1.  Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter] Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p. Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 331346 Notification |
| 2. Title: Worldwide: Incentives for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment. Author: Beith A; Eichler R; Weil D Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :237-56. Abstract: Many tuberculosis programs incorporate material (food) and financial performance-based incentives for patients, providers, or both. Findings from a combination of rigorous evaluations and data from routine program monitoring suggest that performance incentives can improve both case detection and treatment adherence. Performance incentives applied to tuberculosis contain lessons for treatment of other extended-duration and chronic conditions. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | INCENTIVES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | EVALUATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition Document Number: 331459 |
| 3. Title: Making payment for performance work. Author: Eichler R; Levine R Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :51-78. Abstract: Here we discuss key issues to consider when designing and the steps to implementing a performance incentives program. Among our examples are those that went wrong as well as those that went right, because valuable lessons can be learned from each. While some of the issues may seem complicated, it is not necessary to get all the details right at the outset: refinements can and should be introduced along the way. Fundamentally different from many traditional approaches to improving the delivery of health services, performance incentives are about establishing what the results should be and then letting the key actors -- the patients, the providers -- figure out how to achieve them. Along the way, learning and fine-tuning are part and parcel of the process. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INCENTIVES | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | WAGES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | MONITORING | EVALUATION | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | Management | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331463 |
| 4. Title: Problems to solve. Author: Eichler R; Levine R Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :11-21. Abstract: In the vast majority of low-income countries, health system performance is way off the mark. Many of the individuals who could benefit most from preventive and therapeutic health services do not receive them, and when they do, the quality of the services is low. The most obvious reason for the deficiencies is limited resources. On average, low-income countries -- those with a gross national income of less than $1,095 in 2009 dollars -- spend about 4.1 percent of gross domestic product from both public and private sources. At current levels of spending, even adjusting for differences in the cost of labor and other inputs across countries, it is impossible for basic services of acceptable quality to reach the majority of the population. Beyond this, a range of systemic shortcomings is evident: quality control and supervision are absent, supply chains are broken, the transfer and use of information are weak, managerial skills are in short supply in both public and private sectors, and the absolute number of health workers at virtually all levels is lower than optimal by technical standards. To solve a problem, one must identify it and understand its underlying causes. Here we highlight both a set of important problems and the reasons to believe -- at least on conceptual grounds -- that introducing financial and other material incentives can improve health sector performance. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INCENTIVES | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH | MANAGEMENT | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 331461 |
| 5. Title: Using performance incentives. Author: Eichler R; Levine R Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :23-50. Abstract: When the goal is to reduce needless death and disease, and part of what is getting in the way is a misalignment between health goals and the real-world behaviors of individual patients, health workers, and those who influence them, it may be time to consider performance incentives. These can complement other interventions, such as providing training, revamping infrastructure, and improving the supply of drugs and other inputs. Here we look at how performance incentives can contribute to better health results, increased use of services, enhanced quality, and improved efficiency. To identify the experiences to highlight in this book, we searched the published literature, consulted experts, and included regional and national cases with substantial documented evidence. The evidence discussed here and in the case summaries in part 2 relies on both evaluations conducted with varying degrees of rigor and other sources of information. It comes from qualitative surveys, baseline and endline statistics, contrasts between intervention and comparison groups, and routine program monitoring. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | HEALTH SERVICES | INCENTIVES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | DISEASE PREVENTION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | INTERVENTIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | Management | Organization and Administration | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Programs | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 331462 |
