1.  Peer Reviewed Title: The Netherlands: Childbearing within the context of a "Poldermodel" society. Author: Fokkema T; de Valk H; de Beer J; van Duin C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(21):743-794. Abstract: The Netherlands has seen a considerable decline of the period total fertility rate and delayed childbearing, just like all other European countries. The drop in fertility, however, has not been as sharp as in many other regions of Europe. The period total fertility rate in the Netherlands has stabilized since the late 1970s at around 1.6 children per woman, and it has even risen slightly since 1995. In addition, although the Netherlands has one of the oldest first-time mothers, completed fertility is still rather high compared to other European countries, suggesting a strong "catching up" of births by women in their thirties. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the main driving forces behind specific fertility trends in the Netherlands. Among other factors, it focuses on changing patterns of home leaving and union formation, declining partnership stability, and the growing acceptability and use of contraception. The chapter also looks at prolonged education, rising labor-force participation of women, economic uncertainties, the growing migrant population, and family policies. Data allowing, and to the extent possible, we examine the effects of these factors on decision-making about parenthood and the timing of childbearing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ILLEGITIMACY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MATERNAL AGE | FAMILY SIZE | DIVORCE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 327728 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes? Author: Kotowska I; Jozwiak J; Matysiak A; Baranowska A Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(22):795-854. Abstract: This article opens with a review of the main trends in family-related behaviour, i.e. fertility decline and changes in fertility patterns, a decreasing propensity to marry, postponement of marriage, and a slowly increasing frequency of divorces and separations. The analysis takes into account urban and rural differences. We then aim to identify the main determinants of family changes within the general conceptual framework of the Second Democratic Transition (SDT) in Poland. However, contrary to mainstream interpretations of the SDT, the main emphasis of this study is on the structural components of change, which need to be reformulated to account for processes specific to the transition to a market economy. The focus is, therefore, on labour market developments and family policy, and to a lesser extent on ideational change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | ILLEGITIMACY | CONSENSUAL UNION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | LABOR FORCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD CARE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 327729 |
| 3. Title: The population of France in 2007. Author: Pison G Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Mar;(443):1-4. Abstract: The French demographic situation is one of both continuity and change. Examining developments in 2007, Gilles Pison draws our attention to three key trends: the remarkable increase in life expectancy since 2003, year of the deadly summer heat wave, the growing popularity of heterosexual civil partnerships (PACS), and the rising proportion of babies born outside marriage, who now account for more than half of all births. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CONSENSUAL UNION | ILLEGITIMACY | FERTILITY RATE | CLIMATE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Migration | Length of Life | Mortality | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Environment Document Number: 325888 |
4.  Title: Born into bastardy: The out-of-wedlock child in early victorian Cape Town. Author: Malherbe VC Source: Journal of Family History. 2007 Jan;32(1):21-44. Abstract: "Born into Bastardy" contributes to research into family life and law as it evolved in South Africa's "mother city" from the seventeenth century. It traces the legal framework in which illegitimacy occurred and the experience of out-of-wedlock children when the father was absent or negligent in providing support. Histories of illegitimacy lead to considerations of the destruction of unwanted children by abortion and infanticide, or their abandonment to custodial care. The early years of Victoria's reign coincided with the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire. The fact that Cape Town had been home to slaves for whom marriage was proscribed until very recent times affects significantly this account of children born into bastardy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CHILDREN | UNMARRIED FATHERS | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | SLAVES | ILLEGITIMACY | CHILD SUPPORT | CHILD REARING | INFANTICIDE | ABORTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fathers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mothers | Social Problems | Behavior | Crime | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 322499 Notification |
| 5. Title: [Prevalence and risk factors associated to preterm delivery among pregnant women submitted to preterm labor inhibition treatment] Prevalencia e fatores associados a prematuridade entre gestantes submetidas a inibicao de trabalho de parto prematuro. Author: Bezerra LC; de Oliveira SM; Latoree M Source: Revista Brasileira de Saude Materno Infantil. 2006 Apr-Jun;6(2):223-229. Abstract: The objectives were to identify preterm delivery prevalence in pregnant women submitted to preterm delivery inhibition treatment and to analyze associated factors. Cross sectional study with data collected from 163 pregnant women medical files seen from 1995-2000 at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The dependent variable was preterm delivery and the independent ones were: age, education, job, parity, companion, smoking, prior urinary infection, number of prenatal medical visits and birth interval. Analysis was performed through association by the Chi-square test and univariate and multiple logistic regression models. 