1.  Title: Nitric oxide-dependent human acrosomal loss induced by PPCM (SAMMA) and by nitric oxide donors occurs by independent pathways: basis for synthesis of an improved contraceptive microbicide. Author: Anderson RA; Feathergill KA; Chany CJ 2nd; Jain S; Krunic A Source: Journal of Andrology. 2009 Mar-Apr;30(2):168-82. Abstract: PPCM (previously designated sulfuric acid-modified mandelic acid [SAMMA]) is a contraceptive microbicide in preclinical development. Its contraceptive activity is attributable in part to its ability to promote premature acrosomal loss. Prior studies showed that PPCM-induced human acrosomal loss (PAL) is Ca(2+)-dependent. This study was carried out to determine transduction elements downstream from Ca(2+) entry. PAL is inhibited by inhibitors selective for endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase. PAL is completely inhibited by 0.1 microM ODQ (soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor). PAL is inhibited by protein kinase G inhibitors with selectivity for the type II isotype. Several inhibitors of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase G pathway induce Ca(2+)-dependent acrosomal loss when added alone. These responses are inhibited by nifedipine, a blocker of Ca(v1.x) voltage-dependent channels. Acrosomal loss induced by the nitric oxide donor SNAP (SNAL) does not require added Ca(2+). Sperm production of nitric oxide is increased by PPCM, an effect inhibited by nitro-L-arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). Although inhibited by ODQ, SNAL and acrosomal loss induced by other nitric oxide donors are unaffected by KT5823 (protein kinase G inhibitor). Unlike PAL, SNAL is partially inhibited by KT5720 (protein kinase A inhibitor) and genistein (protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Acrosomal loss response to PPCM and SNAP added in combination suggests that these agents act by independent mechanisms. A PPCM derivative was synthesized, in which a nitric oxide donor was esterified to PPCM (NOSPPA-23). NOSPPA-23 induces acrosomal loss with or without added Ca(2+). The ED(50) of NOSPPA-23 (4.8 nM) in the presence of Ca(2+) is 35-fold less than that of PPCM. These findings suggest the following: 1) elements responsible for PAL include endothelial nitric oxide synthase, soluble guanylate cyclase, and type II protein kinase G; 2) the resting state of the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway is a determinant of acrosomal status; 3) PPCM and nitric oxide donors induce acrosomal loss via nitric oxide, but through independent pathways; and 4) covalent attachment of a nitric oxide donor to PPCM provides synergistic efficacy as a stimulus of acrosomal loss. Further studies with this novel prototype as an improved contraceptive microbicide are warranted. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | MICROBICIDES | DRUGS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 331202 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Needle exchange and sexual risk behaviors among a cohort of injection drug users in Chicago, Illinois. Author: Huo D; Ouellet LJ Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Jan;36(1):35-40. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of a needle exchange program (NEP) on sexual risk behaviors of injecting drug users (IDUs). METHODS:: Between 1997 and 2000, 889 IDUs in Chicago were recruited from NEPs and an area with no NEP into a cohort study. They were interviewed and tested for HIV at baseline and 3 annual follow-up visits. Random-effect logistic models were used to compare NEP users and nonusers regarding the number of sex partners, number of unprotected sex acts, and frequency of condom use. RESULTS: Compared to NEP nonusers, NEP users had a similar number of sex partners over time, but had 49% higher odds of using condoms with their main partners (P = 0.047). At baseline, there was no difference between NEP users and nonusers in episodes of vaginal intercourse, but over time the odds of having a higher number of unprotected instances of vaginal intercourse were reduced by 26% per year for NEP users but only 10% per year for nonusers (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that NEP participation may help reduce the absolute risk of HIV sexual transmission. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | IV DRUG USERS | NEEDLE CLEANING | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Hygiene | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329738 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: First trimester surgical abortion. Author: Tristan SB; Gilliam M Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):151-9. Abstract: First trimester surgical abortion is a very common, effective, and safe procedure. When a woman presents requesting pregnancy termination, counseling regarding pregnancy options and procedural risks, as well as a careful preoperative assessment are vital to a successful outcome. If a patient decides to undergo a surgical abortion, either an electric or manual vacuum aspiration may be performed, based upon provider preference. Complications of first trimester surgical abortion occur in only 0.5% of all cases and include: failed abortion, incomplete abortion, hematometria, hemorrhage, infection, and uterine perforation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342249 Notification |
| 4. Title: Emergency contraception: the state of the art. Author: von Hertzen H; Godfrey EM Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 1:28-31. Abstract: Emergency contraception, otherwise known as post-coital contraception, is part of the continuum of contraceptive methods that women and couples can use for pregnancy prevention. Although emergency contraception should not be used as a regular, plan-ahead contraceptive method, it gives a woman one last-ditch effort to prevent unwanted pregnancy. This paper reviews the history of emergency contraception, the need for further studies, and results of studies conducted at the World Health Organization. Various methods used for emergency contraception are discussed, as well as their efficacies and side effects. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330740 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Abstinence-only programs under fire. Author: Hampton T Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008 May 7;299(17):2013-2015. Abstract: Over the past decade, the US federal government has heavily promoted programs that advocate sexual abstinence as the key strategy for dealing with adolescent sexuality, but studies are demonstrating that the approach has little impact on teen sexual behavior or in preventing pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). As a result, health professionals and government officials are working to end the programs and to expand funding for other types of sexual education initiatives, and many states have refused federal funding for abstinence-only programs. "By 2005, there were more than 800 programs that had been funded with over $1.5 billion, and increasingly, professionals, parents, policy makers, and adolescents have been raising concerns," said John Santelli, MD, MPH, of the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. The mounting pressure to revamp sex education programs was a topic of discussion at the 2008 National STD Prevention Conference held here in March. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | ABSTINENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | OBSTACLES | USER COMPLIANCE | SEX EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Education Document Number: 326663 |
6.  Peer Reviewed Title: What schools teach our patients about sex: Content, quality, and influences on sex education. Author: Lindau ST; Tetteh AS; Kasza K; Gilliam M Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Feb;111(2 Pt 1):256-266. Abstract: The objective was to identify predictors of comprehensive sex education in public schools. Using a three-stage design, 335 sex education teachers from a probability sample of 201 schools in 112 Illinois school districts were surveyed regarding the 2003-2004 school year. Coverage of at least all of the following topics constituted "comprehensiveness": abstinence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and contraception. A logistic regression model identified predictors of comprehensiveness. Representing 91.3% of sampled schools, the teacher survey response rate was 62.4%. The most frequently taught topics included HIV/AIDS (97%), STDs (96%), and abstinence-until-marriage (89%). The least frequently taught topics were emergency contraception (31%), sexual orientation (33%), condom (34%) and other contraceptive (37%) use, and abortion (39%). Abstinence-only curricula were used by 74% of teachers, but 33% of these teachers supplemented with "other" curricula. Overall, two thirds met comprehensiveness criteria based on topics taught. Curricular material availability was most commonly cited as having a "great deal" of influence on topics taught. Thirty percent had no training in sex education; training was the only significant predictor of providing comprehensive sex education in multivariable analysis. Illinois public school-based sex education emphasizes abstinence and STDs and is heavily influenced by the available curricular materials. Nearly one in three sex education teachers were not trained. Obstetrician-gynecologists caring for adolescents may need to fill gaps in adolescent knowledge and skills due to deficits in content, quality, and teacher training in sex education. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | TEACHERS | SEX EDUCATION | ABSTINENCE | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Fertility Control, Postconception | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 324310 Notification |
| 7. Title: Effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on verbal memory. Author: Mordecai KL; Rubin LH; Maki PM Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2008 Aug;54(2):286-93. Abstract: Surgical or pharmacological suppression of ovarian hormones leads to declines in verbal memory, and estrogen treatment reverses these deficits. In the current study, we investigated the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives on verbal memory, as measured by the California Verbal Learning Test, in two groups of premenopausal women - 16 naturally cycling women and 20 current users of estrogen-based oral contraceptives (OCs). Naturally cycling women were assessed twice - once during the early follicular phase (Days 2-4) and once during the midluteal phase (Days 20-22) of the menstrual cycle. OC users were tested on the same cycle days, corresponding to inactive and active pill phases, respectively. We predicted that naturally cycling women would show improved verbal memory during the midluteal phase, when estradiol levels are high, compared with the follicular phase, when estradiol levels are low. We also predicted that OC users, who show no change in endogenous estradiol across thecycle, would show no change in verbal memory. Contrary to predictions, naturally cycling women showed no changes in verbal memory across the cycle, whereas OC users showed enhanced memory during the active pill phase (p<.05). None of the secondary cognitive outcome measures varied with cycle phase or OC use including measures of visuospatial memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial abilities, and attention. Overall, these results suggest that verbal memory performance in premenopausal women varies across the cycle with OC use, but does not vary systematically with changes in endogenous estradiol. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUATION | ESTROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 328577 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Decreased waiting periods in a public pregnancy termination clinic. Author: Patel A; Panchal H; Patel R; Keith L Source: Contraception. 2008 Feb;77(2):105-107. Abstract: In our public hospital, first-trimester pregnancy termination historically had been performed in an operating room by suction curettage on a separate day following the initial clinic visit. To increase efficiency, we instituted three changes over a 2-year period: (a) pregnancy termination procedures were relocated to the outpatient area; (b) same-day service was initiated; and (c) manual vacuum aspiration was introduced. Our primary objective was to assess the effects of these changes on the waiting period in days from the intake visit to the day of termination procedure. Our secondary objectives included assessing any decrease in gestational age at the time of procedure, increases in the numbers of procedures at less than 9 weeks, the numbers of procedures per session and the proportion done on the day of intake. This is a retrospective cross-sectional review of the clinical records of patients who requested pregnancy termination. Data were obtained on 625 patients who underwent a surgical termination of pregnancy from February 1, 2004, to January 31, 2006. The waiting period decreased from 20.3 to 3.6 days (p less than .01), and mean gestational age at termination decreased from 11 to 9 weeks (p less than .01). The proportion at less than 9 weeks' gestation increased from 1.7% to 40% (p less than .01). The number of procedures per session increased by 52.7% (p less than .01). The percentage of same-day procedures increased from 7% to 62%. We improved efficiency of care by reducing the waiting period and terminating pregnancies earlier in gestation with manual equipment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ABORTION | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM EFFICIENCY | GESTATIONAL AGE | CLINIC VISITS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Service Statistics | Program Activities Document Number: 324408 Notification |
