1.  Title: Preventing HIV with young people: The key to tackling the epidemic. Author: Abbasi S Source: London, United Kingdom, UNICEF UK, [2009]. [32] p. Abstract: This report describes the current state of the HIV epidemic, the key challenges faced by adolescents and young people, and UNICEF's response in each region. The following recommendations are made: 1. Combine prevention strategies; 2. Prioritize high-quality data; 3. Make prevention programs more relevant to young people; 4. Strengthen links between treatment and prevention; 5. Nurture a 'prevention movement'. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | YOUTH | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | UNEMPLOYMENT | INCOME | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331377 |
2.  Title: The economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in Nigeria. Author: Adedigba MA; Naidoo S; Abegunde A; Olagundoye O; Adejuyigbe E; Fakande I Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):107-114. Abstract: The study estimates the economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in a Nigerian population. The data derive from a cross-sectional survey of households affected by HIV or AIDS in Ife-Ijesa Zone, Osun State, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 117 purposively selected, consenting adult HIV patients attending a general and teaching hospital. Participants were asked to self-report monetary expenses for HIV-related care, loss of savings, and funeral costs. The data show a significantly sharp drop in the participants' household income as a result of care for HIV-related illnesses, from the time of knowing one's HIV status to the time of illness, among three occupational categories (artisans, civil servants and unemployed; p = 0.02). Mean income among those in the unemployed category fell by 84.1%, income among artisans dropped by 72.6%, and income among civil servants decreased by 44.4%. The monetary loss during the course of HIV-related illnesses was heaviest for the artisan group, followed by the unemployed and the civil servants. Those who had lost a substantial part of their savings to HIV-related care were most numerous among the unemployed, followed by artisans and civil servants. Out of 16 households, 11 (42.3%) had received support from relatives during a funeral ceremony. There was a significant association between the occupational group and working for more hours after illness ( 2 = 9.28, df = 4; p = 0.05). Nearly all orphaned children were distributed to the extended family following the AIDS death of a parent. Among all the occupational groups, borrowing from a cooperative society during the course of HIV-related sickness was the commonest form. The findings add to data showing that despite the extended family support system, adult deaths due to AIDS continue to undermine the viability of sub-Saharan African households. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EXPENDITURES | INCOME | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341292 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: [Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors: a population-based study in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2007] Prevalencia e fatores associados a violencia entre parceiros intimos: um estudo de base populacional em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2007. Author: Anacleto AJ; Njaine K; Longo GZ; Boing AF; Peres KG Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):800-808. Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A population-based household study included 20-59-year-old women (n = 1,042) living in the urban area. The Conflict Tactics Scales - Form R was used to investigate verbal aggression, minor physical violence, and severe physical violence. A questionnaire covering socioeconomic and demographic variables was applied. Pearson qui-square and linear trend test were used to test associations. Prevalence rates for verbal aggression and minor and severe physical abuse within couples were 79.0%, 14.9%, and 9.3%, respectively. Couples under 30 years of age, with per capita income less than half the minimum wage (approximately U$90/month), and in households with more than two family members per bedroom were more likely to report all types of violence as compared to older couples, those with better incomes, and those living with less crowding, respectively. Preventive programs and qualitative studies could be effective strategies to shed further light on intimate partner violence. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBAN POPULATION | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 341868 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame? Author: Aslam M Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784. Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 341095 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos municipios de Caracol, Piaui, e Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brasil. Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-818. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piauí State, and Garrafão do Norte, Pará State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafão do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ANTENATAL CARE | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341867 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-18. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piaui State, and Garrafao do Norte, Para State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafao do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | HOUSEHOLDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SANITATION | ANTENATAL CARE | INCOME | SOCIAL WELFARE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342662 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of gender and income on survival and retention in a South African antiretroviral therapy programme. Author: Cornell M; Myer L; Kaplan R; Bekker LG; Wood R Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jul;14(7):722-31. