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Title: FHI quality improvement guidelines for care and support programs for orphans and other vulnerable children.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009 Jan. 18 p.
Abstract: The guidelines are organized into nine areas of support that respond to the basic needs and human rights of children. They are also aligned with the core areas of support for programs for orphans and vulnerable children established by the U.S. government in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The areas covered by the guidelines are cross-cutting issues, care coordination, health, food and nutrition, education, psychosocial support, shelter and care, protection, and household economic strengthening.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | MANUAL | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | NUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | HOME CARE | MENTAL HEALTH | SOCIAL PROTECTION | IMPLEMENTATION | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339984

Title: The logistics handbook: A practical guide for supply chain managers in family planning and health programs.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jul. 182 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Oringinally published in 2004.
Abstract: The Logistics Handbook includes the major aspects of logistics management with an emphasis on contraceptive supplies. The text should be helpful to managers who work with supplies every day as well as managers who assess and design logistics systems for entire programs. Policymakers may find the text useful in exploring the inputs needed to create an effective logistics system. Key terms and concepts are clearly defined and explained, and the design and implementation of management information systems and inventory control are discussed in detail. Storage and quality control practices are also discussed, and overviews of forecasting and procurement processes are included.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | DRUGS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | RECORDS | QUALITY CONTROL | MONITORING | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | IMPLEMENTATION | PLANNING | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 331681

Title: Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the Implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty Adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference, 3-5 February 2009, Bangkok. Report.
Author: United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: Bangkok, Thailand, ESCAP, 2009. 38 p.
Abstract: The Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference was held at the United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok from 3 to 5 February 2009. The Expert Group Meeting was organized by the Social Policy and Population Section, Social Development Division, ESCAP in collaboration with the UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office. The meeting benefited from background papers and country reports prepared by resource persons and representatives of governments.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | OCEANIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ESCAP | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331854

Title: Reaching youth through community strategies.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Community Based Family Planning
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, 2009 Jul. 5 p. (Community Based Family Planning Technical Update No. 7)
Abstract: This brief discusses the role that communities play in supporting and improving youth sexual and reproductive health. It includes steps for designing programs for youth in a community setting; strategies to reach youth through community members; links with larger community mobilization efforts; and additional technical resources.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | IMPLEMENTATION | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Health
Document Number: 341211

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Quality of obstetric care in public-sector facilities and constraints to implementing emergency obstetric care services: evidence from high- and low-performing districts of Bangladesh.
Author: Anwar I; Kalim N; Koblinsky M
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):139-55.
Abstract: This study explored the quality of obstetric care in public-sector facilities and the constraints to programming comprehensive essential obstetric care (EOC) services in rural areas of Khulna and Sylhet divisions, relatively high- and low-performing areas of Bangladesh respectively. Quality was explored by physically inspecting all public-sector EOC facilities and the constraints through in-depth interviews with public-sector programme managers and service providers. Distribution of the functional EOC facilities satisfied the United Nation's minimum criteria of at least one comprehensive EOC and four basic EOC facilities for every 500,000 people in Khulna but not in Sylhet region. Human-resource constraints were the major barrier for maternal health. Sanctioned posts for nurses were inadequate in rural areas of both the divisions; however, deployment and retention of trained human resources were more problematic in rural areas of Sylhet. Other problems also plagued care, including unavailability of blood in rural settings and lack of use of evidence-based techniques. The overall quality of care was better in the EOC facilities of Khulna division than in Sylhet. 'Context' of care was also different in these two areas: the population in Sylhet is less literate, more conservative, and faces more geographical and sociocultural barriers in accessing services. As a consequence of both care delivered and the context, more normal vaginal and caesarian-section deliveries were carried out in the public-sector EOC facilities in the Khulna region, with the exception of the medical college hospitals. To improve maternal healthcare, there is a need for a human-resource plan that increases the number of posts in rural areas and ensures availability. All categories of maternal healthcare providers also need training on evidence-based techniques. While the centralized push system of management has its strengths, special strategies for improving the response in the low-performing areas is urgently warranted.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | OBSTETRICS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | IMPLEMENTATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | HEALTH FACILITIES | PUBLIC SECTOR | HUMAN RESOURCES | BLOOD SUPPLY | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Maternal Health
Document Number: 341937

