1.  Title: State of the world's mothers 2008. Closing the survival gap for children under 5. Author: Save the Children Source: Westport, Connecticut, Save the Children, 2008. [56] p. Abstract: Worldwide, more than 200 million children under age 5 do not get the basic health care they need. This contributes to nearly 10 million children dying needlessly every year from highly preventable or treatable ailments such as diarrhea and pneumonia. A disproportionate number of the children without health care come from the poorest and most marginalized families in developing countries. While there has been significant progress in reducing the overall death toll among children under 5 in recent decades, death rates among the poorest of the poor have not improved nearly so well, and in some countries they have gotten worse. These widening health care inequities unfairly condemn millions of the world's poorest children to early death or a lifetime of ill health. This year's State of the World's Mothers report shows which countries are succeeding - and which are failing - to deliver basic health care to the mothers and children who need it most. It examines where the health care gaps between the poorest and best-off children are widest, and where they are smallest. It also looks at the survival gaps between the rich and poor children in developing countries, and shows how millions of children's lives could be saved by ensuring all children get essential, low-cost health care. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CHILDREN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD SURVIVAL | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | POVERTY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 326320 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: The decline of son preference in South Korea: The roles of development and public policy. Author: Chung W; Das Gupta M Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Dec;33(4):757-783. Abstract: Since the mid-1990s, sex ratios at birth in South Korea have steadily declined, setting a precedent in Asia. What light does the South Korean experience shed on the relationship between development and son preference? Further, what are the implications of the South Korean experience for trends in other countries such as China and India, and what policies might help reduce son preference there? Will those countries have to wait until they are as highly developed as South Korea before child sex ratios begin to normalize? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PATRIARCHY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323069 |
| 3. Title: Why is son preference declining in South Korea?: The role of development and public policy, and the implications for China and India. Author: Chung W; Das Gupta M Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: For years, South Korea presented the puzzling phenomenon of steeply rising sex ratios at birth despite rapid development, including in women's education and formal employment. We show that in fact there was no puzzle: underlying son preference fell in response to development, but its manifestation in sex ratios at birth rose until the mid-1990s due to improved sex-selection technology. Now South Korea leads Asia in reversing the trend in sex ratios at birth. We explore what this country's experience indicates about how son preference is affected by development and public policies. We analyze unusually rich survey data, and find that the impact of development worked largely through triggering normative changes across the whole society - rather than just through changes wrought in individuals as their socio-economic circumstances changed. We estimate that nearly three-quarters of the decline in son preference between 1991 and 2003 is attributable to normative change, and the rest to increases in proportions urban and educated. We discuss the cultural underpinnings of son preference in pre-industrial Korea, and how these were unraveled by industrialization and urbanization on the one hand, while being buttressed by public policies upholding the patriarchal family system. Finally, we hypothesize that child sex ratios in China and India will decline well before they reach South Korean levels of development, since they have vigorous programs to accelerate normative change to reduce son preference. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CHINA | INDIA | CRITIQUE | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | SEX RATIO | SOCIAL CHANGE | INDUSTRIALIZATION | URBANIZATION | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Reproduction Document Number: 318543 |
| 4. Title: Why is son preference declining in South Korea? The role of development and public policy, and the implications for China and India. Author: Chung W; Das Gupta M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, 2007 Oct. 30 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4373) Abstract: For years, South Korea presented the puzzling phenomenon of steeply rising sex ratios at birth despite rapid development, including in women's education and formal employment. This paper shows that son preference decreased in response to development, but its manifestation continued until the mid-1990s due to improved sex-selection technology. The paper analyzes unusually rich survey data, and finds that the impact of development worked largely through triggering normative changes across the whole society - rather than just through changes in individuals as their socioeconomic circumstances changed. The findings show that nearly three-quarters of the decline in son preference between 1991 and 2003 is attributable to normative change, and the rest to increases in the proportions of urban and educated people. South Korea is now the first Asian country to reverse the trend in rising sex ratios at birth. The paper discusses the cultural underpinnings of son preference in pre-industrial Korea, and how these were unraveled by industrialization and urbanization, while being buttressed by public policies upholding the patriarchal family system. Finally, the authors hypothesize that child sex ratios in China and India will decline well before they reach South Korean levels of development, since they have vigorous programs to accelerate normative change to reduce son preference. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX RATIO | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | EDUCATION | SEX PRESELECTION | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | INDUSTRIALIZATION | PATRIARCHY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIAL CHANGE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproduction | Economic Development | Population Dynamics | Diseases Document Number: 322886 |