66.3% of the women had preterm deliveries and in 22.7% of the cases, delivery occurred before 34 weeks. There was a statistically significant association between preterm birth and no partner, nulliparity and a low number of prenatal visits. Special attention should be given to nulliparous pregnant women with reduced numbers of prenatal medical visits submitted to preterm delivery inhibition treatment with the objective of preventing premature births. (author's) Language: Spanish Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | PREMATURE BIRTH | RISK FACTORS | PREMATURE LABOR | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ILLEGITIMACY | NULLIPARITY | ANTENATAL CARE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Biology | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 314373 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Family structure and wellbeing of out-of-wedlock children: The significance of the biological parents' relationship. Author: Heiland F; Liu SH Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Sep 6;15(4):61-104. Abstract: This study examines the role of the relationship between the biological parents in determining child wellbeing using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). We extend prior research by considering children born to unmarried parents in an investigation of the effect of the relationship structure between the biological parents on infant health and behavior. The main findings are that children born to cohabiting biological parents (i) realize better outcomes, on average, than those born to mothers who are less involved with the child's biological father, and (ii) whose parents marry within a year after childbirth do not display significantly better outcomes than children of parents who continue to cohabit. Furthermore, children born to cohabiting or visiting biological parents who end their relationship within the first year of the child's life are up to 9 percent more likely to have asthma compared to children whose biological parents remain (romantically) involved. The results are robust to a rich set of controls for socioeconomic status, health endowments, home investments, and relationship characteristics. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | ONE PARENT FAMILY | ILLEGITIMACY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ASTHMA | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Child Rearing | Behavior | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 306495 |
| 7. Title: Nonmarital fertility and the effects of divorce rates on youth suicide rates. Author: Messner SF; Bjarnason T; Raffalovich LE; Robinson BK Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2006 Nov;68(4):1105-1111. Abstract: Using pooled, time-series data for a sample of 15 developed nations, we assess the effect of divorce rates on gender-specific suicide rates for youths aged 15 - 19 with models of relative cohort size, lagged nonmarital fertility, and an interaction term for divorce rates and nonmarital fertility. The results reveal that, for young men, relative cohort size is positively related to suicide rates, and divorce rates interact with lagged nonmarital fertility. The interaction effect indicates that increases in divorces are especially consequential for suicide cohorts of male youths who were born in periods of high nonmarital fertility. For female youths, only divorce rates exert a significant effect on suicide rates, and it is a positive, main effect. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | SUICIDE | DEATH RATE | DIVORCE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | ILLEGITIMACY | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Fertility | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 310584 |
| 8. Title: The effects of family policy in the former GDR on nuptiality and births outside marriage. Author: Salles A Source: Population-E. 2006 Jan-Apr;61(1-2):141-152. Abstract: Though the long-term impact of family policies on fertility is a subject of heated debate, there is no lack of evidence concerning their effects - often rapid - on the decisions made by families, who adapt their behaviour in accordance with government measures. The former GDR, where the government implemented an active family policy over a clearly delimited period, from the 1970s up to German reunification in 1990, is an interesting case in point. It resulted in the progressive emergence of an original pattern of family formation in the country, enabling individuals to draw maximum benefit from government aids. Through measures designed to increase the birth rate, the government primarily encouraged the development of non-marital births (as opposed to births within marriage) and of marriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY POLICY | NUPTIALITY | ILLEGITIMACY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | UNMARRIED | INCENTIVES | BABY BOOM | MARRIAGE AGE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marital Status | Marriage Patterns | Marriage Document Number: 308396 |
| 9. Title: Out-of-wedlock bonus. Author: Center For Law and Social Policy [CLASP] Source: Washington, D.C., Center For Law and Social Policy [CLASP], 2002 Jan. [2] p. (Reauthorization Issues) Abstract: The “Bonus to Reward a Decrease in Illegitimacy”, one provision in the 1996 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) welfare program, awards $100 million each year to states that demonstrate that they have decreased rates of both “illegitimacy” and abortion. The bonus is divided equally among the top five states that qualify. The rates apply to the entire state’s population, not only TANF recipients, and not only teens. It is unclear what makes a winning state a winner. From a statistical perspective, the formula could reward a state even if its number of out-of-wedlock births stays the same. This might happen if the number of marital births in the state increased. From a programmatic perspective, a survey of Maternal Child Health Directors conducted by Columbia University found that in 1999, the Maternal and Child Health official in 3 of 5 winning states indicated that no special program had been undertaken at that point to address out-of-wedlock births. From a TANF perspective, it appears that the rules some states have established related to fertility are not contributing to the “win”: neither Alabama, DC, nor Michigan has a “family cap” policy under which a child born to a TANF recipient is excluded from the grant; and, none of the winning states have individual responsibility agreements on family planning. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ILLEGITIMACY | SOCIAL SECURITY | BIRTH RATE | INCENTIVES | ABORTION RATE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | LEGISLATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Policy | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy Document Number: 276743 |