6.  Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: an analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico. Author: Feldman BS; Zaslavsky AM; Ezzati M; Peterson KE; Mitchell M Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):51-62. Abstract: Oportunidades, a conditional cash-transfer program instituted in Mexico in 1997, provides cash incentives to mothers to invest in the health and education of family members. Drawing from data gathered by Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, this study assesses the effect of the program on contraceptive use and birth spacing among titulares (female household heads) living in rural areas during the experimental period, 1998-2000, and during 2000-03, after incorporation of the control group. In 2000, titulares were more likely to use modern contraceptives than were women in the control group, although by 2003 all beneficiaries had the same probability of use. Change in autonomy was not a mediator, although baseline autonomy modified the program's influence on contraceptive use. Cox proportional hazard models produced estimates that birth spacing was similar between the beneficiaries and controls. Inconsistent findings may be the result of the way contraceptive use was defined in this study. Findings from this study may be useful for helping program planners better understand the role of conditional cash transfers in modifying family planning and fertility among poor rural women in Latin America. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family Planning | Contraception | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 331287 |
| 7. Title: Challenges impacting on the quality of care to persons living with HIV/AIDS and other terminal illnesses with reference to Kanye community home-based care programme. Author: Kang'ethe SM Source: SAHARA J. 2009 Mar;6(1):24-32. Abstract: HIV/AIDS has been found to be a challenging disease to humanity, its challenge spin-offs falling especially on to the caregivers of those infected and affected by the virus. This paper aims to discuss the challenges influencing the state of caregiving in the Kanye community home-based care (CHBC) programme in Botswana. The study was qualitative in design and explorative in nature, involving 82 primary caregivers in focus group discussions, and 5 CHBC nurses in individual interviews. Caregivers were found challenged by lack of community networks support, inadequate sanitary and care packages, poor shelter compromising privacy, inadequate income and food for their clients, inadequate care motivation as their volunteerism does not attract any payment, inadequate health personnel to offer psychosocial support like counselling, and an unconducive caring environment generally. Putting in place policies to redress caregivers' poverty, helping caregivers start income-generating projects, increasing community assistance and caregiving facilities are recommended as factors to address caregiver challenges. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HOME CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | POVERTY | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Care and Support | Health Services | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341415 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Improving maternal survival in South Asia--what can we learn from case studies? Author: McPake B; Koblinsky M Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):93-107. Abstract: Technical interventions for maternal healthcare are implemented through a dynamic social process. Peoples' behaviours--whether they be planners, managers, providers, or potential users--influence the outcomes. Given the complexity and unpredictability inherent in such dynamic processes, the proposed cause-and-effect relationships in any one context cannot be directly transferred to another. While this is true of all health services, its importance is magnified in maternal healthcare because of the need to involve multiple levels of the health system, multiple types of care providers from the highly skilled specialist to community-level volunteers, and multiple technical interventions, without the ability to measure significant change in the outcome, the maternal mortality ratio. Patterns can be followed however, in terms of outcomes in response to interventions. From these case studies of implementation of maternal health programmes across five states of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, some patterns stand out and seem to apply virtually everywhere (e.g., failure of systems to post staff in difficult areas) while others require more data to understand the observed patterns (e.g., response to financial incentives for improving maternal health systems; instituting available accessible safe blood). The patterns formed can provide guidance to programme managers as to what aspects of the process to track and micro-manage, to policy-makers as to what features of a context may particularly influence impacts of alternative maternal health strategies, and to governments more broadly as to the factors shaping dynamic responses that might themselves warrant intervention. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | CHILDBIRTH | BLOOD SUPPLY | HUMAN RESOURCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INCENTIVES | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH POLICY | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341940 |
| 9. Title: National AIDS Commissions in Africa: Performance and emerging challenges. Author: Morah E; Ihalainen M Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(2):185-214. Abstract: This article consolidates and expands on evidence on how National AIDS Commissions (NACs) in sub-Saharan Africa are measuring up to expectations that drove their rapid adoption across the continent. While their overall performance seems reasonably good, most NACs still lack adequate power and incentive structures to hold line ministries accountable, a key requirement for co-ordinating activities and mainstreaming HIV-AIDS across the public sector. Second-generation African NACs urgently need the authority and institutional stature to effectively co-ordinate the channelling of the larger funds now available through government bureaucracy. The evolution of the epidemic also imposes requirements different from those when the current NAC architecture was crafted. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | POLICYMAKERS | INCENTIVES | COORDINATION | HIV PREVENTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INSTITUTION BUILDING | CAPACITY BUILDING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Policy | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs Document Number: 341093 |