| 5. Title: Global sexual behaviour. Authors' reply [letter] Author: Epstein H; Halperin D Source: Lancet. 2007 Feb 17;369(9561):557. Abstract: Kaye Wellings and colleagues suggest that typical promiscuity--ie, the level of multiple partnerships--does not explain why HIV prevalence is higher in Africa than in western countries. As Wellings and colleagues state, "These data do not capture whether partnerships exist concurrently or serially. Concurrent sexual partnerships (those that overlap in time) allow more rapid spread of sexually transmitted infections than do the same rate of new sequential partnerships." We agree that the distinction between serial and concurrent partnerships is crucial and that longer term concurrent partnerships seem to be particularly common in some African countries. Wellings and colleagues also suggest that poverty, not promiscuity, explains the spread of AIDS in Africa. However, we suggest another explanation for Africa's high HIV rates. Many studies have shown that the poorest Africans--especially subsistence farmers--tend to have lower HIV infection rates than traders, businessmen, and other relatively wealthy people. In Africa, many longer term relationships that do not involve prostitution nevertheless tend to have a powerful "transactional" element. People with more disposable income might thus be more able to maintain multiple, concurrent relationships. Although very few are "rich" by western standards, they are never-the-less at the leading edge of the massive social and economic transition occurring in Africa today, from an agrarian past to a semi-industrialised present characterised by rapid urbanisation, high unemployment, and lack of social security. As with all such transitions, this creates upheavals in basic norms, customs, and values, which might facilitate the spread of HIV. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | POVERTY | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 312220 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Foreign policy matters: a normative view of the G8 and population health. Author: Labonte R; Schrecker T Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 Mar;85(3):161-244. Abstract: The Group of Eight (G8) countries occupy a dominant position in the international economic and political order. Given what is known about influences on the social determinants of health in an interconnected world, the G8 are a logical starting point for any enquiry into the relations between foreign policy and health. We first make five arguments for adopting an explicitly normative, equity-oriented perspective on the performance of G8 policy in areas related to population health. We then examine G8 performance with respect to the crucial policy triad of development assistance, debt relief and trade, finding that neither rhetoric nor promising institutional innovation has been matched by resources commensurate with demonstrated levels of need. We conclude that it is necessary to pursue advocacy efforts based on the normative perspective we have put forward and that doing so effectively requires further investigation of why some polities are more receptive than others to policies of redistribution both within and outside their borders. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | FOREIGN AID | POLICY | FUNDS | HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Financial Activities | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 308419 |
| 7. Title: Liberalisation and the debates on women's access to land. Author: Razavi S Source: Third World Quarterly. 2007;28(8):1479-1500. Abstract: The reform of land tenure institutions is now back on the national and global policy agendas. While at a certain level of generality, the principle of gender equality in access to resources, including land, has been endorsed by a diverse range of policy actors, there is a number of tensions and ambiguities that are likely to obstruct women's effective access to land and its contribution to decent livelihoods. There are important questions about liberalisation policies vis-a-vis land, given the well documented difficulties that low-income women in particular face in accessing land through markets. Moreover, despite the 'small' or 'family farming' vision that underpins neoclassical (and neoliberal) policy prescriptions, access to land can only play a complementary role in women's (and men's) livelihoods, and one that needs to be matched by income from employment. But many developing countries today confront formidable barriers to industrialisation and employment generation-historical preconditions for both poverty eradication and gender equality. There are also troubling implications from a gender perspective in the current endorsement of 'customary' systems of land tenure and decentralisation of land management. Women's rights advocates fear that this can play into the hands of powerful interest groups hostile to women's rights. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | TAIWAN | INDIA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | LAND TENURE | POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | INTEREST GROUPS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Economic Development Document Number: 322062 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors contributing to high costs and inequality in China's health care system. Author: Wang H; Xu T; Xu J Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007 Oct 24-31;298(16):1928-1930. Abstract: China, the largest developing country in the world, has experienced great economic development in recent years. Since reform and the opening-up policy were implemented in 1978, the national economy has grown at an average rate of 9.6% each year, and in 2005 China's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita reached US $1698. Along with economic development have come social challenges. The gap between rich and poor has widened. In 2005, China's Gini coefficient, an indicator of income distribution difference, was estimated at more than 0.48 (for comparison, the US Gini coefficient was 0.45 in 2004). Although the proportion of the population with incomes below the poverty level has decreased dramatically over the past 3 decades, about 21.5 million individuals are absolutely poor (annual income < US $85) and another 35.5 million are underprivileged (annual income US $85-$115) in China. More than half of the poor reside in remote western counties. One result of economic inequality is wide disparity in access to many social programs, especially in the health care system. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | EXPENDITURES | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL WELFARE | FEES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Income | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities Document Number: 321797 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Gendered paths of industrialization: a cross-regional comparative analysis. Author: Caraway TL Source: Studies in Comparative International Development. 2006 Spring;41(1):26-52. Abstract: This article both describes and explains gendered patterns of industrialization across 27 sectors and 10 countries in three regions. Contrary to common perceptions that women's participation in manufacturing work is to be explained primarily by economic or cultural variables, I demonstrate the central role of an additional variable-- the strength of unions--in delaying the entry of women into the manufacturing workforce. I argue that cross-national differences in gendered patterns of industrialization are intimately tied to the balance of employment in labor-intensive versus capital-intensive sectors, employment growth, fertility, and the strength of labor unions. Surprisingly, this study finds that supply variables have weak effects on feminization. Demand-side factors and the power of unions have stronger and more consistent effects on feminization than cultural factors that shape the supply characteristics of female labor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | ASIA, EASTERN | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | LABOR UNIONS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INDUSTRY | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Economic Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305124 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Mainstreaming gender in the mines: results from an Indonesian colliery. Author: Lahiri-Dutt K Source: Development in Practice. 2006 Apr;16(2):215-221. Abstract: The mining sector has conventionally left women at the periphery of its vision, despite women's active participation over the years. Consequently, 'engendering' or gender mainstreaming can be seen as the right direction to be followed if mining is to yield benefits for ordinary people in the communities in which the mines are sited. An awareness of gender issues has come to the mining sector through four distinct routes: The rising demands of gender equity in all walks of life; The unearthing of the history of women in the mines ('we too were there') has made people conscious of their past roles and present contributions; The increased awareness of the economic potential of artisanal and small mining, both of which involve a large number of women in developing countries. Little is known as yet about this form of mining or about the livelihoods created by women in different locations; The highly controversial issue of whether mining actually fosters development in the communities and nations in which its operations are located. This has been the subject of intense debate and is now being tackled through global initiatives such as the Mines, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) process, the Extractive Industries Review (EIR), and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | SUMMARY REPORT | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | PRODUCTIVITY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315255 |
| 11. Title: Women in the economy: a review of recent literature. Author: Marston A; Barrett KN Source: [Arlington, Virginia], Development and Training Services, Greater Access to Trade Expansion [GATE], 2006 Feb 24. 48 p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00018-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-328) Abstract: Drawing attention to the numerous aspects of gender inequality that limit women's full participation in "productive" activities, this paper investigates the unique position of women within the economy. It explores why the inclusion of gender issues is not only beneficial, but also crucial to the success of economic development programs. Through examining the domains of economic development and trade liberalization, the paper emphasizes that integrating gender considerations leads to a greater understanding of the impediments that hinder women's full participation in the economy. This recognition enables the creation of more targeted assistance programs to address those hindrances; thereby creating an environment for better policy response. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | USAID | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | RELIGION | CULTURE | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | IMPACT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL WELFARE | WAGES | INFORMAL SECTOR | PARTICIPATION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | EMPLOYMENT | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 322012 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Spatial variations in elevated blood lead levels among young children in Mumbai, India. Author: Niranjan S; Madhusudana B Source: Population, Space and Place. 2006;12:243-255. Abstract: This study examines the impact of living near tidal creeks or industries on blood lead levels among children below three years of age in Mumbai, India. Data were obtained from the National Family Health Survey-2 (NFHS-2) conducted in 1998, which covered a representative sample of the population. Of the 412 children tested for blood lead, 50% had elevated levels (= 10µg/dl). Several areas in Mumbai have higher rates of elevated blood lead levels than we would expect in general. After adjustment for the child's age, standard of living, anaemia, birth order, household type and utensils, children living in industrial areas were 1.