1.  Title: Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza, Palestine. Author: El Qouqa IA; Shubair ME; Al Jarousha AM; Sharif FA Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;13(3):334-41. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by a biphasic developmental cycle of replication. The organism is recognized as one of the major causes of sexually transmissible human bacterial infection throughout the world. Since there have been no previous studies dealing with chlamydial diagnosis in Palestine, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics. METHODS: Endocervical swabs were collected from 109 women, aged 18-52 years (median 29 years), attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza. These specimens were processed using molecular (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA; IDEIA PCE Chlamydia) techniques. RESULTS: The results obtained show that the overall prevalence rate of C. trachomatis was 20.2%. The sensitivity was 73% for the EIA, 86% for the MOMP (major outer membrane protein gene)-based PCR, and 100% for the plasmid-based PCR. Meanwhile the specificity was 94% for the EIA, 98% for the plasmid-based PCR, and 100% for the MOMP-based PCR. In multivariate analysis, only cervical discharge was significantly associated with positivity for C. trachomatis (adjusted odds ratio 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.0-15.5; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that a significant proportion of Palestinian women expressed evidence of exposure to C. trachomatis. Women with cervicitis are more likely to have been previously infected or exposed to Chlamydia infection. Furthermore, PCR proved to be superior and more efficient in the diagnosis of C. trachomatis than EIA. Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SAMPLING STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | INFERTILITY | CERVICAL EFFECTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Reproduction | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342115 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Consanguinity and family clustering of male factor infertility in Lebanon. Author: Inhorn MC; Kobeissi L; Nassar Z; Lakkis D; Fakih MH Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Apr;91(4):1104-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of consanguineous marriage on male factor infertility in Lebanon, where rates of consanguineous marriage remain high (29.6% among Muslims, 16.5% among Christians). DESIGN: Clinic-based, case-control study, using reproductive history, risk factor interview, and laboratory-based semen analysis. SETTING: Two IVF clinics in Beirut, Lebanon, during an 8-month period (January-August 2003). PATIENT(S): One hundred twenty infertile male patients and 100 fertile male controls, distinguished by semen analysis and reproductive history. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Standard clinical semen analysis. RESULT(S): The rates of consanguineous marriage were relatively high among the study sample. Patients (46%) were more likely than controls (37%) to report first-degree (parental) and second-degree (grandparental) consanguinity. The study demonstrated a clear pattern of family clustering of male factor infertility, with patients significantly more likely than controls to report infertility among close male relatives (odds ratio = 2.58). Men with azoospermia and severe oligospermia showed high rates of both consanguinity (50%) and family clustering (41%). CONCLUSION(S): Consanguineous marriage is a socially supported institution throughout the Muslim world, yet its relationship to infertility is poorly understood. This study demonstrated a significant association between consanguinity and family clustering of male factor infertility cases, suggesting a strong genetic component. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | MEN | CONSANGUINITY | INFERTILITY | POPULATION GENETICS | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetics | Biology | Reproduction Document Number: 341010 |
| 3. Title: Demographics of infertility. Author: Ledger WL Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:11-4. Abstract: The demographic composition of many developed countries threatens their economies and global influence. On the one hand, the increased cost of living and of raising children discourages couples from starting families until later in life while, on the other hand, improved living standards have increased life expectancy. Together, these have resulted in a low total fertility rate and a net increase in the elderly population. The financial and employment protection incentives offered by governments have had relatively little impact on this demographic trend, and a multi-level approach is needed. Governments are, therefore, considering alternatives as part of a so-called 'population policy mix'. One option is to promote access to assisted reproductive technology for infertile couples. The prevalence of infertility has increased, in part because of general health issues, such as obesity and the rise in sexually transmitted diseases, and also because women are postponing having their first child. Improving accessibility to assisted reproductive technology will relieve the burden of infertility on these couples and may contribute to effectively challenging the problem of low total fertility rates in many developed countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHICS | FERTILITY RATE | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | POLICY | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Political Factors Document Number: 342603 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with secondary infertility. Author: Malik A; Jain S; Rizvi M; Shukla I; Hakim S Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Jan;91(1):91-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of Chlamydia in secondary infertility in a prospective study. DESIGN: Forty women with secondary infertility and 30 healthy term pregnant women of similar age composition were studied for past and present Chlamydia trachomatis infection. SETTING: Women attending the outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology with complaint of secondary infertility were enrolled as patients in the study. PATIENT(S): Forty women with secondary infertility formed the study group, and 30 healthy women served as the controls. INTERVENTION(S): Chlamydia IgG was detected by ELISA; titers of 1:320 or more were considered positive. Endocervical swabs were collected for culture on cycloheximide-treated McCoy cell lines, and ELISA was used to detect Chlamydia antigen. Hysterosalpingography was performed to assess tubal patency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): A difference was expected between the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in the infertile study subjects and fertile control group. RESULT(S): Immunoglobulin G antibodies were present in 22 (55%) women with secondary infertility, whereas positivity was seen among 2 (5.5%) controls. Tubal occlusion occurred in 16 (63.6%) cases positive for chlamydial antibody. Sensitivity of chlamydial IgG antibody as a diagnostic marker for infertility was 72.7%, and specificity was 44.4%. The majority of Chlamydia IgG antibody-positive cases, 17 (77.2%), were symptomatic. Unfavorable obstetric history was found in 16 (72.7%) cases. Active infection was found in 12 (30%) cases with one (3.3%) case of current infection occurring in the controls. CONCLUSION(S): Prevalence of past chlamydial infection is strongly statistically significant in women with secondary infertility. Current infection was also found statistically significantly in these women. Immunoglobulin G antibody detection is an effective and noninvasive tool for detection of Chlamydia and a more viable option than HSG in a developing country such as India. Screening of women with secondary infertility for C. trachomatis is strongly recommended to allow early therapeutic interventions. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFERTILITY | CHLAMYDIA | CULTURE | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330025 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Providing infertility treatment in resource-poor countries. Author: Pennings G; de Wert G; Shenfield F; Cohen J; Tarlatzis B; Devroey P Author: ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 May;24(5):1008-11. Abstract: Recently, several initiatives were started to introduce medically assisted reproduction in developing countries. Infertility is a major problem in these countries and causes extensive social and psychological suffering. This article analyses the main ethical arguments pro and contra the provision of infertility treatment in resource-poor countries. It is concluded that infertility treatment should be part of an integrated reproductive care programme including family planning and motherhood care. Education, empowerment of women and economic prosperity are the most effective solutions to most problems related to both population growth and infertility. Simultaneously, investments in low-cost interventions are justified. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TREATMENT | INTERVENTIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases Document Number: 342099 |
| 6. Title: Domestic violence against infertile women in a Turkish setting. Author: Yildizhan R; Adali E; Kolusari A; Kurdoglu M; Yildizhan B; Sahin G Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Feb;104(2):110-2. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of domestic violence against infertile women in a Turkish setting. METHODS: A total of 122 women with primary infertility attending an obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic were interviewed using the Abuse Assessment Screen questionnaire to investigate their experiences of domestic violence. RESULTS: In total, 41 (33.6%) women had experienced domestic violence because of their infertility. Of these women, 32 (78%) had experienced domestic violence for the first time in the relationship with the current partner following diagnosis of female factor infertility. The percentage of nonabused and abused infertile women who were mostly satisfied with their sexual lives was 56.87% and 29.2%, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Routine screening for domestic violence in infertility clinics is necessary to give affected women an opportunity to access appropriate health care and support services. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | INFERTILITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SCREENING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330825 |
7.  Title: Illuminating the mechanisms of sperm maturation. Author: Population Council Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[2] p. Abstract: When sperm leave the testis, they cannot swim or fertilize an egg. Not until they pass through the tube-like epididymis do sperm acquire both of these functions. No one is certain what happens in the epididymis to activate sperm. Population Council cell and molecular biologist Gary Hunnicutt is investigating the mechanisms by which sperm become activated in the epididymis. Gaining an understanding of how this activation occurs may aid in the development of a reversible, nonhormonal male contraceptive. It may also give clues to the origins of, and potential treatments for, some forms of male infertility. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SPERM MATURATION | FERTILITY | INFERTILITY | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Spermatogenesis | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 331486 |
| 8. Title: In vitro fertilization in two patients with Kartagener's syndrome and infertility. Author: Abu-Musa A; Nassar A; Usta I Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008 Jan;65(1):29-31. Abstract: Women with Kartagener's syndrome (KS) are at a risk for infertility because of the dyskinetic ciliary activity in the fallopian tubes. In vitro fertilization - embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is considered the treatment of choice for patients with tubal factor infertility. In the literature only 2 patients with KS were treated with IVF-ET, with only one pregnancy achieved. We report 2 patients with KS and infertility treated successfully with IVF-ET. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PULMONARY EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | INFERTILITY | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Reproduction | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Pregnancy Document Number: 323122 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Adenomyosis uteri in infertile women: Experience in a tropical community teaching hospital. Author: Adesiyun AG; Samaila MO; Kolawole A Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2008 Jan-Mar;24(1):38-43. Abstract: The objectives were to determine the demographic pattern and clinical presentation of 23 infertile women with intraoperative diagnosis of adenomyosis followed by histopathologic confirmation. The methodology used was a review of 23 consecutive infertile women that underwent surgery due to preoperative misdiagnosis for uterine fibroids over a period of 5 years. The patients mean age was 37.3 years with age range of 26 to 47 years. Only five patients (21.7%) had delivered before. Eighteen patients (78.3%) had had abortion(s) in the past. Secondary infertility accounted for 78.3% and 21.7% had primary infertility. Past gynaecological procedures included dilatation and curettage or manual vacuum aspiration in 17 (73.9%) patients, previous adhesiolysis for uterine synaechiae in 3 (13.1%) patients and past history of myomectomy in 5 (21.7%) patients. Preoperative hysterosalpingogram showed only 2 patients (8.7%) with bilateral tubal patency and 17 patients (73.9%) had bilateral tubal blockage. Unilateral patency of the fallopian tube was observed in 4 (17.4%) patients. Amongst patients with bilateral tubal blockage, cornual blockages were mostly encountered in 15 (88.2%) of the 17 patients. The modes of clinical presentation were abdominopelvic mass 100%, dymenorrhoea 82.6%, menorrhagia 60.9%, dyspareunia 47.8% and metrorrhagia in 34.8% of cases. Intraoperatively adenomyosis encountered were diffuse adenomyosis in 13 (56.5%) patients, multiple focal adenomyosis in 7 (30.4%) patients and unifocal adenomyosis in 3 (13.1%) patients. Co-existing uterine fibroid were found in 17 (73.9%) of the 23 patients. Two patients (8.7%) had coexisting endometriosis. At surgery, significant pelvic adhesion was encountered in 7 (30.4%) patients. In infertile women, adenomyosis is significantly associated with proximal tubal occlusion and tends to co-exist with insignificant uterine fibroids. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ENDOMETRIOSIS | INFERTILITY | FIBROIDS | MYOMETRIUM | SURGERY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Reproduction | Neoplasms, Benign | Neoplasms | Treatment Document Number: 325108 |
