1.  Title: Advocacy to improve global health: Strategies and stories from the field. Author: Cokelet E; Wilson R Source: Washington, D.C., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH], 2009 Mar. 11 p. Abstract: By influencing the priorities and actions of those in power, PATH works to create a policy environment that supports good health. This workbook provides examples of how PATH uses ten key steps for strategic advocacy to achieve lasting policy change. The collection of stories are intended to serve as a resource to help global health implementers and advocates more deliberately develop strategies to achieve policy goals. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | INFLUENTIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADVOCACY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL CHANGE | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Behavior Document Number: 331353 |
| 2. Title: Assessment of Kenyan sexual networks: Collecting evidence for interventions to reduce HIV / STI risk in Garissa, North Eastern Province, and Eastleigh, Nairobi. Author: Macintyre K; Eymoy HA; Hassan I; Adriance D; Nouga A Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Pathfinder International, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance North Eastern Province [APHIA], [2009]. 7 p. (USAID Associate Cooperative Agreement No. 623-A-00-07-00023-00) Abstract: It is clear from the data gathered in this assessment that HIV prevention messages have reached Garissa, but more must be done to clarify and refine these messages and improve knowledge and behaviors regarding risky sex. Though this sample should not be viewed as representative of the NEP population as a whole, these data can be used by APHIA II NEP to create a targeted, evidence-based prevention strategy. APHIA II NEP plans to work with partners to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices through a strategic behavior change campaign with the following objectives: targeting key populations, leveraging the endorsement and influence of religious leaders, projecting familiar social settings and "our face" in all communication materials, [and] intensifying school-based programs. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SOMALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENTIALS | ISLAM | NOMADS | FOREIGN AID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Religion | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 331344 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: The role of religion in HIV-positive women's disclosure experiences and coping strategies in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Maman S; Cathcart R; Burkhardt G; Omba S; Behets F Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):965-70. Abstract: Literature from the U.S. has documented the importance of spirituality on the psychological health of people living with HIV/AIDS; however there is little published data on the ways in which people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa turn to religion for support. We conducted 40 in-depth interviews with HIV-positive women who were pregnant or had recently given birth in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo to inform the development of a comprehensive family-centered HIV treatment and care program. Women described how they relied upon their faith and turned to church leaders when they were diagnosed with HIV and prepared to share their diagnosis with others. The women used prayer to overcome the initial shock, sadness and anger of learning their HIV diagnosis. They turned to their church leaders to help them prepare for disclosing their diagnosis to others, including their partners. Church leaders were also important targets for disclosure by some women. Women's faith played an important role in their long-term coping strategies. Conceptualizing their infection as a path chosen by God, and believing that God has the power to cure their infection comforted women and provided them with hope. In settings like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where there is a strong foundation of faith, we need to recognize how individuals draw upon their different health belief systems in order to develop and implement coherent and effective prevention, treatment and care strategies. Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFLUENTIALS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | LEADERSHIP | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341170 |
| 4. Title: The Pope, condoms, and the evolution of HIV. Author: Ponce de Leon S; Jimenez-Corona ME; Velasco AM; Lazcano A Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Aug;9(8):461-2. Abstract: This reflection focuses on HIV, resistance to antiretroviral therapy, and the importance of using condoms. It touches on the Pope’s statements on the use of condoms and their inefficiency to prevent HIV transmission and argues against it stating that condoms play a key role in limiting the HIV pandemic. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | VATICAN CITY | CRITIQUE | INFLUENTIALS | EPIDEMICS | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | CONDOM USE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CHRISTIANITY | Developing Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342130 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Religious teachings and influences on the ABCs of HIV prevention in Malawi. Author: Trinitapoli J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jul;69(2):199-209. Abstract: This study examines the relationship between religion and HIV risk behaviors in rural Malawi, giving special attention to the role of religious congregations, the organizations with which rural Africans have most immediate contact. It draws on 2004 data from a household survey in 3 districts (N=3386), and quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2005 from 187 leaders of religious congregations previously identified in the survey. The first aim is descriptive--to identify overall patterns and variations in what religious leaders in rural Malawi teach about HIV and about sexual behavior in light of the epidemic. The second aim is to assess how religious organizations impact the behavior of individual members. I examine three outcomes that correspond with the ABCs of HIV prevention: abstinence (for never married persons), fidelity (for married persons), and condom use (among sexually active persons). Multi-level models reveal that religious affiliation and involvement are not correlated with the sexual behavior of congregation members, but that beliefs about appropriate sexual behavior and particular congregational characteristics are associated with adherence to A, B, and C. Individuals belonging to congregations led by clergy who 1) frequently deliver formal messages about HIV, 2) monitor the sexual behavior of members, and 3) privately encourage condom use report greater adherence to the ABCs of HIV prevention, suggesting that religious congregations are relevant for the sexual behavior of members and for better understanding the forces shaping individual behavior in the context of the African AIDS epidemic. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Religion | Culture Document Number: 342855 |