| 9. Title: Methamphetamine and young men who have sex with men. Author: Garofalo R; Mustanski BS; McKirnan DJ; Herrick A; Donenberg GR Source: Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2007 Jun;161(6):591-596. Abstract: The objective was to examine patterns, consequences, and correlates of methamphetamine use among adolescent and young adult men who have sex with men (YMSM). Design: Descriptive, bivariate, and hierarchical regression analyses of cross-sectional data. Setting: Howard Brown Health Center, a community-based facility in Chicago, Ill, from August 2004 to September 2005. Participants: Three hundred ten YMSM who completed an anonymous, computer-assisted survey. Main Outcome Measure: Methamphetamine use in the past year. Participants ranged in age from 16 to 24 years (mean age, 20.3 years); 30% were white and 70% were of other race/ethnicity (African American, 33%; Hispanic, 26%; Asian or Pacific Islander, 3%; and other, 8%). Participants reported many high-risk sexual and substance use behaviors. Thirteen percent used methamphetamine in the past year. Methamphetamine use was more common among human immunodeficiency virus-infected participants (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.3) and varied by age and race/ethnicity; substantially higher prevalence was reported by older and non-African American YMSM (P less than .001). Compared with other illicit substance users, methamphetamine users reported more memory difficulties, impairments in daily activities, and unintended risky sex resulting from substance use (all P less than .01). Hierarchical regression identified sexual risk (unprotected intercourse and multiple partners), sexualized social context (eg, Internet sex, sex in a bathhouse or sex club, sex with older partners, and commercial sex), lower self-esteem, and psychological distress as correlated with methamphetamine use among participants (P less than .05). A substantial percentage of YMSM in this sample used methamphetamine. Methamphetamine use is a public health problem with significant implications for the health and well-being of YMSM. Methamphetamine use was associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related risk, and patterns of use were predicted by demographic data, sexualized social contexts, and psychological variables. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ETHNIC GROUPS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | AGE FACTORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cultural Background Document Number: 313586 |
| 10. Title: Providing contraceptive care to low-income, African American teens: The experience of urban community health centers. Author: Gilliam ML; Hernandez M Source: Journal of Community Health. 2007 Aug;32(4):231-244. Abstract: Recently, attention has been drawn to the quality of the patient-provider relationship as a mediator of health outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities. The purpose of this study was to examine the provider-patient relationship in reproductive health care for low income African American teens and to identify effective techniques they use in caring for teens. We conducted focus groups with providers at two clinics serving six low-income neighborhoods on the Southside of Chicago. Sessions were audio-taped then transcribed verbatim. ATLAS/ti 5.0 (a qualitative data analysis software program), was used for coding, text retrieval, data management and analysis of data. Providers in community clinics use a number of tactics when working with teens. First, they forge strong relationships through the use of language, shared background experiences, honesty and spending extra time with teens. Second, clinic employees work collectively to care for the patients with all staff members, both professional and clerical, contributing to the provider-patient relationship. Third, providers seek opportunities for contraceptive counseling even attempting to reach males outside of clinic. Techniques used by providers in neighborhood clinics may provide important insights for providing reproductive health care to low income, African American teens. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | PHYSICIANS | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CONTRACEPTION | COUNSELING | RACE RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320811 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Condom use behaviours among 18 -- 24 year-old urban African American males: A qualitative study. Author: Kennedy SB; Nolen S; Applewhite J; Waiters E; Vanderhoff J Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Sep;19(8):1032-1038. Abstract: The purpose of this pilot project was to develop, administer and assess a brief male-focused and behavioural-driven condom promotion programme for young adult African American males in an urban setting. To achieve the aims of this study, linkages with local community centres were initially fostered and both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed. Based on relevant tenets of the social cognitive theory and the stages of change model, a series of focus groups were conducted among the target population, recruited from non-traditional urban settings, to identify and further explore their perceived condom use barriers and facilitators in order to support programme development. Specifically, the topical items addressed those young men's perceptions of sexuality and condom use within three broad contexts: general sexual behaviours, condom use behaviours, and the relationship between condoms and substance use. The focus group discussions were audiotaped and the transcribed data summarized and analysed based on those thematic topics. The findings revealed that significant myths, misconceptions and knowledge gaps exist regarding HIV/STD-related prevention, condom promotion and substance use. The