-conflict affected least-developed countries received 53.3% more ODA for reproductive health activities than conflict-affected least developed countries, despite the latter generally having greater reproductive health needs. ODA disbursed for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment increased by 119.4% from 2003 to 2006. The ODA disbursed for other direct reproductive health activities declined by 35.9% over the same period. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of inequity in disbursement of reproductive health ODA between conflict-affected countries and non-conflict-affected countries, and between different reproductive health activities. These findings and the study's recommendations seek to support initiatives to make aid financing more responsive to need in the context of armed conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WAR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFORMATION | RELIABILITY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 340201

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Can I get pregnant from oral sex? Sexual health misconceptions in e-mails to a reproductive health website.
Author: Wynn LL; Foster AM; Trussell J
Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):91-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study identifies sexual and reproductive health misconceptions contained in e-mails sent to an emergency contraception website. STUDY DESIGN: From July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004, 1134 English-language questions were e-mailed to http://ec.princeton.edu. We performed content analysis on these e-mails and grouped misconceptions into thematic categories. RESULTS: Of the questions sent during the study period, 27% (n=303, total N=1134) evinced underlying misconceptions about sexual and reproductive health issues. Content analysis revealed five major thematic categories of misconceptions: sexual acts that can lead to pregnancy; definitions of "protected" sex; timing of pregnancy and pregnancy testing; dangers that emergency contraceptives pose to women and fetuses; and confusion between emergency contraception and abortion. CONCLUSIONS: These misconceptions have several possible sources: abstinence-only sexual education programs in the US, the proliferation of medically inaccurate websites, terminology used in public health campaigns, non-evidence-based medical protocols and confusion between emergency contraception and medication abortion in the media.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERNET | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MISINFORMATION | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | INFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Information Networks | Communication | Family Planning | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341004

21.

Title: Mid-term assessment of social marketing program (2003-2008).
Author: Anjum Asim Shahid Rahman Chartered Accountants
Source: Islamabad, Pakistan, Anjum Asim Shahid Rahman Chartered Accountants, 2008. [156] p.
Abstract: USAID is collaborating with DFID and UNFPA to support the Social Marketing program in Pakistan. This is through two programs, Greenstar Social Marketing (GS) and Key Social Marketing (KSM). USAID is providing $50 million over five years, 2003-2008, for marketing support, while DFID and UNFPA are providing $18 million to provide commodities to Greenstar Social Marketing (GS). USAID marketing support is divided between two social marketing organisations, $27m to KSM and $23m to GS. The goal of SM program is to increase contraceptive usage as measured by CYPs. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) aims to increase the modern method contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) to 35% by the end of the project, and the share provided by social marketing is expected to rise from 33% in 2003 to 45% by 2008. The two social marketing programs are now supporting 17 brands of OCs, condoms, injectables, EC and IUDs. GS markets condoms, oral contraceptives, emergency contraceptive, IUDs and 3 types of injectables. there is a need from a health perspective to more heavily promote the use of short term contraceptive methods to encourage birth spacing among married women at an earlier age. Although the SM organizations have been promoting their brands with messages which address this issue, it needs a concerted effort by GS, KSM and GoP to promote the concept of birth spacing, as opposed to long-term methods which limit family size. This should form the thrust of a generic campaign, as well as both organisations promoting their branded products. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | DECISION MAKING | INFORMATION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Size | Health Services Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Family Planning
Document Number: 331609

22.

Title: Ethiopia Reproductive Health / Family Planning (RH / FP) Project. Cooperative Agreement Number: 663-A-00-02-00385-00. Five years project close-out report (October 1, 2002 - September 30, 2007).
Author: Pathfinder International
Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Pathfinder International, 2008 Jan 11. 40 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-02-00385-00)
Abstract: The Ethiopia Family Planning and Reproductive Health Project was a five years project that has been implemented with the cooperative agreement with USAID and with 46 implementing partner organizations. The project focused on providing integrated family planning and reproductive health services and improving health care service delivery primarily in the four major regions of the country. Under this project Pathfinder has been working to achieve the eight outcomes as stated under the cooperative agreement with USAID: 1. Health of families at the rural level improved; 2. Contraceptive prevalence rate increased; 3. Post abortion care enhanced; 4. HIV / AIDS prevention increased; 5. Quality of RH services improved; 6. Woreda, zonal, and regional capacity to develop, manage and implement community-based services enhanced; 7. Community capacity to develop and manage community-based health services improved; 8. Gender issues addressed. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | COORDINATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Programs | Training Programs | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 331606