| 6. Title: Repositioning family planning: Guidelines for advocacy action. Le repositionnement de la planification familiale: Directives pour actions de plaidoyer. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Regional Office for Africa; Population Reference Bureau [PRB]. Bringing Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE]; Academy for Educational Development [AED]. Africa's Health in 2010 Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], 2008. 64 p. Also available in French: http://www.prb.org/pdf08/familyplanningadvocacytoolkit_FR.pdf Abstract: Countries throughout Africa are engaged in an important initiative to reposition family planning as a priority on their national and local agendas. Provision of family planning services in Africa is hindered by poverty, poor access to services and commodities, conflicts, poor coordination of the programmes, and dwindling donor funding. Although family planning enhances efforts to improve health and accelerate development, shifting international priorities, health sector reform, the HIV/AIDS crisis, and other factors have affected its importance in recent years. Traditional beliefs favouring high fertility, religious barriers, and lack of male involvement have weakened family planning interventions. The combination of these factors has led to low contraceptive use, high fertility rates in many countries, and high unmet needs for family planning throughout the region. Family planning advocates must take action to change this situation. Family planning, considered an essential component of primary health care and reproductive health, plays a major role in reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality and transmission of HIV. It contributes to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the targets of the Health-for-All Policy for the 21st century in the Africa Region: Agenda 2020. In recognition of its importance, the World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa developed a framework (2005-014) for accelerated action to reposition family planning on national agendas and in reproductive health services, which was adopted by African ministers of health in 2004. The framework calls for increase in efforts to advocate for recognition of "the pivotal role of family planning" in achieving health and development objectives at all levels. This toolkit aims to help those working in family planning across Africa to effectively advocate for renewed emphasis on family planning to enhance the visibility, availability, and quality of family planning services for increased contraceptive use and healthy timing and spacing of births, and ultimately, improved quality of life across the region. It was developed in response to requests from several countries to assist them in accelerating their family planning advocacy efforts. French Abstract: Les pays Africains se sont engagés à prendre l'initiative importante de repositionner la planification familiale comme une priorité de leurs agendas nationaux et locaux. La fourniture de services de planification familiale en Afrique est entravée par la pauvreté, l'accès limité aux biens et services, les conflits, la mauvaise coordination des programmes et la diminution du financement des donateurs. Bien que la planification familiale permette de renforcer les efforts déployés pour améliorer la santé et accélérer le développement, le changement des priorités internationales, la réforme du secteur de la santé, la crise du VIH/SIDA ainsi que d'autres facteurs, ont tous affecté son importance au cours de ces dernières années. Les croyances traditionnelles favorisant une fertilité élevée, les barrières religieuses et le manque d'implication masculine ont aussi affaibli le niveau d'activités de planification familiale. La combinaison de ces facteurs a conduit à une baisse de l'utilisation de contraceptifs, à une croissance des taux de fertilité dans de nombreux pays et à une augmentation des besoins non satisfaits en planification familiale dans toute la région.1 Les défenseurs de la planification familiale se doivent de prendre des mesures pour remédier à cette situation. La planification familiale, considérée comme une composante essentielle des soins de santé primaire et de santé de la reproduction, joue un rôle important dans la réduction des taux de morbidité et de mortalité maternelles et néonatales, ainsi que de la transmission du VIH/SIDA. Elle contribue à la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) et des objectifs de la Politique de la Santé pour Tous au 21ème siècle: Agenda 2020. Reconnaissant son importance, le bureau régional pour l'Afrique de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a développé un Cadre visant à accélérer l'action (2005-2014) en faveur du repositionnement de la planification familiale au coeur des agendas nationaux et dans les services de santé de la reproduction, action qui a été adoptée par les ministres africains de la santé en 2004. Ce cadre exige un regain d'efforts en faveur de la reconnaissance du «rôle central de la planification familiale» pour atteindre les objectifs de santé et de développement à tous les niveaux. Cette trousse à outils a été développée en réponse aux demandes d'aide de plusieurs pays pour accroître leurs efforts de plaidoyer en faveur de la planification familiale. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | MANUAL | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | INFLUENTIALS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ADVOCACY | USAID | WHO | FAMILY PLANNING | LEADERSHIP | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PRIVATE SECTOR | MASS MEDIA | NEWS COVERAGE | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | UN | International Agencies | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328215 |