findings imply that there is a critical need to develop target group suitable condom promotion programmes in order to successfully promote, foster and sustain condom use among high-risk populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | BLACKS | YOUTH | URBAN POPULATION | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 320385 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Stigma and social barriers to medication adherence with urban youth living with HIV. Author: Rao D; Kekwaletswe TC; Hosek S; Martinez J; Rodriguez F Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jan;19(1):28-33. Abstract: Youth adherence to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is poor, and little research exists that identifies the reasons youth have difficulty adhering to medications. Given that complete adherence is necessary for favourable health outcomes, it is essential to examine the obstacles youth face in adhering to HAART. The present investigation sought to identify these barriers and to systematically examine the experiences and attitudes youth have towards medications. Twenty-five adolescents and young adults presenting to a public primary care facility for treatment of HIV infection were asked to participate in focus groups which explored their attitudes and experiences around medication adherence. Participants provided richly detailed descriptions of the challenges of managing HIV stigma and their efforts to hide their status from friends, family, doctors, and even themselves. Fifty percent of respondents indicated that they skipped doses because they feared family or friends would discover their status. These results suggest that HIV stigma impacts treatment for youth on several levels, from the accuracy of communication with medical providers to medication adherence, subsequent health outcomes, and the emergence of treatment resistant strains. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | USER COMPLIANCE | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | HIV | AIDS | Psychological Factors Document Number: 311293 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Mucosal HIV-binding antibody and neutralizing activity in high-risk HIV-uninfected female participants in a trial of HIV-vaccine efficacy. Author: Schneider JA; Alam SA; Ackers M; Parekh B; Chen HY Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Dec 1;196(11):1637-1644. Abstract: This study investigated gp120-binding antibody and neutralizing activity, at the gingival- and cervical-mucosal levels, in response to a bivalent gp120 candidate vaccine. Women who met the study's inclusion criteria for documented high-risk behaviors participated in a nested substudy of the multicenter phase 3 trial of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-vaccine efficacy, VAX004. Gingival, cervicovaginal lavage, and plasma specimens were collected at 6-month intervals for 3 years. Bindingantibody and neutralizing-activity assays quantified the presence of anti-HIV activity in mucosal specimens. Vaccine recipients were more likely than placebo recipients to have IgG binding antibodies in all 3 compartments tested and to have only IgA binding antibody in plasma (P < .0001).The relationship between vaccine and cervicovaginal IgG achieved significance (odds ratio [OR], 6.6 [P = .01]) but was weakened by the presence of cervicovaginal leukocytes. There was no relationship between immunization and the presence of neutralizing activity, in either bivariate or multivariate modeling (OR, 6.0 [P = .29]). Vaccination is associated with the presence of both gp120-binding IgG in all compartments and plasma IgA but not with neutralizing activity. There is a role for the measurement of mucosal immunity in response to candidate vaccines and, in particular, for a determination of HIV-specific neutralizing antibodies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ANTIBODIES | VACCINES | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Examinations and Diagnoses | Hematological Effects | Hemic System Document Number: 322667 |
| 14. Title: Racial differences in sexual and fertility attitudes in an urban setting. Author: Browning CR; Burrington LA Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2006 Feb;68:236-251. Abstract: Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (neighborhood N = 77; individual N = 951), we consider the extent to which African American youth maintain sexual and fertility-related norms that support early sexual activity and childbearing and examine the robustness of racial differences in sexual attitudes to controls for neighborhood, family, and individual characteristics. At a minimum, neighborhood economic disadvantage accounts for 26% of the baseline increased likelihood of holding attitudes that encourage early sexual activity among African American youth when compared with Whites. Neighborhood-, family-, and individual-level factors account for 67% of the race difference in sexual attitudes. Implications for contextual and race-based theories of sexual and fertility norms are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | WHITES | SEXUALITY | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 295442 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth. Author: Garofalo R; Deleon J; Osmer E; Doll M; Harper GW Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Mar;38(3):230-236. Abstract: The purpose was to describe the real life challenges and HIV-risk behaviors of male-to-female (MTF) transgender youth from communities of color. A convenience sample (n = 51) of ethnic-minority MTF transgender youth aged 16-25 years completed an anonymous questionnaire including demographics, psychosocial measures, and participation in substance use and sexual risk behaviors. Descriptive analyses and analyses of association were used to interpret the data. The median age of participants was 22 years, and 57% were African-American. Twenty-two percent reported being human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+). Prevalence of life stressors among the sample included history of incarceration (37%), homelessness (18%), sex in exchange for resources (59%), forced sexual activity (52%), difficulty finding a job (63%), and difficulty accessing health care (41%). Within the past year, 98% had sex with men, 49% had unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and 53% had sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Substance use within the past year was common, with marijuana (71%) and alcohol (65%) most frequently reported. Twenty-nine percent of participants had used injection liquid silicone in their lifetime. Other injection drug use and needle-sharing behaviors were rare. Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, HIV was found in higher rates among African-American youth (p < .05). HIV status was not associated with any other demographic characteristic, psychosocial measure, sexual or substance use behavior. These findings suggest that MTF transgender youth of color have many unmet needs and are at extreme risk of acquiring HIV. Future research is needed to better understand this adolescent subgroup and to develop targeted broad-based interventions that reduce risky behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | BLACKS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | IV DRUG USERS | TOBACCO USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse Document Number: 297542 |
