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Peer Reviewed

Title: Interaction of contraceptive antimicrobial peptide nisin with target cell membranes: implications for use as vaginal microbicide.
Author: Gupta SM; Aranha CC; Bellare JR; Reddy KV
Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):299-307.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nisin, a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is currently the focus of clinical trials as an intravaginal microbicide. Therefore its mechanism of interaction with various cell membranes was studied. STUDY DESIGN: Flow cytometry was used for quantitative estimation of membrane damage by nisin which was further determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Affinity of nisin for different unilamellar liposome vesicles was determined spectroflurometrically and confirmed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). RESULTS: Propidium iodide (PI) staining by flow cytometry exhibited selective membrane permeabilizing effect of nisin on sperm and bacterial membranes which correlated with ultrastructural changes. In vitro interaction of nisin with liposome model vesicles revealed significant leakage of calcein from liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol (POPC/POPG) (e.g., bacteria) and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (POPC/POPS) (e.g., spermatozoa) as compared to phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (POPC/POPE) vesicles (e.g., red blood corpuscles). LSCM results were in complete agreement with cell membrane affinity studies. CONCLUSION: This unique property of nisin can be exploited in the development of a safe and effective vaginal microbicide for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STIs/AIDS) and unplanned pregnancies.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOZOA | IN VITRO | MICROBICIDES | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342572

2.
Title: Studies of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) for HIV-1-discordant couples using washed sperm and the nested PCR method: a comparison of the pregnancy rates in HIV-1-discordant couples and control couples.
Author: Kashima K; Takakuwa K; Suzuki M; Makino M; Kaneko S; Kato S; Hanabusa H; Tanaka K
Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;62(3):173-6.
Abstract: In this study, the efficacy and safety of assisted reproduction techniques with the sperm-washing method and nested PCR assay were evaluated in HIV-1-discordant couples, as many HIV-1-positive people of reproductive age are getting married and wish to have children safely. Twenty-seven HIV-1-discordant couples (husband, positive; wife, negative) were enrolled in this study. The spermatozoa were separated from semen samples by density gradient centrifugation and the swim-up method. HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA were checked using nested PCR with a detection limit of one copy before fertilization and before embryo transfer. Clinical outcomes were compared with those of matched control couples. Thirty-eight cycles of in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection were performed in HIV-1-discordant couples, where the pregnancy rates per embryo transfer and per couple were 60.6 and 63.0%, respectively. These rates were significantly higher than those in control couples (P<0.05). Furthermore, all of the females and babies remained HIV-1 negative throughout the study period. Our data strongly suggest that this technique will allow HIV-1-discordant couples to conceive more safely and effectively.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SAFETY | HIV INFECTIONS | SPERMATOZOA | SEMEN | EMBRYO TRANSFER | IN VITRO | PREGNANCY RATE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction | Public Health | Health | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Clinical Research | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342657

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture model.
Author: Meng CX; Andersson KL; Bentin-Ley U; Gemzell-Danielsson K; Lalitkumar PG
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Jan;91(1):256-64.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on the expression of endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional endometrial construct. DESIGN: In vitro study. SETTING: University hospital and research laboratory. PATIENT(S): Twelve fertile donors. INTERVENTION(S): Timed endometrial biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Examine the effect of levonorgestrel along with another well-studied fertility-regulating drug, mifepristone, on the expression of endometrial receptivity factors in a three-dimensional stromal and epithelial cell coculture model by immunohistochemistry. RESULT(S): Both epithelial and stromal cells of in vitro endometrial construct showed the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha, estrogen receptor-beta, progesterone receptors-(A+B), vascular endothelial growth factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-1 beta, and cyclooxygenase-2, whereas the expression of progesterone receptor-B (AR), integrin alpha(V)beta(3,) and MUC1 were confined to epithelialcells. Mifepristone up-regulated expression of epithelial estrogen receptor-beta and progesterone receptor-B and down-regulated stromal vascular endothelial growth factor and surface molecules MUC1 and integrin alpha(V)beta(3) as observed in vivo. Levonorgestrel had no effect on the expression of endometrial receptivity markers studied. CONCLUSION(S): This in vitro model expresses progesterone-regulated endometrial receptivity factors seen in the physiologic condition. Treatment with levonorgestrel did not affect the expression of these endometrial receptivity markers in contrast to mifepristone. This in vitro model holds the potential to study endometrial receptivity, the embryo-endometrial interaction, and develop new agents for fertility control.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LEVONORGESTREL | RU-486 | DECIDUAL CELL REACTION | FERTILITY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Cytologic Effects | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 329592

Title: Fabrication, characterization and in vivo studies of biodegradable gamma sterilized injectable microparticles for contraception.
Author: Puthli SP; Vavia PR
Source: Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2009 Feb 23;:1-7.
Abstract: A Levonorgestrel-loaded microparticulate system was developed with gelatin and bovine serum albumin using triple emulsion technique coupled with chemical cross-linking thermal rigidization method. The formulation was optimized for various formulation variables and process parameters. The microparticulate system was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, IR, DSC, XRD, residual solvent content and evaluated for sterility, abnormal toxicity and absence of pyrogens. Microparticles were sterilized by gamma irradiation at 2.5 Mrad. The system was injected intramuscularly in rabbits and drug blood levels estimated using radioimmunoassay technique. An optimized drug to polymer ratio of 0.4:0.75 w/w gave drug encapsulation efficiency of about 40%. The in vitro drug release followed Higuchi square root kinetics. In in vivo studies the AUC0-t was found to be 12849.25 pg/mL.day(-1) with mean residence time calculated to be about 16 days and Kel of 0.02 day(-1). Levonorgestrel (LNG) levels were maintained between 200 and 400 pg/mL. The pharmacokinetic results indicate that LNG is released from the injectable microparticles for a period of one-month duration.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | LEVONORGESTREL | INJECTABLES | IN VITRO | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330419