| 7. Title: Saints and sinners: training Papua New Guinean (PNG) Christian Clergy to respond to HIV and AIDS using a model of care. Author: Benton KW Source: Journal of Religion and Health. 2008 Sep;47(3):314-25. Abstract: Papua New Guinea has experienced a growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Christian Churches have played a vital role in responding to HIV, through community support, encouragement and social change. Strong, effective Church leadership can help create safe environments of care and support for those infected and for prevention of HIV. Method A series of trainings in capacity development for clergy were undertaken by the National AIDS Council Secretariat (NACS)/National HIV/AIDS Support Project (NHASP). Results A model "Church's Response to HIV and AIDS in a Care Continuum" was developed to assist the training. This paper discusses the model and the lessons learned. Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHRISTIANITY | RELIGION | INFLUENTIALS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Oceania | Health Personnel | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 330822 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Nigeria struggles to contain poliomyelitis. Author: Cheng MH Source: Lancet. 2008 Oct 11;372(9646):1287-90. Abstract: Nigeria has had several setbacks in its bid to control poliomyelitis, including false rumours about vaccine safety. Now public anger over the failure of the ailing health system to deliver for its people threatens to derail the country's eradication campaign. Margaret Harris Cheng reports. Not only is Nigeria struggling to contain its poliomyelitis outbreak, it is now exporting the virus across its porous borders, and the disease is using the region's ancient trade routes to spread itself across Africa once more. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | INFLUENTIALS | CHILDREN | IMMIGRANTS | POLIO | PUBLIC OPINION | CAMPAIGNS | DISEASE PREVENTION | ADVOCACY | LEADERSHIP | IMMUNIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | HEALTH POLICY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Programs | Prevention and Control | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | International Migration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329066 |
| 9. Title: Preparedness for AIDS vaccine trials in India. Author: Excler JL; Kochhar S; Kapoor S; Das S; Bahri J; Ghosh MD; Ganguly NK; Nayyar A; Chataway M Source: Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2008 Jun;127(6):531-8. Abstract: India bears a heavy disease burden of HIV/AIDS infected and affected people. A safe, effective and accessible preventive AIDS vaccine, used along with other preventive interventions, is urgently needed to stem the epidemic. This review highlights the extensive preparedness activities undertaken from 2002 by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), its Indian government and non government partners with the Indian scientific, political, media and community stakeholders and the capacity building process, before the conduct of the first ever AIDS vaccine trials in India in early 2005. Issues addressed included mistrust of clinical research due to past history of some unethical trials, transparency, community involvement, stigma and discrimination, provision for care and treatment of participants, informed consent, gender considerations, approval process, and operational aspects. The strong political support along with preparedness activities led to the successful conduct of AIDS vaccine trials enrolling equitably healthy women and men from all sections of society. This has paved the way for future vaccine trials in the country. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | POLICYMAKERS | INFLUENTIALS | TARGET POPULATION | VACCINES | HIV PREVENTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | MASS MEDIA | INTERVENTIONS | ATTITUDES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Program Design | Programs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 329047 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Community perspectives on the ethical issues surrounding adolescent HIV vaccine trials in South Africa. Author: Jaspan HB; Soka NF; Strode AE; Mathews C; Mark D; Flisher AJ; Wood R; Bekker LG Source: Vaccine. 2008 Oct 23;26(45):5679-83. Abstract: Adolescents globally are at high risk for HIV acquisition and are the targets of HIV prevention interventions such as HIV vaccines. In order to understand stakeholders' attitudes towards the ethical issues of adolescent involvement in HIV vaccine trials, we conducted focus group discussions with key members of a semi-urban, informal Cape Town community with high HIV prevalence in which HIV vaccine trials are taking place. Themes were identified from focus group transcripts by four researchers, and included necessity of guardian consent, age of independent consent, and confidentiality of in-trial medical results. In general, ethical adolescent HIV vaccine trials will be feasible in this community. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMMUNITY | ADOLESCENTS | INFLUENTIALS | MINORS | URBAN POPULATION | ETHICS | VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | PARENTAL CONSENT | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors Document Number: 329189 |
| 11. Title: Cognitive dissonance as an explanation of the genesis, evolution and persistence of Thabo Mbeki’s HIV denialism. Author: Kenyon C Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):29-35. Abstract: The ongoing damage that the newer forms of HIV denialism are visiting upon our country is evidenced by the recent firing of Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, the South African Deputy Minister of Health. It is widely believed that the underlying reason for her dismissal was her support of orthodox HIV treatment and prevention strategies and her disdain for HIV denialism. This paper seeks to understand the origins, spread and metamorphosis of President Thabo Mbeki's HIV denialism in South Africa. Using the theory of cognitive dissonance, I argue that, given the structural beliefs of the African National Congress (ANC) and the pattern of emergence of HIV in the 1980s, a degree of scepticism around the putative science of HIV was probable in ANC circles. On assuming the Presidency in 1999, Mbeki tapped into this scepticism to formulate his initial biological version of HIV denialism, which claimed that 'a virus can't cause a syndrome.' The steady erosion of support for this flagrant HIV denialism, together with the rise of neoliberal thinking in the ANC, would lead to the evolution of this biological denialism into a form of treatment denialism. This ideology argued against the widespread provision and use of antiretroviral treatment. Empirical evidence is presented to demonstrate the extent to which ongoing HIV denial in the general population is continuing to fuel the spread of HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | INFLUENTIALS | HIV | AIDS | POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | LIBERALISM | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327158 |
