1.  Peer Reviewed Title: A grim contradiction: The practice and consequences of corporate social responsibility by British American Tobacco in Malaysia. Author: Barraclough S; Morrow M Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(8):1784-1796. Abstract: In the wake of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is among the few remaining mechanisms for tobacco corporations publicly to promote their interests. Health advocates may be unaware of the scale, nature and implications of tobacco industry CSR. This investigation aimed to construct a typology of tobacco industry CSR through a case study of the evolution and impact of CSR activities of a particular tobacco corporation in one country - British American Tobacco, Malaysia (BATM), the Malaysian market leader. Methods included searching, compiling and critically appraising publicly available materials from British American Tobacco, BATM, published literature and other sources. The study examined BATM's CSR strategy, the issues which it raises, consequences for tobacco control and potential responses by health advocates. The investigation found that BATM's CSR activities included assistance to tobacco growers, charitable donations,scholarships, involvement in anti-smuggling measures, 'youth smoking prevention' programs and annual Social Reports. BATM has stated that its model is predominantly motivated by social and stakeholder obligations. Its CSR activities have, however, had the additional benefits of contributing to a favourable image, deflecting criticism and establishing a modus vivendi with regulators that assists BATM's continued operations and profitability. It is imperative that health advocates highlight the potential conflicts inherent in such arrangements and develop strategies to address the concerns raised. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | TOBACCO USE | INDUSTRY | CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP | SOCIAL MARKETING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Marketing Document Number: 325440 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Gaining access to Vietnam's cigarette market: British American Tobacco's strategy to enter 'a huge market which will become enormous'. Author: Lee K; Kinh HV; Mackenzie R; Gilmore AB; Minh NT Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jan;3(1):1-25. Abstract: British American Tobacco (BAT) has made concerted efforts since the late 1980s to establish a major presence in Vietnam, among the world's 10 fastest growing tobacco markets. Until 2000, Vietnam's tight regulation of the industry has been largely driven by trade and investment policy, resulting in a stronger domestic industry but increased production and consumption of tobacco products. BAT gained market access, and achieved a dominant market share among TTCs, through leaf development, licensed manufacturing, and the contraband trade. With impending trade liberalization in Vietnam, the company is now well placed to further expand sales. The ambitious National Tobacco Control Policy, adopted in 2000, signals a shift in political priority towards the protection of public health. Effective implementation and enforcement of its comprehensive measures will depend on the public health community's ability to draw support from regional and global experience, notably the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | TOBACCO USE | COMMERCE | INDUSTRY | POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Americas | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 325319 |
3.  Title: Rural populations and agrarian transformations in the global South. Author: Batterbury S Source: Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. 25 p. (CICRED Policy Paper No. 5) Abstract: This paper offers an overview of agrarian change and resource management in developing countries. Most of the case studies in the paper are drawn from PRIPODE, a research programme funded by the French Government from 2002-2007 that supported teams of researchers in developing countries to explore population-environment-development (PDE) interactions on a regional basis. I first identify the major themes in the literature on agrarian change (including the sub-theme of population-environment relationships), as they emerge in the case studies. I focus on three observable trends across the PRIPODE studies: diversification of livelihoods (termed productive bricolage), intensification or dis-intensification of agricultural production, and changes in the political economy of agriculture, including new conditions of production brought about by factors that are largely external to the society in question. I identify the major currents of theoretical and practical debate, before illustrating these with case study material or from other comparative work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | EMPLOYMENT | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRY | POPULATION DECREASE | FOOD SECURITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322992 |
| 4. Title: Does paid work enhance women's access to welfare? Evidence from selected industrializing countries. Author: Razavi S Source: Social Politics. 