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Access to reproductive health services among immigrants and refugees in Botswana.
Author: Ama NO; Oucho JO
Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2008 Jun;54(1):47-61.
Abstract: This study examined the extent of access to reproductive health services by immigrants and refugees in Botswana against the recognition of the fact that access to reproductive health services, including contraception as well as care in pregnancy and childbirth can lead to: (i) reduction in a woman's exposure to fatal obstetric complications; (ii) reduction in the incidence of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; (iii) empowerment of women to make informed choices and decisions that affect their lives; and (iv) it portends dangerous circumstances for Botswana when a resident in the country, in this study immigrants and refugees, fail to access these services. The findings of the study confirm that while immigrants are aware of the availability of most reproductive health services in the Botswana health care system, the refugees are only aware of services in antenatal care, normal delivery, treatment of STDs, AIDS counseling and HIV testing and programme on contraceptive availability. This finding is in contrast to those of Purdin et al, that a wide range of refugee and conflict-affected sites provide reproductive health services. Surprisingly too, IEC programme on human sexuality is hardly available to the immigrants and refugees. Unlike the majority of immigrants, refugees fled their home country due to unbearable sociopolitical circumstances and are more vulnerable to circumstances in Botswana about which they can do little to redress; they need information on reproductive health services available in the health care system in Botswana through an lEC programme that is tailored to their needs.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | MIGRANT WORKERS | HEALTH SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 340185

24.

Title: Professional right of conscience.
Author: Beal MW; Cappiello J
Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2008 Sep-Oct;53(5):406-12; quiz 487-8.
Abstract: In recent years there have been numerous media reports of professionals attempting to expand the right of conscience and deny health care services requested by consumers. While the media has focused the most attention on pharmacists' right to refuse access to contraception, this trend is an expansion of the right originally established to protect professionals from being required to perform abortions or to provide direct assistance with abortions. State legislatures have addressed this issue, in some cases by overtly protecting consumers' rights and in other cases by broadening professional right of conscience. In this article, the literature on provider right of conscience is reviewed, and approaches advised by professional organizations are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LEGISLATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PHARMACISTS | INFORMATION | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Human Rights
Document Number: 329649 Notification

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effectiveness of IEC interventions in reducing HIV/AIDS related stigma among high school adolescents in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia.
Author: Bekele A; Ali A
Source: Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2008;22(3):232-242.
Abstract: Background: Stigma and discrimination are among the major challenges in HIV/AIDS to disease prevention while IEC interventions are among the mechanisms to mitigate them. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of IEC interventions. Methods: Interventional study was conducted from January to March 2007 among high school adolescents in Awassa Town using four different IEC interventions namely; interpersonal communication, pamphlets, educational video and the combination of the three interventions. Results: Stigmatizing attitudes ranged from 0-65.2%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed grade, religion, beliefs in HIV transmission by witchcraft and HIV transmission by feeding on uncooked egg/meat of chicken that swallowed used condom were independent predictors of avoidant behavioral intentions. Residence, fathers' education, television ownership, witchcraft transmission, healthy looking person can have HIV, HIV prevention by having sex with virgin girls and PLWHA with multiple sexual partners were found to be the main determinants of coercive attitude. ANOVA (F-statistics) revealed that the interventions were effective with and statistics=17.484 (pvalue< 0.0001). Conclusion: Misconceptions on HIV transmission and prevention, stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes were prevalent among the adolescents. Remarkable reduction in HIV related misconceptions, stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes were observed. Hence, campaigns using combined IEC interventions on HIV/AIDS need to be intensified to dispel some of the prevailing misconceptions and associated stigma and discrimination among school adolescents.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 329294

26.

Title: Process for obtaining informed consent: women's opinions.
Author: Bento SF; Hardy E; Osis MJ
Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2008 Dec;8(3):197-206.
Abstract: In Brazil, every study involving human beings is required to produce an informed consent form that must be signed by study participants: this is stated in Resolution 196/96.(1) Consent must be obtained through a specific structured process. OBJECTIVE: To present the opinions of women regarding how the process of obtaining informed consent should be conducted when women are invited to participate in studies on contraceptive methods. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eight focus groups were conducted, involving a total of 51 women living in the metropolitan region of Campinas. The women involved in the study were either participating in a clinical trial in the area of women's health or had participated in such a trial in the previous 12 months. A thematic guide was used to conduct the focus group discussions; the discussions were recorded, transcribed and a thematic analysis performed. RESULTS: In general, the person who invites a woman to participate in a study should be a member of the research team but not the principal investigator. Information relating to the study should be given orally and in writing, both individually and in the group setting. Study volunteers should be informed about, among other things, the risks, possible side effects and discomforts, including long-term effects. The use of audiovisual aids to provide information was suggested. CONCLUSION: The process for obtaining informed consent was seen as a means of establishing a relationship between the volunteers and the investigator/research team. The information that the study participants expected to be given coincides with the requirements established under Resolution 196/96. The use of audiovisual aids would improve understanding of the information provided.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | PARTICIPATION | INFORMED CONSENT | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ETHICS | INFORMATION | DECISION MAKING | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 329598