| 10. Title: Nonmarital first births and women's life histories. Author: Anderson KG; Low BS Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, 2002 May. [29] p. (PSC Research Report No. 02-505) Abstract: This paper draws on evolutionary life history theory to examine nonmarital births in the context of women's ability to secure male parental investment for their offspring. While nonmarital births are usually defined with respect to marital status the day of parturition, we adopt a more nuanced approach that corresponds to men’s willingness to commit to family obligations. Our approach distinguishes between marriages preceding pregnancy, marriages occurring between pregnancy and birth, marriages immediately following birth, and births that are not followed by marriage to the child’s father. Using retrospective marital and reproductive histories from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we observe a range in women’s life history outcomes (fertility and marital measure) corresponding to this range in male commitment around the time of first birth. Self-selection biases are not examined in this analysis, although their implications are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | WOMEN | MOTHERS | FATHERS | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | FIRST BIRTH | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ILLEGITIMACY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Child Rearing | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 285905 |
| 11. Title: Welfare, premarital childbearing, and the role of normative climate: 1968-1994. Author: Butler AC Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2002 May;64:295-313. Abstract: Nationally representative, longitudinal survey data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to examine the conditions under which welfare benefit levels affected the likelihood that low-income women age 15–24 bore their first child prior to marriage. Benefit levels had a positive effect on premarital childbearing during the 1980s and early 1990s but not during the 1970s or late 1960s. The effect of benefit levels was also stronger where community attitudes toward premarital sex were more tolerant than where attitudes were less tolerant, but this did not account for the varying effect of benefit levels over time. The study introduces a new way of measuring normative climate using attitudinal data from the General Social Surveys. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | ILLEGITIMACY | ATTITUDES | VALUE ORIENTATION | DECISION MAKING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Social Problems | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sex Behavior Document Number: 286215 |
| 12. Title: Birth rights. Author: Gittings J Source: Guardian. 2002 Dec 24;:[2] p.. Abstract: A new Chinese law allowing unmarried women to have a child of their own has provoked a widespread debate which is challenging traditional family and communist values. The law, introduced last month in the north-east province of Jilin, says that women "who have reached the legal age for marriage but remain single and without children may choose to have a child with medical assistance". It has become a lively talking point in the popular media and among young urban Chinese whose ideas on reproductive freedom would have been unthinkable in the past. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RURAL AREAS | UNMARRIED | WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | ILLEGITIMACY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Human Rights | Social Problems | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 174254 |
| 13. Title: [Costa Rica without fathers: acknowledgement of paternity and child support] La Costa Rica sin padres: el reconocimiento de la paternidad y la pensión alimentaria. Author: Budowski M; Rosero Bixby L Source: In: Población del Istmo 2000: Familia, migración, violencia y medio ambiente, edited by Luis Rosero Bixby. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro Centroamericano de Población, 2001. :105-139. Abstract: The proportion of births outside of marriage, and of children who are not acknowledged by their fathers, has increased considerably in Costa Rica in the past few years, generating a debate on the size of the problem. Said debate includes various public discourses, each of which offers an analysis and guidelines for contributing to the problem's solution. Nevertheless, it is fundamental to consider the viewpoint of those directly affected, if social policy measures are to be effective. Births without a recognized father in 1998 exceeded a quarter of all births (28%). This high percentage of births with unrecognized paternity is the result of an increase in the number of unmarried women, and of a change in the structure of the population owing to Nicaraguan immigration. There are significant regional differences, and the individual factors include the following: nationality, age, birth order, social conditions, and marital status. Information from 140 in-depth interviews with single mothers show that the majority associate unrecognized paternity with the child's father running off or abandoning his responsibilities. Other reasons mentioned are the interference of parents or parents-in-law, and approximately a quarter of the women do not want the father to legally recognize the child. Only a quarter of the women receive child support, and a third receive voluntary contributions. The reasons these women give for their situation in different cultural contexts make it possible to identify areas worth studying for the design of effective social policy measures, which are presented in the conclusion. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: La proporción de nacimientos fuera del matrimonio, y de niños no reconocidos por sus padres, ha aumentado considerablemente en Costa Rica en los últimos años, lo cual ha generado un debate sobre la importancia del problema. Dicho debate incluye varios discursos públicos y cada discurso ofrece un análisis de la situación y directrices para posibles intervenciones en la solución del problema. Sin embargo, es fundamental tener también la visión de los directamente afectados si se quiere que las medidas en materia de política social sean eficaces. La proporción de nacimientos con padre no reconocido alcanzó en 1998 a más de una cuarta parte de los niños (28%). Este elevado porcentaje de nacimientos con paternidad no reconocida es el resultado de un incremento en el número de mujeres no casadas, y de un cambio en la estructura de la población por inmigración nicaragüense. Existen grandes diferencias regionales, y entre los factores individuales se pueden mencionar: la nacionalidad, la edad, el orden de nacimiento, la condición social y el estado civil. Datos de 140 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a madres sin compañero en el hogar, muestran que la mayoría de ellas asocia la paternidad no reconocida a la huida o abandono de responsabilidades por el padre del niño. Otras razones mencionadas son la interferencia de los padres o de los suegros, y aproximadamente una de cuatro mujeres no desean el reconocimiento legal por parte del padre del niño. Sólo una cuarta parte de ellas reciben pensión alimentaria, y un tercio recibe contribuciones voluntarias. Las razones que estas mujeres dan sobre su situación en los diferentes contextos culturales, permite identificar las áreas que merecen estudiarse para la elaboración de medidas eficaces en materia de política social, las que se presentan en las conclusiones de esta investigación. (extracto) Language: Spanish Keywords: COSTA RICA | CHILD | ILLEGITIMACY | FATHERS | MOTHERS | ONE PARENT FAMILY | CHILD SUPPORT | MARITAL STATUS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Child Rearing | Behavior | Nuptiality Document Number: 179581 |
| 14. Title: Three states awarded "illegitimacy bonus," but questions abound. Author: Lin V Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2001 Oct;4(5):13. Abstract: In the US, the Department of Health and Human Services awarded three states that experience the greatest reduction in their out-of-wedlock birthrate, while also experiencing reductions in their abortion rate. For decreases of 4.O%, 0.25% and 0.009%, respectively, the District of Columbia, Alabama and Michigan will receive US$25 million each. This "illegitimacy bonus" was enacted as part of the 1996 law overhauling the nation's welfare system. However, the bonus is awarded based on reductions in the state's overall nonmarital birthrate, encompassing all women regardless of their age or whether they receive public assistance. Hence, questions have been raised as to whether the bonus has served to incentivize the states at all. Such questions, and the looming expiration of the 1996 welfare law in 2002, are prompting some advocates and policymakers to rethink the illegitimacy bonus. Such arguments about the existing bonus program, are to be raised in as Congress undertakes to reauthorize the welfare law. Language: English Keywords: ALABAMA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | MICHIGAN | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POLICY | AWARDS | INCENTIVES | LEGISLATION | ILLEGITIMACY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems Document Number: 168961 |
| 15. Title: Has welfare reform reduced nonmarital births? [Est-ce que la réforme des services sociaux a réduit l'incidence des naissances hors mariage ?] Author: Rivers KL Source: POPULATION TODAY. 2001 Feb-Mar;29(2):9. Abstract: This paper highlights welfare reform in the US. Welfare reform was enacted in August 1996 through the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) and is up for reauthorization in 2002. PRWORA was designed in part to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies. It is noted that the emphasis of the policy stemmed from research indicating that children born out-of-wedlock are more likely to face problems such as poverty, teen parenthood, and low educational attainment, and from the steady growth in the percentage of births to unmarried women. PRWORA was expected to reverse this trend. Accordingly, it is more difficult to discern what effect welfare reform has had in reducing the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies. Monetary bonuses will be given to states that have demonstrated a net decrease in out-of-wedlock pregnancies. French Abstract: Cet article met en relief la réforme sociale aux USA. La réforme sociale a été décrétée en août 1996 dans le Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) et est en cours de reconduction pour 2002. Le PRWORA a été conçu, en partie, pour encourager la formation et le maintien des familles de deux parents et réduire la fréquence des grossesses extraconjugales. Il est noté que l'essence de cette politique dérive des recherches qui indiquent que les enfants nés en dehors du mariage sont plus susceptibles d'avoir des problèmes tels que la pauvreté, la maternité adolescente et une éducation médiocre, et dérive aussi de l'augmentation persistante du pourcentage des naissances chez les femmes célibataires. Le PRWORA est supposé renverser cette tendance. En conséquence, il est plus difficile de discerner quel effet la réforme sociale a eu sur la réduction de la fréquence des grossesses extraconjugales. Des bonus financiers seront octroyés aux États qui ont démontré une baisse nette des grossesses extraconjugales. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIAL WELFARE | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | ILLEGITIMACY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Problems Document Number: 155425 |
| 16. Title: Welfare law and the drive to reduce "illegitimacy". Author: Boonstra H Source: New York, New York, Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI], 2000. 4 p. (Issues in Brief 2000 Series No. 4) Abstract: The 1996 law overhauling the nation’s welfare system expires in September 2002, but policymakers are expected to begin in 2001 to examine how well it has been working. Among the law’s most controversial features are several provisions directed at reducing out of-wedlock childbearing and promoting abstinence-only education. Relatively little is known, however, about how these policy interventions are being implemented by the states and what impact, positive or negative, they have had. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ILLEGITIMACY | SOCIAL WELFARE | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL POLICY | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Policy | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Family Planning | Population Policy | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 274286 |