| 16. Title: A descriptive model of preventability in maternal morbidity and mortality. Author: Geller SE; Cox SM; Kilpatrick SJ Source: Journal of Perinatology. 2006 Feb;26(2):79-84. Abstract: The objective was to develop a descriptive model of preventability for maternal morbidity and mortality that can be used in quality assurance and morbidity and mortality review processes. This descriptive study was part of a larger case--control study conducted at the University of Illinois at Chicago in which maternal deaths were cases and women with severe maternal morbidity served as controls. Morbidities and mortalities were classified by a team of clinicians as preventable or not preventable. Qualitative analysis of data was conducted to identify and categorize different types of preventable events. Of 237 women, there were 79 women with preventable events attributable to provider or system factors. The most common types of preventable events were inadequate diagnosis/recognition of high-risk (54.4%), treatment (38.0%), and documentation (30.7%). A descriptive model was illustrated that can be used to categorize preventable events in maternal morbidity and mortality and can be incorporated into quality assurance and clinical case review to enhance the monitoring of hospital-based obstetric care and to decrease medical error. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MOTHERS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Education Document Number: 302200 |
| 17. Title: Child and adolescent health. Author: Teplin LA; Abram KM; McClelland GM; Washburn JJ; Pikus AK Source: Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2006;83(4):555-557. Abstract: It is well recognized that a large proportion of youth in juvenile detention exhibit mental health disorders, and although treatment is legally mandated, many do not receive it. These investigators studied a random sample of 1,829 detainees at intake into the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center to determine what proportion of those with major mental disorders were detected and treated and which variables predicted who received services. Criteria were established to define which youth needed treatment: presence of a major depressive episode, manic episode, or psychosis in the previous 6 months, and impaired functioning. Youth who met these criteria, 303 altogether, were identified by independent interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and the Children's Global Assessment Scale. Records from the juvenile justice and public health systems were reviewed to discover if a mental disorder had been detected (defined as notations of a recommendation, referral or judicial sentence that included mental health services) or treated (defined as provision of a psychotropic medication or at least one contact with a mental health professional) within 6 months following intake or until the case was disposed by the judge, if that came earlier. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PRISONERS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | MENTAL DISORDERS | TREATMENT | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SEX FACTORS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Evaluation Document Number: 307458 |
| 18. Title: Creating safe space for GLBTQ youth: a toolkit. Author: Girl’s Best Friend Foundation; Advocates for Youth Source: Chicago, Illinois, Girl’s Best Friend Foundation, 2005. [83] p. Abstract: Some organizations and programs are intentional about serving gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioningµ (GLBTQ) youth. However, many youth-serving programs in the United States—including educational, health care, youth development, sports, recreational, and employment programs, among others—ignore, overlook, or reject the presence of GLBTQ youth among those they serve. A recent survey of high school youth found that less than six percent self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual and/or report same-sex sexual contact. This percentage probably does not include transgender and questioning youth or those who are fearful of sharing information about their sexual orientation or gender identity. Consider then, that six to 10 percent of the young people in your program may be GLBTQ. Unless your program positively acknowledges their presence and actively affirms their rights and dignity, these young people may feel compelled to keep their sexual identity a secret. Having to keep secret such an essential part of life puts these youth at risk of negative mental and physical health outcomes. Advocates for Youth and Girl’s Best Friend Foundation approach all their work with youth from a firm belief that every young person is of great value, irrespective of race/ethnicity, biological sex, health status, socio-economic background, sexual orientation, or gender identity. Indeed, valuing youth provides an ethical imperative to acknowledge and serve GLBTQ youth equally and positively along with straight youth and those who conform to society’s gender role expectations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX EDUCATION | DECISION MAKING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Education | Behavior Document Number: 290099 |