Title: In vitro fertilization in two patients with Kartagener's syndrome and infertility.
Author: Abu-Musa A; Nassar A; Usta I
Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008 Jan;65(1):29-31.
Abstract: Women with Kartagener's syndrome (KS) are at a risk for infertility because of the dyskinetic ciliary activity in the fallopian tubes. In vitro fertilization - embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is considered the treatment of choice for patients with tubal factor infertility. In the literature only 2 patients with KS were treated with IVF-ET, with only one pregnancy achieved. We report 2 patients with KS and infertility treated successfully with IVF-ET. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PULMONARY EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | INFERTILITY | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Reproduction | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Pregnancy
Document Number: 323122

Title: Influence of the asexual parasite biomass on in vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in Abidjan.
Author: Bla KB; Yavo W; Ouattara L; Basco L; Djaman AJ
Source: African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008 Apr;7(8):936-940.
Abstract: The in vitro activities of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin (the biologically active metabolite of artemisinin derivatives), chloroquine and pyronaridine were assessed in 32 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Abobo in the northern of Abidjan district (Cote d'Ivoire) using a test based on the standard microtechnique recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The parasites densities were ranged between 8,000 and 540,000 rings/microl of blood. The geometric means 50% inhibitory concentration (GMIC50) values for chloroquine, pyronaridine and artemisinin were 145.5 nM (95% confidence interval (CI) = 65-226 nM), 17.69 nM (95% CI = 9.1-26.3 nM) and 5.72 nM (95% CI = 2.3-9.1 nM), respectively. Dihydroartemisinin was the most potent drug against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant isolates with a geometric mean of 2.72 nM. There was no correlation between the parasite densities and the responses to chloroquine (r/2 = 0.01, p less than 0.5), pyronaridine (r/2 = 0.13, p less than 0.05), artemisinin (r/2 = 0.13, p less than 0.05) and dihydroartemisinin (r/2 = 0.07, p less than 0.1). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MALARIA PREVENTION | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | PARASITES | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation
Document Number: 326233

Peer Reviewed

Title: Can intrauterine contraceptive devices be a Candida albicans reservoir?
Author: Chassot F; Negri MF; Svidzinski AE; Donatti L; Peralta RM
Source: Contraception. 2008 May;77(5):355-359.
Abstract: The in vitro adherence of Candida albicans isolated from vaginal exudates of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) to intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) and biofilm formation capacity were evaluated. This research was conducted with two vaginal C. albicans isolates. The adherence on IUD by both radiomarked adhesion assay and scanning electron microscopy, and the biofilm production capacity by spectrophotometric method were determined. The yeasts adhered strongly to different parts of the IUD (covered with copper wire, without copper wire and tail), and there was no significant difference in the rates of adhesion to the different parts (p=.7771). The vaginal yeasts showed a high capacity to produce biofilm. Two vaginal yeasts evaluated showed a high capacity to produce biofilm on IUD. It was confirmed that all parts of the IUD allow the adherence of yeasts. The adherence of C. albicans to different parts of the IUD and its formation of biofilm seems to be important attributes influencing the occurrence of VVC and recurrent VVC. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINA | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IN VITRO | IUD COMPLICATIONS | POLYETHYLENE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Polymers | Ingredients and Chemicals
Document Number: 325973

Title: Maternal tobacco use its preimplantation effects on fertility: More reasons to stop smoking.
Author: Cooper AR; Moley KH
Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2008 Mar;26:204-212.
Abstract: There are numerous health concerns regarding tobacco smoke. Yet, only recently have researchers extensively explored the association between tobacco smoke and a woman's inability to conceive. Whether exposure occurs in utero, during pregnancy, or throughout the reproductive years, it can affect all facets of fertility and lead to diminished ovarian function and earlier menopause. This review analyzes the literature concerning the delay or absence of conception in some women exposed to cigarette smoke and provides a detailed examination of the potential reproductive targets of the mutagenic and toxic components of tobacco. A negative influence on ovarian steroidogenesis and gametogenesis, oocyte maturity, ovulation, oocyte cumulus complex pick-up, gamete and embryo transport by the oviduct, fertilization, and implantation could all play a role. Assisted reproductive technology, or more specifically, in vitro fertilization, has allowed us to more thoroughly analyze successful pregnancy cycles and the negative consequences of smoking. Objective measurements of tobacco compounds and their metabolites in follicular fluid correlate with subjective measures of ovarian, gamete, and embryo quality in smokers and in those exposed to passive smoke. Regardless, there is an abundance of literature accumulating and more than enough reasons to tell patients to stop smoking. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | EMBRYO | TOBACCO USE | INFERTILITY | MENOPAUSE | OVULATION SUPPRESSION | GENETICS | TOXICITY | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | IN VITRO | FERTILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Physiology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 324981

10.