2007 Spring;14(1):58-92. Abstract: Citizenship has become increasingly associated-both symbolically and programmatically-with a person's capacity to perform paid work. For feminists this raises a key question: can women's participation in paid work become the basis for their inclusion in welfare settlements? The question is examined here by exploring the extent to which women's absorption into export-oriented manufacturing industries has created the conditions for their social citizenship in three industrializing countries (South Korea, China, and Mexico). The social rights considered are limited to pensions and health care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | INDUSTRY | SOCIAL WELFARE | HEALTH SERVICES | OLD AGE SECURITY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 315920 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Sanitary conditions of food establishments in Mekelle town, Tigray, north Ethiopia. Author: Zeru K; Kumie A Source: Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2007;21(1):3-11. Abstract: Foodborne diseases are commonly found in developing countries like Ethiopia because of the prevailing poor food handling and sanitation practices. Food prepared in large quantities is liable to contamination and to the rise of foodborne diseases if the strictest principles of hygiene are not maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the sanitary conditions of food establishments in Mekelle town, Tigray region, North Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2004 to January 2005. Four hundred and twenty establishments were enrolled through a simple random selection technique after a list of all food establishments was obtained through a census. Trained enumerators used standard and structured pre-tested questionnaires to collect data. Bacteriological tests were conducted on food utensils using standard laboratory procedures. Data entry, cleaning, and analysis were performed using Epi Info Version 6.04d. Results: This study found that latrines, hand washing basins, proper types of solid waste receptacles, and privately owned tap water were available in 96.9%, 57.1%, 39.2% and 93.6% of the food establishments, respectively. Proper dish washing and food storage practices were observed in 46%, and 52% of the establishments, respectively. Poor practices in personal hygiene among food handlers were commonly observed. Of all bacteriologically tested food utensils, 44.3% were found with aerobic mesophilic bacteria above the accepted level (> 100 colonies per plate) and 45.5% were grossly contaminated (>50 fecal coliform per 100ml). Staphylococcus aurous and Escherichia coli were also isolated. Overall findings of this study indicate the high likelihood of food contamination in food establishments in Mekelle. The study recommends that regulatory activities should be strengthened to ensure basic food sanitation practices in public food vending establishments in this town. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INDUSTRY | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | SANITATION | HYGIENE | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Public Health | Evaluation Document Number: 323359 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Rolling out HPV vaccines worldwide. Source: Lancet. 2006 Jun 24;367(9528):2034. Abstract: Merck's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil, which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) earlier this month, is that rarest of things: a product with blockbuster potential in rich countries that should also save millions of lives in the developing world. But realising the vaccine's potential will depend on addressing worldwide issues of social and cultural resistance, which are already threatening to slow Gardasil's roll-out in the USA. The main problem critics perceive is this. To be effective, the vaccine must be administered to adolescents before they become sexually active. Indeed, the FDA's decision specifies that girls as young as 9 years old can be treated. But giving recipients full information about the vaccine's purpose will also necessitate teaching them about sex. In some people's eyes, this would undermine abstinence education, and thereby encourage inappropriately young sexual activity. Selection of girls for vaccination, rather than all teenagers, raises further concerns. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | INDUSTRY | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HPV | VACCINES | PRODUCT APPROVAL | CULTURE | VALUE ORIENTATION | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Legislation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Technology Document Number: 303065 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender and the composition of corporate boards: A Ghanaian study. Author: Amidu M; Abor J Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2006 Jan-Apr;13(1):83-95. Abstract: This article examines the gender composition of corporate boards of listed companies in Ghana. Results indicate that women were insignificantly represented and that younger firms had more women on their boards than firms established four decades ago. In addition, the study found that it is only after the initial listing that companies found it necessary to appoint women directors. As firms expand, they tend to employ fewer women on their corporate boards. Also, women were engaged more in the service and financial sectors than the manufacturing and construction industries. Interestingly, local companies appointed relatively more women as board members than their multinational counterparts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORGANIZATIONS | INDUSTRY | GENDER ISSUES | MANAGEMENT | POWER | OWNERSHIP | SIZE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 293698 |
| 8. Title: Improving hormonal contraceptive supply: the potential contribution of manufacturers of generic and biosimilar drugs. Author: Armand F Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Private Sector Partnerships-One [PSP-One], 2006 Jan. [37] p. (PSP-One Technical Report Series No. 2USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: Research and development (R&D) companies dominate both the public- and private-sector markets in developing countries, despite the growing number of manufacturers able to produce low-cost generic and biosimilar products around the world. This paper describes the different types of hormonal-contraceptive manufacturers and opportunities for increased competition from generic and biosimilar suppliers in the procurement field, as well as the commercial sector. Barriers addressed in the paper include the difficulty of monitoring product quality and safety in developing countries, the limited sales and marketing capability of local manufacturers, unfavorable procurement policies, and market distortions caused by well-meaning donor-funded programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | INDUSTRY | PRODUCTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 304785 |