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Saving the lives of South Africa's mothers, babies, and children: can the health system deliver?
Author: Chopra M; Daviaud E; Pattinson R; Fonn S; Lawn JE
Source: Lancet. 2009 Sep 5;374(9692):835-46.
Abstract: South Africa is one of only 12 countries in which mortality rates for children have increased since the baseline for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 1990. Continuing poverty and the HIV/AIDS epidemic are important factors. Additionally, suboptimum implementation of high-impact interventions limits programme effectiveness; between a quarter and half of maternal, neonatal, and child deaths in national audits have an avoidable health-system factor contributing to the death. Using the LiST model, we estimate that 11,500 infants' lives could be saved by effective implementation of basic neonatal care at 95% coverage. Similar coverage of dual-therapy prevention of mother-to-child transmission with appropriate feeding choices could save 37,200 children's lives in South Africa per year in 2015 compared with 2008. These interventions would also avert many maternal deaths and stillbirths. The total cost of such a target package is US$1.5 billion per year, 24% of the public-sector health expenditure; the incremental cost is $220 million per year. Such progress would put South Africa squarely on track to meet MDG 4 and probably also MDG 5. The costs are affordable and the key gap is leadership and effective implementation at every level of the health system, including national and local accountability for service provision.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | ECONOMIC MODEL | EXCESS MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERVENTIONS | IMPLEMENTATION | HEALTH POLICY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management
Document Number: 342802

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV testing among adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: how individual, relational, and environmental factors relate to demand.
Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Aug;21(4):314-24.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey among randomly selected 16- to 19-year-olds in Ndola, Zambia, covered individual (e.g., HIV knowledge), environmental (e.g., distance), and relational factors (e.g., discussed voluntary counseling and testing [VCT] with family) that relate to demand for HIV testing. Multivariate regression analysis compared 98 respondents who planned to test for HIV within the year with 341 respondents who did not. Discussing HIV testing with family members was strongly associated with planning to test. Discussions with sex partners and friends about VCT were also associated with HIV testing plans. Significant individual factors were having ever had sex and HIV risk perception. Relational and individual factors strongly correlated with VCT demand, supporting the need to examine these factors when implementing and evaluating adolescent VCT strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | IMPLEMENTATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342726

Peer Reviewed

Title: Evaluating nurses' implementation of an infant-feeding counseling protocol for HIV-infected mothers: The Ban Study in Lilongwe, Malawi.
Author: Ferguson YO; Eng E; Bentley M; Sandelowski M; Steckler A; Randall-David E; Piwoz EG; Zulu C; Chasela C; Soko A; Tembo M; Martinson F; Tohill BC; Ahmed Y; Kazembe P; Jamieson DJ; van der Horst C
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):141-55.
Abstract: A process evaluation of nurses' implementation of an infant-feeding counseling protocol was conducted for the Breastfeeding, Antiretroviral and Nutrition (BAN) Study, a prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV clinical trial in Lilongwe, Malawi. Six trained nurses counseled HIV-infected mothers to exclusively breastfeed for 24 weeks postpartum and to stop breastfeeding within an additional four weeks. Implementation data were collected via direct observations of 123 infant feeding counseling sessions (30 antenatal and 93 postnatal) and interviews with each nurse. Analysis included calculating a percent adherence to checklists and conducting a content analysis for the observation and interview data. Nurses were implementing the protocol at an average adherence level of 90% or above. Although not detailed in the protocol, nurses appropriately counseled mothers on their actual or intended formula milk usage after weaning. Results indicate that nurses implemented the protocol as designed. Results will help to interpret the BAN Study's outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | EVALUATION REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | NURSES AND NURSING | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | IMPLEMENTATION | COUNSELING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | COMMUNICATION | USER COMPLIANCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Behavior
Document Number: 341680

10.
Title: Emergency maternal and child health training courses and advocacy to achieve millennium development goals in a poorly resourced country; challenges and opportunities.
Author: Hafeez A; Zafar S; Qureshi F; Mirza I; Bile K; Southall DP
Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Apr;59(4):243-6.
Abstract: Our three years' experience of Essential Surgical Skills-Emergency Maternal and Child Health (ESS-EMCH) Programme in Pakistan suggests that despite a compromised healthcare delivery system, a tangible improvement in the management of emergencies in pregnancy, the neonate and children can be achieved by adopting a novel but robust mechanism of effective advocacy along with provision of innovative, evidence based and high quality training for healthcare staff.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | GOALS | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | IMPLEMENTATION | EMERGENCY SERVICES | QUALITY CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Training Programs | Education | Programs | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341536

11.