27.
Title: [Challenges of the medical entomology for the surveillance in public health in Colombia: reflections on the state of malaria] Retos de la entomologia medica para la vigilancia en salud publica en Colombia:
Author: Brochero H; Quinones ML
Source: Biomedica. 2008 Mar;28(1):18-24.
Abstract: The relevance of the medical entomology was considered with respect to current framework of malaria control programs in Colombia. A responsibility is indicated for balancing control efforts along with providing information on the malaria vectors. This knowledge must be acquired in order to focus the related activities that are required. The malaria control program must be based on results of local entomological surveillance, and the data must be in a form to give practical answers to questions regarding the control program. Difficulties in undertaking the required studies are described, particularly regarding the taxonomic identification of Colombian Anopheles in Colombia and which of these can be incriminated as malaria vectors.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
COLOMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA | VECTOR CONTROL | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328911

28.

Title: Telecommunications and Health Care: an HIV/AIDS warmline for communication and consultation in Rakai, Uganda.
Author: Chang LW; Kagaayi J; Nakigozi G; Galiwango R; Mulamba J
Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2008 May-Jun;7(3):130-132.
Abstract: Hotlines and warmlines have been successfully used in the developed world to provide clinical advice; however, reports on their replicability in resource-limited settings are limited. A warmline was established in Rakai, Uganda, to support an antiretroviral therapy program. Over a 17-month period, a database was kept of who called, why they called, and the result of the call. A program evaluation was also administered to clinical staff. A total of 1303 calls (3.5 calls per weekday) were logged. The warmline was used mostly by field staff and peripherally based peer health workers. Calls addressed important clinical issues, including the need for urgent care, medication side effects, and follow-up needs. Most clinical staff felt that the warmline made their jobs easier and improved the health of patients. An HIV/AIDS warmline leveraged the skills of a limited workforce to provide increased access to HIV/AIDS care, advice, and education.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HOTLINES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | HIV | AIDS | INFORMATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education
Document Number: 340232

29.

Title: Revitalizing underutilized family planning methods. Assessing the impact of an integrated supply-demand vasectomy initiative in Ghana.
Author: Cisek C; Taylor J
Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 8 p. (Acquiring Knowledge. Applying Lessons Learned to Strengthen FP / RH Services No. 13USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00)
Abstract: In 2003, the Ghana Health Service, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Mission in Ghana, and EngenderHealth collaborated on an initiative in the Accra and Kumasi metropolitan areas to improve acceptance of vasectomy by coupling site interventions that focus on quality and access (supply-side interventions) with effective and strategic interventions aimed at increasing public awareness (demand-side interventions).Lessons learned were: A well-integrated supply-demand approach is critical to sustaining the demand for vasectomy services over time; Follow-on investments in communications activities can achieve improved knowledge, awareness, and attitudes with fewer resources; Increases in awareness can be perceived immediately, whereas changes in knowledge and attitudes start to occur after multiple exposures. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | MEN | VASECTOMY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | INFORMATION | NEEDS | HOTLINES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 331565

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A theory-based approach to understanding condom errors and problems reported by men attending an STI clinic.
Author: Crosby RA; Salazar LF; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 May;12(3):412-418.
Abstract: We employed the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model to guide an investigation of correlates for correct condom use among 278 adult (18-35 years old) male clients attending a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic. An anonymous questionnaire aided by a CD-recording of the questions was administered. Linear Structural Relations Program was used to conduct path analyses of the hypothesized IMB model. Parameter estimates showed that while information did not directly affect behavioral skills, it did have a direct (negative) effect on condom use errors. Motivation had a significant direct (positive) effect on behavioral skills and a significant indirect (positive) effect on condom use errors through behavioral skills. Behavioral skills had a direct (negative) effect on condom use errors. Among men attending a public STI clinic, these findings suggest brief, clinic-based, safer sex programs for men who have sex with women should incorporate activities to convey correct condom use information, instill motivation to use condoms correctly, and directly enhance men's behavioral skills for correct use of condoms. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | URBAN POPULATION | CONDOM FAILURE | THEORETICAL EFFECTIVENESS | MOTIVATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | SEX EDUCATION | SAFER SEX | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Sex Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 325898


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