| 9. Title: Right time for Africa. Author: Bio-Tchane A; Christensen BV Source: Finance and Development. 2006 Dec;43(4):[10] p.. Abstract: Africa has come a long way. For decades after independence, countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) suffered from civil strife and "stop-go" economic policies that led to macroeconomic instability and high inflation. Roads, railways, ports, and electricity systems fell into disrepair. Nor was the external environment always cooperative: countries were exposed to droughts, and commodity prices fluctuated. Countries that were rich in natural resources such as oil, gold, copper, and diamonds were often subject to the "resource curse" that left large numbers of their people worse off. External donors, while supporting the continent, did not always finance projects that would have adequate economic returns or that responded to local development needs. In country after country, debt mounted until it became unsustainable. On top of all that, Africa was besieged by malaria and HIV/AIDS, which had devastating economic as well as human effects. Yet things seem to be changing for the better throughout the subcontinent. In most African countries, leaders are now selected through democratic elections. The decision-making process is becoming more participatory and involving greater segments of civil society. The number of countries in crisis has declined, although conflict persists in some countries and regions. The pursuit of strong macroeconomic policies and economic reforms is bearing fruit: economies are growing faster and more steadily than before, and inflation is falling. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | INDUSTRY | PRODUCTIVITY | CAPACITY BUILDING | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Environment | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 314312 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's education and diffusion of the fertility transition: the case of Egypt 1960-1996 in 4905 administrative subdivisions. Author: Bonneuil N; Dassouki C Source: Journal of Population Research. 2006;23(1):27-39. Abstract: Egypt comprises thousands of small geographic units. Total fertility rates are reconstructed for the 4905 qism, qarya, medina, markaz and shiyakhat covering non-desert Egypt at the 1960, 1976, 1986 and 1996 censuses. This fine spatial scale reveals that heterogeneity across subdivisions increased during the fertility transition, illustrating the rapidity of change. Spatial patterns appear in the fertility upsurge of 1974-85, which is accompanied by a large but temporary reduction in heterogeneity. Fertility varies greatly between subdivisions and geographic differentials underlie the expected and observed association between fertility, literacy, family transfers and industrialization. Cairo led the decline of fertility, but that decline is counterbalanced by rapid economic growth and persistently high levels of illiteracy. A similar pattern of fertility change is observed for the chief city of the Muhafaza and its surrounding area. Egypt presents an archetype of demographic transition as improved economic and educational status diffuses across the country, moderated by its specific geography. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | RURAL AREAS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | CENSUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INDUSTRY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 315464 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Gendered paths of industrialization: a cross-regional comparative analysis. Author: Caraway TL Source: Studies in Comparative International Development. 2006 Spring;41(1):26-52. Abstract: This article both describes and explains gendered patterns of industrialization across 27 sectors and 10 countries in three regions. Contrary to common perceptions that women's participation in manufacturing work is to be explained primarily by economic or cultural variables, I demonstrate the central role of an additional variable-- the strength of unions--in delaying the entry of women into the manufacturing workforce. I argue that cross-national differences in gendered patterns of industrialization are intimately tied to the balance of employment in labor-intensive versus capital-intensive sectors, employment growth, fertility, and the strength of labor unions. Surprisingly, this study finds that supply variables have weak effects on feminization. Demand-side factors and the power of unions have stronger and more consistent effects on feminization than cultural factors that shape the supply characteristics of female labor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | ASIA, EASTERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | LABOR UNIONS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INDUSTRY | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Economic Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305124 |
| 12. Title: Tapping women's entrepreneurship in Ghana. Author: Dovi E Source: Africa Renewal. 2006 Apr;20(1):12. Abstract: According to World Bank estimates, most businesses in Ghana, which account for 70 per cent of employment in the country, fall within the categories of "micro," "small" and "medium" enterprises. They range from farming activities, agribusiness, light manufacturing such as textiles and garments, and arts and crafts. However, due to neglect, this sector has suffered greatly over several decades, contributing to a nationwide shift from productive entrepreneurship to petty trading. A look around supermarket shelves and village market stalls shows one of the reasons. Thanks to trade liberalization, cheap imports of every product, from tomato puree and fruit juice to toothpicks and clothing, can be easily bought, providing stiff competition for local businesses. Because of such challenges, says Ms. Christy Banya, a programme analyst with the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the government should take firm action. "Local businesses need to be protected." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TECHNOLOGY | COMMERCE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INDUSTRY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 303080 |