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.3--2.8) times as likely to have lead levels = 10µg/dl compared with children living in non-industrial areas. Similarly, the odds ratio for children living in areas with a tidal creek was 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.1--2.2) compared with children from non-tidal creek areas. These findings are of public health concern, as most children in Mumbai are likely to suffer some degree of intellectual impairment as a result of environmental lead exposure. The evidence shows the need for appropriate interventions in reducing the burden of lead poisoning due to environment-related factors, at least in the few areas of the city where it is particularly high. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | LEAD | BLOOD | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | WATER QUALITY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System | Environmental Pollution | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Water Document Number: 302495 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Recent trends in international migration in Asia and the Pacific. Author: Asis MM Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2005 Dec;20(3):15-38. Abstract: This paper presents recent trends in international migration in Asia and the Pacific, focusing mostly on the years from 2001 to date, and serves as an update to an earlier report (ESCAP, 2002). Owing to a lack of access to data on North and Central Asia, South-West Asia, and Pacific countries or territories, the review focuses on East and South-East Asia, with some references to South Asia, as well as Australia and New Zealand in Oceania. Unless otherwise stated, references to Asia-Pacific in this paper refer to this restricted definition of an otherwise vast and diverse area. Much of the discussion deals with labour migration, although permanent and refugee migrations are also discussed as they are integral components of international migration in the region. The first part of the paper is devoted to updates on labour migration, both authorized and unauthorized. The volume of migration, sources and destinations, composition of migrants and their labour market niches are presented based on data collected by government agencies and non-governmental sources, research findings, as well as media reports, mostly covered by the biweekly Asian Migration News. The second part of the paper examines recent trends in other forms of international migration, mainly permanent and refugee migrations, and their interface with labour migration issues. The concluding section outlines the social implications of migration trends, particularly those aspects related to migrants' rights, development prospects and partnership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | LABOR FORCE | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | MIGRATION POLICY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 297360 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Migration trends and patterns in South Asia and management approaches and initiatives. Author: Haque MS Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2005 Dec;20(3):39-60. Abstract: This paper attempts to look at some of the emerging trends of migration in the region. Availability of accurate and objective data on migration is limited, with no uniform method for data collection. Furthermore, irregular migration and trafficking are not included in comprehensive data collection, making it difficult to compare data from different countries. The paper also tries to discuss the migration policy framework existing in the region, highlighting both national arrangements and various regional initiatives in the management of population movement. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | NATIONAL SECURITY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | MIGRATION POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | PUBLIC HEALTH | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Asia | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Health Document Number: 297361 |
| 15. Title: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels from two industrial zones (Sihwa and Banwal) located in An-san city of the Korean Peninsula and their influence on lake. Author: Imran H; Kim JG; Kim KS; Park JS Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(3):63-69. Abstract: The present research investigation was aimed at monitoring the levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Korean ambient air, pine needle, and soil. Samples were collected from two large industrial zones of An-san city namely Sihwa and Banwal, both these industrial zones were further divided into major and minor zones in order to compare the levels of PAHs between the two industrial zones. Furthermore, the quality of the lake water near these two industrial zones was also monitored by analyzing water (dissolved phase, suspended solids) and sediment samples for the detection of PAHs. In this study, a high volume sampling method (HVAS-Sibata) was employed to collect airborne PAHs in both the particulate and gas phases. Hewlett Packard gas chromatographs equipped with mass spectrometer detectors (GC/MS) were used to analyze the samples. The monitoring data revealed that Sihwa major industrial zone have lower levels of PAHs in comparison to Sihwa minor industrial zone where increase levels of PAHs were observed in both the ambient air and soil samples, whereas in case of pine needle sample the PAHs levels were higher in Sihwa industrial zone. The sum of PAHs levels in ambient air from Sihwa major industrial and minor zones were found to be ranging between 50.17 ng/m3 and 96.46 ng/m3 whereas the estimated levels of PAHs from Banwal major industrial and minor zones were found to be ranging between 149.64 ng/m3 and 34.87 ng/m3 respectively. Since Banwal major industrial zone includes many sources, higher levels of PAHs were observed in almost all the samples as compared to Banwal minor industrial zone. Similarly, the level of PAHs in water and sediment samples from lake near Sihwa industrial zone showed an increase trend in dissolved and suspended solids in comparison to samples collected near Banwal industrial zone. Phenanthrene, Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene and Benzo[g,h,i]perylene showed the highest levels in both the zones. However, the levels of PAHs in sediment samples were lower near Sihwa industrial zone and vice versa, however lowest concentration of Anthracene was observed in both the zones. A detailed and thorough environmental monitoring for the presence of these toxic compounds in the environment is currently needed to set a baseline for future research. The work is still in progress to estimate the levels of PAHs from both these sites within our laboratory. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | URBAN AREAS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | WATER QUALITY | SOIL DEGRADATION | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Water Document Number: 296044 |