| 10. Title: Nicaragua: Combining demand- and supply-side incentives. Author: Regalia F; Castro L Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :215-235. Abstract: A conditional cash transfer program should incorporate both demand-side and supply-side performance incentives. Significant improvements are seen in immunizations, growth monitoring, and reductions in stunting. Two-phase impact evaluation does not disentangle the individual impacts of demand-side and supply-side incentives, but its results suggest that a well-targeted strategy of supply-side performance incentives could, on its own, be enough to achieve and maintain high levels of health care service use among poor rural populations. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | IMMUNIZATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | INCENTIVES | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Document Number: 331458 |
| 11. Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Author: Rocha C Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66. Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Família and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 341094 |
| 12. Title: Best practices in training private providers. Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One] Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, 2008. 22 p. Abstract: Training of health care providers is one of the most common interventions used in development strategies to improve the quality of reproductive health and family planning (RH/FP) services in developing countries. Decades of experience have produced an abundance of information, guidelines, and best practices on how to effectively train health providers, but most of this relates to public sector providers. In recent years, however, private sector providers have been recognized increasingly as an important source for delivery of RH/FP and other health services in developing countries, even for the poor. Yet the inclusion of private providers in training interventions or even the acknowledgment of their unique needs in discussion forums on training are still not common practices. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BEST PRACTICES | PRIVATE SECTOR | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | INCENTIVES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CAPACITY BUILDING | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Training Programs | Education | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329566 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme, Oportunidades, on birthweight. Author: Barber SL; Gertler PJ Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Nov;13(11):1405-14. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of Oportunidades, a large-scale, conditional cash transfer programme in Mexico, on birthweight. The programme provides cash transfers to low-income, rural households in Mexico, conditional on accepting nutritional supplements health education, and health care. METHODS: The primary analyses used retrospective reports from 840 women in poor rural communities participating in an effectiveness study and randomly assigned to incorporation into the programme in 1998 or 1999 across seven Mexican states. Pregnant women in participating households received nutrition supplements and health care, and accepted cash transfers. Using multivariate and instrumental variable analyses, we estimated the impact of the programme on birthweight in grams and low birthweight (<2500 g), receipt of any pre-natal care, and number of pre-natal visits. RESULTS: Oportunidades beneficiary status was associated with 127.3 g higher birthweight among participating women and a 4.6 percentage point reduction in low birthweight. CONCLUSION: The Oportunidades conditional cash transfer programme improved birthweight outcomes. This finding is relevant to countries implementing conditional cash transfer programmes. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INCENTIVES | BIRTH WEIGHT | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Policy | Political Factors | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330042 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: An analysis of Mexico's Oportunidades. Author: Fernald LC; Gertler PJ; Neufeld LM Source: Lancet. 2008 Mar 8;371(9615):828-837. Abstract: Many governments have implemented conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes with the goal of improving options for poor families through interventions in health, nutrition, and education. Families enrolled in CCT programmes receive cash in exchange for complying with certain conditions: preventive health requirements and nutrition supplementation, education, and monitoring designed to improve health outcomes and promote positive behaviour change. Our aim was to disaggregate the effects of cash transfer from those of other programme components. In an intervention that began in 1998 in Mexico, low-income communities (n=506) were randomly assigned to be enrolled in a CCT programme (Oportunidades, formerly Progresa) immediately or 18 months later. In 2003, children (n=2449) aged 24-68 months who had been enrolled in the programme their entire lives were assessed for a wide variety of outcomes. We used linear and logistic regression to determine the effect size for each outcome that is associated witha doubling of cash transfers while controlling for a wide range of covariates, including measures of household socioeconomic status. A doubling of cash transfers was associated with higher height-for-age Z score (beta 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.30; p less than 0.0001), lower prevalence of stunting (-0.10, -0.16 to -0.05; p less than 0.0001), lower body-mass index for age percentile (-2.85, -5.54 to -0.15; p=0.04), and lower prevalence of being overweight (-0.08, -0.13 to -0.03; p=0.001). A doubling of cash transfers was also associated with children doing better on a scale of motor development, three scales of cognitive development, and with receptive language. Our results suggest that the cash transfer component of Oportunidades is associated with better outcomes in child health, growth, and development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | INCENTIVES | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Social Policy | Social Planning | Program Evaluation Document Number: 325023 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Peru makes progress on maternal health. Author: Fraser B Source: Lancet. 