| 17. Title: Premarital childbearing in urban Cameroon: paternal recognition, child care and financial support. Author: Calves AE Source: Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2000 Autumn;31(4):443-61. Abstract: To examine the determinants of paternal recognition, sources of care and financial support received by children living with unmarried mother, data collected from a primary survey in Yaounde, Cameroon between January and March 1997 among 384 young men and women aged 20-29 were analyzed. The results confirm the high prevalence of children born to unmarried young men and women in Yaounde. Although the majority of children born out of formal union have been recognized by their biological father, a non-negligible portion of them (36.5%) have not. In addition, the results note that determinants of paternal recognition which include the parent's characteristics at the time of conception, status of sexual union, and desirability of the sexual union at the time of conception. Moreover, the study demonstrates the significant difference of the sources of care and financial support of the children born out of wedlock, depending on whether or not the paternity has been acknowledged. Based on the results, the study suggests that the issue of paternal recognition needs further investigation, since it is likely to have some long-term and detrimental socioeconomic consequences for the child. Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | CHILD | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | ILLEGITIMACY | FATHERS | CHILD SUPPORT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Social Problems | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 163005 |
| 18. Title: [Study of natural childbirth in Guinea and Morocco] Essai d'etude des naissances naturelles entre la Guinee et le Maroc. Author: Cole C Source: Rabat, Morocco, Institut de Formation aux Carrieres de Sante 2000. [15], 58, [26] p. Dissertation, Institut de Formation aux Carrieres de Sante. Abstract: Islam forbids sexual relations outside of marriage. In Morocco, pregnancy among unmarried women therefore holds adverse consequences for both women and their children. Unmarried, pregnant women automatically open themselves to ostracization from their families and social circles, subsequently finding themselves on the street attempting to get rid of their children. The abandonment of illegitimate children causes psychosocial, legal, and economic problems. The author describes the case of illegitimate children in Guinea and Morocco, with an eye to identifying ways to better protect them. Findings are based upon research of the pertinent literature and field research consisting of the analysis of data from two hospitals during 1999 on illegitimate births, interviews with one mother in Conakry and one Moroccan mother, surveys of the opinions of a range of individuals in both countries, and visits to abandoned child shelters. The author describes the contexts of Morocco and Guinea, filiation and the establishment of ties between children and parents, the status of single mothers in the two countries, research data, and conclusions. Recommendations for change and potential solutions are offered in the closing section of the report. French Abstract: Ce mémoire de l'IFCS (Institut de Formation aux Carrières de Santé) aborde une étude concernant la situation des enfants naturels après leur naissance au Maroc et en Guinée. Le but visé par celle-ci consiste en une présentation des naissances illégitimes dans ces pays et la problématique énoncée porte sur le sort de la mère célibataire et les conséquences que subira son enfant. La méthodologie suivie se base sur une recherche documentaire et une autre sur le terrain menée grâce à un relevé statistique des naissances illégitimes au sein de deux maternités des CHU des deux pays, des sondages d'opinions des personnes de professions différentes et deux entretiens avec deux mères, l'une célibataire au Maroc et l'utre nourricière en Guinée. Deux compte-rendus des recherches effectuées et des entretiens sont présentés, l'intértprétation des données recueillies révèle que les causes de cette pathologie sociale découlent en premier lieu de l'interdiction du mariage avant un certain âge en Guinée, 63,63% des filles mères sont âgées de 18 à 24 ans, et en en second lieu de l'illusion du mariage, la légèreté dans le comportement sexuel, le viol, la phobie de mourir sans enfant pour les filles âgées de plus de 30 ans et les liaisons incestueuses et adultériennes, ces dernières débouchent généralement sur l'abandon du nouveau-né. Les solutions apportées consistent en l'hébergement par des centres d'accueil au Maroc et la non culpabilité de la seule fille en Guinée avec l'obligation du père à entretenir son enfant. Des suggestions sous forme de mesures préventives sont introduites et intéressent l'éducation des jeunes filles sur plusieurs niveaux au Maroc, l'instauration des centres d'accueil à l'image du Maroc en Guinée et l'instauration des lois et dispositions juridiques en faveur des mères célibataires et leurs enfants dans les deux pays. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | GUINEA | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | ISLAM | CULTURE | PUBLIC OPINION | ILLEGITIMACY | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HOMELESS PERSONS | HOSPITALS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 159278 |