| 12. Title: Are country reputations for good and bad leadership on AIDS deserved? An exploratory quantitative analysis. Author: Nattrass N Source: Journal of Public Health. 2008 Dec;30(4):398-406. Abstract: Some countries (e.g. Brazil) have good reputations on AIDS policy, whereas others, (notably South Africa) have been criticized for inadequate leadership. Cross-country regression analysis reveals that these 'poster children' for AIDS leadership have indeed performed better or worse than expected given their economic and institutional constraints and the demographic and health challenges facing them. Regressions were run on HAART coverage (number on highly active antiretroviral therapy as percentage of total need) and MTCTP coverage (pregnant HIV+ women accessing mother-to-child-transmission prevention services as percentage of total need). Brazil, Cambodia, Thailand and Uganda (all of whom have established reputations for good leadership on AIDS performed consistently better than expected-as did Burkina-Faso, Suriname, Paraguay Costa Rica, Mali and Namibia. South Africa, which has the worst reputation for AIDS leadership, performed significantly below expectations-as did Uruguay and Trinidad and Tobago. The paper thus confirms much of the conventional wisdom on AIDS leadership at country level and suggests new areas for research. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | INFLUENTIALS | POLICYMAKERS | LEADERSHIP | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PUBLIC OPINION | PERCEPTION | HEALTH POLICY | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Transmission | Infections Document Number: 331076 |
| 13. Title: The condom divide: disenfranchisement of Malawi women by church and state. Author: Rankin SH; Lindgren T; Kools SM; Schell E Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2008 Sep-Oct;37(5):596-604; quiz 604-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of 2 mitigating social institutions, religious organizations, and the state, on Malawi women's vulnerability to HIV. DESIGN: In-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 40 central leaders from 5 faith-based organizations in Malawi were recorded and transcribed as part of an on-going larger study. Qualitative description was used to identify themes and categories. SETTING: Primarily urban and periurban areas of south-central Malawi. PARTICIPANTS: A minimum of 6 leaders from each faith-based organization were interviewed; the mean age of the primarily male (68%) participants was 44 years (range 26-74). RESULTS: Analysis of religious leaders' messages about HIV produced an overarching theme, the condom divide, which conceptualized the divergence between faith-based organizations and the state's prevention messages related to HIV prevention strategies. CONCLUSION: Faith-based organizations have "demonized" state messages about condoms as promoting sin. The faith-based organizations' insistence on abstinence and faithfulness leaves women with few options to protect themselves. As socially conscious citizens of the world, nurses can increase the responsiveness to the disparate levels of suffering and death in countries like Malawi. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFLUENTIALS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | RELIGION | CONDOM USE | HIV TRANSMISSION | LEADERSHIP | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROMOTION | ATTITUDES | ABSTINENCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Programs | Marketing | Psychological Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 329162 |
| 14. Title: The HIV epidemic: squeezing out the African voice [letter] Author: Simms C Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2008 Nov;264(5):504-8. Abstract: Had there been a strong African voice contributing to World Bank decisions, it is unlikely that deliberate sidelining of HIV by health sector reforms would have taken place. However, given Bank's architecture and processes, an adequate response to the crisis was a nonstarter; unlike mediocre responses to Africa's other health needs, it has been less easy for the IDC to duck its responsibility and place the blame on its so-called African partners. Nevertheless, the lack of an African voice distorts historical analyses of the crisis often reflecting a western perspective, emphasizing the lack of political will and African governments' failure to act, whilst underplaying the IDC's shortcomings. The notion itself that the epidemic is 25 years old rather than the more accurate 75 years old reflects this distortion. Most of the responsibility rests with the Bank's Board and top management. OED reports that it 'could find no evidence that other top management raised the issue with borrowers or pushed the issue to a higher level internally'. Where there was positive response by the bank at the country level, 'the initiative for AIDS strategies and lending came primarily from individual health staff in the regional and technical operational groupings of the Bank, but not in any coherent way from the Bank's HNP leadership or top-level management. The current initiative by the British House of Commons Committee for International Development to reform the World Bank effectively reverses the notion that the reform was all but impossible because it was a zero sum game. Today, however, its donor members may find the demonstrable unfairness and ineffectiveness less tolerable. It is unlikely that the next president of the Bank will be chosen solely by the United States. Reformers will now need to revise its constitutional rules, their balancing of stakeholder rights, their decision-making rules and practices and their staffing and expertise. The course of the HIV epidemic means that the status quo is no longer acceptable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | INFLUENTIALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HIV PREVENTION | FOREIGN AID | WORLD BANK | PERCEPTION | DECISION MAKING | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Planning | Social Behavior | Policy | Social Planning Document Number: 329202 |
| 15. Title: Literature review: Islam and family planning with a special emphasis on northern Nigeria. Author: Wolf M; Abubakar A Source: In: Child spacing attitudes in northern Nigeria, [compiled by] Family Health International [FHI]. Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization Program [CRTU]. [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, CRTU, [2008]. :2-35, 85-93. Abstract: This document reviews and synthesizes available literature, both published and unpublished, on the following topics: 1) Islamic perspectives on family planning; 2) lessons learned from efforts to introduce and promote modern contraception in majority Islamic communities around the world; 3) context and history of family planning interventions in North West Nigeria, with a discussion of factors contributing to poor performance; 4) evidence-based suggestions for promoting acceptance and use of modern contraception in the region. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | INFLUENTIALS | FAMILY PLANNING | BIRTH SPACING | ATTITUDES | ISLAM | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | BELIEFS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTERVENTIONS | INFORMATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Culture | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331629 |