| 16. Title: Evaluation of algae from the effluent of Dandot Cement Company, Dandot, Pakistan. Author: Khattak TM; Bhatti NZ; Murtaza G Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):147-149. Abstract: Twenty genera and fifty species of algae have been reported from the effluent water of Dandot Cement Company. They include thirteen genera and thirty five species from Chlorophyceae; three genera and six species from Cyanophyceae and four genera and nine species from Bacillariophyceae. Camera Lucida drawings of all the species are being provided. The present investigation suggest that the effluent have inhibited the growth of algae particularly the members of class Cyanophycea and Bacillariophyceae. pH range 7.0 to 7.6 is the best for sustenance of aquatic life. Here the pH of the pond is 7.5 seems to be normal for aquatic vegetation. However the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is 10 time higher than that recommended by Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standard (PNEQS), could be one of the reasons to check the growth of algal vegetation in the pond. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PLANTS | GENETICS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | WATER QUALITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Biology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Environmental Pollution | Water Document Number: 296058 |
| 17. Title: Background radiation study of Offa industrial area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Author: Nwankwo LI; Akoshile CO Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(3):95-98. Abstract: A study of the external background radiation in Offa industrial area of Kwara State is hereby reported. An in-situ measurement using two Digilert radiation monitors at five different stations were carried out. A mean exposure rate of 0.0132mR/hr, which represents 20% elevation from the standard background radiation, was obtained. This suggests the possibility of the presence of radionuclide sources in the Offa environment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | URBAN POPULATION | WORKERS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Environment | Economic Development Document Number: 296049 |
| 18. Title: Monitoring of external background radiation level in Asa Dam industrial area of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Author: Nwankwo LI; Akoshile CO Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(3):91-94. Abstract: An external background ionizing radiation study has been carried out within the Asa Dam Industrial Layout of Ilorin in Kwara State. The study was carried out in 5 stations within the industrial area using two Digilert Nuclear Radiation Monitors. The study has revealed that the external background ionizing radiation is averagely 0.0134 mR/hr with a deviation of about 22% which is relatively higher than the standard background radiation of 0.011 mR/hr. This result suggests the possibility of the presence of radionuclide sources in the environment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | URBAN POPULATION | WORKERS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Environmental Degradation | Environment Document Number: 296048 |
| 19. Title: Rural development and agro-industrial promotion in Nigeria: concepts, strategies and challenges. Author: Olayiwola LM; Adeleye OA Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;11(1):57-61. Abstract: The relevance of industrial development to national economic growth cannot be over-emphasised. This paper examines the importance of agro-industrial promotion to rural development. It discusses the theoretical underpinning of rural development and small scale / agro-industrial establishments. It identified the strategies that could be used for establishing small-scale industries in the rural areas. Finally, the challenges, opportunities and benefits derivable from small-scale industrial development in the rural areas are highlighted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRIALIZATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 305433 |
| 20. Title: Female extramarital relationships and their regulation in early colonial Thembuland, South Africa, 1875-95. Author: Phoofolo P Source: Journal of Family History. 2005 Jan;30(1):3-47. Abstract: This article eavesdrops on testimonies of court cases seeking damages for adultery in the late 1800s in colonial Thembuland, South Africa. It explores issues of gender, power, agency, and sexuality in this period and region. These testimonies suggest a picture that sounds a corrective to that of available studies. The article finds that domestic conflicts, especially their dramatic manifestation in extramarital relationships, were already features of life before the social disruptions brought on by late-nineteenth-century industrialization and the migrant labor regime and twentieth-century urbanization in South Africa. Family tensions, and extramarital relationships especially, were rooted in contradictions inherent in the changing gender relations of power within African families themselves. These testimonies also reveal that the precolonial ideal that constructed women as chattel and without legal standing, contrasted sharply with the very different picture of women's freedom that the prevalence and conduct of extramarital relationships suggest. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | LABOR MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 283319 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The environmental, social, and health dimensions of urban expansion. Author: Redman CL; Jones NS Source: Population and Environment. 