| 19. Title: The "illegitimacy bonus" and state efforts to reduce out-of-wedlock births. Author: Donovan P Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 Mar-Apr;31(2):94-7. Abstract: In 1996, the US Congress responded to a dramatic increase in out-of-wedlock births (now a third of all US births annually, mostly to women not receiving welfare) by mounting a nationwide campaign against "illegitimacy." The hallmark of the campaign is a program that divides an award of up to $100 million annually among as many as 5 states for 5 years beginning in 1999 for achieving the greatest declines in out-of-wedlock births and abortions. While some states are making formal efforts to win the award, others are attempting to reduce these births despite their acknowledgement that they have little chance of winning the bonus. State programs and policies are attempting to: 1) increase contraceptive usage among low-income women by promoting family planning (FP) and expanding FP access, 2) prevent adolescent pregnancy, and 3) reach adults and adolescents. Funding for many programs is coming from "Temporary Assistance to Needy Families" (TANF) welfare block grants, which can be used for this purpose. In some cases, states are passing on small and substantial grants to communities to encourage local initiatives to reduce out-of-wedlock fertility. Initiatives undertaken since the illegitimacy bonus was announced will likely have no effect on the winners in the first or even the second years. Even when the results of the new efforts are in, it may be difficult to establish cause and effect. It is clear that the incentive has sparked activity, especially given the flexibility of available TANF funds to support this activity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INCENTIVES | ILLEGITIMACY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Social Problems | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases Document Number: 142086 |
| 20. Title: The state bonus to reward a decrease in "illegitimacy": flawed methods and questionable effects. Author: Dye JL; Presser HB Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 May-Jun;31(3):142-7. Abstract: In 1994, one-third of all births in the US occurred outside of marriage, and the rate of nonmarital childbearing was rising among women of all reproductive ages. The role of welfare in that trend was questioned during the debates on welfare reform occurring at that time. Some viewed welfare payments as the main factor encouraging nonmarital childbearing and argued that states could easily discourage such behavior with financial disincentives. However, others associated nonmarital childbearing with poverty and social disadvantage, and recommended welfare reforms to help the conditions. The new welfare law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, offers a $20 million incentive, to be awarded annually for 4 years, to each of the 5 states which experience the largest declines in the illegitimacy ratio and have a lower ratio of abortions to live births than they did in 1995. If fewer than 5 states qualify, the bonus would increase to $25 million per state. The new law is reviewed, followed by consideration of concerns over the bonus with regard to problems in measuring goals, imprecise legislative language, guidelines and accountability, and reliance upon inaccurate data. This effort to legislate the context of childbearing is based upon flawed methods which make for ineffective policy and questionable results. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | INCENTIVES | ILLEGITIMACY | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL WELFARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Policy | Social Problems | Economic Factors Document Number: 143061 |
| 21. Title: Right-wing mobilization of women in India: Hindutva's willing performers. Author: Phalkey J Source: In: Women, globalization and fragmentation in the developing world, edited by Haleh Afshar and Stephanie Barrientos. Basingstoke, England, Macmillan Press, 1999. :38-53. Abstract: Hindu nationalist politics 3 can be said to contribute to the mediation of these gaps in its methods of representation. These are illustrative of populism, as Gledhill explains. The leadership is largely middle-class and appeals to the dissatisfied masses by promising jobs and social benefits which they expect but do not receive from the state: a condition that typically arises as a result of the dysfunctional institutions of modernity. 4 Their discourse is overwhelmingly patriotic, however, they set their own terms of the 'national' and therefore of patriotism as well. The nation is defined as a 'Hindu nation', and a patriot is essentially one who identifies with hindutva. The culmination of Hindu nationalist political aspirations in the twentieth century was the almost theatrical demolition of the Babri mosque, in Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh on 6 December 1992. Communal violence followed throughout India. This was not a spontaneous act of violence, as tension around the issue of the mosque had been simmering since even before independence, and more recently since 1989. The mosque is said to have been built by the Moghul emperor Babar, after the destruction of a Hindu temple, on the site that Hindu nationalists claim is the birthplace of Ram, an incarnation of the Godhead. Various contesting histories have been proposed about the mosque ever since the conflict surfaced. Hindutva forces wanted to reclaim the site to redress the wrongs of history and establish a continuum of Hindu history. What was interesting about the violence, to my mind, was the visible and substantial participation of women marking their presence in hindutva politics. It is not that women were participating in nationalist politics for the first time. Women had participated in the struggle for independence. The focus of this chapter, then, is to examine women's participation in the violence of hindutva politics, looking in particular for possible explanations within women's experience of modernity. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PARTICIPATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | GOVERNMENT | INDUSTRIALIZATION | MODERNIZATION | RELIGION | ILLEGITIMACY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors | Social Change | Social Problems Document Number: 186630 |