| 16. Title: Caritas AIDS Prevention Education Project, 690-A-00-04-00271-00. Final narrative report, October 2004 - March 2007. Author: Catholic Relief Services [CRS]; Caritas Benguela Source: Luanda, Angola, CRS, 2007 Jun. 87 p. (USAID Project No. 690-A-00-04-00271-00) Abstract: This document reports on the performance as demonstrated in the Caritas AIDS Prevention Education (CAPE I&II) Project, which Catholic Relief Services (CRS)/Angola implemented through a partnership with Caritas Benguela (hereafter referred to as Caritas). The activities described in this report took place from 1 October 2004 to 31 March 2007. The overall goal of CAPE was to contribute to the reduction of the incidence of HIV through participatory AIDS prevention education, mass media and capacity-building in Benguela province, Angola. The report is based on the original proposal submitted to USAID and is organized per objective as outlined in the Detailed Implementation Plan (DIP). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | EVALUATION REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | INFLUENTIALS | AIDS PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | MASS MEDIA | CAPACITY BUILDING | GOALS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | AIDS | Education | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning Document Number: 323697 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Challenges and processes of selecting outcome measures for the NIMH Collaborative HIV / STD Prevention Trial. Author: NIMH Collaborative HIV / STD Prevention Trial Group Source: AIDS. 2007 Apr;21 Suppl 2:S29-S36. Abstract: The objective was to review the challenges of designing behavioral and biological outcome measures for the multinational NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial and provide the rationale for selecting these measures. Although many different evidence-based prevention programmes have been developed, few have been evaluated in different countries, cultures, and populations. One issue in evaluating the generalized efficacy of any prevention approach is to identify a set of common outcome measures useful across diverse settings and peoples. The Trial is designed to evaluate whether the community popular opinion leader intervention can be adapted cross-nationally and cross-culturally for different populations and still retain its efficacy. Literature reviews, investigator experience, ethnographic study, pilot studies, and epidemiological studies were used to select the endpoints for the Trial. Both biological and behavioral data will be obtained at baseline and 12 and 24 months post-baseline. Communities that receive the intervention will be compared with matched control communities on two primary outcomes: (i) a change in self-reported unprotected sexual acts with non-spousal, non-live-in partners; and (ii) the incidence of sexually transmitted disease (STD), defined as a composite index of viral and bacterial STD. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315481 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The community popular opinion leader HIV prevention programme: conceptual basis and intervention procedures. Author: NIMH Collaborative HIV / STD Prevention Trial Group Source: AIDS. 2007 Apr;21 Suppl 2:S59-S68. Abstract: The objective was to describe the community popular opinion leader (C-POL) intervention employed in the NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial, including its theoretical, conceptual, and empirical basis, intervention procedures and methods, core elements, and how its content was culturally tailored to address the needs of varied populations. The programme is designed to identify, recruit, train, and intensively engage C-POLs of a target population to convey HIV risk reduction messages to people in their communities, with the intention of reducing high-risk behavior at a population level. Based on the diffusion of innovation theory, the intervention identified, trained, and engaged C-POL within a high-risk community population to advocate, recommend, and endorse the importance of safer behavior to other members of the same population. Nine core elements of the intervention are discussed. Data collected during rapid ethnography were used to adapt the content of the intervention for food market owners and workers in China, male patrons of wine shops and at-risk women congregating nearby in India, young people in social gathering venues in Peruvian barrios, dormitory students in Russia, and people congregating in commercial areas of growth points in Zimbabwe. The C-POL intervention model taps into community strengths, altruism, and people's desire to do something to help fight against AIDS. With few exceptions, C-POLs participated enthusiastically in the training sessions and reported having conversations in the community. Rapid ethnography can be used to tailor an intervention to diverse settings while maintaining fidelity to the core elements of the intervention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | PERU | RUSSIA | ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Asia, Southern | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Asia, Northern | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315484 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Design and integration of ethnography within an international behavior change HIV / sexually transmitted disease prevention trial. Author: NIMH Collaborative HIV / STD Prevention Trial Group Source: AIDS. 2007 Apr;21 Suppl 2:S37-S48. Abstract: The objective was to use a common ethnographic study protocol across five countries to provide data to confirm social and risk settings and risk behaviors, develop the assessment instruments, tailor the intervention, design a process evaluation of the intervention, and design an understandable informed consent process. Methods determined best for capturing the core data elements were selected. Standards for data collection methods were established to enable comparable implementation of the ethnographic study across the five countries. The methods selected were participant observation, focus groups, openended interviews, and social mapping. Standards included adhering to core data elements, number of participants, mode of data collection, type of data collection instrument, number of data collectors at each type of activity, duration of each type of activity, and type of informed consent administered. Sites had discretion in selecting which methods to use to obtain specific data. The ethnographic studies provided input to the Trial's methods