| 10. Title: Declining semen quality among south Indian infertile men: A retrospective study. Author: Adiga SK; Jayaraman V; Kalthur G; Upadhya D; Kumar P Source: Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 2008 Jan-Jun;1(1):15-18. Abstract: Male reproductive function has recently attracted increasing attention due to reports on time-related decline in semen quality. Furthermore, regional differences in the semen quality have also been reported. The aim was to investigate the semen quality among large cohort of infertile individuals at a regional level, in terms of the sperm concentration, total sperm motility, sperm morphology and incidence of azoospermia over a period of 13 years. The setting for the study was the University infertility clinic at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal which is a tertiary healthcare center serving the general population. The design used was a retrospective analysis. This includes a total of 7770 subjects who presented for semen analysis from 1993-2005. The data regarding ejaculate volume, sperm density, motility, morphology and the incidence of azoospermia were collected. The statistical analysis used was a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis and Chi square analysis. The average sperm density among infertile men during 2004-2005 was 26.61 plus or minus 0.71 millions/ml which was significantly lower than the average sperm density observed in 1993-1994 (38.18 plus or minus 1.46 millions/ml). Similar trend was also observed for sperm motility (47.41% motile sperms vs 61.16%) and normal sperm morphology (19.75% vs 40.51%). Interestingly, the incidence of severe oligospermia (mean sperm density less than 10 millions/ml) observed in 2002-2005 and 1993-1997 demonstrated a significant inverse relationship (p less than 0.001). Our study provides the first evidence that the quality of human semen evaluated for infertility is deteriorating in the southern part of the India over the years, probably due to environmental, nutritional, life style or socioeconomic causes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MEN | INFERTILITY | TIME FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SEMEN | SPERM COUNT | SPERMATOZOA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Germ Cells Document Number: 325575 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Imbalance in the peritoneal levels of interleukin 1 and its decoy inhibitory receptor type II in endometriosis women with infertility and pelvic pain. Author: Akoum A; Al-Akoum M; Lemay A; Maheux R; Leboeuf M Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Jun;89(6):1618-1624. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the levels of interleukin-1b (IL1 beta) and its inhibitory soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II (IL1R2) in the peritoneal fluid (PF) of normal women and patients with endometriosis suffering from pelvic pain and infertility. The design was a retrospective study using ELISA to measure peritoneal fluid IL1 beta and soluble IL1R2. The setting was the gynecology clinic and human reproduction research laboratory. The patient(s) were sixty-eight normal women and 154 women with endometriosis. Peritoneal fluid samples were obtained at laparoscopy. The main outcome measure(s) were IL1 beta and soluble IL1R2 concentrations in the PF samples. This study showed a marked decrease in peritoneal soluble IL1R2 levels in women with endometriosis compared to normal women and a concomitant increase in the levels of IL1 beta. Both fertile and infertile women with endometriosis had lower soluble IL1R2 and higher IL1 beta concentrations than fertile women having a normal gynecological status, but the difference was more significant in infertile endometriosis patients. Compared with normal controls, the decrease in soluble IL1R2 levels was less significant in women with endometriosis than without pelvic pain, whereas the increase in IL1 beta concentrations was statistically significant only in women with endometriosis reporting pelvic pain. This study revealed an imbalance between IL1 beta and its decoy inhibitory receptor type 2 in women with endometriosis, which was particularly obvious in those who were infertile, and suggests that a defect in the local control of IL1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and related infertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | INFERTILITY | PAIN | PERITONEAL DISEASES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms Document Number: 327233 |
| 12. Title: Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women at a university hospital in Jordan. Author: Al-Ramahi M; Mahafzah A; Saleh S; Fram K Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):1148-54. Abstract: In a prospective controlled study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Jordanian women attending an infertility clinic and whether screening is useful as part of routine investigations for infertility. Two groups of patients (152 infertile patients and 146 control patients) had endocervical swab testing by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of C. trachomatis infection. A total of 6/152 patients in the infertility group tested positive for C. trachomatis (3.9%), compared with 1/146 patients in the control group (0.7%), a difference that was not statistically significant. In view of the tendency toward increased prevalence of C. trachomatis infection, screening women for chlamydial infection as part of routine investigations for infertility is recommended. Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | INFERTILITY | CHLAMYDIA | SCREENING | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Reproduction | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330306 |