| 13. Title: A restrospective study of acute systemic poisoning of paraphenylenediamine (Occidental Takawt) in Morocco. [Une étude rétrospective portant sur l'empoisonnement systémique aigu à la paraphénylénédiamine (région occidentale du Takawt) au Maroc] Author: Filali A; Semlali I; Ottaviano V; Furnari C; Corradini D Source: African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2006;3(1):142-149. Abstract: Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is commonly used in several industries (dyeing furs, photochemical processes, tyre vulcanisation industries, oxidisable hair dye, etc.). Its allergic effect is well established and many studies are devoted to the subject, but PPD systemic poisoning is not understood. Several acute PPD poisoning cases (accidental or intentional) had been reported, in particular, from Africa and Asia where it is traditionally used mixed with Henna to colour palms of hands and soles of feet and to dye hair. We examine here an eleven-year (1992-2002) retrospective of PPD poisoning reported to the Poison Control Centre of Morocco. It revealed 374 cases with a female predominance (77%). The majority of poisoning was intentional (78.1%) and the group most prone to PPD poisoning were the young population (15.1-25 and 25.1-35 years-old-age groups) accounting for 54.3% and 15.2%, respectively. 21.1% of poisoning cases were fatal, and the source/route of poisoning was by ingestion in the largest number of cases (93%). 50% of poisoning were from the south of Morocco, where phytotherapy knowledge is very developed. The largest number of cases was recorded in 2001 (20.1%). The prevention and treatment of PPD poisoning by public enlightenment is mandatory in the effort to reduce poisoning by this agent. (author's) French Abstract: La paraphénylénédiamine (PPD) est couramment utilisée dans plusieurs industries (teinture des fourrures, procédés photochimiques, industries de vulcanisation pneumatique, teinture oxydable des cheveux, etc.). Ses effets allergiques ont été bien documentés et de nombreuses études portent sur ce sujet, mais l'empoisonnement systémique par la PPD n'est pas défini. Plusieurs cas d'empoisonnement aigu à la PPD (accidentels ou intentionnels) ont été signalés, en particulier en Afrique et en Asie où elle est traditionnellement mélangée au Henné pour colorer la paume des mains et la plante des pieds, et pour teindre les cheveux. Nous nous sommes penchés ici sur une rétrospective de onze années de signalisation de cas d'empoisonnement par la PPD (de 1992 à 2002) rapportés au Centre anti-poison du Maroc. Cette rétrospective a révélé l'existence de 374 cas, avec une prédominance féminine (77 %). La majorité des empoisonnements sont d'origine intentionnelle (78,1 %) et le groupe le plus sujet aux empoisonnements concerne la population jeune, à savoir des groupes de personnes âgés de 15,1 à 25 ans et de 25,1 à 35 ans), qui ont représenté 54,3 % et 15,2 % des cas, respectivement. 21,1 % des cas d'empoisonnement ont abouti à une issue fatale, et la source/forme d'empoisonnement a été par ingestion dans le plus grand nombre des cas (93 %). 50 % des empoisonnements ont eu lieu dans le sud du Maroc, où le savoir en phytothérapie est très développé. Le plus grand nombre de cas enregistrés concerne l'année 2001 (20,1 %). La prévention et le traitement de l'empoisonnement par la PPD nécessitent obligatoirement une sensibilisation du public à cette forme d'empoisonnement, ceci en vue de réduire les cas d'empoisonnement à partir de cette substance. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | POISON | TOXICITY | ALLERGIC REACTION | INDUSTRY | EXPOSURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Risk Factors Document Number: 296157 |
| 14. Title: The South African long-distance trucking industry's response to the HIV / AIDS epidemic. Author: Fourie DJ; Schoeman R Source: South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences. 2006 Jun;9(2):196-206. Abstract: The aim of the paper is to provide substantiated information to the long-distance trucking industry on the impact that HIV/AIDS has or may have on their business. The current and future impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the long-distance trucking industry is unknown. The extent of any action taken within the industry to mitigate and mange the effects of HIV/AIDS is also unknown, but thought to be minimal. Unless business and other entities in business (trade unions or associations) together with government become informed and proactive regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS of their businesses, the epidemic could run the worst course within the sector. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | TRUCK DRIVERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | INDUSTRY | EPIDEMICS | MANAGEMENT | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | RISK ASSESSMENT | HUMAN RESOURCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Evaluation Document Number: 318444 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Violence, women, work and empowerment: narratives from factory women in Sri Lanka's export processing zones. Author: Hancock P Source: Gender, Technology and Development. 