| 19. Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Illinois. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307032 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Metamphetamine use linked to rising HIV transmission. Author: Boddiger D Source: Lancet. 2005 Apr 2;365:1217-1218. Abstract: A few years ago, Daniel Berger, medical director of Northstar Healthcare, Chicago’s largest private HIV clinic, began noticing worrying changes in his patients. Despite being on what should have been effective treatment, a number of his patients were developing unexpected health problems. Some were losing weight, but did not seem to have AIDS. Some, even young patients, were developing hypertension and cardiomyopathy. And there were also signs that they were engaging in unsafe sexual practices, with a spike in the number of patients contracting syphilis and hepatitis C. Several patients were developing social problems, such as losing their jobs. Berger even noticed an increase in the number of patients failing to keep their appointments. When a patient died of a metamphetamine-induced heart attack, Berger began to suspect that many of the problems he was seeing were due to metamphetamine use by his patients. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HOMOSEXUALS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 283585 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual initiation in early adolescence: the nexus of parental and community control. Author: Browning CR; Leventhal T; Brooks-Gunn J Source: American Sociological Review. 2005 Oct;70:758-778. Abstract: This study explores the link between neighborhood collective efficacy and the timing of first intercourse for a sample of urban youth. The authors hypothesize that youth who experience lower levels of parental monitoring and higher levels of exposure to neighborhood environments are more likely to be influenced by collective supervision capacity. The study also examines the extent to which parental and neighborhood controls differ in their impact on first intercourse experiences by gender. Analyses of multilevel and longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicate that neighborhood collective efficacy delays sexual onset only for adolescents who experience lower levels of parental monitoring. Although parental monitoring exerts significantly greater influence on girls’ timing of first intercourse, the moderating effect of parental monitoring on collective efficacy holds for both boys and girls. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN POPULATION | COMMUNITY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | FIRST INTERCOURSE | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | NEIGHBORHOOD | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sex Behavior Document Number: 291144 |
| 22. Title: Contextual determinants of race differences in condom use: the respective roles of concentrated affluence and family planning clinics. Extended abstract. Author: Burrington LA; Browning CR Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 8 p. Abstract: Researchers have found that African American adolescents visit family planning clinics sooner than White or Latino adolescents. Similarly, poor adolescents are more likely to visit family planning clinics than adolescents from higher income families. These tendencies may be due in part to either the greater placement of family planning clinics in low income neighborhoods, or the greater awareness of the presence of family planning clinics in these neighborhoods. Residents of middle- and upper-class neighborhoods may not welcome the placement of family planning clinics in their communities (particularly if most residents have private physicians), or may not publicize the presence of such clinics for fear that adolescents may be encouraged to engage in sexual activity. For adolescents who have private physicians, however, family planning clinics may be less daunting, and may promise greater privacy, than a family physician. The absence (or lack of awareness) of family planning clinics in these settings may lead to lower rates of condom use among adolescents. Extant research has shown that the presence of family planning clinics at the county level is associated with positive contraceptive outcomes. We expand upon this existing research, and posit that more proximate access to family planning clinics may serve as an explanation for observed racial differences in condom use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | WHITES | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 319330 |
| 23. Title: A needed transition: lessons from Illinois about teen parent TANF rules. Author: Hummel L; Levin-Epstein J Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Law and Social Policy [CLASP], [2005]. 23 p. Abstract: When Congress overhauled the nation’s welfare system and created the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) welfare program in 1996, it put a lifetime limit on aid of 60 months; policymakers also put in place rules for minor parents. Under these rules, in order to get welfare assistance, young parents typically would be linked with responsible adults and participate in education. In the TANF legislation, Congress included two rules specific to minor parents (parents under age 18). One rule requires that minor parents live in an approved arrangement. Generally it is expected that minor parents live with their parents, adult relatives or guardians, although the state has discretion to approve other living arrangements. The other rule requires that minor parents typically participate in education leading to a high school diploma or GED. Although the new requirements reflected desirable goals related to well-being, initial implementation by states has resulted in serious unintended consequences. Living arrangement and education rules have been too frequently misunderstood or misapplied by local TANF office staff, causing eligible young parents, including both minors and older teen parents, to be turned away from the very resources they need to be able to live in safety and finish their high school education. Those teen parents who are turned away are often in greatest need of help in achieving self-sufficiency. For example, a homeless minor parent or one who has dropped out of school might be asked if she lives at home or is attending high school; when she says “no” the receptionist at the welfare office might tell her she cannot submit an application. The overarching goal of the minor parent provisions was to improve young parents’ chances of reaching economic selfsufficiency— it was not to shut them out of engaging in the program and its requirements. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | MOTHERS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | LEGISLATION | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation Document Number: 290444 |