| 13. Title: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields; male infertility and sex ratio of offspring. Author: Baste V; Riise T; Moen BE Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 May;23(5):369-377. Abstract: Concern is growing about exposure to electromagnetic fields and male reproductive health. The authors performed a cross-sectional study among military men employed in the Royal Norwegian Navy, including information about work close to equipment emitting radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, one-year infertility, children and sex of the offspring. Among 10,497 respondents, 22% had worked close to high-frequency aerials to a "high" or "very high" degree. Infertility increased significantly along with increasing self-reported exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. In a logistic regression, odds ratio (OR) for infertility among those who had worked closer than 10 m from high-frequency aerials to a "very high" degree relative to those who reported no work near high-frequency aerials was 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-2.37), adjusted for age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and exposure to organic solvents, welding and lead. Similar adjusted OR for those exposed to a "high", "some" and "low" degree were 1.93 (95% CI: 1.55-2.40), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.25-1.84), and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.15-1.68), respectively. In all age groups there were significant linear trends with higher prevalence of involuntary childlessness with higher self-reported exposure to radiofrequency fields. However, the degree of exposure to radiofrequency radiation and the number of children were not associated. For self-reported exposure both to high-frequency aerials and communication equipment there were significant linear trends with lower ratio of boys to girls at birth when the father reported a higher degree of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | MILITARY PERSONNEL | INFERTILITY | SEX RATIO | ELECTRICITY | RADIO | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | PREVALENCE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Energy Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 326442 |
| 14. Title: Induced abortion and the risk of tubal infertility. Author: Chen XQ; Tang YJ; Liu L; Ren J; Lei ZW Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2008 Dec;19(4):219-225. Abstract: Objective: To explore the association between induced abortion and tubal infertility in Chengdu, China. Method: A 1:2 case-control study was designed. Infertile women with bilateral tubal occlusion in the case group compared with two control groups: infertile control group with bilateral tubal patency and pregnant control group with currently pregnancy. Data were collected using questionnaires through face-to-face interviews, covering the subjects' demographic details and histories of gynecology and obstetrics. Adjusted odds ratio was calculated as a measure of the association using stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Induced abortion was not found to be associated with tubal infertility in the analysis including either the infertile controls or the pregnant controls, but other risk factors were found, such as history of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), lower abdominal surgeries, dysmenorrhea and pregnancy. Conclusion: It is contended that facing an increasing trend of infertile cases with tubal occlusion in China, it is emphasized that special attention should paid to the long term impact of reproductive tract infection, especially, asymptomatic ones, rather than induced abortion. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION | INFERTILITY | TUBAL OCCLUSION | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | SURGERY | DYSMENORRHEA | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Menstruation Disorders | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology Document Number: 328030 Notification |
| 15. Title: Induced abortion and the risk of tubal infertility. Author: Chen XQ; Tang YJ; Liu L; Ren J; Lei ZW Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. Dec;19(4):219-225. Abstract: Objective: To explore the association between induced abortion and tubal infertility in Chengdu, China. Methods: A 1:2 case-control study was designed. Infertile women with bilateral tubal occlusion in the case group compared with two control groups: infertile control group with bilateral tubal patency and pregnant control group with current pregnancy. Data were collected using questionnaires through face-to-face interviews, covering the subjects' demographic details and histories of gynecology and obstetrics. Adjusted odds ratio was calculated as a measure of the association using stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Induced abortion was not found to be associated with tubal infertility in the analysis including either the infertile controls or the pregnant controls, but other risk factors were found, such as history of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), lower abdominal surgeries, dysmenorrhea and pregnancy. Conclusion: It is contended that facing an increasing trend of infertile cases with tubal occlusion in China, it is emphasized that special attention should paid to the long term impact of reproductive tract infection, especially, asymptomatic ones, rather than induced abortion. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | INFERTILITY | TUBAL OCCLUSION | ABORTION | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Health Document Number: 331301 |
| 16. Title: Maternal tobacco use its preimplantation effects on fertility: More reasons to stop smoking. Author: Cooper AR; Moley KH Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2008 Mar;26:204-212. Abstract: There are numerous health concerns regarding tobacco smoke. Yet, only recently have researchers extensively explored the association between tobacco smoke and a woman's inability to conceive. Whether exposure occurs in utero, during pregnancy, or throughout the reproductive years, it can affect all facets of fertility and lead to diminished ovarian function and earlier menopause. This review analyzes the literature concerning the delay or absence of conception in some women exposed to cigarette smoke and provides a detailed examination of the potential reproductive targets of the mutagenic and toxic components of tobacco. A negative influence on ovarian steroidogenesis and gametogenesis, oocyte maturity, ovulation, oocyte cumulus complex pick-up, gamete and embryo transport by the oviduct, fertilization, and implantation could all play a role. Assisted reproductive technology, or more specifically, in vitro fertilization, has allowed us to more thoroughly analyze successful pregnancy cycles and the negative consequences of smoking. Objective measurements of tobacco compounds and their metabolites in follicular fluid correlate with subjective measures of ovarian, gamete, and embryo quality in smokers and in those exposed to passive smoke. Regardless, there is an abundance of literature accumulating and more than enough reasons to tell patients to stop smoking. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | EMBRYO | TOBACCO USE | INFERTILITY | MENOPAUSE | OVULATION SUPPRESSION | GENETICS | TOXICITY | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | IN VITRO | FERTILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Physiology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324981 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of metformin in polycistic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis. Author: Creanga AA; Bradley HM; McCormick C; Witkop CT Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Apr;111(4):959-968. Abstract: The objective was to update the state of evidence on the efficacy of metformin, used either alone or in combination with clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, by examining three outcomes: ovulation, pregnancy, and live birth. Sources of heterogeneity among the published randomized controlled trials are systematically assessed. An electronic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CENTRAL, Cochrane, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration databases, restricted to studies conducted on humans and published in English. Of the 406 potentially relevant articles identified, 17 met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, rendering a total sample of 1,639 women. Study quality was examined in terms of randomization scheme, masking process, adequacy of allocation concealment, statistical power, and loss to follow-up; publication bias was also assessed. Meta-analytic procedures were used to compare metformin with placebo, and metformin plus clomiphene with clomiphene alone, for all study outcomes. Exploratory analyses were conducted to assess differences in treatment effects between clomiphene-resistant and nonresistant patients, obese and nonobese patients, and trials with long and short durations of follow-up. Metformin improved the odds of ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome when compared with placebo (odds ratio [OR] 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-6.02; number-needed-to-treat 4.0) and appears more effective for non-clomiphene-resistant women. Metformin and clomiphene increased the likelihood of ovulation (OR 4.39; 95% CI 1.94 -9.96; number-needed-to-treat 3.7) and pregnancy (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.45-4.94; number-needed-to-treat 4.6) when compared with clomiphene alone, especially in clomiphene-resistant and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. These treatment effects were greater for trials with shorter follow-up. Using all available evidence, this metaanalysis suggests that metformin increases the likelihood of ovulation and, in combination with clomiphene, increases the odds of both ovulation and pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | OVARIAN EFFECTS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | DRUG INTERACTIONS | INFERTILITY | OVULATION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Demographic Factors | Population | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction Document Number: 325771 |
| 18. Title: Urogenital infections in reproductive medicine. Author: Dieterle S Source: Andrologia. 2008 Apr;40(2):117-119. Abstract: Urogenital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis belong to the most prevalent sexually-transmitted bacterial diseases. In women, they can cause chronic salpingitis with subsequent tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancies. In men, C. trachomatis can cause urethritis, prostatitis and epididymitis. Urogenital infections can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Symptomatic urogenital infections might impair male fertility. In vitro, C. trachomatis affects sperm motility and viability. However, there is no clear evidence that asymptomatic urogenital infections have an adverse effect on male fertility. Because C. trachomatis can be sexually transmitted and lead to female infertility, it is also of significance in male infertility work-up. Because of their high sensitivity, nucleic acid amplification tests should be used to examine first-void urine specimens. Both partners should be treated. The role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in reproductive medicine has been discussed controversially. There is no evidence that U. urealyticum has a significant impact on female or male infertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | CHLAMYDIA | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Health Document Number: 325934 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Motives for parenthood among couples attending a level 3 infertility clinic in the public health sector in South Africa. Author: Dyer S; Mokoena N; Maritz J; van der Spuy Z Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(2):352-357. Abstract: Most African countries are pronatalistic with high total fertility rates and a low prevalence of voluntary childlessness. At present, limited data exist relating to the reasons why men and women desire children. This study explores parenthood motives among infertile couples from an urban community in South Africa. The parenthood-motivation list, an instrument developed in the Netherlands for the assessment of parenthood motives and strength of desire for a child, was administrated to 50 couples (100 participants) who presented to an infertility clinic in a tertiary referral centre. The instrument discerns six parenthood motives comprising happiness, well-being, identity, parenthood, continuity and social control. The majority of participants endorsed most of the motives. The categories happiness and parenthood were the most frequent motives. Women endorsed more motives simultaneously when compared with men. The categories happiness, well-being and social control correlated positively with strengthof desire for a child. Most men and women expressed a strong desire for a child. Men and women desired children for many reasons and with similar intensity. This diversity and intensity of parenthood motives appears to be a reflection of the value of children in our communities and further our understanding of the implications of involuntary childlessness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | INFERTILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MOTIVATION | CHILD WORTH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325389 |
| 20. Title: Anterior meningocele misdiagnosed as an ovarian cyst. Author: Ficicioglu C; Baykal C; Arioglu P; Delier H; Mercan A Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008 Jan;65(1):21-23. Abstract: An undiagnosed anterior meningocele may mimic an ovarian cyst. Careful evaluation and consultation must be the mainstay of surgery for adnexal masses. A patient initially diagnosed as having an adnexal mass was discovered to have an anterior meningocele at surgery. In vitro fertilization plans were delayed to prevent complications during procedures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | INFERTILITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | LAPAROSCOPY | EVALUATION | SURGERY | COMPLICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Diseases | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Biology Document Number: 323121 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Nuclear organization in human sperm: Preliminary evidence for altered sex chromosome centromere position in infertile males. Author: Finch KA; Fonseka KG; Abogrein A; Ioannou D; Handyside AH Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1263-1270. Abstract: Many genetic defects with a chromosomal basis affect male reproduction via a range of different mechanisms. Chromosome position is a well-known marker of nuclear organization, and alterations in standard patterns can lead to disease phenotypes such as cancer, laminopathies and epilepsy. It has been demonstrated that normal mammalian sperm adopt a pattern with the centromeres aligning towards the nuclear centre. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that altered chromosome position in the sperm head is associated with male infertility. The average nuclear positions of fluorescence in-situ hybridization signals for three centromeric probes (for chromosomes X, Y and 18) were compared in normoozoospermic men and in men with compromised semen parameters. In controls, the centromeres of chromosomes X, Y and 18 all occupied a central nuclear location. In infertile men the sex chromosomes appeared more likely to be distributed in a pattern not distinguishable from a random model. Our findings cast doubt on the reliability of centromeric probes for aneuploidy screening. The analysis of chromosome position in sperm heads should be further investigated for the screening of infertile men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | INFERTILITY | SPERMATOZOA | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | GENETICS | SCREENING | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326848 |