Title: Early treatment of HIV: implications for resource-limited settings.
Author: Hobbs CV; Essajee SM
Source: Current Opinion In HIV and AIDS. 2009 May;4(3):222-31.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the current literature supporting adoption of higher CD4 thresholds for initiation of antiretroviral treatment and survey progress in adoption of early treatment policies in resource-limited settings. We highlight some of the challenges and opportunities implementation of early treatment will bring. RECENT FINDINGS: The initial success of combination antiretroviral treatment resulted in the recommendation to treat early all individuals with HIV. However, the gradual realization that antiretroviral treatment was associated with toxicity led to a more tempered approach. Recent cohort studies and some clinical trials have shown that delaying treatment is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: Early treatment is routinely practiced in developed countries. Now, early treatment is being adopted as a strategy in many resource-limited settings. The implications of this policy shift are not known, but we predict early treatment will have important consequences for the health system, the individual, and the community. Whereas these consequences will bring significant challenges, the increased numbers of HIV-infected individuals on treatment will result in many new opportunities - antiretroviral treatment will become less expensive, systems to deliver chronic care will be strengthened, and the policy shift will focus greater attention on pregnant women and children. Finally, some authors postulate that early treatment may impact HIV transmission.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMPLEMENTATION | OBSTACLES | TIME FACTORS | MORTALITY | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | HEALTH POLICY | WHO | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 342344

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Routine offering of HIV testing to hospitalized pediatric patients at university teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: acceptability and feasibility.
Author: Kankasa C; Carter RJ; Briggs N; Bulterys M; Chama E; Cooper ER; Costa C; Spielman E; Katepa-Bwalya M; M'soka T; Ou CY; Abrams EJ
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):202-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The difficulties diagnosing infants and children with HIV infection have been cited as barriers to increasing the number of children receiving antiretroviral therapy worldwide. Design: We implemented routine HIV antibody counseling and testing for pediatric patients hospitalized at the University Teaching Hospital, a national reference center, in Lusaka, Zambia. We also introduced HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for early infant diagnosis. METHODS: Caregivers/parents of children admitted to the hospital wards were routinely offered HIV counseling and testing for their children. HIV antibody positive (HIV+) children <18 months of age were tested with PCR for HIV DNA. RESULTS: From January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007, among 15,670 children with unknown HIV status, 13,239 (84.5%) received counseling and 11,571 (87.4%) of those counseled were tested. Overall, 3373 (29.2%) of those tested were seropositive. Seropositivity was associated with younger age: 69.6% of those testing HIV antibody positive were <18 months of age. The proportion of counseled children who were tested increased each quarter from 76.0% in January to March 2006 to 88.2% in April to June 2007 (P < 0.001). From April 2006 to June 2007, 1276 PCR tests were done; 806 (63.2%) were positive. The rate of PCR positivity increased with age from 22% in children <6 weeks of age to 61% at 3-6 months and to 85% at 12-18 months (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Routine counseling and antibody testing of pediatric inpatients can identify large numbers of HIV-seropositive children in high prevalence settings. The high rate of HIV infection in hospitalized infants and young children also underscores the urgent need for early infant diagnostic capacity in high prevalence settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | HOSPITALS | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Health Facilities | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 341754

13.
Title: Innovative pediatric palliative care programs in four countries.
Author: Knapp C; Madden V; Marston J; Midson R; Murphy A; Shenkman E
Source: Journal of Palliative Care. 2009 Summer;25(2):132-6.
Abstract: Over the past three decades, pediatric palliative care programs have been developed and refined throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to provide information on experiences from four of those programs, yet we acknowledge that there are many other innovative programs that deserve recognition for the services they provide to children and families. This study is limited in that it is unable to compare outcomes from the four programs, such as patient-reported quality of life, that might help to better understand the impact of pediatric palliative care. Nonetheless, information sharing can inspire and educate others with the overarching goal of globally advancing pediatric palliative care.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | SOUTH AFRICA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CARE AND SUPPORT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | OBSTACLES | COUNSELING | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | FUNDS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342874