2005 Jul;26(6):505-520. Abstract: This article was originally written as the background paper for a cyberseminar held from 29 November–15 December, 2004 under the auspices of Population-Environment Research Network or PERN a joint activity of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) on Global Environmental Change. Originally posted online at the PERN website, it has been revised and updated to take into account contributions of participants in the cyberseminar. The article focuses upon the environmental, social, and health dimensions of urban expansion. Our goal is to compare and contrast the processes of urban expansion and transformation in developing and developed countries. We expect a research agenda to emerge that will foster understanding of the processes, contexts, and outcomes of urbanization, as well as the understanding that will ultimately contribute to policy solutions. Our article benefits from, and hopefully will contribute to, parallel projects being developed by IHDP Urbanization Science Project, the IUSSP Urbanizations and Health Working Group, the U.S. National Academies’ Panel on Urban Population Dynamics, the U.S. National Academies’ Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability’s Task Force on Rapid Urbanization, The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the World Bank’s Cities Alliance and Cities in Transition, and other initiatives that recognize the importance of examining the urban transformation we are experiencing in a comprehensive, integrated manner. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | POVERTY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PUBLIC HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | LIFE EXPECTANCY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Environment | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 300367 |
| 22. Title: Comparative study on the effects of socioeconomic factors, industrialization and urbanization on mortality in Indonesia and Japan. Author: Samosir OB; Djutaharta T Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CICRED Seminar on Mortality as Both a Determinant and a Consequence of Poverty and Hunger, Thiruvananthapuram, India, February 23-25, 2005. 23 p. Abstract: Japan is a country in the world that has lowest mortality and longest life expectancy. The improvement of health in this country has been remarkable. In the other hand, Indonesia is also experiencing improvement in health condition, but in much lower pace. It is accepted that development programs contribute to this improvement of human quality. Therefore it is important to compare the effects of socioeconomic factors, industrialization, and urbanization on mortality in Indonesia and Japan. The unit analysis is province for Indonesia and prefecture for Japan. The independent factors are low-income, industrialization, and urbanization. These three factors are the composite variables of 11 original variables. The reduction of the dimension of the original independent variables was done using the factor analysis. To test the effects of the three factors on mortality the multivariate regression analysis was employed. The indicator of mortality is the age specific death rate (grouped into 0-14, 15-59, and 60 or over) and the cause specific death rate (grouped into communicable, noncommunicable, and injury and other). For Indonesia the time span of both independent and dependent variables was 1990-1995. For Japan, it was 1990-1997. The results of the study show that the age specific death rate and the cause specific death rate are correlated. In addition, low-income factor and urbanization is important predictor of mortality in Indonesia. In Japan low-income factor, urbanization, and industrialization affect mortality significantly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | FACTOR ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBANIZATION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Developed Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Development | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Death Rate Document Number: 310990 |
| 23. Title: Women's employment and fertility in Latin America: A review of the question. Author: Schockaert I Source: Population-E. 2005 Jan-Apr;60(1-2):149-168. Abstract: This short paper presents a systematic comparison of Latin American studies on the relationship between women's employment and fertility. Though the link between the two is often considered to be negative, in urban areas especially, several authors have drawn attention to the diverging results obtained in empirical studies. We will attempt to pinpoint the reasons for this divergence. We have chosen to focus exclusively on Latin America for two reasons. Firstly, the continent is relatively absent from recent analyses, and literature reviews of this question are scarce and generally rather old. Secondly, an analysis of the relationship between women's employment and fertility in the case of Latin America might provide a starting point for new research in this area, given the particular sociocultural, economic and demographic profile of the region. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Development Document Number: 308581 |
| 24. Title: Socioeconomic and institutional factors underlying fertility stagnation among Muslims in Israel. Author: Shalev M; Stecklov G Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 6 p. Abstract: While there are recognized disputes regarding the mechanisms that trigger the onset of fertility decline as well as the role of mortality decline preceding fertility decline, the demographic transition model has gained wide support. Particular attention has been paid to the modernization complex of rising urbanization, industrialization and literacy, and its relationship to fertility decline. It is within this context that the fertility pattern of Muslims in Israel is particularly interesting given the rapid economic growth experienced by Israel since the 1980s. Muslim fertility, which experienced dramatic declines between the 1960s and early 1980s, subsequently stopped falling and has remained stable at moderately high levels since then. This stagnation stands in strong contrast to the other Arab religious groups in Israel whose fertility levels have continued to decline as well as to the Jews who began their transition far before. This project explores both household and institutional explanations for the cessation of fertility decline over the past 20 years among Muslims in Israel. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ISLAM | MORTALITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | MODERNIZATION | LITERACY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | RELIGION | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Social Change | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 320576 |