2006;10(2):211-228. Abstract: Qualitative research was conducted among young Sri Lankan women who work in the nation's Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in 2004--2005. The research was designed to provide new understandings of the ways in which women's empowerment is conceptualized. More specifically, the research looked for alternative ways to measure gender empowerment as opposed to existing global measures, such as the UNDP's Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) which dominate discourse vis-à-vis women's empowerment in developing nations. In the course of the research, women were asked to discuss new ways in which to conceptualize and in turn measure women's empowerment, based upon their lived experiences as factory workers. The issue of violence against women emerged as a dominant theme in their narratives. This was surprising because the issue of gender-based violence was never introduced to any of the participants in focus groups or interviews. However, as a related theme it was explored further; and violence against women in Sri Lankan society does indeed appear to be a major problem. The fact that a majority of the factory women who participated in this research rated violence against women (or lack of it) as a major way in which to measure women's empowerment (over time) is a reflection of the problem itself (at the societal level) and provides new and constructive ways in which to conceptualize and measure women's empowerment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | WORKERS | VIOLENCE | WORKPLACE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INDUSTRY | GENDER RELATIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 306546 |
| 16. Title: Fostering or stripping rural China: Modernizing agriculture and rural to urban capital flows. Author: Huang J; Rozelle S; Wang H Source: Developing Economies. 2006 Mar;46:1-26. Abstract: The present study focuses on the flow of fiscal and financial resources in China's rural economy during the first two decades of reform. Specifically, we seek to quantify the nature and direction of the capital flows between agriculture and the non-agricultural sectors and between the rural and non-rural sectors. We track identify the flows of three main sources of capital: fiscal flows, financial shifts through the formal banking system, and the implicit taxes that are moving through the grain system as a result of payment of in-kind (e.g., delivery quotas by farmers). Through this analysis, we provide policy makers with a set of measures showing that although in recent years the agriculture-to-industry and rural-to-urban flows have appeared to reverse themselves, as late as 2000 it does not appear as if the government is not directing enough resources into the rural economy. Greater flows, however, are needed if rural China is to modernize. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INDUSTRY | AGRICULTURE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 325511 |
| 17. Title: The global health governance of antimicrobial effectiveness [editorial] Author: Martin G Source: Globalization and Health. 2006 Apr 25;2:[2] p.. Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to public health the world over. Global health governance strategies need to address the erosion of antimicrobial effectiveness on three levels. Firstly, mechanisms to provide incentives for the pharmaceutical industry to develop antimicrobials for diseases threatening the developing world need to be sought out. Secondly, responsible use of antimicrobials by both clinicians and the animal food growing industry needs to be encouraged and managed globally. And lastly, in-country and international monitoring of changes in antimicrobial effectiveness needs to be stepped up in the context of a global health governance strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | ANTIBIOTICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | HEALTH POLICY | INDUSTRY | AGRICULTURE | INCENTIVES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | MONITORING | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Technology | Evaluation Document Number: 304384 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The health of nations in a global context: trade, global stratification, and infant mortality rates. Author: Moore S; Teixeira AC; Shiell A Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Jul;63(1):165-178. Abstract: Despite the call for a better understanding of macro-level factors that affect population health, social epidemiological research has tended to focus almost exclusively on national-level factors, such as Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP/c) or levels of social cohesion. Using a world-systems framework to examine cross-national variations in infant mortality, this paper seeks to emphasize the effects of global trade on national-level population health. Rather than viewing national-level health indicators as autonomous from broader global contexts, the study uses network analysis methods to examine the effects of international trade on infant mortality rates. Network data for countries were derived from international data on the trade of capital-intensive commodities in 2000. Using automorphic equivalence to measure the degree to which actors in a network perform similar roles, countries were assigned into one of six world-system blocks, each with its own pattern of trade. These blocks were dummy-coded and tested using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. A key finding from this analysis is that after controlling for national-level factors, the two blocks with the lowest density in capital-intensive exchange, i.e., the periphery, are significantly and positively associated with national-level infant mortality rates. Results show the effects of peripherality and stratification on population health, and highlight the influence of broader macro-level factors such as trade and globalization on national health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ANALYSIS | INFANT MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | COMMERCE | INDUSTRY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | IMPACT | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 299667 |