Title: Variation of nitric oxide levels in imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria episodes.
Author: De Sousa K; Silva MS; Tavira LT
Source: African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008 Mar 18;7(6):796-799.
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized during the past two decades as one of the most versatile players in the immune system. Even though the molecular mechanisms responsible by the naturally acquired immunity against malaria are still to be clarified, the production of NO seems to play an important role as a marker for the severity of the disease. In this study we assess the level of nitric oxide in the serum of subjects exposed to malarial settings but who have not become clinically infected by plasmodia parasites. We conclude that NO is in fact a marker of clinical infections but cannot be used as an indicator of the disease's severity. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PORTUGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE | IN VITRO | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | DRUGS | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Public Health | Health | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 326232

11.

Title: The in vitro anti-plasmodial and in vivo anti-malarial efficacy of combinations of some medicinal plants used traditionally for treatment of malaria by the Meru community in Kenya.
Author: Gathirwa JW; Rukunga GM; Njagi EN; Omar SA; Mwitari PG
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Jan 17;115(2):223-231.
Abstract: The use of herbal drugs as combinations has existed for centuries in several cultural systems. However, the safety and efficacy of such combinations have not been validated. In this study, the toxicity, anti-plasmodial and antimalarial efficacy of several herbal drug combinations were investigated. Lannea schweinfurthii, Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea, used by traditional health practitioners in Meru community, were tested for in vitro anti-plasmodial and in vivo anti-malarial activity singly against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei, respectively. Methanolic extract of Turraea robusta was the most active against Plasmodium falciparum D6 strain. Aqueous extracts of Lannea schweinfurthii had the highest anti-plamodial activity followed by Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea. D6 was more sensitive to the plant extracts than W2 strain. Lannea schweinfurthii extracts had the highest anti-malarial activity in mice followed by Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea with the methanol extracts being more active than aqueous ones. Combinations of aqueous extracts of the three plants and two others (Boscia salicifolia and Rhus natalensis) previously shown to exhibit anti-plasmodial and anti-malarial activity singly were tested in mice. Marked synergy and additive interactions were observed when combinations of the drugs were assayed in vitro. Different combinations of Turraea robusta and Lannea schweinfurthii exhibited good in vitro synergistic interactions. Combinations of Boscia salicifolia and Sclerocarya birrea; Rhus natalensis and Turraea robusta; Rhus natalensis and Boscia salicifolia; Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea; and Lannea schweinfurthii and Boscia salicifolia exhibited high malaria parasite suppression (chemo-suppression greater than 90%) in vivo when tested in mice. The findings are a preliminary demonstration of the usefulness of combining several plants in herbal drugs, as a normal practice of traditional health practitioners. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | PARASITE CONTROL | TOXICITY | SAFETY | IN VITRO | ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology
Document Number: 325606

12.

Title: Baseline in vitro efficacy of ACT component drugs on Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from Mali.
Author: Kaddouri H; Djimde A; Dama S; Kodio A; Tekete M
Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2008;:[8] p.
Abstract: In vitro susceptibility to antimalarial drugs of Malian Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected between 2004 and 2006 was studied. Susceptibility to chloroquine and to three artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) component drugs was assessed as a first, to our knowledge, in vitro susceptibility study in Mali. Overall 96 Malian isolates (51 from around Bamako and 45 collected from French travellers returning from Mali) were cultivated in a CO/2 incubator. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC/50/s) were measured by either hypoxanthine incorporation or Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) ELISA. Although the two sets of data were generated with different methods, the global IC/50 distributions showed parallel trends. A good concordance of resistance phenotype with pfcrt 76T mutant genotype was found within the sets of clinical isolates tested. We confirm a high prevalence of P. falciparum in vitro resistance to chloroquine in Mali (60-69%). While some isolates showed IC/50/s close to the cut-off for resistance to monodesethylamodiaquine, no decreased susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin or lumefantrine was detected. This study provides baseline data for P. falciparum in vitro susceptibility to ACT component drugs in Mali. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | TARGET POPULATION | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | PARASITE CONTROL | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | DRUG RESISTANCE | IN VITRO | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Treatment
Document Number: 325605

13.

Title: Antimalarial activity of crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants.
Author: Kaou AM; Mahiou-Leddet V; Hutter S; Ainouddine S; Hassani S
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Feb 28;116(1):74-83.
Abstract: An ethnobotanical study was conducted in Comores (Ngazidja) about plant species used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of 76 vegetal extracts obtained from 17 species traditionally used to treat malaria symptoms, was evaluated in vitro using Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain (W2). Antiproliferative activity was evaluated on human monocytic THP1 cells and the selectivity index of the plant extracts was calculated. The results showed that 10 plant extracts had a moderate activity (5 less than IC/50 less than or equal to 10microg/ml), and 6 a good in vitro activity with IC/50 value less than or equal to 5miocrog/ml. The highest antiplasmodial activity was found for the MeOH/H2O leaves extract of Flueggea virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosa (Euphorbiaceae) (IC/50 = 2microg/ml), for roots decoction of Flueggea virosa (IC/50 = 3microg/ml) and for chloromethylenic roots extract of Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake subsp.grandis (DC.) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae) (IC/50 = 3microg/ml). Three other extracts showed moderate antiplasmodial activity (IC/50 less than 5microg/ml): Vernonia colorata (aerial part), Piper capense L.f. (Piperaceae), and Leptadenia madagascariensis Decne (Asclepiadaceae) chloromethylenic extracts (IC/50 = 6microg/ml; 7 microg/ml and 9 microg/ml, respectively). All the plants tested displayed a low cytotoxicity on THP1 cells. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | MALARIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | IN VITRO | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Medical Procedures
Document Number: 325338

14.