2008 Apr 12;371(9620):1233-1234. Abstract: Peru has reduced maternal deaths by adapting health facilities to accommodate the cultural preferences of its rural population. But although this move has saved lives, many mothers are still dying because of critical problems facing health care in the country. Barbara Fraser reports. Sunday is the busiest day of the week in the tiny health centre in Quiquijana, high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. The town square fills with vendors from surrounding communities, and the health centre's dimly lit, sparsely furnished waiting room fills with women wearing the fringed, embroidered hats typical of this part of the Cusco region, many with babies slung in woven blankets on their backs. Some are pregnant, and Ninoska Mora and her staff bustle from person to person, measuring the dilation of one patient and checking the histories of others. During a lull, she slips around the corner to the Mamawasi (Quechua for mothers' house), an old, colonial-style building around a cobblestone courtyard, where four womenwho are within days of giving birth are staying. While they await their deliveries, the women cook their meals over wood fires and tend their children, as they would at home. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PERU | CRITIQUE | RURAL AREAS | MATERNAL HEALTH | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | OBSTACLES | NEEDS | INCENTIVES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 326151 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnancy-related school dropout and prior school performance in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Author: Grant MJ; Hallman KK Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):369-382. Abstract: This study uses data from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to examine the factors associated with schoolgirl pregnancy and subsequent educational pathways. We find that prior schooling discontinuities-defined as instances of non-pregnancy-related grade repetition or temporary withdrawals from school-are strongly associated with a young woman's likelihood of later becoming pregnant while enrolled in school, dropping out of school if she becomes pregnant, and not returning to school following a pregnancy-related dropout. Young women who are the primary caregivers to their children are also significantly more likely to leave school than are those who have help with their childcare responsibilities. Given the increasing importance of female school participation in sub-Saharan Africa, programs must be designed to reach girls and their families early to increase incentives for ensuring their timely progression through school and to increase their access to reproductive health information and services. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | DROPOUTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CHILD CARE | INCENTIVES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation Document Number: 328197 |
| 17. Title: Family policy in Germany: appraisal and assessment. Author: Honekamp I Source: Journal of Family History. 2008 Oct;33(4):452-64. Abstract: The German government spends about euro 185 billion on measures to support families. This amount is above European Union average, but still, families have become smaller and the number of childless couples has increased. This article outlines some of the 145 German policy measures to support families and their purpose. An assessment that takes into account economic theory and empirical studies shows that an increase of monetary incentives could influence the decision to bear a child only moderately. This implies that policy measures alone cannot be held responsible for the entire difference in fertility rates between countries. Cited studies based on surveys among the German and French populations reveal how different attitudes of the population may also play their role in determining the fertility rate of a country. Language: English Keywords: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL MODELS | ECONOMIC MODEL | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY POLICY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FAMILY SIZE | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | FERTILITY | ECONOMIC POLICY | INCENTIVES | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330744 |