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite the rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services in Africa, there are few data on whether outcomes differ for women and men and what factors may drive such variation. We investigated the association of gender and income with survival and retention in a South African ART programme. METHODS: A total of 2196 treatment-naive adults were followed for 1 year on ART. Proportional hazards regression was used to explore associations between baseline characteristics and survival and loss-to-follow-up (LTFU). RESULTS: Patients were predominantly female (67%). Men presented at an older age and with more advanced HIV disease, and during early ART the crude death rate was higher among men than women (22.8 vs 12.5/100 person-years; P = 0.002). However in multivariate analysis, gender was not significantly associated with survival after adjusting for baseline clinical and immunovirological status (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.96-2.22; P = 0.076). In late ART (4-12 months), there was no gender difference in mortality rates (3.5 vs 3.8/100 person-years; P = 0.817). In multivariate analysis, survival was strongly associated with age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02-1.09; P < 0.001), CD4 count >150 vs <50 cells/microl (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14-0.87; P = 0.023) and any monthly income vs none (HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.88; P = 0.018). Having some monthly income was protective against LTFU at 1 year on ART (adjusted HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39-0.82; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Men's high early mortality on ART appears due largely to their presentation with more advanced HIV disease. Efforts are needed to enroll men into care earlier in HIV disease and to reduce socio-economic inequalities in ART programme outcomes. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MORTALITY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | SEX FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342641 |
| 8. Title: Family planning and economic well-being: new evidence from Bangladesh. Author: Gribble J; Maj-Lis V Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 May. 4 p. Abstract: A new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau looks at the effects of long-term investment in an integrated family planning and maternal and child health program. Drawing on research and data that spans more than 30 years, the evidence reinforces the importance of sustained investment in reproductive health programs, showing that families in communities where the program was implemented became wealthier and healthier than families who lived in other, similar communities. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | HOUSEHOLDS | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | INCOME | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Diseases Document Number: 328046 |
| 9. Title: Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: diversity across Africa in educational outcomes. Author: Lloyd CB; Hewett PC Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 27 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 14) Abstract: This paper explores inequalities in education across sub-Saharan Africa. Although we mainly focus on primary school completion rates, attention is also given to literacy as a more proximate indicator of human capital acquisition. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, we explore cross-country variations in primary school completion rates, gender and wealth gaps in education, and literacy rates in relation to one another and in relation to cross-country variations in national income per capita. While these data paint a picture of overall educational progress, particularly for girls, this general picture is juxtaposed against an extremely diverse landscape across Africa with respect to primary school completion rates and retained literacy. Although cross-country variation in primary school completion rates can be partially explained by variation in national per capita income, the same cannot be said for literacy rates. Even the poorest countries have significant variation in achieved literacy, suggesting that learning can occur even in resource-poor environments. At the same time, our findings are sobering: in many countries, international educational goals are unlikely to be reached by 2015, and poor learning outcomes are frequently widespread. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | LITERACY | GOALS | INCOME | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Schools | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331434 |