| 22. Title: Environmental contaminants and human infertility: Hypothesis or cause for concern? Author: Foster WG; Neal MS; Han MS; Dominguez MM Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 2008;11 Pt B:162-176. Abstract: Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the crude human birth rate (live births per 1000 population) declined, indicating reduced fertility and suggesting a potential decline in fecundity (the potential to conceive). Detection of environmental contaminants in human tissues, together with reports of a global decline in semen quality, further fueled speculation that human infertility rates are increasing and environmental toxicants are potentially important causal agents associated with this change. However, there is little compelling evidence to suggest that infertility rates amongst the general population have changed over time. Moreover, recent studies suggest a rise in the fertility rates. While several studies documented increased time to pregnancy (TTP) in exposed study populations, other investigators were not able to replicate these findings. Nevertheless, studies involving occupational exposure together with results from animal experiments lend support to the conclusion that environmental contaminants potentially adversely affect fertility. Consequently, the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants on human fertility remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that environmental contaminant exposure was associated with enhanced risk of infertility, data concerning trends in fertility and infertility rates were examined to assess the impact of exposure of developing gametes to environmental contaminants. The relationship between exposure and reproductive outcomes was then examined to illustrate the range of adverse effects for reproductive toxicants with data sets of divergent depth and reliability. Data showed that only a weak association between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse effects on human fertility exists. However, it is postulated that evidence of chemical exposure and potential health consequences of these exposures highlight the need for further research in this area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | INFERTILITY | RISK FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FERTILITY RATE | FECUNDITY | GERM CELLS | PESTICIDES | ORGANIC CHEMICALS | TOXICITY | TOBACCO USE | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproduction | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Ingredients and Chemicals | Behavior Document Number: 326262 |
| 23. Title: Fertility changes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Garenne MM Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Sep. 43 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Comparative Reports No. 18) Abstract: This report provides an overview of major fertility trends in sub-Saharan Africa in the second half of the 20th century. It also presents the proximate determinants (factors that have a direct mechanical effect on fertility levels) and the socioeconomic correlates of these trends. Cohort and period fertility trends were constructed using World Fertility Survey (WFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data sets for 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Cohort trends were derived from WFS and DHS data for some of the factors that affected fertility change: infertility, age at first marriage, education level, proportion Muslim, proportion Christian, proportion living in a polygynous union, and nutritional status. Period trends were derived for urbanization and income per capita from other sources. Cohort fertility was higher among women born in 1950 than in those born in 1930 but tended to decline in women born in later years. Changes in cohort fertility levels were small, on average. The mean number of children ever born to a woman by age 40 increased from 5.9 in women born in 1930 to 6.2 in women born in 1950 and decreased to 5.6 in women born in 1970. In most cases, the increase in cohort fertility was apparently due to a decline in infertility and, to a lesser extent, decreasing age at first marriage, which was associated with the spread of monotheist religions in the first half of the 20th century. Nutritional status did not have any identifiable impact on cohort fertility. Like cohort fertility, period fertility tended to rise from 1950 to 1975 and then fall until 2000 or later. On average, for the countries investigated, the total fertility rate at age 40 increased from 5.3 children per woman in 1950 to 6.2 in 1975, then declined to 4.9 in 2000. The decline in period fertility appeared to be due primarily to increasing contraceptive use and, to a lesser extent, rising age at first marriage and increasing urbanization. A regression model of the explanatory variables indicated that 37 percent of the decline was attributable to increased contraceptive use, 24 percent to decreased age at first marriage, and 16 percent to increased urbanization. These three variables correlated with level of education and, to a lesser extent, income per capita. The dynamics of the fertility decline were different in urban and rural areas. On average for the countries investigated, the trends in urban and rural areas started to split in approximately 1960. The date of onset of the fertility decline varied greatly by region and country, ranging from the early 1960s in the first urban areas to the late 1990s in the last rural areas. A few rural communities had not started the transition at the time covered by the last available survey. The speed of the fertility decline, approximately 1 child per decade, also varied markedly among countries, from 1.5 children per decade to less than 0.5 children per decade. In addition, a stall in fertility decline occurred in six of the countries investigated (Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar [urban areas], Nigeria, Rwanda-rural, Tanzania [rural areas]); in five of these countries, this stall occurred in 1995-2005. The pattern of the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa did not appear to be very different from that of many other countries in the world. However, the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa seems to have been somewhat more influenced by changing nuptiality patterns than elsewhere, and its relationship with socioeconomic correlates was somewhat less influenced by income levels and trends than other countries. The appendices present a detailed analysis of fertility trends by country, with information on trends in urban and rural areas, premarital and marital fertility, and periods of monotonic changes. Key Words: Fertility transition, fertility decline, fertility increase, fertility stall, infertility, contraception, age at marriage, proximate determinants, socioeconomic correlates, sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY CHANGES | INFERTILITY | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGION | POLYGYNY | NUTRITION INDEXES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Comparative Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 329999 |