| 19. Title: Migration and gender-based occupational segregation in Bangkok. Author: Tangchonlatip K; Punpuing S; Chamratrithirong A; Guest P; Curran S Source: Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2006 Jul;15(1):53-80. Abstract: Bangkok is the largest city in Thailand, whether measured by the size of its population or by the proportion of urban population of the country's total urban population it constitutes. According to the most recent census, Bangkok's population exceeds 33.7 percent of the total urban population of Thailand. There are several explanations for the growth of Bangkok population. Most studies indicate natural increase as the main component of population growth in the capital city in the previous decades. However, the impact of in-migration from other regions is an increasingly important factor. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CASE STUDIES | MIGRANTS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INDUSTRY | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 305130 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: The global tobacco disease pandemic: Nature, causes, and cures. Author: Warner KE; MacKay J Source: Global Public Health. 2006 Feb;1(1):65-86. Abstract: Tobacco use kills 5 million citizens globally every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that the number of deaths will double just 15 years from now. Tobacco will then constitute the leading cause of death in the developing world, as it already is in developed countries today. This paper describes the nature and extent of the tobacco pandemic, characteristics of the global tobacco industry, and national and international efforts to diminish the toll of tobacco. The review includes examination of the economic and political strategies employed by the multinational tobacco industry to increase cigarette consumption, as well as the policies that governments have adopted to combat smoking. The most promising development is the new Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO's first-ever international health treaty. While aggressive tobacco control policies can and will diminish the toll of tobacco, the prospects for the foreseeable future appear grim. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | TOBACCO USE | INDUSTRY | MARKETING | PUBLIC HEALTH | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTERVENTIONS | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Health | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325446 |
| 21. Title: Floating population and construction of a new socialist countryside. Author: Zhang W Source: China Population Today. 2006 Aug;23(3-4):2-4. Abstract: Construction of a new socialist countryside is an inherent necessity for the implementation of scientific development, a significant strategic decision of the central government to ensure the realization of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Building a new socialist countryside is the only way to do so. Construction of a new socialist countryside is the inevitable choice for reducing the gap between urban and rural areas, promoting social equality and justice and accelerating the process of building a harmonious socialist society. The central government has endorsed the principle of industry subsidizing agriculture and cities supporting the countryside in the process of furthering industrialization and urbanization, in an effort to promote the construction of a new socialist countryside, to really speed up rural development, to ensure that the vast number of farmers can enjoy equal rights in development, and to form a new situation in which industry and agriculture promote each otherand both the urban and rural areas become prosperous together, so that all the people can benefit from reform and development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | WORKERS | INDUSTRY | AGRICULTURE | CONSTRUCTION | URBANIZATION | MIGRATION | SOCIAL SECURITY | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Planning | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Health Document Number: 308591 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Sole U.S. distributor of cap closes business. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2005 Jul;:[2] p.. Abstract: The options in barrier contraceptives for American women have been reduced as the sole U.S. company distributing the Prentif Cavity-Rim Cervical Cap has announced its dissolution and the device is no longer available in the United States. The move to dissolve the distribution company, Cervical Cap (CxC) Ltd. of Los Gatos, CA, was made after it was advised that the manufacturer of the device, Lamberts (Dalston) Ltd. of Luton, England, would no longer carry product liability insurance, says Liz Summerhayes, RN, NP, CxC’s chief executive officer. In addition, the manufacturer announced a considerable increase in the cost of the cap and closure of its United Kingdom manufacturing plant, she adds. Summerhayes, who has been involved with use of the barrier device since its initial U.S. testing in 1981 and approval in 1988 by the Food and Drug Administration, says that while there has been a decline in the interest in the Prentif cap over the years, those who have supported its use have been passionate in advocating the barrier method. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CERVICAL CAP | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | INDUSTRY | CONTRACEPTION | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 289410 |