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A public policy approach to local models of HIV/AIDS control in Brazil.
Author: Le Loup G; de Assis A; Costa-Couto MH; Thoenig JC; Fleury S; de Camargo K Jr; Larouze B
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jun;99(6):1108-15.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated involvement and cooperation patterns of local Brazilian AIDS program actors and the consequences of these patterns for program implementation and sustainability. METHODS: We performed a public policy analysis (documentary analysis, direct observation, semistructured interviews of health service and nongovernmental organization [NGO] actors) in 5 towns in 2 states, Sao Paulo and Para. RESULTS: Patterns suggested 3 models. In model 1, local government, NGOs, and primary health care services were involved in AIDS programs with satisfactory response to new epidemiological trends but a risk that HIV/AIDS would become low priority. In model 2, mainly because of NGO activism, HIV/AIDS remained an exceptional issue, with limited responses to new epidemiological trends and program sustainability undermined by political instability. In model 3, involvement of public agencies and NGOs was limited, with inadequate response to epidemiological trends and poor mobilization threatening program sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: Within a common national AIDS policy framework, the degree of involvement and cooperation between public and NGO actors deeply impacts population coverage and program sustainability. Specific processes are required to maintain actor mobilization without isolating AIDS programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | DECENTRALIZATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | COORDINATION | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341684

15.

Title: Implementation of the thin layer agar method for diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in a setting with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Homa Bay, Kenya.
Author: Martin A; Munga Waweru P; Babu Okatch F; Amondi Ouma N; Bonte L; Varaine F; Portaels F
Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2009 Aug;47(8):2632-4.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a low-cost method, the thin layer agar (TLA) method, for the diagnosis of smear-negative patients. This prospective study was performed in Homa Bay District Hospital in Kenya. Out of 1,584 smear-negative sputum samples, 212 (13.5%) were positive by culture in Lowenstein-Jensen medium (LJ) and 220 (14%) were positive by the TLA method. The sensitivities of LJ and TLA were 71% and 74%, respectively. TLA could become an affordable method for the diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis in resource-limited settings, with results available within 2 weeks.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | INCIDENCE | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TESTING | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV | IMPLEMENTATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Studies | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 342984

16.
Title: Leveraging the role of public health nursing in managing HIV/AIDS in Thailand: a journey of international collaboration.
Author: Potempa K; Phancharoenworakul K; Glass N; Chasombat S; Cody BJ
Source: Collegian. 2009;16(2):49-53.
Abstract: Thailand is one of the first countries to have achieved significant advances in control over the HIV/AIDS epidemic occurring within its borders. Despite this impressive accomplishment, the disease continues to be a Leading cause of death in Thailand and is migrating into Thai populations heretofore relatively free of it, such as married women. In 2003, a unique Thai, American, academic, and government collaboration formed to address the on-going challenges of HIV/AIDS in Thailand and its emerging characteristics. The objective of this collaboration was to increase the capacity of Thailand's public health infrastructure to address the challenges of HIV/AIDS by utilizing a Larger and more empowered role for nurses within the country's existing health care system. This collaboration consisted of the Deans' Consortium of Nursing Educational Institutions, the Thai Ministry of Public Health, the Faculty of Nursing at Mahidol University, and United States university nursing educators. This paper describes the process that brought this collaboration into being. It also describes the outcomes achieved by this collaboration; a collaboration that realized a national strategy to Leverage and expand the role of public health nurses and the initiation of a nurse practitioners' role in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. This collaboration and strategy increased the capacity of the health care system in Thailand to more effectively meet the challenges posed by all infectious diseases in Thailand and, in particular, HIV/AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | SUMMARY REPORT | NURSES AND NURSING | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | CURRICULUM | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education
Document Number: 342653

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The experiences of districts in implementing a national incentive programme to promote safe delivery in Nepal.
Author: Powell-Jackson T; Morrison J; Tiwari S; Neupane BD; Costello AM
Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9:97.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nepal's Safe Delivery Incentive Programme (SDIP) was introduced nationwide in 2005 with the intention of increasing utilisation of professional care at childbirth. It provided cash to women giving birth in a health facility and an incentive to the health provider for each delivery attended, either at home or in the facility. We explored early implementation of the programme at the district-level to understand the factors that have contributed to its low uptake. METHODS: We conducted in ten study districts a series of key informant interviews and focus group discussions with staff from health facilities and the district health office and other stakeholders involved in implementation. Manual content analysis was used to categorise data under emerging themes. RESULTS: Problems at the central level imposed severe constraints on the ability of district-level actors to implement the programme. These included bureaucratic delays in the disbursement of funds, difficulties in communicating the policy, both to implementers and the wider public and the complexity of the programme's design. However, some district implementers were able to cope with these problems, providing reasons for why uptake of the programme varied considerably between districts. Actions appeared to be influenced by the pressure to meet local needs, as well individual perceptions and acceptance of the programme. The experience also sheds light on some of the adverse effects of the programme on the wider health system. CONCLUSION: The success of conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America has led to a wave of enthusiasm for their adoption in other parts of the world. However, context matters and proponents of similar programmes in south Asia should give due attention to the challenges to implementation when capacity is weak and health services inadequate.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CHILDBIRTH | HEALTH SERVICES | OBSTACLES | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH POLICY | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs
Document Number: 342432