| 24. Title: Parental consent for minors to receive contraceptives [letter] Author: McNulty PJ; Stanwood FM; Gallas SM Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2005 Feb;95(2):191-192. Abstract: We would like to correct misinterpretations in the article “Fertility and Parental Consent for Minors to Receive Contraceptives,” which appeared in the August 2004 edition of the Journal. This article examines the effect of requiring parental consent for minors to receive medical contraceptives from the McHenry County Department of Health in Illinois. Zavodny concludes that the parental consent requirement has significantly raised the number of teenage pregnancies in the county. To reach this conclusion, the author used birth rates for women aged 18 years and younger. This is a serious error in the study population. The McHenry County Board of Health’s 1998 decision allowed medical contraceptives to be provided to teenagers aged 17 years and younger only with parental consent; for women aged 18 years and older, parental consent is not required. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PARENTS | MINORS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PARENTAL CONSENT | CONTRACEPTION | BIRTH RATE | INFANT MORTALITY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality Document Number: 279441 |
| 25. Title: Prenatal diagnostic decision-making in adolescents. Author: Plaga SL; Demarco K; Shulman LP Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2005;18:97-100. Abstract: We sought to evaluate the prenatal decision-making of pregnant adolescents identified at increased risk for identifiable fetal genetic abnormalities. Design: A retrospective review of records of gravid women 19 years old or younger undergoing genetic counseling from 2001–2003 (inclusive) was undertaken. Setting: Hospital-based academic center. Participants: Thirty-seven women were identified; four cases did not meet inclusion criteria. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measure: Decision to undergo or forgo invasive prenatal testing. Of the 33 women included in this study, the average age was 17.6 years (range: 15–19). Eighteen were Latinas, eight were African-Americans, and seven were Caucasians. Sixteen women had positive maternal serum screening outcomes; nine women sought counseling because of personal/family histories of genetic abnormalities, seven sought counseling after fetal structural anomalies were detected by ultrasound, and one woman sought counseling because she and her partner were positive for Mendelian disorder screening (sickle cell disease). Sixteen of the women (48.5%) chose to undergo invasive testing (15 amniocenteses, one chorionic villus sampling) whereas 17 (51.5%) chose to forgo invasive testing. Adolescents offered invasive prenatal diagnosis will chose to undergo or forgo such testing based on diagnostic and personal criteria as do adult women. Nonetheless, unique adolescent issues may make the process by which information is obtained and communicated during counseling to be different from counseling provided to adults. The development of new genetic screening and diagnostic protocols has and will increase the number of pregnant adolescent women who will be offered genetic counseling during their pregnancies. Such an increase in numbers will place considerably more pressure on an already taxed genetic counseling system; accordingly, new counseling paradigms will need to be developed to provide service to an expanded patient population seeking information for an increasing number of genetic issues. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PREGNANT WOMEN | DECISION MAKING | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | RECORDS | ANTENATAL CARE | SCREENING | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AMNIOCENTESIS | GENETIC COUNSELING | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 286986 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Hirsutism. Author: Rosenfield RL Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 2005 Dec 15;353(24):2578-2588. Abstract: Physicians' impressions about hirsutism range from considering it simply a cosmetic problem to assuming it is de facto evidence of excess androgen. The truth lies somewhere in between. Although unwanted hair is often due to an ethnic or familial trait, about half the cases of hirsutism are due to hyperandrogenism. Hirsutism is defined medically as excessive terminal hair that appears in a male pattern (i.e., sexual hair) in women. About 5 percent of women of reproductive age in the general population are hirsute, as indicated by a score of 8 or more on the Ferriman-Gallwey scale, which quantitates the extent of hair growth in the most androgensensitive sites. However, this scoring system has limitations, particularly because of the subjective nature of the assessment, which is especially problematic in evaluating women who have blond hair or have had cosmetic treatment. The scale also does not include the sideburn, perineal, or buttocks areas. Moreover, substantial hirsutism may exist in one or two areas without yielding a high score. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HIRSUTISM | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | BODY WEIGHT | TREATMENT | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | HORMONES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Physiology | Biology | Endocrine System Document Number: 295452 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: The use of triphasic oral contraceptives in a continuous use regimen. Author: Shulman LP Source: Contraception. 2005;72:105-110. Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of and outcomes and side effects in patients using triphasic oral contraceptives (OCs) in a continuous use regimen. A retrospective review of patient charts from four community-based physician practices was conducted. All patients had been using triphasic OCs in a continuous regimen (i.e., to prevent withdrawal bleeding) for a planned duration of at least three 28-day cycles. Data collected through retrospective chart abstraction included demographic and clinical indicators, duration of and reason for continuous triphasic OC use, prior OC history and side effect incidence and treatment. Forty-three patients meeting the inclusion criteria had data of sufficient quality to be included in all analyses. These patients represented 603 total cycles. Nearly half of the patients (49%) indicated that their primary reason for continuous OC use was personal preference rather than medical reasons. More than half of the patients (56%) had previously used triphasic OCs in a noncontinuous regimen; 24% had no prior OC experience. The median duration of continuous use was 237 days (including right-censored patients; range, 55–994). Of the 39% of patients who terminated continuous use, the most common reason given was the desire to become pregnant (35%). Sixty-one percent of the patients reported no side effects from continuous use. The most common side effect occurring beyond Day 21 of continuous use was breakthrough bleeding (reported in four patients). Survival analysis indicated that time on continuous triphasic use was positively related to parity > 0 (p < .05) and the absence of side effects (p < .1). The data suggest that successful continuous use is feasible with triphasic OCs, with few adverse side effects. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | TIME FACTORS | METRORRHAGIA | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Population Dynamics | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases Document Number: 288311 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Ultrasound evaluation of the endometrium after medical termination of pregnancy. Author: Cowett AA; Cohen LS; Lichtenberg ES; Stika CS Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 May;103(5 Pt 1):871-875. Abstract: The objective was to determine ultrasound parameters associated with the need for clinical intervention after mifepristone and misoprostol termination of pregnancy. Charts of patients undergoing medical termination according to a standard protocol in a 13-month period were reviewed. Endometrial thickness and the presence of gestational sac, fluid interface, or complex echoes on postprocedure ultrasonogram were recorded. Repeat doses of medication, surgical intervention, and complications were noted. Success was defined as an abortion completed after a single course of medical therapy. Postprocedure ultrasonograms were available for 525 of 684 patients. Endometrial thickness was measurable in 437 cases. The observed mean endometrial thickness was 4.10 ± 1.80 mm (range 0.67–13.4 mm). Endometrial thickness was inversely proportional to the number of days after initiation of therapy when ultrasonography was performed (r = –0.22; P < .001). The endometrium was thicker in the women who had failed than in those who had a successful medical abortion (6.15 ± 1.95 mm {range 3.35–10.0 mm} versus 4.01 ± 1.75 mm {range 0.67–13.4 mm}, respectively; P < .001), but the wide overlap in endometrial thicknesses nullified the clinical usefulness of this difference. Endometrial thickness after administration of a single dose of mifepristone and misoprostol for medical termination should not dictate clinical intervention. The decision to treat should be based on the presence of a persistent gestational sac or compelling clinical signs and symptoms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | ULTRASONICS | ENDOMETRIUM | ABORTION | RU-486 | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | MISOPROSTOL | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Contraception | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Surgery | Treatment Document Number: 192490 Notification |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Success with oral contraceptives: a pilot study. Author: Gilliam M; Knight S; McCarthy M Jr Source: Contraception. 2004 May;69(5):413-418. Abstract: The objective of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of a postpartum educational intervention aimed at increasing compliance with oral contraception (OCs) and decreasing repeat pregnancies in young, African American women in the year following an unplanned pregnancy. In this longitudinal study, 43 young, pregnant women attending Prentice Ambulatory Care, Northwestern Hospital, were enrolled and 33 were randomized to receive an antepartum, multicomponent intervention consisting of counseling, a videotape about OCs and written material or resident-physician counseling (usual care). Questionnaire data were collected at enrollment, immediately following the intervention, at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. At 1 year, 25 women remained in the study. More women in the intervention group were not pregnant and still using contraception, and were able to successfully switch contraceptive methods compared to women in the control group. There was no decrease in repeat pregnancy in the intervention group at 1 year compared to the control group. Our intervention resulted in a sustained increase in knowledge of OCs throughout the study period. However, more is needed to promote postpartum contraceptive compliance and decrease repeat pregnancies in young, low-income African Americans with unintended pregnancies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | BLACKS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | COUNSELING | FILM AND VIDEO | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning Programs | Behavior Document Number: 192426 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Concerns about contraceptive side effects among young Latinas: a focus-group approach. Author: Gilliam ML; Warden M; Goldstein C; Tapia B Source: Contraception. 2004;70:299-305. Abstract: To identify perceptions and attitudes about contraceptive side effects in young, low-income Latina adolescents through focus-group conversations. We conducted seven focus-group discussions with Latino females in an outpatient clinic and community setting. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze data. Participants were recruited from the outpatient gynecology clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and from the Easter Seals Day Care Center. Women were recruited if they were Latino and between the ages of 18 and 26 years (N = 40). Participants cited both perceptions of side effects as well as personal experience with side effects as reasons for not using or discontinuing the use of contraception. Women also demonstrated incorrect knowledge about contraception, and tended to value anecdotal information over information from health professionals. These factors led to reliance on less-effective methods of contraception, placing participants at risk for unintended pregnancy. Concern about side effects, fear of health consequences and misinformation were identified as barriers to effective contraceptive use in young, low-income Latinas. Providers caring for this population should address potential concerns about side effects of contraception as well as assess patients’ understanding in light of cultural and language barriers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | HISPANICS | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 274829 |
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