| 23. Title: The UK drug industry: responsible, ethical, and professional? [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2005 Nov 26;366(9500):1828. Abstract: The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry's (ABPI) code of practice ensures that UK pharmaceutical companies act, as the ABPI requires, in a responsible, ethical, and professional way when promoting their prescription products. Compliance with the code is obligatory for ABPI members, which supply more than 80% of NHS medicines; the code has also been adopted voluntarily by over 60 non-member companies. Last week saw the first major revision of this code for over 10 years; these changes will take effect from January, 2006. A central aim of the revision is to increase transparency, especially with regard to complaints. Results of some complaints will now be advertised in the medical and pharmaceutical press. Further improvements in transparency concern the industry's involvement with patient's organisations. Patient's organisations wield significant lobbying power for the use of favoured drugs, with or without appropriate supporting evidence. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | INDUSTRY | STANDARDS | ETHICS | PRESCRIPTIONS | DRUGS | SAFETY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Public Health | Health | Communication Document Number: 293080 |
| 24. Title: A study of trafficked Nepalese girls and women in Mumbai and Kolkata, India. Summary of findings. Author: Terre des Hommes Foundation Source: Lausanne, Switzerland, Terre des Hommes Foundation, 2005 Oct. [58] p. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify ways to prevent the trafficking of girls and women from Nepal. The study leads to recommendations--not included in this summary--to address the demand for trafficked persons at the root: at the level of a brothel owner. Trafficking is a business, and two tiers of profit generate the demand for trafficked Nepalese girls: the profits made by the trafficker, and considerably larger, the profits made by the brothel owner. The profits made by the brothel owner through the use of enslaved or bonded labourers, whether child or adult, are immense, and range from four to 20 times the profits made by the trafficker. Thus it is argued for the trafficking of Nepalese women and girls to India, and that prevention of trafficking must be predicated upon ending the system of slavery and debt bondage in the brothels. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | NEPAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | SLAVES | SEX WORKERS | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | INDUSTRY | CRIME | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 315333 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Experiences of globalization and health in the narratives of women industrial workers in Sri Lanka. Author: Attanapola CT Source: Gender, Technology and Development. 2005;9(1):81-102. Abstract: In the late 1970s, Sri Lanka entered the global market system by facilitating multinational enterprises to invest in industries located in export processing zones (EPZs). Subsequently, a large number of young rural Sri Lankan women have gained access to paid work and come to experience economic and social independence. Literature identifies the rapid distribution of medical technologies, the international development of public health systems and overall increases in per capita income as indicators of health benefits of globalization processes. This article explores how women workers in EPZs in Sri Lanka experience their health status since accessing economic opportunities, various forms of health care services and information relating to health and the opportunity to purchase nutritious food. Their narratives provide evidence of occupational health problems, mental health problems, malnutrition, abortion and the increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Most women workers do not spend their increased income on health benefits for themselves, but instead give priority to saving for their futures and helping their poor families. Consequently, a majority are unable to enjoy the benefits of globalization. Only a few women are able to increase their potential for empowerment by participating in organizational activities and raising women's own awareness on workers' rights and health related issues. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | INDUSTRY | PUBLIC HEALTH | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MALNUTRITION | ABORTION | MENTAL HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HUMAN RIGHTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 302894 Notification |
| 26. Title: Determination of radionuclide levels in soil and water around cement companies in Port Harcourt. Author: Avwiri GO Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(3):27-29. Abstract: The study of the radionuclide concentration levels in soil and water samples in Eagle, Atlas and rock cement companies in Port Harcourt was carried out. Soil and water samples collected from the respective premises were analyzed using the gamma -ray spectrometry. The average absorbed dose rates of the soil samples were 49.27nGy/h, 45.21nGy/h and 42.33nGy/h for Eagle, Atlas and Rock cements respectively while the water values were 22.16nGy/h, 20.75nGy/h and 19.37nGy/h for the respective companies. Mean dose rate equivalents of 0.18mSv/y and 0.39mS/y were obtained for the water and soil samples. These results are lower than the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) maximum permitted limit and therefore, have no significance radiological health burden on the environment and the populace. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDUSTRY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | EXPOSURE | WATER QUALITY | RISK ASSESSMENT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Environment | Risk Factors | Biology | Evaluation | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Water Document Number: 296037 |