for data collection, described social groups in the target communities, depicted sexual practices, and determined core opinion leader characteristics; thus providing information that drove the adaptation of the intervention and facilitated the selection of venues, behavioral outcomes, and community popular opinion leaders (C-POLs). The described rapid ethnographic approach worked well across the five countries, where findings allowed local adaptation of the intervention. When introducing the C-POL intervention in new areas, local non-governmental and governmental community and health workers can use this rapid ethnographic approach to identify the communities, social groups, messages, and C-POLs best suited for local implementation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | DATA COLLECTION | INFORMED CONSENT | EVALUATION | CULTURE | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315482 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Methodological overview of a five-country community-level HIV / sexually transmitted disease prevention trial. Author: NIMH Collaborative HIV / STD Prevention Trial Group Source: AIDS. 2007 Apr;21 Suppl 2:S3-S18. Abstract: The objective was to provide an overview of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial taking place in five populations at risk of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in China, India, Peru, Russia, and Zimbabwe, including the rationale, study management, methods, and proposed data analyses. The Trial will scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of the community popular opinion leader (C-POL) community-level HIV prevention intervention that was adapted for use in the various cultures within the resource limitations faced by service providers in world regions threatened by high rates of HIV infection. The study phases consist of an ethnographic study, pilot studies, an epidemiological study, and a community-randomized trial. The Trial uses the C-POL intervention, which researchers selected on the basis of research that shows the intervention's success in populations vulnerable to HIV risk behavior in the United States, and has the potential to be applied in a variety of international settings. Trial results will be tabulated by and across country by randomization assignment. Results will include a careful review of data to substantiate original assumptions used in the study design. Data collection will not conclude until August 2007. Although data collection is incomplete, researchers have learned lessons throughout the development of the study. These include the importance of preliminary epidemiological studies; the close monitoring of biological testing, follow-up rates and process measures at international sites; the tailoring of assessments and interventions to various cultures; regular communication; and a review of the timeline to accommodate Institutional Review Board clearances. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | PERU | RUSSIA | ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Asia, Southern | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Asia, Northern | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315479 |
| 21. Title: Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies: a pocket guide for health practitioners, program managers, and community leaders. Author: Pathfinder International. Extending Service Delivery Project Source: Washington, D.C., Pathfinder International, Extending Service Delivery Project, [2007]. 21 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00027-00) Abstract: This Pocket Guide provides an overview for health practitioners and program managers about healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies (HTSP). It discusses key findings from global research on the link between pregnancy spacing and maternal and newborn health outcomes. It also highlights the benefits of timing and spacing pregnancies, shares HTSP messages for educating women, men, and communities, and identifies windows of opportunity for HTSP counseling. Evidence shows that HTSP has potential as an effective intervention that can help women achieve healthy pregnancies and deliveries. Becoming pregnant too soon after a previous birth, miscarriage, or abortion places mothers and newborns at a higher risk of health complications - or even death. When women younger than 18 years old become pregnant, the mothers and their newborns face increased risks of health complications compared to women 20-24 years old. In some populations, infants and children born after short birth intervals also face a relatively high risk of stunting and being underweight during the first five years of life. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | WOMEN | INFLUENTIALS | BIRTH SPACING | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Family Planning | Health | Child Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 315344 |
| 22. Title: On being comfortable with being uncomfortable: Centering an Africanist vision in our gateway to global health. 2007 Sophe Presidential Address. Author: Airhihenbuwa CO Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2007 Feb;34(1):31-42. Abstract: African identity must be central to research on African health and development. This article focuses on three primary themes for advancing a different vision for understanding health issues in Africa. The first is the need to deconstruct conventional assumptions and theories that have been used to frame public health problems and solutions in Africa. The second is to insist that identity be central to how we frame issues of health and behavior in general and in Africa in particular. The third is the importance of the notion of "social cultural infrastructure" in defining African ways of knowing to guide public health research and intervention in Africa. Finally, the metaphor of the "African gate" is used to illuminate these themes while drawing on examples from an HIV- and AIDS-related stigma research in South Africa and its implications for addressing the critical global public-health issues of today. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INFLUENTIALS | HEALTH EDUCATION | BEHAVIOR | PUBLIC HEALTH | CULTURE | AIDS | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Education | Health | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems Document Number: 312085 |