| 24. Title: Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in semen and first void urine specimens of asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples. Author: Gdoura R; Kchaou W; Ammar-Keskes L; Chakroun N; Sellemi A Source: Journal of Andrology. 2008 Mar-Apr;29(2):198-206. Abstract: The purpose of this study was threefold: to compare semen and first void urine (FVU) specimens from asymptomatic infertile men for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital ureaplasma, and genital mycoplasma infections using in-house inhibitor-controlled polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-microtiter plate hybridization assay; to determine the prevalence of those organisms in infertile men in Tunisia; and to study the relationship between these bacteria and male infertility. Paired urine and semen specimens from 104 patients were examined by in-house PCR for the presence of DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital ureaplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum) and genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium). Semen analysis was assessed according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization. Nominal scale variables, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance test were used for statistical analysis. There was a very high concordance (greater than 95%) and a very good agreement (k greater than 0.9) between the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital ureaplasmas, and Mycoplasma hominis in semen and corresponding FVU specimens. Our findings also show a high concordance (81.1%) and a good agreement (k = 0.79) between the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in both specimens. C trachomatis, genital mycoplasmas, and genital ureaplasmas were found to be widespread among infertile male patients in Tunisia, as shown by their respective prevalences of 43.3%, 18.3%, and 14.4%. The mean values of seminal volume, sperm concentration, sperm viability, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and leukocyte count were not significantly related either to the detection of C trachomatis DNA or to that of genital ureaplasma or mycoplasma DNA in semen specimens. Using our in-house PCR, both semen and FVU were found to be sensitive diagnostic specimens for the detection of C trachomatis, ureaplasmas, and mycoplasmas. The FVU, a less invasive and self-collected specimen, can serve as a marker for the presence of these organisms in the genital tract and can be used as a reliable way of detecting asymptomatic carriers of infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MEN | INFERTILITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | DATA COLLECTION | TESTING | SEMEN | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 324384 |
| 25. Title: Intrauterine devices and adolescents. Author: Gold M; Johnson L Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Oct;20(5):464-469. Abstract: This article reviews adolescents' knowledge of and attitudes toward IUDs; the mechanism of action of copper-releasing and levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs; the benefits of using IUDs with adolescents; and the IUD's safety, side effects, and noncontraceptive benefits such as management of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. The authors conclude that IUDs are a safe and effective long-term contraceptive method with no increase in risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal infertility, or ectopic pregnancies. Because adolescents contribute disproportionately to the epidemic of unintended pregnancy, IUDs should be considered as a first-line contraceptive choice regardless of parity. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system is a particularly good choice for adolescents because of associated noncontraceptive benefits such as decreased menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and decreased pain associated with endometriosis. There is a clear need for more studies in the use of the IUD among adolescents. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | IUD | IUD EXPULSION | INFERTILITY | IUD COMPLICATIONS | TUBAL EFFECTS | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Fallopian Tubes | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 322768 |
| 26. Title: Infertility and polycystic ovarian syndrome: A study of association between body mass index and intrafamily marriages. Author: Haq F; Rizvi J Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008;65(4):269-274. Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder which causes anovulatory infertility. Obesity is one of the factors which directly modifies the clinical, biochemical and metabolic expression of this syndrome. Recently a genetic association of PCOS with intrafamily marriages has been postulated. This study investigates the association of environmental factors such as BMI and intrafamily marriages with the clinical, biochemical and hormonal features of this syndrome. The objective was to determine the relationship of different clinical, biochemical parameters and hormonal assay with the BMI of women who are known to have PCOS, and to compare these demographic features with intrafamily marriages. From January 2005 until December 2006, patients attending the infertility clinic at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, were evaluated for their clinical features. Couples were divided into 2 groups: group A had a history of first-degree intrafamily marriages, and group B had none. Complete biochemical evaluation was performed by day-2 serum FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and fasting serum insulin levels. The results were recorded on a data collection form. Ultrasonic evaluation was performed with transvaginal ultrasound to check the morphological appearance of the ovaries. A modified glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose was performed and the results were recorded as normal, impaired and abnormal. Insulin resistance was calculated using the HOMA index method. During this period 203 patients were evaluated for demographic and biochemical features of PCOS. The prevalence of obesity was 70% with 59.3% women found to have hyperinsulinemia while 52.3% of patients had insulin resistance according to the HOMA index method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the 2 groups. A linear relationship between oligomenorrhea, family history of diabetes, tonic LH, high fasting serum insulin levels, insulin