Title: In vitro monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in French Guiana: A synopsis of continuous Assessment from 1994 to 2005.
Author: Legrand E; Volney B; Meynard JB; Mercereau-Puijalon O; Esterre P
Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2008 Jan;52(1):288-298.
Abstract: Implemented as one arm of the malaria control program in French Guiana in the early 1990s, our laboratory has since established in vitro profiles for parasite drug susceptibility to a panel of eight antimalarials for more than 1,000 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from infected patients. The quinine-doxycycline combination was introduced in 1995 as the first-line drug treatment against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, replacing chloroquine, and the first-line drug combination was changed to the artemether-lumefantrine combination in 2002. Resistance to chloroquine declined 5 years after it was dropped in 1995 as the first-line drug, but unlike similar situations in Africa, there was a rapid halt to this decline. Doxycycline susceptibility substantially decreased from 2002 to 2005, suggesting parasite selection under quinine-doxycycline drug pressure. Susceptibility to mefloquine decreased from 1997 onward. Throughout the period from 1994 to 2005, most isolates were sensitive in vitro to quinine, amodiaquine, and atovaquone. Susceptibility to amodiaquine was strongly correlated with that to chloroquine and to a lesser extent with that to mefloquine and halofantrine. Susceptibilities to mefloquine and to halofantrine were also strongly correlated. There were two alerts issued for in vitro artemether resistance in the period from 2002 to 2003 and again in 2005, both of which could be associated with the presence of an S769N polymorphism in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA)-type P. falciparum ATPase6 (PfATPase6) gene. Analysis of susceptibility to lumefantrine, conducted for the first time in 2005, indicates an alarming rate of elevated 50% inhibitory concentrations. In vitro monitoring of parasite drug susceptibility should be pursued to further document the consequences of specific drug policies on the local parasite population and, in particular, to establish profiles of susceptibility to individual components of drug combinations to provide early warning signs of emerging parasite resistance. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
FRENCH GUIANA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRESS REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | IN VITRO | MONITORING | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | PARASITE CONTROL | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Public Health
Document Number: 325612

15.

Title: Oral contraceptive pretreatment and half dose of ganirelix does not excessively suppress LH and may be an excellent choice for scheduling IUI cycles.
Author: Meldrum DR; Cassidenti DL; Rosen GF; Yee B; Wisot AL
Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2008 Aug;25(8):417-20.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the effects of using a reduced dose of ganirelix with oral contraceptive pretreatment in a pilot study of COH using pure FSH for intrauterine insemination (IUI) METHODS: Patients received oral contraceptive (OC; 30 microg ethinyl estradiol/150 microg desogestrel) for 14-21 days and rFSH (50-225 IU/day SC) was started on day 4 after OC discontinuation. Ganirelix acetate (125 microg/day) was started with a lead follicle diameter of 14 mm. RESULTS: Of the 25 subjects who started oral contraceptives, one was cancelled due to an excessive response, and one subject was not included in the analysis because she did not receive ganirelix until the lead follicle was 18 mm. Median (range) starting FSH dose was 100 (50-225), cumulative rFSH dose was 1000 (675-2175) IU over 10 (9-17) days. Duration of ganirelix acetate treatment was 4.0 (2-5) days. Seven subjects (30.4%) delivered ten babies (three pregnancies were twins). There were no biochemical pregnancies or miscarriages. Of the 16 subjects with measurement of LH on the day of HCG administration, only one was under 0.5 mIU/ml (0.4), and only one was over 10 mIU/ml (17.7), and that subject delivered twins. CONCLUSION: OC pretreatment afforded flexibility in scheduling while a reduced dose of ganirelix avoided excessive suppression of LH. The excellent results in this pilot study for IUI suggest this regimen could be further evaluated for scheduling IUI and IVF cycles.
Language: English
Keywords:
MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | IN VITRO | TIME FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 329209

16.
Title: Release of copper from CuT 380A co-incubated with human semen and its effect on sperm function in vitro.
Author: Misro MM; Chaki SP; Chandra M; Maheshwari A; Nandan D
Source: Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2008 Jul-Sep;52(3):267-73.
Abstract: Release of copper and its effect on functional integrity of human sperms in vitro were assessed following co-incubation of semen with CuT 380A. After 30 min of incubation with semen, release of copper ions from CuT 380A was found to be 9.2 to 40 times higher compared to control incubations with PBS. Sperm function tests, when simultaneously performed following loss of motility in sperms (> 95%) after 120 min of copper exposure, depicted a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in sperm viability and hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) response. However, the affected sperm populations revealed no significant alterations in other functional tests like acrosomal status or nuclear chromatin decondensation. It is therefore concluded that the high release of copper from CuT 380A drastically lowers sperm motility, viability and HOS response but only marginally affects the acrosome status or nuclear chromatin condensation in short term incubations.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | IN VITRO | SEMEN | SPERM TRANSPORT INHIBITION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Inhibition of Fertilization | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342312