| 23. Title: Time to deliver: Past due. Author: Corless I Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2007 Jan-Feb;18(1):60-62. Abstract: The XVI International AIDS Conference had its own essence that differentiated it from previous meetings. This meeting was characterized by the presence of well-known individuals from foundations, international organizations, the media, pharmaceutical companies, nongovernmental organizations, activists, HIV-positive persons, health care professionals, researchers, and others concerned with HIV/ AIDS. Absent as notable exceptions were politicians currently in office. Melinda Gates and the two Bills (Gates and Clinton) and United Nations envoy Stephen Lewis gave stirring speeches. The impact of HIV/AIDS on women was recognized, with more than 100 sessions devoted to women. And although the conference organizers are to be congratulated for so much that was right about the conference, there are some areas requiring further attention. In the conference summaries, one never saw addressed issues of primary concern to nurses. For example, symptom management is given short shrift. Truth in advertising requires that I mention that this is an area of my research. I am not saying that my research should have been mentioned. I am stating that none of the studies in this area seemed on the radar screen of those completing the summaries. This contributes to the invisibility of nursing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | INFLUENTIALS | NURSES AND NURSING | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ADVOCACY | CARE AND SUPPORT | VACCINES | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Treatment Document Number: 312890 |
| 24. Title: What works in unlocking local resources: A case study in national and community-based alliances. Author: de la Paz MC; Macy C Source: Baltimore, Maryland, International Youth Foundation, 2007. 63 p. (What WorksUSAID Cooperative Agreement No. 492-A-00-04-00029-00) Abstract: In this report, you will see how many local NGOs, government agencies, parent and teacher organizations, and local businesses have come together to make a real difference in these young people's lives and why ELSA member organizations decided to choose "One heart, one team, one dream" as their motto. What Works in Unlocking Local Resources: A Case Study in National and Community-Based Alliances is based on numerous interviews, site visits, and consultations in Manila and across Mindanao over the past two and a half years. Going beyond detailing the results of ELSA's unique partnership, the study examines the process of alliance building itself. What have we learned about bringing NGOs together at the national and local level to work as a team rather than individually? What mechanisms and organizational structures were put in place to allow for both a flexible but focused plan of action? What were some of the early stumbling blocks and challenges, and how were they resolved? Most important, we wanted to explore the extent to which this powerful alliance has been able to unlock resources, energy, and expertise at the local level and become a model that has gained the support of local communities, government leaders, and local businesses. How has this process changed over the years, and what steps need to be taken to improve the implementation and impact of ELSA in the future? Through this report, in other words, we hope our readers recognize both the challenges and rewards of working in partnership to achieve a shared goal and a common dream. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | EVALUATION REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | INFLUENTIALS | COMMUNITY | WAR | LEADERSHIP | BEST PRACTICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | USAID | FOREIGN AID | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Programs | Education | Government Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 325460 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Male circumcision and HIV prevention: Is there really enough of the right kind of evidence? Author: Dowsett GW; Couch M Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2007 May;15(29):33-44. Abstract: We believe we need to know much more about male circumcision for HIV prevention before adopting it as a population health measure. The WHO/UNAIDS Statement is cautious in noting the existence of caveats and gaps, but it argues that it is time to go ahead. We would argue that there is still much work to do before national authorities and the global HIV/AIDS community can feel confident about proceeding. The whole question of the acceptability of the procedure to individual men, to communities and to governments is more complex than has been assessed so far. The Orange Farm researchers reported that "70% of uncircumcised males will accept to be circumcised if MC reduces the risk of getting HIV". But as has been learned with HIV testing, while the idea of being tested may be acceptable, it often does not translate into actively seeking a test. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | INFLUENTIALS | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HIV PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | EVALUATION | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 316693 |
| 26. Title: Prevention drives today's prochoice agenda. Author: Enda J Source: Conscience. 2007;27(4):[3] p. Abstract: When Senator Hillary Clinton, a longtime supporter of abortion rights, marked the anniversary of Roe v. Wade in January 2005 by suggesting that abortion was a "sad, even tragic choice" and that it was time to seek "common ground" with opponents, the prochoice community responded with a collective gasp. Less than two years later, other Democratic lawmakers and prochoice leaders aren't gasping at all; in fact, they are saying much the same thing as Clinton. They haven't had a change of heart. But they are changing, or expanding, their focus. It is, leaders and lawmakers say, both a matter of necessity during an era of conservative, Republican dominance and an opportunity provided by an overreaching administration. After decades of battling strictly for abortion rights, after struggling to fend off restrictions and filing suit upon suit in court, after enduring repeated defeats at the hands of state and federal lawmakers and suffering setbacks in the court of public opinion, prochoice leaders have decided that common ground is better than losing ground. So they have settled on a new tack: prevention. The best way to reduce the need for abortions, they remind us, is to prevent unintended pregnancies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GOVERNMENT | INFLUENTIALS | INTEREST GROUPS | ABORTION | PRO-CHOICE GROUPS | LEGISLATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Religion Document Number: 310150 Notification |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Are you on the market?': A capture -- recapture enumeration of men who sell sex to men in and around Mombasa, Kenya. Author: Geibel S; van der Elst EM; King'ola N; Luchters S; Davies A Source: AIDS. 2007 Jun;21(10):1349-1354. Abstract: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are highly vulnerable to HIV infection, but this population can be particularly difficult to reach