| 25. Title: Intra- and inter-national imbalances and migration. Author: Teitelbaum MS Source: Genus. 2005 Jul-Dec;61(3-4):193-212. Abstract: This paper addresses the extent to which available evidence supports such a view. This is, of course, a topic of gargantuan proportions, dealing as it does with nearly all of the circumstances of living conditions as they affect human migration behavior. Since the time and space available is necessarily limited, the approach taken here is comparative historical: what can we say about the circumstances that underlay historical migrations, about which we have the luxury of 20/20 hindsight, in comparison with those of the recent past and especially the near-to-medium future, about which we have little clarity of vision? In particular, how might the very large international migrations of the 19th and early 20th centuries be compared and contrasted with the very large migrations of the past few decades and those of the decades that lie ahead? Before addressing such questions, one must first emphasize the need for humility: notwithstanding numerous helpful theoretical efforts, there is no credible "theory" of migration in the social sciences, as we shall see. The future course of human migrations is not only unknown; it is literally unknowable on the basis of our present understanding. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | HISTORICAL REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FERTILITY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | MIGRATION POLICY | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 293691 |
| 26. Title: Dietary Westernisation: conceptualisation and measurement in Mauritius. [" L'occidentalisation diététique " : conceptualisation et évaluation à Maurice] Author: Uusitalo U; Sobal J; Moothoosamy L; Chitson P; Shaw J Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2005 Sep;8(6):608-619. Abstract: The aims of the study were to provide information that will contribute to conceptualising what is called ‘dietary Westernisation’, and to provide an example of measuring it on an individual level. Food consumption frequency and demographic data on adults in Mauritius were examined in 1988, 1992 and 1998. In 1992, a 24-hour recall was also included. The cross-sectional samples consisted of 1115 (age 25–74 years) Mauritians in 1987/88, 1917 (age 30–74 years) in 1992 and 2239 (age 20–74 years) in 1998. Principal components analysis was carried out on daily consumption frequencies of 10 indicator foods (white rice, white bakery bread, pulses, processed meat, poultry, fresh/frozen fish, butter, margarine, whole milk and skimmed/low-fat milk). Correlations between dietary patterns and selected food consumption frequencies were examined in each survey year. Four dietary patterns were identified as being related to dietary Westernisation. The Traditional dietary pattern was characterised by higher consumption frequencies of Indian breads, salted/smoked fish and sugar-sweetened tea. The Western dietary pattern was characterised by higher consumption frequencies of cakes/pastries, meat and many Western fast foods like burgers, but, surprisingly, also by brown bread, breakfast cereals and salad. The Bread/butter dietary pattern predominantly described more frequent consumption of bread compared with rice. The Margarine/milk dietary pattern was inconsistently related with staple foods. Younger, educated and wealthier Mauritians appeared to adopt Western dietary patterns earlier. This study suggests that relatively few indicator foods are needed for measuring dietary Westernisation. Dietary Westernisation in a non-Western country may also include shifts towards voluntary consumption of healthier foods. (author's) French Abstract: La présente étude a eu pour objectifs de rassembler des données qui permettraient de conceptualiser ce que l'on appelle " l'occidentalisation diététique " et de les illustrer par le biais d'un modèle de mesure au niveau individuel. Des données relatives à la fréquence de consommation de certains aliments et des données démographiques sur la population adulte de Maurice ont été incluses dans le cadre d'enquêtes réalisées en 1988, 1992 et 1998. Un rappel de 24 heures a également été recueilli en 1992. Les échantillons transversaux étaient constitués de 1 115 Mauriciens (âgés de 25 à 74 ans) en 1987/88, de 1 917 (âgés de 30 à 74 ans) en 1992 et de 2 239 (âgés de 20 à 74 ans) en 1998. L'analyse des principales composantes a été effectuée sur la base des fréquences de consommation journalière de 10 aliments choisis (riz blanc, pain blanc, légumes secs, charcuterie, volaille, poisson frais ou surgelé, beurre, margarine, lait entier et lait écrémé ou demi-écrémé). Les corrélations entre les pratiques diététiques et les fréquences de consommation des aliments sélectionnés ont été étudiées pour chaque année couverte par l'enquête. Quatre pratiques ont été isolées comme significatives d'occidentalisation diététique. De plus hautes fréquences de consommation de truffe de Virginie, de poisson salé ou fumé et de thé sucré ont été indicatrices de pratiques diététiques traditionnelles. Les pratiques diététiques occidentales ont été caractérisées par de plus hautes fréquences de consommation de gâteaux et pâtisseries, viandes et multiples mets de restauration rapide occidentaux tels que des hamburgers, ainsi que, étonnamment, de pain de campagne, céréales pour petit déjeuner et salades. Les pratiques diététiques pain/beurre ont pour la plupart été corrélées à une plus forte consommation de pain que de riz. Les pratiques diététiques margarine/lait ont été corrélées de manière inconsistante aux aliments de base. Les Mauriciens plus jeunes, plus riches et ayant reçu une éducation se sont avérés plus enclins à adopter plus tôt les pratiques diététiques occidentales. Cette étude suggère que relativement peu d'aliments sont nécessaires pour mesurer le niveau d'occidentalisation diététique. Dans un pays non occidental, l'occidentalisation diététique peut également se manifester par le désir de consommer spontanément des aliments plus sains. (synthèse de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: MAURITIUS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | ADULTS | INDUSTRIALIZATION | CULTURE | CONSUMPTION | DIET | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATION | INCOME | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 291178 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: The social and economic context and determinants of schistosomiasis japonica. Author: Yi-Xin H; Manderson L Source: Acta Tropica. 