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Concentration and purification by magnetic separation of the erythrocytic stages of all human Plasmodium species.
Author: Ribaut C; Berry A; Chevalley S; Reybier K; Morlais I
Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Mar 5;7:45.
Abstract: Parasite concentration methods facilitate molecular, biochemical and immunological research on the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium. In this paper, an adaptation of magnetic MACS columns for the purification of human Plasmodium species is presented. This method was useful for the concentration/purification of either schizonts or gametocytes. The magnetic removal of non-parasitized red blood cells (in vivo and in vitro) using magnetic columns (MACS) was evaluated. This easy-to-use technique enriched schizonts and gametocytes from Plasmodium falciparum in vitro cultures with a very high degree of purity. In addition, all haemozoin-containing stages (schizonts and/or gametocytes) from the peripheral blood of infected patients could be concentrated using this method. This method is particularly useful for the concentration of non-falciparum species, which do not grow in culture and are otherwise difficult to obtain in large amounts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | MALARIA | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PARASITES | IN VITRO | BLOOD | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Hemic System | Physiology
Document Number: 325184

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differential interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and its distribution pattern in eutopic and ectopic endometrium.
Author: Salmassi A; Acil Y; Schmutzler AG; Koch K; Jonat W
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89 Suppl 3:1578-1584.
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the concentration and distribution pattern of interleukin-6-producing cells in ectopic and eutopic endometrium. The design used was the collection of both tissues at the proliferative cycle phase. The setting was the university endocrinology and laparoscopy program. Twelve samples from six women were obtained at operative laparoscopy in the proliferative phase of each woman's cycle. The intervention(s) were paired sampling of ectopic (n = 6) and eutopic endometrium (n = 6). Concentration of IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured by real-time RT-PCR, and its distribution was determined by in situ RT-PCR. In vitro RT-PCR analysis showed distinct bands at 234 bp and 115 bp for IL-6 mRNA in eutopic and ectopic endometrium and in placenta as positive control. Real-time RT-PCR indicated significantly higher expression of IL-6 in tissue with endometriosis than in tissue without. In all 12 samples subjected to in situ RT-PCR, positive signals of IL-6 mRNA were observed in cytoplasm of epithelial and stroma cells of ectopic and eutopic endometrium tissue. The significant IL-6 mRNA increase in endometriosis compared with in eutopic endometrium may play a role in the development of endometriosis and may provide new directions for endometriosis research. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | LAPAROSCOPY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IN VITRO | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 327231

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Isolation of human single chain variable fragment antibodies against specific sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development.
Author: Samuel AS; Naz RK
Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1324-1337.
Abstract: Contraceptive vaccines can provide valuable alternatives to current methods of contraception. We describe here the development of sperm-reactive human single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies of defined sperm specificity for immunocontraception. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from antisperm antibody-positive immunoinfertile and vasectomized men were activated with human sperm antigens in vitro, and the complementary DNA prepared and PCR-amplified using primers based on all the variable regions of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. The scFv repertoire was cloned into pCANTAB5E vector to create a human scFv antibody library. Panning of the library against specific sperm antigens yielded several clones, and the four strongest reactive were selected for further analysis. These clones had novel sequences with unique complementarity-determining regions. ScFv antibodies were expressed, purified and analyzed for human sperm reactivity and effect on human sperm function. AFA-1 and FAB-7 scFv antibodies both reacted with fertilization antigen-1 antigen, but against different epitopes. YLP20 antibody reacted with the expected human sperm protein of 48 plus or minus 5 kDa. The fourth antibody, AS16, reacted with an 18 kDa sperm protein and seems to be a human homologue of the mouse monoclonal recombinant antisperm antibody that causes sperm agglutination. All these antibodies inhibited human sperm function. This is the first study to report the use of phage display technology to obtain antisperm scFv antibodies of defined antigen specificity. These antibodies will find clinical applications in the development of novel immunocontraceptives, and specific diagnostics for immunoinfertility. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IN VITRO | INFERTILITY | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | VACCINES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 326617

20.

Title: In vitro anti-HIV-1 properties of ethnobotanically selected South African plants used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.
Author: Tshikalange TE; Meyer JJ; Lall N; Munoz E; Sancho R; Van de Venter M; Oosthuizen V
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Oct 28;119(3):478-81.
Abstract: ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The plants selected in this study are used traditionally in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and traditional healers interviewed claimed these plants can also help AIDS patients. AIM: To evaluating the in vitro anti-HIV properties of selected plants in various bioassays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extracts were evaluated for their inhibition against alpha-glycohydrolase, reverse transcriptase and viral proteins (NF-kappaB and Tat) which play a significant role in the HIV life cycle. RESULTS: Terminalia sericea extract (IC(50)=92mg/ml) exhibited a considerable alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity which was better than acarbose (IC(50)=131mg/ml) under our assay conditions. In the reverse transcriptase assay, T. sericea also showed good inhibitory activity (IC(50)=43mg/ml), which was higher than that of the reference drug, Adriamycin (IC(50)=100mg/ml). The ethyl acetate extract of Elaeodendron transvaalense exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity in both the NF-kappaB and Tat assays with inhibitory activity of 76% and 75% respectively at a concentration of 15mg/ml. The acetone and chloroform extracts of E. transvaalense and Zanthoxylum davyi also showed good activity in the NF-kappaB and Tat assays.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | MEDICINAL PLANTS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Medical Procedures
Document Number: 329702