in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to estimate the number of MSM who sell sex in and around Mombasa, Kenya, in order to plan HIV prevention research. We identified 77 potential MSM contact locations, including public streets and parks, brothels, bars and nightclubs, in and around Mombasa and trained 37 MSM peer leader enumerators to extend a recruitment leaflet to MSM who were identified as 'on the market', that is, a man who admitted to selling sex to men. We captured men on two consecutive Saturdays, 1 week apart. A record was kept of when, where and by whom the invitation was extended and received, and of refusals. The total estimate of MSM who sell sex was derived from capture-recapture calculation. Capture 1 included 284 men (following removal of 15 duplicates); 89 men refused to participate. Capture 2 included 484 men (following removal of 35 duplicates); 75 men refused to participate. Of the 484 men in capture 2, 186 were recaptures from capture 1, resulting in a total estimate of 739 (95% confidence interval, 690-798) MSM who sell sex in the study area. We estimated that 739 MSM sell sex in and around Mombasa. Of these, 484 were contacted through trained peer enumerators in a single day. MSM who sell sex in and around Mombasa represent a sizeable population who urgently need to be targeted by HIV prevention strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | INFLUENTIALS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Behavior | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 313574 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Bixby symposium on population and conservation: Key note address. Author: Goodall J Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):274-282. Abstract: Full transcript of Dr. Goodall's keynote address at the Bixby symposium on Population and Conservation, held at the University of California, Berkeley on May 6, 2006. Dr. Goodall contrasts population growth amongst chimpanzees and human beings and discusses current conservation efforts of the Jane Goodall Institute in the Gombe region of Tanzania and the development of the TACARE (take care) program. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | INFLUENTIALS | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ANIMALS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 318844 |
| 29. Title: Role of marketing in polio eradication. Author: Goswami R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the International Marketing Conference on Marketing and Society, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode (IIMK), April 8-10, 2007. [16] p. Abstract: Reducing the number of children affected by polio from 1000 per day to around 4 per day is not a small feat by any standard only if, we hadn't decided to eradicate polio and, it wasn't six year since the target for eradication was set. Since the WHA resolution of 1988, globally over USD 4 billion has been spent, more than 10 million volunteers has administered around 10 billion polio doses in hundreds of National and supplementary immunization days (NIDs and SNIDs) across the world. The initial few years in eradication were, undoubtedly, remarkable with countries and continents being freed from the infection and disease. Although, the eradication target of year 2000 could not be achieved, but it was never far from sight till, vaccination activities were stopped in Nigeria in 2003. Situation created by the resulting outbreaks there and, following importation of the wild polio virus (WPV) to other countries changed the eradication scenario, in spite of the many efforts; this spread of polio could still not be halted on time. Even in 2006, some pockets of WPV i.e. one in Moradabad, India and some other in Kano, Nigeria are cause of concern for eradication experts as it is clear now that polio will not be eradicated before year 2007. Back in 1988, no one had envisaged that polio eradication will be this difficult. The explanation for current outbreak is being given by 'four year cycle' of return of polio as even earlier in 1998 and 2002, there were outbreaks. Situation in Nigeria and India are suggestive that it will take at least one year before Polio is eradicated. The hope goes down as the number of cases goes up in 2006 than last 3 year. India has reported the highest number of cases in last 4 years. Much of the debate is going on the strategy followed to eradicate polio out of world. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CHILDREN | INFLUENTIALS | POLIO | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL MARKETING | IMMUNIZATION | PUBLIC OPINION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Decision Making Document Number: 325178 |
| 30. Title: Assessing rural African-American churches' attitudes toward adolescent sexual behavior -- implications for curricula development. Author: Guidry JJ; Torrence WA; Moore R; Larke A Jr Source: Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 2007 Mar 14;10:[7] p. Abstract: This article highlights the results of the findings according to the Rural African-American Church Leader Assessment, with implications for the minister portion of the curriculum designed to address the desires of the church leaders as documented through the assessments. The assessment tool was developed and validated as the result of a semi-qualitative focus group of 15 randomly selected ministers/church leaders. Assessment surveys were distributed in-person to identified senior church leaders (n=104) at their particular churches. Analysis of the Church Leader Assessments consisted of frequencies, descriptive analysis, and Chi Square Analysis of Independence. The objective of the analysis was to identify the major knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes that the church leaders possessed regarding adolescent sexuality. Findings from the Church Leader Assessment highlighted an interest and commitment to the prevention of adolescent sexual activity. Eighty-eight percent (88%) of church leaders reported that sex education should begin before the age of 13. All responding church leaders indicated that sex education should be taught in the Church, yet only 58% of the leaders reported that their church provided some form of adolescent sex education. The results supported the idea that the development of church-based sex education programs must involve church leadership in rural African-American communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | BLACKS | RURAL POPULATION | INFLUENTIALS | ADOLESCENTS | CHRISTIANITY | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CURRICULUM | MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT | SEX EDUCATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Youth | Age Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Education Document Number: 314242 |
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