18.
Title: Management capacity assessment for national health programs: a study of RCH program in India.
Author: Ramani KV; Mavalankar D
Source: Journal of Health Organization and Management. 2009;23(1):133-42.
Abstract: PURPOSE: This paper aims to focus on the management capacity assessment of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program at the state level. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Based on an extensive literature survey, and discussions with senior officers in charge of RCH program at the central and state level, the authors have developed a conceptual framework for management capacity assessment. Central to their framework are a few determinants of management capacity, a set of indicators to estimate these determinants, and a management capacity assessment tool to be administered by each state. A pilot survey of the management tool in a few states helped the authors to refine each instrument and finalize the same. A suitable management structure is suggested for effective management of the RCH program based on the population in each state. FINDINGS: The assessment brought out the need to strengthen the planning and monitoring of RCH activities, HR management practices, and inter-departmental coordination. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India has accepted the management tool and asked each state to administer it. The recommended management structure is used as a guideline by each state to identify the capacity gaps and take necessary steps to augment its management capacity. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The authors' framework to assess the management capacity of RCH program is very comprehensive, the management tool is easy to administer, and assessment of capacity gaps can be made quickly.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | EVALUATION REPORT | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | MONITORING | PLANNING | IMPLEMENTATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Program Sustainability
Document Number: 341808

19.

Title: Foot soldiers of global health: teaching and preaching AIDS science and modern medicine on the frontline.
Author: Robins S
Source: Medical Anthropology. 2009 Jan-Mar;28(1):81-107.
Abstract: This article investigates the ways in which global health messages and forms of health citizenship are mediated by AIDS activists in rural South Africa. It focuses on how these activists and treatment literacy practitioners are not only concerned with changing the lives of people living with AIDS to better manage biological conditions associated with their seropositive status, but also with how they are also committed to recruiting new members into their biopolitical projects and epistemic communities. These mobilization processes involve translating and mediating biomedical ideas and practices into vernacular forms that can be easily understood and acted on by the "targets" of these recruitment strategies. However, these processes of "vernacularization" of biomedical knowledge often occur in settings where even the most basic scientific understandings and framings of medicine cannot be taken for granted. This ethnographic case study shows that global health programs and their local mediators often encounter "friction" from the most powerful national actors as well as the most marginalized local ones.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMPLEMENTATION | ADVOCACY | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | OBSTACLES | POLITICAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Programs | Communication | Culture | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342376

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The structure and outcomes of a HIV postexposure prophylaxis program in a high HIV prevalence setup in western Kenya.
Author: Siika AM; Nyandiko WM; Mwangi A; Waxman M; Sidle JE; Kimaiyo SN; Wools-Kaloustian K
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51(1):47-53.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2001, HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) was initiated in western Kenya. METHODS: Design, implementation, and evolution of the PEP program are described. Patient data were analyzed for reasons, time to initiation, and PEP outcome. RESULTS: Occupational PEP was initiated first followed by nonoccupational PEP (nPEP). Antiretroviral regimens were based upon national PEP guidelines, affordability and availability, and prevailing HIV prevalence. Emerging side effects data and cost improvements influenced regimen changes. Between November 2001 and December 2006, 446 patients sought PEP. Occupational exposure: 91 patients: 51 males; 72 accepted HIV testing; 48 of 52 source patients were HIV infected; median exposure-PEP time 3 hours (range: 0.3-96 hours). Of 72 HIV-negative patients receiving PEP, 3 discontinued, 69 completed, and 23 performed post-PEP HIV RNA polymerase chain reaction (all negative). Eleven follow-up HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests have all turned negative. Nonoccupational exposure: 355 patients; 285 females; 90 children; 300 accepted HIV testing; median exposure-nPEP time 19 hours (range: 1-672 hours). Of 296 HIV-negative patients on nPEP, 1 died, 15 discontinued, 104 are on record having completed PEP, and 129 returned for 6-week HIV RNA polymerase chain reaction (1 patient tested positive). Eighty-seven follow-up HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests have all turned negative. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to provide PEP and nPEP in resource-constrained settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV PREVENTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TIME FACTORS | PROGRAM DESIGN | IMPLEMENTATION | NEEDLE PIERCING | RAPE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342356

21.