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Surfactants as microbicides and contraceptive agents: a systematic in vitro study.
Author: Vieira OV; Hartmann DO; Cardoso CM; Oberdoerfer D; Baptista M; Santos MA; Almeida L; Ramalho-Santos J; Vaz WL
Source: PLoS One. 2008;3(8):e2913.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The urgent need for cheap and easy-to-use protection against both unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases has stimulated considerable interest in the use of surfactants as microbicides, anti-viral, and contraceptive agents in recent years. In the present study we report a systematic in vitro evaluation of the microbicidal, anti-viral and contraceptive potential of cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic surfactants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Toxicity was evaluated in mammalian columnar epithelial (MDCK) cells, human sperm cells, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis. The inhibition of adenovirus and lentivirus infection of MDCK cells was also tested. A homologous series of cationic surfactants, alkyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromides (C(n)TAB), with varying alkyl chains were shown to be bactericidal and fungicidal at doses that were related to the surfactant critical micelle concentrations (CMC), all of them at concentrations significantly below the CMC. In general, bacteria were more susceptible to this surfactant group than C. albicans and this organism, in turn, was more susceptible than MDCK cells. This suggests that the C(n)TAB may be useful as vaginal disinfectants only in so far as bacterial and fungal infections are concerned. None of the surfactants examined, including those that have been used in pre-clinical studies, showed inhibition of adenovirus or lentivirus infection of MDCK cells or spermicidal activity at doses that were sub-toxic to MDCK cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study lead us to propose that systematic analysis of surfactant toxicity, such as we report in the present work, be made a mandatory pre-condition for the use of these substances in pre-clinical animal and/or human studies.
Language: English
Keywords:
PORTUGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | IN VITRO | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VAGINAL FOAM | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 329236

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Anti-malarial efficacy of pyronaridine and artesunate in combination in vitro and in vivo.
Author: Vivas L; Rattray L; Stewart L; Bongard E; Robinson BL
Source: Acta Tropica. 2008 Mar;105(3):222-228.
Abstract: Pyronaridine is a Mannich base anti-malarial with demonstrated efficacy against drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. However, resistance to pyronaridine can develop quickly when it is used alone but can be considerably delayed when it is administered with artesunate in rodent malaria models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pyronaridine in combination with artesunate against P. falciparum in vitro and in rodent malaria models in vivo to support its clinical application. Pyronaridine showed consistently high levels of in vitro activity against a panel of six P. falciparum drug-sensitive and resistant strains (Geometric Mean IC/50 = 2.24 nM, 95% CI = 1.20-3.27). In vitro interactions between pyronaridine and artesunate showed a slight antagonistic trend, but in vivo compared to pyronaridine and artesunate administered alone, the 3:1 ratio of the combination, reduced the ED/90 of artesunate by approximately 15.6-fold in a pyronaridine-resistant P. berghei line and by approximately 200-fold in an artesunate-resistant line of P. berghei. Complete cure rates were achieved with doses of the combination above or equal to 8 mg/kg per day against P. chabaudi AS. These results indicate that the combination had an enhanced effect over monotherapy and lower daily doses of artesunate could be used to obtain a curative effect. The data suggest that the combination of pyronaridine and artesunate should have potential in areas of multi-drug resistant malaria. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MALARIA | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 326236

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The prevalence and degree of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to first-line antimalarial drugs: An in vitro study from a malaria endemic region in Yemen.
Author: Al-Shamahy H; Al-Harazy AH; Harmal NS; Al-Kabsi AM
Source: Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2007 Nov-Dec;27(6):432-436.
Abstract: Unpublished studies on antimalarial drug efficacy have found low levels of chloroquine resistance in Yemen. This study was carried out to determine the current prevalence of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Yemen to the main anti-malarial drugs and to determine the effective concentration (EC) values. The WHO standard protocol was used for the selection of subjects, collection of blood samples, culture techniques, examination of post-culture blood slides and interpretation of results. The in vitro micro-test Mark III was used for assessing susceptibility of P. falciparum isolates. The criteria for blood parasite density was met by 219 P. falciparum malaria patients. Chloroquine resistance was found in 47% of isolated P. falciparum schizonts. Mefloquine resistance was found in 5.2%. In addition, the EC50 and EC95 values in blood that inhibited schizont maturation in resistant isolates were higher than the normal therapeutic level for mefloquine. No resistance occurred against quinine or artemisinin, with no growth at the cut-off level for quinine and inhibition at low concentrations of artemisinin. Our study confirmed the occurrence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and a slow increase in the rate of this resistance; it is likely that resistance will increase further and spread over all the foci of malaria in Yemen. The low rate of mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum, was lower than that reported in Africa or Southeast Asia, but it is the first report of mefloquine resistance in Yemen. Finally, the isolates were sensitive to low concentrations of quinine and artemisinin. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
YEMEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | DRUG RESISTANCE | MALARIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | PREVALENCE | IN VITRO | PARASITES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 325191

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Vaginal yeast adherence to the combined contraceptive vaginal ring (CCVR).
Author: Camacho DP; Consolaro ME; Patussi EV; Donatti L; Gasparetto A
Source: Contraception. 2007 Dec;76(6):439-443.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro adherence of different yeasts, isolated from vaginal exudates of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), to the combined contraceptive vaginal ring - NuvaRing. Four isolates of Candida sp. and one isolate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used. Adherence assays were carried out through colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), radiolabeled quantification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the ring, and the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of the yeasts was determined. All the yeasts were capable of adhering to the vaginal ring, as determined by CFU/mL and in the radiolabeled assay. CSH was compatible with the adherence by CFU/mL. SEM proved the adhesion, which was different between Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. The adherence of the tested yeasts to the ring could potentially facilitate the development of VVC and recurrent VVC in susceptible patients using this contraceptive method. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | IN VITRO | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINAL RING | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 323337