| 22. Title: Incomplete reporting of men's fertility in the United States and Britain: a research note. Author: Rendall MS; Clarke L; Peters HE; Ranjit N; Verropoulou G Source: DEMOGRAPHY. 1999 Feb;36(1):135-44. Abstract: This study analyzed, in-depth, the problem of men's incomplete reporting of fertility histories in the US and UK and the sources of deficits. Data were obtained from the 1992 US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Gaps in underreporting and underrepresentation are analyzed for two periods, for marital and nonmarital fertility, and by race. Findings indicate statistically significant differences in the number of men's births per women's births in two periods in both the PSID and BHPS. In the PSID, the ratio rose from 79.8 during 1968-73 to about 85 during 1974-91. The BHPS ratio was about 89/100. Completeness of marital reporting did not decline over time. Black men's ratios ranged from 55.8 to 66.3 in the two periods compared to over 90 for White men's ratios. Nonmarital births were highly incomplete (64.3 in the BHPS and 49.3 in the PSID). US nonmarital ratios were 59.5 for Whites and 41.1 for Blacks. Completeness of men's nonmarital birth reports improved over time in the US and declined in the UK. Completeness of marital birth reporting was over 90 in both countries. Births from previous marriages were incompletely reported. Underrepresentation of previously married years was worse than underrepresentation of unmarried years. Similar Black/White differences occurred in ratios and underrepresentation. Non-reporting accounts for incompleteness of nonmarital birth reporting. Birth incompleteness from previous marriages is due mainly to underrepresentation of previous married person years. Non-reporting estimates range from 2.1% to 22.9% in the BHPS, from 6.0% to 22.2% for the PSID, and from -5.4% to 34.3% for US Blacks. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | BIRTH RECORDS | FERTILITY | ILLEGITIMACY | UNDERCOUNT | DATA QUALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Western | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Error Sources | Measurement | Data Analysis Document Number: 139330 |
| 23. Title: Premarital childbearing in northwest Kenya: challenging the concept of illegitimacy. Author: Shell-Duncan B; Wimmer M Source: SOCIAL BIOLOGY.. 1999 Spring-Summer;46(1-2):47-61. Abstract: This paper examines the level and pattern of premarital fertility in a rural Kenyan community and evaluated the cultural context surrounding this phenomenon. Data were collected in 1990-91 over the course of an 18-month field study of sociocultural and biological determinants of maternal and child health among the Turkana. The premarital fertility among the Turkana is both widespread and culturally acceptable, with over 30% of women having at least one child prior to marriage. Although women with premarital births initiate childbearing on average a year earlier than women with only marital births, women's marital status does not influence the length of the interval between first and second births. Marriage among the Turkana is not a social trigger for the onset and continuation of reproduction or a means to legitimate reproduction. Marital status of the parents simply determines the custody of a child. In a premarital birth, the father pays a set fee to the mother's family, and the custody of the child remains permanently with the mother's family. If the parents later marry, the father must purchase custody of the child by another fee at that time. Since the Turkana have experienced few effects of modernization, the existence of such a practice suggests that cultural factors must be taken into account before assessing premarital fertility in Africa as a social problem. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | ILLEGITIMACY | CULTURE | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Biology Document Number: 147708 |
| 24. Title: Women's stature and marriage markets in preindustrial Bavaria. Author: Baten J; Murray JE Source: Journal of Family History. 1998 Apr;23(2):124-35. Abstract: "The authors investigate marital patterns among Bavarian women born 1819 to 1886. In particular, Becker's hypothesis concerning heights and probability of marriage, namely, that likes tend to marry likes, is considered. The authors find to the contrary that the shortest women were at a distinct disadvantage in the marriage market. Other characteristics that lowered the probability of ever marrying included birth in northern Bavaria, lower class status, and illegitimate birth. It is concluded that the height-marital status relationship sheds light on the wage premium paid to married workers: The premium probably reflects greater productivity that (1) existed prior to marriage and (2) increased the likelihood of marriage." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | MARITAL STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ILLEGITIMACY | WAGES | BODY HEIGHT | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Nuptiality | Marriage | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 255419 |
| 25. Title: Infant survival chances, unmarried motherhood and domestic arrangements in rural Scotland, 1845-1945. Author: Blaikie A Source: LOCAL POPULATION STUDIES. 1998 Spring;(60):34-46. Abstract: "This paper assesses patterns of infant mortality and childhood survival in areas of Scotland where illegitimacy was high during the later nineteenth century and earlier twentieth centuries. The focus will be on nominal record linkage based on rural parishes in north-east and south-west Scotland between 1845 and 1945." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | ILLEGITIMACY | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | DATA LINKAGE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Social Problems | Family and Household | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 255928 |
| 26. Title: Use of a historical register in social epidemiology: child mortality in Stockholm at the turn of the 19th century. Author: Burstrom B; Diderichsen F; Bernhardt E; Smedman L Source: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL MEDICINE. 1998 Sep;26(3):166-72. Abstract: "This study describes the age- and cause-specific levels and social determinants of high child mortality in Stockholm [Sweden] around the turn of the century. The study is based on computerized individual level sociodemographic information and the death certificates of children aged 0-15 years residing in Maria parish in Stockholm during the years 1885, 1891 and 1910 (n=36,718).... Low social class and being born out of wedlock increased the overall risk of death in early childhood." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CHILD MORTALITY | EXCESS MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | SOCIAL CLASS | ILLEGITIMACY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Death Rate | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 256298 |