Title: Evaluating integrated healthcare for refugees and hosts in an African context.
Author: Tuepker A; Chi C
Source: Health Economics Policy and Law. 2009;4:159-178.
Abstract: This paper argues on ethical and practical grounds for more widespread use of an integrated approach to refugee healthcare, and proposes a basic model of assessment for integrated systems. A defining element of an integrated approach is an equal ability by refugee and host nationals to access the same healthcare resources from the same providers. This differs fundamentally from parallel care, currently the predominant practice in Africa. The authors put forward a general model for evaluation of integrated healthcare with four criteria: (1) improved health outcomes for both hosts and refugees, (2) increased social integration, (3) increased equitable use of healthcare resources, and (4) no undermining of protection. Historical examples of integrated care in Ethiopia and Uganda are examined in light of these criteria to illustrate how this evaluative model would generate evidence currently lacking in debates on the merit of integrated healthcare.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | CASE STUDIES | REFUGEES | HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | IMPLEMENTATION | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | HEALTH POLICY | UNHCR | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 340217

22.

Title: Case studies in global school health promotion: From research to practice.
Author: Whitman CV; Aldinger CE
Source: New York, New York, Springer, 2009. 408 p.
Abstract: A growing body of research identifies strong links between children's health, social, and educational outcomes. Research also points to the reciprocal benefits of access to quality education on individual and family health status. In response to these findings, the World Health Organization developed the concept of the health-promoting school (HPS). This book, available for purchase, provides readers with examples from more than two dozen countries (representing urban and rural areas in developing and developed nations) that outline the strategies taken to implement HPS programs in individual schools, municipalities, and nations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH | PROMOTION | HEALTH POLICY | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Marketing | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331372

23.

Title: Transporting, storing, and handling malaria rapid diagnostic tests at central and peripheral storage facilities.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO], Regional Office for the Western Pacific; John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [FIND]; Roll Back Malaria Partnership; United States. President's Malaria Initiative
Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2009 Jul. [35] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-03-06-00007-00)
Abstract: The publication is intended for staff at central and peripheral storage facilities that use malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). It describes the basic principles for management and storage of RDT stock, and it outlines practical solutions for protecting RDTs against high temperatures during storage and transport. It also describes how to manage waste generated from RDT use.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | USAID | MALARIA PREVENTION | TREATMENT | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | IMPLEMENTATION | LOGISTICS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | SAFETY | QUALITY CONTROL | TESTING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Public Health | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 331476

24.
Title: Validation of neonatal tetanus elimination in selected states -- India, 2007.
Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008 May 23;83(21):185-192.
Abstract: In India, the global goal of eliminating neonatal tetanus has been validated for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal; thus, these states have had <1 case of neonatal tetanus (NT)/1000 live births in every district. In November 2007, community-based surveys were carried out to assess whether NT had been eliminated in the states of Goa, Punjab and Sikkim, and the Union Territory of Chandigarh; these surveys were undertaken by the Immunization Division of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India and the departments of family welfare of the state governments in collaboration with UNICEF, WHO, PATH (the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health), the Indian Council of Medical Research and Immunization Basics. This survey was conducted following a data review in January 2007, during which the union territories of Lakshdweep and Pondicherry were also considered to have eliminated NT. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | MATERNAL HEALTH | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | TETANUS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMMUNIZATION | IMPLEMENTATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Infections | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education
Document Number: 327264

25.

26.

27.