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of ovarian high response on implantation and pregnancy outcome during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (with GnRH agonist and rFSH).
Author: Chen QJ; Sun XX; Li L; Gao XH; Wu Y
Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2007;88(7):849-854.
Abstract: The study was aimed at investigating the effects of ovarian high response during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) on implantation and pregnancy outcome in fresh IVF/ICSI cycles, and subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. An analysis of 1,196 cycles using a long protocol with GnRHa and rFSH was performed. A serum oestrial level (peak E2) was obtained on the day of hCG administration, and patients were grouped by peak E2 percentile distribution into 3 groups. Normal responder was set as cut-off concentrations between percentile (P)25 and P75 (Group A: 1,199-3,047 pg/ml, 595 cycles). Moderate high responders were classified as peak E2 between P75-P90 (Group B: 3,048-4,127 pg/ml, 180 cycles). For the high response group, the E2 cut-off concentration was set as P90 and above (Group C: >/= 4,128 pg/ml, 119 cycles). Oocyte/embryo parameters and clinical outcomes were compared among the 3 groups in fresh cycles and subsequent FET cycles. Comparisons between groups revealed no difference in the quality of oocyte retrieved and in fertilisation rates. Group C showed decreased trends in implantation and pregnancy rates compared with Group A, but statistical significance was reached only for the difference in implantation rates. Implantation and pregnancy rates in FET cycles were similar among the 3 groups. High serum estrogen levels were detrimental to implantation, but not to the quality of oocytes, which may be due to an adverse effect on endometrial receptivity in COH cycles. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVULATION | GONADOTROPINS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | IMPLANTATION | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Pregnancy | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 317961

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dynamics of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections and duffy binding protein polymorphisms in relation to parasitemia levels in Papua New Guinean children.
Author: Cole-Tobian JL; Michon P; Dabod E; Mueller I; King CL
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007;77(5):955-962.
Abstract: The interaction between Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein II (PvDBPII) and human erythrocyte Duffy antigen is necessary for blood stage infections. However, PvDBPII is highly polymorphic. We recently observed that certain recombinant DBPII variants bind better to erythrocytes in vitro. To examine the hypothesis that haplotypes with enhanced binding have increased parasitemia levels, we followed 206 Papua New Guinean children biweekly for six months with a total of 713 P. vivax samples genotyped. Twenty-seven PvDBPII haplotypes were identified, and 3 haplotypes accounted for 57% of the infections. The relative frequencies of dominant haplotypes remained stable throughout the study. There was no significant association with PvDBPII alleles or haplotypes with P. vivax parasitemia. The dominant haplotype (26% of samples), however, corresponded to a high-binding haplotype. Thus, common haplotypes are not likely to have arisen from increased fitness as measured by greater parasitemia levels. The restricted number of common haplotypes increases the feasibility of a PvDBPII-based vaccine. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAPUA NEW GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CHILD | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | BLOOD PROTEINS | IN VITRO | PARASITIC DISEASES | IMMUNITY | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | MALARIA | DRUG RESISTANCE | LEUKOCYTOSIS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Oceania | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Diseases | Immune System | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hematological Effects | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 321810

27.

Title: [Factors associated with the reproductive future of patients wishing pregnancy after being submitted to tubal ligation] Fatores associados ao futuro reprodutivo de mulheres desejosas de gestacao apos ligadura tubaria.
Author: da Cunha AC; Wanderley MD; Garrafa V
Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2007 May;29(5):230-234.
Abstract: Purpose: to analyze the factors associated with the reproductive future of patients wishing to become pregnant after having being submitted to tubal ligation (TL), attended at a public service. Methods: a prospective study including 98 patients previously submitted to TL, who came to the Human Reproduction Center of the University Hospital of Brasilia (HUB), from January 1996 to January 2004, wishing to become pregnant again These patients were followed up from their first appointment till the end of the study, when they answered a structured questionnaire about the social demographic aspects at both the moment they asked for the TL and the reversion of the procedure. Results: the patients' average age at the TL procedure was 25 years old. Among them, 55.1% were younger than 25, 46.9% had three or more children, and ten of them had only one child. The most common reasons for the TL procedure were: contraception (48%), financial difficulties (25.5%) and marital problems (15.3%). The major causes for wishing a new pregnancy were: a new relationship/marriage (80.6%), the desire of having another child with the same partner (8.2%), and the death of a child (6.1%). The regret time informed by most of the patients was between two and four years, and the search for reversion was between six and ten years. About 83.6% of the sample referred lack of information about the procedure and the difficulties of reversion. Twenty patients were submitted to TL reversal procedure; from the ten who became pregnant, only six delivered babies, after a full-term pregnancy. Eight patients were referred to in vitro fertilization treatment, four of them became pregnant and two delivered healthy babies. Conclusions: TL in young vulnerable women, not informed about the definitive condition of the method, may increase the search for attended reproduction services and impair their reproductive future, as far as only 8.1% of the sample delivered babies and reached their goal.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | TUBAL LIGATION | DECISION MAKING | IN VITRO | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Behavior | Clinical Research
Document Number: 326840

28.