2005;96:223-231. Abstract: A variety of biological and social factors govern schistosomiasis japonica in China. Social factors include those at a national and regional level, such as policies and patterns of development, which impact on local economic activities, and affect community, household and personal risk factors of infection. Drawing on research conducted in China, we illustrate how social structural and related factors influence individual risk and prevalence of infection. At a macro-level, political changes have occurred resulting in the shift from collective to family-based production, leading to clustering of infection in families. Industrialization and urbanization, and associated increased population mobility, have also influenced patterns of transmission and infection. Types of activities and local production patterns determine the exposure of individuals to schistosome-infested water sources. Fishermen have the most frequentwater contact, aquaticworkers the second and farmers the third; the relative risk of Schistosoma japonicum infection follows the same order. Among farmers, human infection is significantly related to agricultural production in rice fields infested with the intermediate host snail, and to rates of the infection in livestock. Risk of S. japonicum infection is also influenced by the domestic environment, including both the location of the house in relation to snail-colonizedwater sources, access to safe water, and improved sanitation. Household wealth and income determine family ability to provide and maintain safe water and sanitation, while determining or interacting with other variables. At an individual level, sex, age, educational level and ethnicity are all associated with different patterns of water use and water contact behaviour thereby affecting infection rates. Schistosomiasis impairs the growth and nutrition of children and the physical work capacity of adults, and so affects economic development. Given this, we note the importance of further research and social and contextual aspects of schistosomiasis infection in order to develop and sustain sound control strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | PARASITE CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | RISK ASSESSMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECOLOGY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Economic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Population | Environment | Economic Development Document Number: 292052 |
| 28. Title: Fertility, families and ethnic conflict: Macedonians and Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia, 1944-2002. Author: Brunnbauer U Source: Nationalities Papers. 2004 Sep;32(3):565-598. Abstract: This paper focuses on three interrelated aspects of difference: demographic and reproductive behavior, household organization, and economic strategy. The paper is based mainly on published demographic data as well as sociological information, and intends to give a framework for further anthropologically informed research on the different individual and collective social strategies of the Macedonian and Albanian populations. The article singles out the main trajectories taken by different developments in the Macedonian and Albanian communities in the Republic of Macedonia, and leaves out intermediate, borderline and exceptional cases, which are significant but do not change the basic argument. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | MACEDONIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERIOD ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HOUSEHOLDS | WAR | NATIONALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | URBANIZATION | INDUSTRIALIZATION | SOCIALISM | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Development | Political Systems Document Number: 299827 |
| 29. Title: The status of women and the quality of life in developing societies. Author: Clark C; Clark J Source: Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 2004;3(4):451-469. Abstract: This paper applies aggregate data analysis to explore the relationships among the economic development level, the status of women, and the quality of life in developing societies. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that the status of women is positively related to the quality of life even after the effects of economic growth and development arc statistically controlled. Our analysis strongly confirms this hypothesis since the status of women in a society appears to rival the economic development level for explaining how good or ill is the quality of life enjoyed by its citizens. We undertook this study from the theoretical perspective that questions conceptualizing and measuring development simply in terms of the level and growth of GNP per capita. Rather, the social needs and quality of life in a society, the presumed consequences of development, are important as well. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DATA AGGREGATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | QUALITY OF LIFE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRIALIZATION | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Welfare Document Number: 299840 |
| 30. Title: Globalisation and local power: influences on health matters in South Africa. Author: Gilbert T; Gilbert L Source: Health Policy. 2004 Mar;67(3):245-255. Abstract: This paper reviews some of the multiple influences on health issues in South Africa, placing them in the context of globalisation. By examining the complexity of factors, both domestic and global, which impact on these issues, it questions the extent to which global patterns in areas such as health policy, HIV/AIDS, health care pluralism, and neo-liberal macroeconomic policy have played out in South Africa. The identification of some of the multiple and complex forces in each case reveals a relatively consistent story of global pressures interacting with domestic realities, with some recognizably local results. There is no doubt that a full and nuanced understanding of health in South Africa requires an appreciation of developments in the global political economy, international organizations such as the WHO and World Bank, and forces which operate outside of institutions. In each case, however, the specific opportunities available to actors within the country, as well as the relative power of those actors, should be given their due consideration in analysing their potential impact on health matters. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH | INDUSTRIALIZATION | HEALTH POLICY | AIDS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration Document Number: 190866 |
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