| 27. Title: Global flows: terror, oil, and strategic philanthropy. Author: Barnes ST Source: African Studies Review. 2005 Apr;48(1):1-22. Abstract: U.S. involvement in Africa is growing following threats of terrorism and interruptions in oil production and because of desires by foreign corporations to expand their activities on the continent. The response of American policymakers has been to establish a stronger military presence that will engage in counter-terrorism initiatives and police oil installations. The goals and extent of this buildup, and the ideology legitimating it, are new. They are departures from Cold War policies. Similarly, the response of American business leaders to weaknesses in the infrastructure and political order of African states leads them to establish their own forms of community development, known as strategic philanthropy, so as to protect and expand local markets. Despite these major developments, the media are not informing the public. This article examines the implications of these military and business initiatives for African nations and the reasons for lack of information about them. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MILITARY PERSONNEL | FOREIGN AID | CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP | INDUSTRY | NATIONAL SECURITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | INFORMATION | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Government | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 289092 |
| 28. Title: Utilization of antenatal services in apparel manufacturing factories in Bangalore. Author: Joseph B; Charles S; Prakash TJ; Sudan ML; Jasmine G Source: Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2005 Dec;9(3):107-110. Abstract: The apparel manufacturing industry in Karnataka has assumed gigantic proportions. A large majority of the workers in this industry are women in the reproductive age group. Some companies have recognized this situation and are taking proactive steps in providing a range of services to the women employees. The objective of this study was to identify the outcomes of the services that are provided to the pregnant women in seven factories belonging to one such company. The study attempted to contact all registered pregnant women who had returned to work, in an attempt to identify the positive features and lacunae in the services that were provided. The results showed that half the workers who had been provided services in the antenatal period had not returned to work. A majority of the workers had availed of adequate antenatal care and most of them had delivered in the local Employees State Insurance (ESI) Hospital. Knowledge of antenatal care was generally good and most information had been received from the Health Care Providers (HCPs). The positive role of the HCPs in these factories has to be recognized and they should be provided with adequate support and training to perform their functions optimally. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WORKERS | ANTENATAL CARE | WORKPLACE | INDUSTRY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PRIVATELY SPONSORED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 298929 |
| 29. Title: The relationship of work stress and family stress to the self-rated health of women employed in the industrial sector in Korea. Author: Kim GS; Cho WJ; Lee CY; Marion LN; Kim MJ Source: Public Health Nursing. 2005 Sep-Oct;22(5):389-397. Abstract: The objective was to identify the relationship of work stress and family stress to the health of women in Korea. Design: Cross-sectional study. Sample: Three hundred and thirty-one married women working in 14 manufacturing companies in Korea. Methods: Subjects responded to a questionnaire that included items on work stress, family stress, social support, and general characteristics. Perceived health status (PHS) was assessed with the Short Form-36. There was a significant positive relationship between social support and PHS, but significant negative relationships were found between PHS and work stress as well as family stress. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis explained the health status of married working women by four categories: personal, work related, family related, and social support, and accounted for 45.4% of the variance. When family-related factors were added to the model, the power of explanation was increased by 17.9% compared with the explained variance. Family stress was a major variable not only for explaining the variance but also for correlating with health status. Both work stress and family stress should be considered together when addressing the health of working women in the industrial sector in Korea. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | SELF-PERCEPTION | STRESS | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL NETWORKS | INDUSTRY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics Document Number: 291331 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: From NIDL to globalization: studying women workers in an increasingly globalized economy. Author: Lie M; Lund R Source: Gender, Technology and Development. 2005;9(1):7-30. Abstract: This article approaches the phenomenon of globalization from a long-term perspective and argues for analyzing globalization as a process, focusing on different actors within a global economy. Based on previous findings from Malaysia and some preliminary findings from the Shanghai region, China, it explores the motives and adaptations of foreign industries in Asia. The article also seeks to identify the interdependencies of local and global actors at the meeting grounds, or interface situations, of globalization. Analyzing the moves and motives of one company over time, the article examines whether access to women's labor is integrated into company strategies within a global economy. The authors make a case for more localized analyses that acknowledge the particularities of women's lives and work in view of globalization as a differential force. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WORKERS | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | TECHNOLOGY | INDUSTRY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 302891 |
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