| 18. Title: The vulnerability of 'self-help': Women and microfinance in south India. Author: Kalpana K Source: Brighton, United Kingdom, University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies, 2008 Apr. 44 p. (IDS Working Paper No. 303) Abstract: Self-help groups (SHGs) play a major role in providing microfinance in India. But they do not work alone. State institutions are also a big part of the microfinance landscape. They promote and finance SHGs, and also interact directly with them. This paper considers how this kind of 'institutionalised co-production' in service delivery works in practice. The research shows that the relationships are not symmetrical. When they seek access to bank credit, women's groups are in a dependent relationship, and are subject to, and tarnished by, the institutional imperatives, systemic corruption and political compulsions that shape the behaviour of rural development bureaucracies and banks. Part of the problem lies in a legacy of bank staff mistrusting borrowers due to arrears from previous credit granted under a different set of public schemes. Banks still try to recover old loans, and sometimes grant new loans to womens' SHGs conditional on repayments by their male relatives. Women consider the ways in which bank officials assess credit-worthiness of SHGs as sometimes being discriminatory and suggestive of caste-profiling. Since banks, as institutions, are not very sensitive to the realities of their SHG borrowers, the quality of the relationship often depends on the attitude of the bank's branch manager. Success in accessing loans is often contingent on how SHGs, bank staff, government officers and non-government organisations collude to subvert the official objective of the loan programme - enterprise-promotion. Manufacturing evidence about non-existent enterprises involves substantial costs and risks for SHGs. Providing financial services in rural India is now a profitable venture and is attracting private financing institutions, including transnational banks. It is suggested that we need to enquire further into the power dynamics that underlie relationships between the poor people using the financial services and their providers. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | POLITICAL FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | CASTE | INCENTIVES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Policy | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 327745 |
| 19. Title: Rapid assessment of demand-side financing experiences in Bangladesh. Author: Koehlmoos TL; Ashraf A; Kabir H; Islam Z; Gazi R; Saha NC; Khyang J Source: Dhaka, Bangladesh, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B], 2008 Sep. 40 p. (ICDDR,B Working Paper No. 170) Abstract: Towards the attainment of maternal health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of Bangladesh, under the Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Programme (HNPSP), embarked on piloting a demand-side financing (DSF) scheme in 33 upazilas during 2005-2007. Some upazilas offered universal coverage, and others used means-testing to target the poor. A rapid assessment was undertaken in March 2008 of three upazilas using quantitative and qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions. The assessment showed the operation of the DSF scheme, the number of beneficiaries served, and the impressions of the voucher scheme from various key stakeholders. The findings indicated an increase in institutional delivery. Concerns were expressed by all stakeholders about the availability of higher financial incentives for institutional deliveries compared to current financial incentives for sterilization, which many fear will negate the success of the national family-planning programme. Further improvement in the physical infrastructure of the existing public-sector facilities is likely to contribute to higher use. The opportunity exists to further engage the non-state sector providers and facilities for involvement with the scheme. The potential for an increase in the use of caesarian sections, changes in the physical infrastructure, and appropriate posting of human resources in the public sector should be monitored. The existence of financial incentives and the availability of technical assistance by a third party in the DSF scheme require a close examination in terms of sustainability and scale-up. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | FOCUS GROUPS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MATERNAL HEALTH | CESAREAN SECTION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | MONITORING | PUBLIC SECTOR | HUMAN RESOURCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Factors | Health | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 328023 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Fighting the brain drain. Author: McColl K Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Sep 15;337:958-960. Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, 3% of the world's health workforce cares for 10% of the world's population bearing 24% of the global disease burden. Developing countries need an extra 4.3 million health workers, and urgent action is required to scale up education and training. Last month the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health emphasised the importance of building and strengthening the health workforce if the goal of achieving health equity within a generation is to be realised. International cooperation will be essential to strengthen health systems and to manage the migration of health workers from developing to developed countries. But these measures will take time. What can African and Asian health systems do to recruit and retain health workers now? How can health workers be persuaded to practise in rural areas? Guidelines, commissioned by the Global Health Workforce Alliance, aim to help countries make the best use of incentives to attract and retain health professionals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | LABOR FORCE | WHO | LIFE EXPECTANCY | BRAIN DRAIN | TRAINING PROGRAMS | ACADEMIC TRAINING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | INCENTIVES | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | International Migration | Migration | Education | Policy Document Number: 328495 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact analysis of the discontinuation of reimbursement: the case of oral contraceptives. Author: Stolk P; Schneeweiss S; Leufkens HG; Heerdink ER Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):399-404. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We studied the impact of suspending oral contraceptive (OC) reimbursement in the Netherlands for women >21 years starting 1 January 2004. Discontinuation and switching patterns and the time course of the policy intervention's effects were determined. STUDY DESIGN: The intervention cohort contained OC users on 1 January 2004; the control cohort users on 1 January 2003. Follow-up duration was 1 year. Discontinuation and switching patterns were assessed using relative risks (RR). Weekly refill fractions were calculated to determine the time course of the policy effects. RESULTS: Our intervention cohort contained 434,917 OC users; the control cohort 489,904 users. When we excluded patients not affected by the policy intervention (i.e., all patients younger than 20 years), discontinuation rates were 15.3% (intervention cohort) and 12.3% (control cohort) (RR=1.24; 95% CI=1.23-1.26) and increased with age. Switching to cheaper OCs was greatest in the intervention cohort, particularly in the 40- to 44-year age group. Differences in cumulative refill fractions showed large variation over time. CONCLUSION: The OC reimbursement intervention led to an increase in the discontinuation rate of 24%. The effect increased with older age groups. Considering the time course of effects of policy interventions is of critical importance. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | INCENTIVES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Population Policy | Social Policy | Population Characteristics Document Number: 329149 |
| 22. Title: Mapping of community based distribution programs in Uganda. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Kampala], Uganda, FHI, 2007 Apr. 26 p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse Doc. ID / Order No. PN-ADK-632USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: Uganda has one of the highest total fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa, at 6.9 children per woman. In addition, more than 80 percent of the population lives in rural areas where many women do not have adequate access to clinical family planning services. For these reasons, community health programs remain an important mechanism for distributing contraceptives. Though these programs typically provide only a limited selection of contraceptive methods, evidence shows that they are effective, generate demand, and increase and sustain family planning use. The mapping exercise illustrated in this report was conducted to inform and support the efforts of the Ugandan Ministry of Health to increase the contraceptive prevalence through enhanced community-based distribution (CBD) of family planning. The specific objectives of the exercise were to 1) determine the historical and current coverage of CBD of family planning services in Uganda, by both governmental and nongovernmental programs, and 2) identifypotential districts for scaling up these services. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | IMPLEMENTATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | SUPERVISION | INCENTIVES | INTERVIEWS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Management | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 325484 |
| 23. Title: How to end child marriage: Action strategies for prevention and protection. Author: International Center for Research on Women [ICRW] Source: Washington, D.C., ICRW, 2007. [5] p. Abstract: Child marriage perpetuates an unrelenting cycle of gender inequality, sickness and poverty. Its consequences ripple through the world's poorest regions devastating the lives of girls, their families and their communities. Despite nearly universal condemnation, this harmful tradition thrives: 51 million girls are married. If nothing changes, another 100 million girls will be married within the decade. This policy brief outlines what we can and should be doing to end child marriage: changing harmful cultural norms, supporting community programs, maximizing foreign assistance, increasing access to girls' education, providing young women with economic opportunities, addressing the unique needs of child brides and evaluating programs to determine what works. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ASIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD | CHILD MARRIAGE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RISK FACTORS | FISTULA | POVERTY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCENTIVES | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Organization and Administration | Biology | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Programs Document Number: 320949 |
| 24. Title: [Breast-feeding: assessment of the implementation of a program at basic healthcare units in Recife, Pernambuco State (2002)] Aleitamento materno: avaliacao da implantacao do programa em unidades basicas de saude do Recife, Pernambuco (2002). Author: Bezerra LC; de Frias PG; Vidal SA; de Macedo VC; Vanderlei LC Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2007 Sep-Oct;12(5):1309-1317. Abstract: This paper analyses the implementation level of a breast-feeding incentive program at Government healthcare facilities in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, through a normative assessment conducted through 84 Family Health Teams and at 42 Health Centers in January 2002. A tool containing structured questions was used, related to rules and routines for promoting breastfeeding. The Family Health Teams performed better, with the actions implemented in 7.1% of these Teams and at none of the Health Centers; they were rated as 'not implemented' for 1.2% of the Family Health Teams and 47.6% of the Health Centers. This leads to the conclusion that implementation levels are not satisfactory, reflecting difficulties in breaking away from clinical practice and individual habits in order to introduce universal and all-round health promotion measures. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BREASTFEEDING | PROMOTION | INCENTIVES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | KNOWLEDGE | PREVIOUS PRACTICE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Marketing | Policy | Political Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 324599 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Reduced in-hospital mortality after improved management of children under 5 years admitted to hospital with malaria: Randomised trial. Author: Biai S; Rodriges A; Gomes M; Ribeiro I; Sodemann M Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2007 Oct 27;335(7625):1-6. Abstract: The objective was to test whether strict implementation of a standardised protocol for the management of malaria and provision of a financial incentive for health workers reduced mortality. The design used was a randomised controlled intervention trial. The setting for the study was a paediatric ward at the national hospital in Guinea-Bissau. All children admitted to hospital with severe malaria received free drug kits. The participants were 951 children aged 3 months to 5 years admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of malaria randomised to normal or intervention wards. Before the start of the study, all personnel were trained in the use of the standardised guidelines for the management of malaria, including strict follow-up procedures. Nurses and doctors were randomised to work on intervention or control wards. Personnel in the intervention ward received a small financial incentive ($50 (£25; ?35)/month for nurses and $160 for doctors) and their compliance with standard case management was closely monitored. The main outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and cumulative mortality within 4 weeks of hospital admission. In-hospital mortality was 5% for the intervention group and 10% in the control group (risk ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.79). The effect may have been stronger in patients with positive malaria slides (0.36, 0.16 to 0.80). Cumulative mortality 4 weeks after discharge was also lower in the intervention group (0.61, 0.40 to 0.95). Supervising healthcare workers to adhere to a standardised treatment protocol was associated with greatly reduced in-hospital mortality. Financial incentives may be important for the dedication and compliance of staff members. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GUINEA-BISSAU | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CHILDREN | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | MALARIA | TREATMENT | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | STANDARDS | CHILD MORTALITY | INCENTIVES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321764 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Internet as a tool to access high-risk men who have sex with men from a resource-constrained setting: A study from Peru. Author: Blas MM; Alva IE; Cabello R; Garcia PJ; Carcamo C Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007;83:567-570. Abstract: In Peru, current interventions in high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM) reach a limited number of this population because they rely solely on peer education. The objective of this study was to assess the use of the internet as an alternative tool to access this population. The methods used were two nearly identical banner ads-both advertising an online survey but only one offering free HIV/ syphilis tests and condoms-were displayed randomly on a Peruvian gay website. The inclusion of the health incentive increased the frequency of completed surveys (5.8% vs 3.4% of delivered impressions; p,0.001), attracting high-risk MSM not previously tested for HIV but interested in a wide variety of preventive Web-based interventions. Eleven per cent (80/713) of participants who said they had completed the survey offering free testing visited our clinic: of those who attended, 6% had already been diagnosed as having HIV, while 5% tested positive for HIV. In addition, 8% tested positive for syphilis. The internet can be used as a tool to access MSM in Peru. The compensation of a free HIV/ syphilis test increased the frequency of participation in our online survey, indicating that such incentives may be an effective means of reaching this population. However, as only a small percentage of participants actually reported for testing, future research should develop and assess tailored internet interventions to increase HIV/STI testing and delivery of other prevention services to Peruvian MSM. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERNET | PARTICIPATION | RESPONDENTS | HOMOSEXUALS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | POPULATION AT RISK | HIV TESTING | TESTING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOMS | ADVERTISING | INCENTIVES | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Information Networks | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Promotion | Marketing | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322777 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: New approaches to filling the gap in tuberculosis drug discovery. Author: Casenghi M; Cole ST; Nathan CF Source: PLoS Medicine. 2007 Nov;4(11):e293. Abstract: Early stage drug discovery is a key bottleneck in the pipeline to find novel drugs for tuberculosis (TB). For diseases that affect people in wealthy countries, pharmaceutical companies actively scout advances in basic research in search of new and potentially lucrative drug targets. For TB, this is not the case: of the 1,556 new chemical entities marketed worldwide between 1975 and 2004, only three were for TB. The general problem of antibiotic research and development (R&D) has been described elsewhere, but TB is worth singling out: it is the leading cause of death from bacterial infection, it is spread person to person, and it is a particular threat for nosocomial transmission, with a potentially lethal impact on health care workers. The few companies newly engaged in TB drug development remain risk-averse, generally embarking on drug development only when given evidence of rigorously validated targets and lead compounds that inhibit them. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, a product development partnership devoted to fostering preclinical and clinical development of new TB drugs, has helped to move the few available lead compounds into development, but has had limited impact on early stages of TB drug discovery. Consequently, it has fallen in large part to academia to undertake early stage drug discovery. In practical terms, though, the lack of sustained funding for drug discovery and lack of access to industrial expertise and facilities, including medicinal chemistry, are major obstacles. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUGS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | NEEDS | RISK FACTORS | INCENTIVES | INTERVENTIONS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors | Biology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322096 |