resistance and an abnormal glucose tolerance test was revealed, keeping intrafamily marriage and BMI as dependent variables. In this population 48% of couples were in first-degree intrafamily marriages, suggesting the possibility of a high genetic predisposition for abnormal metabolic features beside ethnic predisposition. A linear relationship of high BMI and family marriages has been seen with insulin resistance, oligomenorrhea and impaired glycemic control. The number of obese women and the high rate of intrafamily marriages make our population genetically susceptible to metabolic complications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | COUPLES | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | OVARIAN CANCER | OVARIAN CYSTS | INFERTILITY | DRUG RESISTANCE | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | TESTING | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 326619 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult male. Author: Hauser R; Sokol R Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Feb;89(2 Suppl 1):e59-e65. Abstract: In the field of reproductive environmental health there remain many unanswered questions regarding the impact of the environment on male reproductive health. Suggested needs include studies that target populations with high exposure to chemicals, including phthalates and bisphenol A. We also need to identify susceptibility factors and critical exposure windows (life stages) that may increase a man's risk of infertility. Finally, we need to develop methods to better study mixtures of chemicals and develop methods to assess clinical reproductive outcomes of human exposure to the ever-growing list of chemicals. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFERTILITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TOXICITY | EXPOSURE | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproduction | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors Document Number: 325033 |
| 28. Title: Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract. Author: Horne AW; Stock SJ; King AE Source: Reproduction. 2008 Jun;135(6):739-749. Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections, and their associated sequelae, such as tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy and preterm labour, are a major worldwide health problem. Chlamydia trachomatis infection is thought to be the leading global cause of tubal infertility and tubal ectopic pregnancy. Preterm birth occurs in around 10% of all deliveries, and nearly 30% of preterm deliveries are associated with intrauterine infection. The mucosal innate immune system of the female reproductive tract has evolved to eliminate such sexually transmitted pathogens whilst maintaining its ability to accommodate specialized physiological functions that include menstruation, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy and parturition. The aim of this review was to describe the role and distribution of key mediators of the innate immune system, the natural antimicrobial peptides (secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, elafin and the defensins) and the pattern recognition toll-like receptors in the normal female reproductivetract and in the context of these pathological processes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | IMMUNE SYSTEM | IMMUNITY, NATURAL | INFERTILITY | PREMATURE BIRTH | Infections | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Immunity | Reproduction | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 326892 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Increase of oxidative stress in human sperm with lower motility. Author: Kao SH; Chao HT; Chen HW; Hwang TI; Liao TL Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89(5):1183-1190. Abstract: The objective was to investigate the causal role of oxidative-stress status on human sperm motility. The design was to demonstrate that sperm with higher oxidative damage have a lower antioxidant capacity. The setting was the University hospital infertility center. Seventy-eight semen samples were obtained from 35 healthy donors who had normal semen characteristics and from 43 infertile or subfertile males. The levels of oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and lipid peroxides) and antioxidants (retinol, a-tocopherol, ascorbate, and protein thiols) in the spermatozoa and/or seminal plasma were measured. We analyzed the specific content of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxides by using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection and HPLC-fluorescence analysis, respectively. Retinol and alpha-tocopherol were analyzed by using an HPLC system, whereas ascorbate and protein thiols were determined by using spectrophotometry. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was visualized by immunofluorescent staining with an anti-8-OHdG antibody that was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. Lipid peroxides in spermatozoa were stained with a fluorescent dye, C11-BODIPY/581/591. Statistically significant negative correlations were revealed between sperm motility and 8-OHdG and between motility and lipid peroxides. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between sperm motility and the levels of retinol, a-tocopherol, ascorbate, and protein thiols of seminal plasma. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and lipid peroxides in spermatozoa were found to be present mostly in mitochondria. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage were increased significantly in spermatozoa with declined motility, and the antioxidant capacities in the spermatozoa and seminal plasma were lower in males who had infertility or subfertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | INFERTILITY | SPERMATOZOA | SPERM TRANSPORT | OXYGEN | LIPIDS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Inorganic Chemicals | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 326996 |
| 30. Title: Infertility-related perceptions and responses and their associations with quality of life among rural Chinese infertile couples. Author: Lau JT; Wang Q; Cheng Y; Kim JH; Yang X Source: Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. 2008 May;34(3):248-267. Abstract: An anonymous cross-sectional survey interviewed 192 infertile couples consulting a family planning clinic in rural China. Of them, over 30% believed that childless couples could not live well, 80% desired to have a child very badly, over 60% pressured themselves or spouse due to infertility, and over 50% felt pressured when having sex. Furthermore, 19.8% of men and 37.5% of women felt that infertility is humiliating for women. A multivariate analyses showed that a lower income, a worsened spousal relationship, infertility related perceptions, pressuring oneself or spouse due to infertility, and a strong desire for children were significantly associated with a lowered quality of life. Gender differences were also observed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | COUPLES | MARRIAGE | RURAL POPULATION | INFERTILITY | QUALITY OF LIFE | PERCEPTION | STRESS | GENDER ISSUES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 325837 |
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