Title: Guatemala Congress establishes policy monitoring board. New board will monitor implementation of FP / RH and HIV policies.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (Stories from the Field)
Abstract: Policies are not always implemented after they are adopted, and often do not achieve desired results. As part of a pilot test of a new tool designed to assess policy implementation, the Health Policy Initiative evaluated the Social Development and Population Policy in Guatemala. The study's findings prompted the Congress of Guatemala to establish a monitoring board for reproductive health (RH), which will monitor the implementation of RH laws, find new funding sources, and spread RH awareness.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | MONITORING | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | IMPLEMENTATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331542

28.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Nicaragua country report, 2003-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [18] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2003, IRH and MSH formed a partnership to support the Nicaragua Ministry of Health (MOH) in incorporating the standard days method (SDM) into its family planning services. The integration and sustainability plan focused on five strategic areas: training, commodities, services, research, and advocacy. The Strategy for Community Delivery of Contraceptive Supplies in communities with poor access guided the SDM initiative. This national strategy aimed to increase access to services in areas with low coverage relative to demand. IRH and MSH presented the SDM to MOH officials as a viable option to increase contraceptive options and improve overall family planning services in the country. The MOH accepted the proposal for implementation, with the condition that the team first carry out a demonstration study. One of the project objectives was to increase the quality and availability of family planning. Part of IRH's mission is to support governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the incorporation of fertility awareness-based methods into existing programs. IRH, therefore, provided technical assistance to MSH in Nicaragua for training; an initial donation of CycleBeads� and information, education, and communication (IEC) materials; and design support for a local strategy to ensure SDM sustainability in the public sector and NGO programs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NICARAGUA | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | AWARENESS | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Health | Training Programs | Education | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 327640

29.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Peru country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [24] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Georgetown University's Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH), with support from USAID through the AWARENESS Project and the previous Natural Family Planning Project, has worked in Peru since the late 1980s, when it partnered with a faith-based organization (FBO) to promote natural family planning. In the mid-1990s, IRH facilitated the introduction of the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) into Ministry of Health (MOH) services. IRH tested both the Standard Days Method� (SDM) and the TwoDay Method� (TDM) in Peru to determine efficacy and feasibility. Peru has successfully introduced the SDM into existing services and is scaling up the program. It has been-and continues to be-the site of several important studies for both the SDM and TDM. The long-term goal of IRH's work in Peru is to make high-quality FAB services available in a sustainable manner as an option for couples throughout the country. Although IRH has worked with many private and public organizations in Peru, the MOH has always been its prime partner. Since 2000, the Instituto de Salud Reproductiva -Peru (ISR), a Peruvian nongovernmental organization (NGO) supported by IRH, has carried out all IRH's in-country activities. The country's strategic importance for USAID and its potential to increase the effective use of family planning by women using traditional periodic abstinence led to Peru's selection as one of the countries to introduce SDM to regular services. Peru sites have participated in many key SDM and TDM studies, which interested the MOH in the method and its potential in the national program. Also, IRH's experience in Peru with the introduction of LAM into public services in the mid-1990s provided a good starting point when advocating and negotiating with key decision-makers. This report highlights work done under the AWARENESS Project from 2002-20007. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | AWARENESS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | PUBLIC SECTOR | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health
Document Number: 327641

30.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Philippines country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [17] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: The Philippines has one of the highest birth rates in Asia, with the population-currently more than 88 million-potentially doubling within three decades. The Philippines Commission on Population has expanded policies in recent years to help couples achieve their fertility goals in the context of responsible parenthood. The total fertility rate of 3.5 is still relatively high for Southeast Asia. Contraceptive use is increasing, but at 49% is low for the region, with an unmet need of 19% (about three million women). Some 16% of married women report using a "natural method" (predominantly calendar rhythm) to avoid pregnancy, yet many who claim to use natural methods are doing so incorrectly. From 1999 to 2002, the AWARENESS Project collaborated with the Department of Health (DOH) and selected non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and faith-based organizations (FBOs) to develop and test fertility awareness-based methods (FAM). The Philippines was a site for the multicountry efficacy trials of both theStandard Days Method� (SDM) and the TwoDay Method� (TDM). From 2002 to 2005, IRH/Philippines, a local NGO, continued to provide SDM training to public- and NGO-sector organizations, primarily with local funds. Although IRH's in-country work was suspended, we continued to share with IRH/Philippines materials and lessons learned from experience in other countries. In 2005, the AWARENESS Project reinitiated activities, focusing on assessing the status of SDM services and building capacity of IRH/Philippines to strengthen other organizations' ability to offer the SDM. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | AWARENESS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | PUBLIC SECTOR | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health
Document Number: 327642


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