| 10. Title: Food insecurity among volunteer AIDS caregivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was highly prevalent but buffered from the 2008 food crisis. Author: Maes KC; Hadley C; Tesfaye F; Shifferaw S; Tesfaye YA Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2009 Sep;139(9):1758-64. Abstract: Our objective in this study was to assess the validity and dependability of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), which was developed for international use, among community health volunteers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The HFIAS was translated into Amharic and subsequently tested for content and face validity. This was followed by a quantitative validation study based on a representative sample (n = 99) of female community volunteers (HIV/AIDS home-based caregivers), with whom the HFIAS was administered at 3 time points over the course of 2008, in the context of the local and global "food crisis." By pooling observations across data collection rounds and accounting for intra-individual correlation in repeated measures, we found that the HFIAS performed well according to standards in the field. We also observed slight amelioration in reported food insecurity (FI) status over time, which seems paradoxical given the increasing inaccessibility of food over the same time period due to inflating prices and disappearing food aid. We attempted to resolve this paradox by appealing to self-report-related phenomena that arise in the context of longitudinal study designs: 1) observation bias, in which respondents change their reports according to changing expectations of the observer-respondent relationship or change their behavior in ways that ameliorate FI after baseline self-reports; and 2) "response shift," in which respondents change their reports according to reassessment of internal standards of FI. Our results are important for the validation of FI tools and for the sustainability of community health programs reliant on volunteerism in sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEASUREMENT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | FOOD SECURITY | VALIDITY | AIDS | HOME CARE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | DIET | INCOME | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 342809 |
| 11. Title: Correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in an Islamic country: case of the Republic of Iran. Author: Mohtasham G; Shamsaddin N; Bazargan M; Anosheravan K; Elaheh M; Fazlolah G Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):123-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that have examined sexual intentions and behaviors of adolescents in Islamic countries. This study employs the Health Belief Model to assess the correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in the Republic of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 314 adolescents recruited from 3 high schools from Tehran, Iran. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of this sample planned to remain abstinent until marriage. Another 23% rejected the notion of remaining abstinent and 20% were uncertain. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that students whose mothers were employed and who received a higher daily allowance were more likely to report that they would not remain abstinent. No significant independent relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related knowledge and an intention to remain abstinent was detected. However, consistent with previous studies conducted in Asia, Africa, and in Western countries, we documented that (1) perceived subjective norms, (2) self-efficacy, (3) and perceived susceptibility to contracting the HIV virus all are associated with the intention to remain sexually inactive among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: It seems abstinence until marriage is more likely to be practiced in traditional families. However, Iranian society is changing rapidly and traditional family structures, values, and norms may not sufficiently protect adolescents from HIV infection. The data from this study support previous studies conducted in Western countries, which found that intervention programs that focus on knowledge alone are ineffective in their ability to alter adolescents' intentions to postpone sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | ISLAM | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREVALENCE | INCOME | EMPLOYMENT | VALUE ORIENTATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341162 |
| 12. Title: Making dreams, not babies: the power of hope in a teen family planning clinic. Author: Raines K Source: Creative Nursing. 2009;15(3):117-20. Abstract: Teenage pregnancy is a significant social issue in the United States, resulting in increased levels of poverty. Most public health family planning efforts have traditionally focused on teaching teens the how-to of contraception, with little focus on teaching the why-to. During my time as a nurse practitioner in a public health department family planning clinic, I developed a method to open discussions with patients about the possibilities of a future that includes delayed childbearing. My experience with this strategy taught me that hope may indeed be the most powerful contraceptive of all. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | NURSES AND NURSING | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | POVERTY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | CHILD REARING | INCOME | HAPPINESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 342620 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use and abortion among women of reproductive age in St. Petersburg, Russia. Author: Regushevskaya E; Dubikaytis T; Nikula M; Kuznetsova O; Hemminki E Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):51-8. Abstract: CONTEXT: Although the characteristics associated with contraceptive use among Russian women have been studied, no large-scale research has been conducted on women's use of different contraceptive methods and abortion. METHODS: A random sample of 1,147 women aged 18-44 completed questionnaires at local women's clinics in St. Petersburg in 2003-2004. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in selected characteristics among age-groups, and logistic regression was used to assess associations between these characteristics and the use of contraceptive methods at last intercourse and abortion history. RESULTS: Among women at risk of unintended pregnancy, six in 10 had used reliable contraceptives (the pill, the IUD or condoms) at last intercourse; 42% had used condoms. Women in the middle income level were more likely than women with lower income to have used the pill (odds ratio, 2.1); cohabiting women and those who had had children had lowered odds of using condoms (0.6 and 0.3-0.5, respectively). More than half of those surveyed reported having had an abortion. Characteristics associated with increased odds of having had an abortion included being 25 or older (2.2-3.5), cohabiting (2.9), having high income (1.7), having experienced first intercourse before turning 18 (2.2) and having used no contraceptive method at first sex (1.5). The factor that was most strongly associated with abortion was a woman's number of births (4.9-5.7). CONCLUSIONS: Educational programs that promote the consistent use of condoms, especially among young women, and family planning programs that reduce financial barriers to contraceptive use, are critically needed in Russia. Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONDOM USE | ABORTION | INCOME | ABORTION RATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | PARITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Sex Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330703 Notification |
| 14. Title: Life expectancy and welfare in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Soares RR Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S37-54. Abstract: This paper analyses the recent evolution of life expectancy in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and evaluates how much it has contributed to the overall improvements in welfare. We argue that increases in life expectancy between 1960 and 2000, which were largely independent of income, represented gains in welfare comparable to the ones derived from income growth. For countries in the region, estimates of welfare improvements accounting for health increase the numbers obtained from income alone by 40% on average. The available evidence suggests that improvements in public health infrastructure - such as provision of treated water and sewerage services - and large-scale immunization programs may have been the key factors behind the mortality reductions observed in the period. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | LATIN AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | IMMUNIZATION | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | INCOME | INEQUALITIES | MORTALITY DECLINE | Developing Countries | Americas | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341985 |
| 15. Title: HIV/AIDS and farms' production efficiency in Benue State, Nigeria. Author: Adeoti AI; Adeoti JO Source: African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2008 May;11(2):145-153. Abstract: The paper evaluates the impact of the health status of farm households with respect to HIV/AIDS on their cropping patterns, incomes and technical efficiencies in Benue State of Nigeria. Primary data was collected from 155 farm households made up of 55 HIV/AIDS and related sicknesses infected households and 100 non- infected households. The results demonstrated that HIV/AIDS has led to decreased farm size and reduction in the variety of crops cultivated on HIV farms. The average gross revenue, average gross margin and farm profit on non-HIV farms were higher than on HIV farms. The average gross margins for the two farm groups are statistically different at 1 percent level. The significant variables that affect output levels on HIV farms are farm size, hired labour and fertilizer. On non-HIV farms, output levels are affected by farm size, family labour and fertilizer. The technical efficiencies for the two farm groups are statistically different at 1 percent level. Generally, non-HIV farms are more technically efficient with a mean of 0.70 as compared with 0.52 on HIV farms. Increase in the years of schooling reduces the technical inefficiencies of farms in both groups. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | INCOME | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 340134 |
| 16. Title: Determinants of induced abortion and its consequences on women's reproductive health: Findings from India's National Family Health Surveys. Author: Agrawal S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. [66] p. (DHS Working Papers No. 53USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: At the national level, sex composition of living children, women's autonomy, urban residence, couple's education, and wealth status were found to be significantly associated with experience of induced abortion among women. However, the factors associated with induced abortion are found to be different in two distinct sociocultural set-ups in India. Although sex composition of living children and couple's education were the major factors for induced abortion in the northern group of states, wealth status and caste / tribe status were the major factors for the southern group of states. The analysis also shows that, independent of other factors, the likelihood of experiencing any reproductive health problems was 1.5 times higher (odds ratio, 1.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.33-1.60; P < .001) among women who had one induced abortion and 1.9 times higher (odds ratio, 1.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.52- 2.27; P < .001) among women who had two or more induced abortions compared with women with no history of induced abortion. This study identifies women's desire to limit family size with preferred sex composition of children as an important determinant of induced abortion in India. The study also suggests that induced abortions may have negative consequences for women's reproductive health. There is a need for more in-depth qualitative studies at the regional level to better understand the determinants and consequences of this complex and sensitive issue in India. Programs should focus more on the availability and accessibility of contraceptives among women to elude the reproductive health consequences of induced abortion. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SONS | EVER MARRIED | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INCOME | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331448 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Confirming the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemics on household vulnerability in Asia: the case of Cambodia. Author: Alkenbrack Batteh SE; Forsythe S; Martin G; Chettra T Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S103-111. Abstract: This study explores the effects of HIV and AIDS on household economics and the social wellbeing of children in HIV-affected families in Cambodia. A purposive sample of parents living with HIV and their children was selected from networks of people living with HIV. 'Nearest-neighbour' households served as the comparison group. Interviews were conducted with the parent and at least one child or adolescent in each household between October 2003 and January 2004. The urban/rural sample included 1000 households, 1000 adults, and 1443 children aged 6-17 years, inclusive, and was drawn from Phnom Penh, Battambang and Takeo provinces. Despite similar overall expenditures, HIV-affected households incurred proportionately larger expenditures on medical care and funerals. Income among case households was lower than comparison households. HIV-affected households were more likely to sell off assets, borrow from family members, take out loans, and ration medical care and food for children. Children in HIV-affected households reported eating fewer meals in a day, increased frequency of hunger, and increased household and employment responsibilities compared with comparison children. School enrollment rates were similar between pairs of households. The results add to growing evidence that HIV and AIDS contribute to increased vulnerability to poverty and increased burdens on families and children. This study corroborates findings from previous studies in Asia, while providing country-specific information to stakeholders in Cambodia. At this stage in the epidemic, policy makers should focus on implementing and evaluating mitigation interventions. Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOUSEHOLDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | POVERTY | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Document Number: 328252 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Wealth and child survival: India and Bangladesh [letter] Author: Billal DS; Hotomi M; Yamanaka N Source: Lancet. 2008 Oct 25;372(9648):1459. Abstract: Your Aug 16 Editorial1 emphasises that India is far from its target of reaching Millennium Development Goal 4 on child survival, despite its impressive rate of economic growth compared with the other south Asian nations. You state that India is spending only 3% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health, which is less than the other countries in the Asia-Pacific region; however, India has actually been spending only 09% of its GDP on heath for the past two decades.2 2-3% of GDP is the predicted level of spending by the Indian Government by 2010.2 Although the link between poverty and child mortality is very strong, some countries are better at translating their economic growth into pre venting child deaths. For example, India's gross national income (GNI) per head has in creased by a staggering 82% from US$450 in 2000 to $820 in 2006, yet its child mortality rate only declined by 19% from 94 per 1000 births to 76 per 1000. Over the same period, Bangladesh saw a much smaller 23% in crease in GNI per capita-from $390 in 2000 to $480 in 2006-but its child mortality dropped by 25% from 92 to 69 per 1000 births.3,4 The maternal mortality rate also declined from 440 per 10 000 births in 1997 to 315 in 2001 in Bangladesh.5 All countries, even the poorest, can reduce child mortality if they pursue the right policies and prioritise their poorest families. Good government choices save children's lives but bad ones are a death sentence. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | CHILD SURVIVAL | GOALS | UN | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Planning | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Economic Factors Document Number: 329062 |
| 19. Title: Health reform, population policy and child nutritional status in China. Author: Bredenkamp C Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and Population Department, 2008 Apr. 21 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4587) Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of child nutritional status in seven provinces of China during the 1990s, focusing specifically on the role of two areas of public policy, namely health system reforms and the one child policy. The empirical relationship between income and nutritional status, and the extent to which that relationship is mediated by access to quality healthcare and being an only-child, is investigated using ordinary least squares, random effects, fixed effects, and instrumental variables models. In the preferred model - a fixed effects model where income is instrumented - the author find that being an only-child increases height-for-age z-scores by 0.119 of a standard deviation. The magnitude of this effect is found to be largely gender and income neutral. By contrast, access to quality healthcare and income is not found to be significantly associated with improved nutritional status in the preferred model. Data are drawn from four waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey.(author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EVALUATION INDEXES | HEALTH SURVEYS | NUTRITION SURVEYS | ONLY CHILD | ONE CHILD POLICY | CHILD NUTRITION | HEALTH POLICY | INCOME | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | NUTRITION INDEXES | BODY HEIGHT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Nutrition | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 326307 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: [Reproductive characteristics and utilization of preventive health services by childbearing-age women: results of two cross-sectional population-based studies in the far South of Brazil] Caracteristicas reprodutivas e utilizacao de servicos preventivos em saude por Author: Carlotto K; Cesar JA; Hackenhaar AA; Ribeiro PR Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Sep;24(9):2054-62. Abstract: Two surveys were conducted (1995 and 2004) on women 15-49 years of age in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, assess patterns in their use of preventive health services. The sample included 1,339 women in 1995 and 1,311 in 2004. A standardized household questionnaire covered their demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, and health care-utilization characteristics. The chi-square test was used to compare indicators in the two studies. During the study period, housing conditions, running water, sanitation, and schooling improved, but family income decreased. Mean age at sexual initiation decreased by one year, teenage pregnancy increased 33%, and clinical breast examination and Pap smears increased 48% and 30%, respectively. Overall use of contraceptive methods declined by 3%, but condom use increased from 8% to 21%. Efforts are needed to improve coverage for breast examination and Pap smears, postpone sexual initiation, and promote the use of contraceptive methods, especially condoms. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SANITATION | INCOME | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | BREAST EXAM | PAP SMEAR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PROMOTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Public Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Evaluation Document Number: 331162 |
| 21. Title: Beyond incomes: A new take on the "feminisation of poverty". Author: Chant S Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):26-27. Abstract: The 'feminisation of poverty' has traditionally been viewed as a global phenomenon, and associated with three apparently intuitive notions. These are first, that women are poorer than men; second, that the incidence of poverty among women is increasing relative to men over time, and third, that growing poverty among women is linked with the 'feminisation' of household headship. While a now quite substantial body of research has cast doubt on the last of these assumptions, the other two are still treated as somewhat self-evident. This is despite serious conceptual and/or empirical problems with both. For example, the first assertion-that women are poorer than men-is static, and therefore anomalous within a construct whose very nomenclature implies dynamism. While the latter is highlighted in the second tenet, it is virtually impossible to establish whether gender gaps in poverty are widening given a dearth of sex-disaggregated panel data. On top of this, no consistent trend in this direction is verified by the limited statistical evidence actually available. Beyond these caveats, there is arguably a bigger problem still with the 'feminisation of poverty', namely its implicit emphasis on incomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | HOME ECONOMICS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323227 |
| 22. Title: [Association between alcohol consumption and human immunodeficiency virus infection] Asociacion entre el consumo de alcohol y la infeccion por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Author: Chincha LO; Samalvides CF; Bernabe-Ortiz A; Kruger PH; Gotuzzo HE Source: Revista Chilena de Infectologia. 2008 Feb;25(1):49-53. Abstract: Several factors have been associated with HIV infection, but alcohol consumption has not been studied completely. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and HIV infection. A case-control study was undertaken with HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, matched by sex and age (+or- 2 years). Latin-American Alcoholism Test (long version) was used to evaluate alcoholism diagnosis. A total of 198 cases were matched with 198 controls: 38.9% of cases were diagnosed as alcoholics, and only 22.7% of controls (p < 0.001). The multivariate model showed that economic income (p < 0.001), sexual orientation (p < 0.001), and alcoholism diagnosis (p < 0.001) were associated with HIV infection. This study demonstrates an association between alcohol consumption, homosexual practices between men and economic income with the prevalence of HIV infection. (author's) Language: Spanish Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | HOMOSEXUALS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | INCOME | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325203 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of income and occupation on body mass index among women in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys (1983 - 2002). Author: Colchero MA; Caballero B; Bishai D Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(9):1967-1978. Abstract: We assessed the effects of changes in income and occupational activities on changes in body weight among 2952 non-pregnant women enrolled in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys between 1983 and 2002. On average, body mass index (BMI) among women occupied in low activities was 0.29 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.11) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. BMI among women involved in medium activities was on average 0.12 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.05) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. A one-unit increase in log household income in the previous survey was associated with a small and positive change in BMI of 0.006 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.02) but the effect was not significant. The trend of increasing body mass was higher in the late 1980s than during the 1990s. These period effects were stronger for the women who were younger at baseline and for women with low or medium activity levels. Our analysis suggests a trend in the environment over the last 20 yearsthat has increased the susceptibility of Filipino women to larger body mass. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | BODY WEIGHT | INCOME | OCCUPATIONS | FITNESS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Population Characteristics Document Number: 325891 |
| 24. Title: Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: Evidence from China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, 2008 Apr. 57 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4585) Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. The authors find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with outmigration, and increase more for poorer households. The authors also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. The authors do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased migration is associated with two significant changes for poorer households: increases both in the total labor supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita managed by the household. In examining the effect of migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and examining our identification strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | LABOR MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | HOUSING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325678 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Developmental status at age 12 months according to birth weight and family income: a comparison of two Brazilian birth cohorts. Author: Halpern R; Barros AJ; Matijasevich A; Santos IS; Victora CG; Barros FC Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S444-50. Abstract: Two cohorts of children born in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1993 and 2004, were compared in terms of neuro-psychomotor development at the age of 12 months. Children were evaluated using the Denver II screening test. Analyses were performed using the Poisson regression technique. The prevalence of suspected developmental delay fell from 37.1% in 1993 to 21.4% in 2004 and was inversely proportional to family income and birth weight. Among children born weighing under 2,000 g, there was a fourfold reduction in the prevalence of developmental delay between 1993 and 2004. With regard to family income, the poorest group showed the greatest reduction between the two cohorts--a 30% reduction in risk. Our results confirm the influence of income and birth weight on child development. The decrease in the prevalence of developmental delay in the last decade reflects, among other factors, improvements in neonatal care, increased coverage of developmental monitoring in the first year of life, and longer breastfeeding duration. Despite this reduction, the prevalence of developmental delay is still high, reinforcing the need for early diagnosis and intervention. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INFANT | PREVALENCE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | BIRTH WEIGHT | INCOME | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Biology | Body Weight | Physiology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Central Nervous System Document Number: 330449 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: The social epidemiology of tuberculosis in South Africa: a multilevel analysis. Author: Harling G; Ehrlich R; Myer L Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Jan;66(2):492-505. Abstract: Increased risk of tuberculosis is widely recognized to be associated with increased poverty, yet there have been few analyses of the social determinants of tuberculosis, particularly in high-burden settings. We conducted a multilevel analysis of self-reported tuberculosis disease in a nationally representative sample of South Africans based on the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Individual and household-level demographic, behavioral and socioeconomic risk factors were taken from the DHS; data on community-level socioeconomic status (including measures of absolute wealth and income inequality) were derived from the 1996 national census. Of the 13,043 DHS respondents, 0.5% reported having been diagnosed with tuberculosis disease in the past 12 months and 2.8% reported having been diagnosed with tuberculosis disease in their lifetime. In a multivariate model adjusting for demographic and behavioral risk factors, tuberculosis diagnosis was associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and low body mass index, as well as a lower level of personal education, unemployment and lower household wealth. In a model including individual- and household-level risk factors, high levels of community income inequality were independently associated with increased prevalence of tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio for lifetime tuberculosis comparing the most unequal quintile to the middle quintile of inequality: 2.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.59-3.53). These results provide novel insights into the socioeconomic determinants of tuberculosis in developing country settings, although the mechanisms through which income inequality may affect tuberculosis disease require further investigation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PREVALENCE | INCOME | INEQUALITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Measurement Document Number: 322355 |