Title: Is there a role for hysteroscopic tubal occlusion of functionless hydrosalpinges prior to IVF / ICSI in modern practice?
Author: Darwish AM; El Saman AM
Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2007;86(12):1484-1489.
Abstract: The objectives were to determine whether hysteroscopic tubal occlusion will produce the same efficacy as laparoscopic tubal occlusion of functionless hydrosalpinx prior to IVF/ICSI. The design used was a prospective comparative study. The setting for the study was the Endoscopy Unit of the Women's Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. A pilot safety phase included 10 uteri removed by hysterectomy in perimenopausal women subjected to roller ball coagulation of the peritubal bulge. The study phase included 27 patients with uni- or bilateral functionless hydrosalpinges, who were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A comprised 14 patients who were randomly allocated for laparoscopic occlusion. Group B included 13 patients scheduled for a hysteroscopic approach. Laparoscopic occlusion of the isthmic part of the fallopian tube was carried out using bipolar diathermy in 9 (64%) cases or clips in 3 (21.4%) cases in Group A. Roller ball electrode of the resectoscope was utilised for occlusion of the tubal ostium under local, spinal, or general anesthesia in Group B. Second-look office hysteroscopy was performed in Group B whenever possible. In both groups, hysterosalpingography or sonohysterography was carried out 1 month later to confirm tubal occlusion. The main outcome measures were safety phase aimed at confirming tubal occlusion with minimal harm to adjacent tissues. Confirmed tubal occlusion of the functionless hydrosalpinx. The safety phase resulted in bilateral complete occlusion of the proximal part of the tubes with secondary coagulation < 8 mm, as shown in the histopathologic sections. The suspected main cause of functionless hydrosalpinges was iatrogenic (pelvic surgery) in 9 (64%) and 8 (61.5%) cases in both groups, respectively. The mean number of abdominal scars/patient was 1.4 and 1.5 in both groups, respectively. Unilateral functionless hydrosalpinx was encountered in 7 (50%) and 5 (38%) cases in both groups, respectively. In Group A, the procedure was possible and successful in 10 cases (76.9%), while in Group B, hysteroscopic access and occlusion were achieved in 12 (85.7%) and 9 (64.2%) cases, respectively. In Group B, diagnostic hysteroscopy showed fine marginal adhesions in 2 cases (15%), and a small polyp in 1 case (7.7%). Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion showed shorter operative time (9 +or- 2.8 versus 24 +or- 4.8 min, p = 0.0001) and hospital stay (291.8 versus 5 +or- 1.1 h, p = 0.0001). Second-look office hysteroscopy was performed in 8 cases in Group B and revealed no significant corneal lesions at the site of hysteroscopic occlusion. This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of hysteroscopic tubal occlusion of functionless hydrosalpinx in all cases with acceptable efficacy. It has the advantage of adding a valuable evaluation of the endometrial cavity prior to IVF/ICSI. It should be an option for treatment protocol in cases of functionless hydrosalpinges. Further large sample-sized studies are required to test its impact on the implantation rate and clinical outcome. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HYSTEROSCOPY | TUBAL OCCLUSION | IN VITRO | EMBRYO TRANSFER | LAPAROSCOPY | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 322683

29.
Title: WHO grade "a" sperm motility and zona pellucida-binding test predict IVF outcome [letter]
Author: Evers JL
Source: Human Reproduction. 2007 Jan;22(1):311.
Abstract: I have read with great interest the article by Sifer et al. (2005) on the combination of a newly developed sperm-zona pellucida-binding assay and WHO grade 'a' sperm motility to predict sperm fertilizing ability in IVF. The authors have to be commended for developing a--theoretically very appealing--new sperm function test, and it is easy to understand how they could get carried away by their enthusiasm about the clinical applicability of this new test. In fact, the authors are so positive about the results of their combination test that they consider it 'an excellent predictor of sperm fertilizing potential in cases of mild male-factor infertility', and they recommend that it 'should be incorporated as a functional test to direct patients to IVF or ICSI at their first attempt'. They continue by stating that 'the positive LR of 1.67 (95% CI 1.07-2.59) allowed us to use this test in these cases' (i.e. in patients with unexplained infertility). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | CRITIQUE | MEN | WHO | SPERMATOZOA | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | VALIDITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Measurement
Document Number: 310565

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The choice of gender: Is elective gender selection, indeed, sexist?
Author: Gleicher N; Barad DH
Source: Human Reproduction. 2007;22(11):3038-3041.
Abstract: Like a number of international organizations before them, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recently issued an ethics opinion, which condemned all indications of elective gender selection as devaluatory to women and sexist and, therefore, given the choice, assumed automatic preference for male gender selection in all populations. This study intended to investigate this notion for accuracy. We investigated the desired gender in 92 couples who had undergone between January 2004 and December 2006 first in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in attempts at gender selection for family balancing purposes. Their choices were then also investigated stratified for the ethnicity of the couple. Among 92 cycles, 36 cycles were selected for female and 56 for male (P 5 0.037). An analysis based on the couples' ethnicities revealed, however, considerable differences in gender selection patterns. Especially Chinese (21 out of 22), Arab/Muslim (5 out of 6) and Asian-Indian (5 out of 5) couples primarily selected for males. Other ethnicities, however, actually preferentially selected for female gender (34 female, 25 male selections in 59 cycles). Gender choices thus varied in a statistically significant way between ethnicities (P < 0.001). In an ethnically mixed patient population, elective gender selection for family balancing purposes in most ethnic groups does not represent a discriminatory procedure against female equality. However, cultural biases against females are, indeed, still maintained in some minority populations. Ethics opinions should be considerate of minority opinions, but should be based on prevalent sentiments in a majority of the population. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | ETHNIC GROUPS | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | SEX PRESELECTION | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | PREIMPLANTATION PHASE | GENETICS | SEX FACTORS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Implantation | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Pregnancy | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 321403


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