| 27. Title: Marriage and marital dissolution among black Americans. Author: Cherlin AJ Source: JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE FAMILY STUDIES. 1998 Spring;29(1):147-58. Abstract: "Over the past few decades, the place of marriage in American family life has declined, and the decline has been sharper among Blacks than among Whites. This article describes the trends in marriage and marital dissolution among Black Americans, often making comparisons to White Americans. Blacks are less likely to ever marry, more likely to separate, and less likely to remarry. They are also more likely to bear and rear children outside of marriage. In part, these differences are due to the severity with which changes in the American economy have affected Blacks. In part, they are due to longstanding cultural patterns, such as a greater reliance on extended kin, which Blacks have drawn upon to subsist during worsening economic conditions." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | BLACKS | DIVORCE | WHITES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REMARRIAGE | ILLEGITIMACY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Marriage | Nuptiality | Ethnic Groups | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 256436 |
| 28. Title: Children as income-producing assets: the case of teen illegitimacy and government transfers. Author: Clarke GR; Strauss RP Source: SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL. 1998;64(4):827-56. Abstract: This paper develops a classical model of the teen fertility decision in the presence of public income transfers. The theoretical model predicts that welfare payments will encourage fertility, holding constant other economic opportunities, and that better economic opportunities will discourage fertility. Considering the possible simultaneity of illegitimacy rates and benefit levels, due to the collective choice process, the authors confirm the theoretical model's predictions with state-level data from 1980 through 1990. The authors find that including fixed effects in the regression to control for unobserved differences between states does not sufficiently control for endogeneity. After controlling for endogeneity, real welfare benefits are strongly and robustly related to teen illegitimacy. The point estimates of the elasticity with respect to changes in the illegitimacy rate are around +1.3 for White teens and +2.1 for Black teens. Real wages for women with a high school education or less are negatively related to teen illegitimacy for White teens, with an elasticity of around -0.4. Finally, male wages appear to have little effect on the illegitimacy rate for White teens but appear negatively correlated with the illegitimacy rate for Black teens in some model specifications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WHITES | BLACKS | ILLEGITIMACY | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 150113 |
| 29. Title: [The demographic situation in Quebec, 1998 edition] La situation demographique au Quebec, edition 1998. Author: Duchesne L Source: Quebec, Canada, Bureau de la Statistique du Quebec, 1998 Dec. 256 p. (Statistiques Demographiques) Abstract: This publication is the latest in a series of reports providing information on recent demographic trends in the Canadian province of Quebec. In addition to data on births, deaths, marriages, and migration by region and municipality, the report also provides data on divorces, abortions, and sterilizations. In many cases retrospective data are included. Other topics covered include life expectancy, causes of death, perinatal mortality, female infertility, births outside marriage, children in divorces, consensual unions, civil marriages, migrant countries of origin, language, education, remarriages, and names. Language: French Keywords: CANADA | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | NUPTIALITY | MARRIAGE | DIVORCE | MIGRATION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ABORTION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CAUSES OF DEATH | INFANT MORTALITY | NEONATAL MORTALITY | INFERTILITY | ILLEGITIMACY | DIVORCED | CONSENSUAL UNION | MARITAL STATUS | REMARRIAGE | ORIGIN | LANGUAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Length of Life | Reproduction | Social Problems | Marriage Patterns | Communication | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 256887 Notification |
| 30. Title: [Households and families in poor neighborhoods of Havana in the nineteenth century. An approximation according to the 1861 census] Hogares y familias en los barrios populares de la Habana en el siglo XIX. Una aproximacion a traves del censo de 1861. Author: Gonzalez Quinones F; Perez-Fuentes Hernandez P; Valverde Lamsfus L Source: BOLETIN DE LA ASOCIACION DE DEMOGRAFIA HISTORICA. 1998;16(2):87-133. Abstract: "This article analyzes...Havana's [Cuba] poor neighborhood households' structure [in the nineteenth century] by color, sex, and condition of the population. As a starting point, it presents two different levels of analysis: the households and coresident family groups.... The formation of family groups follows very different nuptiality patterns: marriage among...whites and cohabitation as the preferred option among...blacks, with [a] subsequent impact on illegitimacy levels. Nuptiality behavior by color, sex, age groups, and masculinity ratio reveals the complexity of [the] marriage market...influenced not only legally by color and condition but also because of important population imbalances." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE) Language: Spanish Keywords: CUBA | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | HOUSEHOLDS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEX FACTORS | NUPTIALITY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ILLEGITIMACY | AGE FACTORS | SEX RATIO | WHITES | BLACKS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Family and Household | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Problems | Sex Distribution Document Number: 257416 |
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