| 27. Title: Demography as a push toward gender equality? Current reforms of German family policy. Author: Henninger A; Wimbauer C; Dombrowski R Source: Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. 2008 Fall;15(3):287-314. Abstract: This paper analyzes the policy objectives and (potential) outcomes of one of the recent reforms in German family policy, the new parenting benefit. The reform introduces not only a new policy instrument that puts a stronger focus on the labor-market activation of mothers but also a new policy objective: an attempt to raise the birth rate. We argue that this indicates a paradigm shift in German family policy, as it changes the interplay between (de)familialization, (de)commodification, and stratification. While the new paradigm offers better opportunities for highly qualified parents, it also leads to increasing social inequalities between families and, more specifically, mothers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | LITERATURE REVIEW | FAMILY POLICY | BIRTH RATE | CHILD CARE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | PATERNITY BENEFITS | INCOME | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328177 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Provider advice to women may vary by women's social class and ethnicity. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):54. Abstract: Low-income black and Latina women surveyed in the Los Angeles area were more likely than middle-class whites to say that during a current or recent pregnancy, a health care professional had advised them to limit their childbearing. In a multivariate analysis of the survey results, ethnicity and social class were the only characteristics associated with the odds that women had received this kind of advice. Low-income Latinas (along with women who had large families and unmarried women) also had elevated odds of saying that their doctor or someone else had discouraged them from having children. The survey sample consisted of 193 low income and 146 middle-class women who were pregnant or had given birth in the previous five years. Women were considered low income if they were on welfare, had health coverage through Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program) or were uninsured; low income participants were recruited at offices of the Special Supplementary Food Program for Women, Infants and Children. Women were classified as middle-class if they had a college or graduate degree and had health insurance other than Medi-Cal; these women were recruited at a variety of locations in middle-class neighborhoods and through electronic mailing lists. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HISPANICS | WOMEN | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | SOCIAL CLASS | CONTRACEPTION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RACE RELATIONS | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 325190 |
| 29. Title: Life expectancy and human capital investments: Evidence from maternal mortality declines. Author: Jayachandran S; Lleras-Muney A Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008 Apr. 51 p. (NBER Working Paper No. 13947) Abstract: Longer life expectancy should encourage human capital accumulation, since a longer time horizon increases the value of investments that pay out over time. Previous work has been unable to determine the empirical importance of this life-expectancy effect due to the difficulty of isolating it from other effects of health on education. We examine a sudden drop in maternal mortality risk in Sri Lanka between 1946 and 1953, which creates a sharp increase in life expectancy for school-age girls without contemporaneous effects on health, and which also allows for the use of boys as a control group. Using additional geographic variation, we find that the 70% reduction in maternal mortality risk over the sample period increased female life expectancy at age 15 by 4.1%, female literacy by 2.5%, and female years of education by 4.0%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | VITAL STATISTICS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | SEX FACTORS | LITERACY | EDUCATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326614 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Enrollment and retention of HIV discordant couples in Lusaka, Zambia. Author: Kempf MC; Allen S; Zulu I; Kancheya N; Stephenson R Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Jan;47(1):116-125. Abstract: Biased enrollment and attrition compromise the power of clinical trials and limit generalizability of findings. We identify predictors of enrollment and retention for HIV-discordant couples enrolled in prospective studies in Zambia. A total of 1995 discordant couples were invited to enroll. Predictors of nonenrollment, loss to follow-up, and missed appointments were evaluated using multivariate models. M+F- couples were more likely to be eligible and to enroll and less likely to be lost to follow-up than F+M- couples. Substantial losses to follow-up occurred between testing and enrollment (21.3% of M+F- and 28.1% of F+M-) and between enrollment and the first follow-up visit (24.9% of M+F- and 30.5% of F+M-). Among M+F- and F+M- couples, residence far from the clinic, younger age, and women's age at first intercourse Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | COUPLES | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | INCOME | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 323203 |
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