| 28. Title: Migration of nurses from Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of issues and challenges. Author: Dovlo D Source: Health Services Research. 2007 Jun;42(3):1373-1388. Abstract: Objective: To assess the impact of out-migration of nurses on the health systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Setting: The countries of SSA. Design and Methods: Review of secondary sources: existing publications and country documents on the health workforce; documents prepared for the Joint Learning Initiative Global Human Resources for Health report, the World Health Organization (AFRO) synthesis on migration, and the International Council of Nurses series on the global nursing situation. Analysis of associated data. Principal Findings: The state of nursing practice in SSA appears to have been impacted negatively by migration. Available (though inadequate) quantitative data on stocks and flows, qualitative information on migration issues and trends, and on the main strategies being employed in both source and recipient countries indicate that the problem is likely to grow over the next 5-10 years. Conclusions: Multiple actions are needed at various policy levels in both source and receiving countries to moderate negative effects of nurse emigration in developing countries in Africa; however, critically, source countries must establish more effective policies and strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | NURSES AND NURSING | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | HUMAN RESOURCES | ORIGIN | DESTINATION | MOTIVATION | INCENTIVES | POLICY | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 313259 |
| 29. Title: Managing the health Millennium Development Goals -- the challenge of management strengthening: lessons from three countries. Author: Egger D; Ollier E Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], Department for Health Policy, Development and Services, 2007. [39] p. (Making Health Systems Work: Working Paper No. 8WHO/HSS/healthsystems/2007.1) Abstract: Achieving the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will require a significant scaling up of health service delivery in many countries. The number of competent managers will also have to be scaled up at the same time - managers are an essential resource for ensuring that priority needs are met and resources are used effectively. A variety of considerations needs to be taken into account when strengthening management, including: ensuring an adequate number of managers at all levels of the health system; building existing managers' own competences; improving management support systems (systems to manage money, staff, information, supplies, etc.); creating a more supportive work environment (what is expected from managers; the rules under which managers work; their relationship with local government and other actors; supervision and incentives for improving their performance). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | TOGO | UGANDA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CASE STUDIES | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | GOALS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HUMAN RESOURCES | SUPERVISION | MANAGEMENT | DRUGS | HEALTH POLICY | LEGISLATION | STANDARDS | INCENTIVES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Eastern | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320946 |
| 30. Title: Emergence of the Indian National Family Planning Program. Author: Harkavy O; Roy K Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :301-323. Abstract: In comparison with neighboring Pakistan and other developing countries, India's rate of population growth was not particularly high. Its overall annual rate of population increase was about 2.2 percent in 1961 and 2.5 percent in 1971, with substantial differences from region to region. Relatively high mortality, together with a high prevalence of widowhood and a cultural taboo on remarriage by widows, prevented extremely high levels of population growth. Nonetheless, more than a million people were added to India's population each month. Furthermore, 2.4 percent of the world's area, which contained about 15 percent of the world's population, accounted for a population density of 300 or more people per square kilometer. Govind Narain, Secretary of the Ministry of Health's Family Planning and Urban Development Department in the late 1960s, expressed the prevailing government outlook: "The high growth rate of this large population . . . poses tremendous socio-economic problems not only for the maintenance of minimal standards of living but also for raising them. Already a vast development by way of large increases in agricultural and industrial production has been neutralized by population growth. . . . The manifold expansion of employment, housing, educational and other facilities has been almost entirely swallowed by the fast growing population". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PRESSURE | MALTHUSIANISM | FAMINE | FOOD SUPPLY | INCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEASUREMENT | SOCIAL SCIENCES | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Theory | Demography | Science | Contraception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 321993 |
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