1.  Title: Doorways I: student training manual on school-related gender-based violence prevention and response. Author: DevTech Systems. Safe Schools Program Source: Arlington, Virginia, DevTech Systems, 2009 Mar. v, 196 p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-02-02-00019-00) Abstract: This manual was designed for students to improve their resiliency and self-efficacy and to help them prevent and respond to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV). Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | USAID | YOUTH | CHILDREN | HUMAN RIGHTS | CHILD HEALTH | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 339981 |
| 2. Title: Doorways II: community counselor training manual on school-related gender-based violence prevention and response. Author: DevTech Systems. Safe Schools Program Source: Arlington, Virginia, DevTech Systems, 2009 Mar. v, 193 p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-02-02-00019-00) Abstract: This manual was designed to train community members to help prevent and respond to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) by instructing them in basic listening skills and response procedures. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | TEACHERS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | YOUTH | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | COUNSELING | HUMAN RIGHTS | EVALUATION | Education | Training Programs | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339982 |
| 3. Title: Learn without fear. Youth in action against violence in schools. Author: Plan International Deutschland Source: Hamburg, Germany, Plan International Deutschland, 2009 May. 63 p. Abstract: Plan Germany brought together children from Colombia, Germany, Ecuador, India, the Philippines, Tanzania, and Uganda to create a manual with exercises and activities to address school violence. Activities include identifying areas in school grounds which are less safe, understanding stereotypes, and helping someone who has been hurt or bullied. Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | COLOMBIA | GERMANY | TANZANIA | UGANDA | INDIA | PHILIPPINES | TEACHING MATERIALS | SCHOOLS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HUMAN RIGHTS | SAFETY | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | South America, Northern | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Political Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 331826 |
| 4. Title: Handbook on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [74] p. Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of the Child, the main international instrument for protecting children's rights, is supplemented by two optional protocols. One addresses the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and the other the involvement of children in armed conflict. This handbook addresses the former issue. The publication describes the genesis, scope, and content of the protocol and provides examples of measures taken by governments to fulfill their obligations under this protocol. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | SOCIAL PROTECTION | TREATIES | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | VIOLENCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases Document Number: 331375 |
| 5. Title: A study on violence against girls: Report on the International Girl Child Conference, 9-10 March 2009, The Hague, the Netherlands. Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre; Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Human Rights Division Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [97] p. Abstract: This publication summarizes the discussions and outcomes of the International Conference on Violence against the Girl Child. The conference addressed gaps in knowledge, research, and responses to violence against girls in the home, and was a follow-up to the United Nations Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | CHILD MARRIAGE | INTERNET | HUMAN RIGHTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RECOMMENDATIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Information Networks | Communication | Diseases Document Number: 331831 |
| 6. Title: Preventing HIV with young people: The key to tackling the epidemic. Author: Abbasi S Source: London, United Kingdom, UNICEF UK, [2009]. [32] p. Abstract: This report describes the current state of the HIV epidemic, the key challenges faced by adolescents and young people, and UNICEF's response in each region. The following recommendations are made: 1. Combine prevention strategies; 2. Prioritize high-quality data; 3. Make prevention programs more relevant to young people; 4. Strengthen links between treatment and prevention; 5. Nurture a 'prevention movement'. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | YOUTH | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | UNEMPLOYMENT | INCOME | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331377 |
7.  Peer Reviewed Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe. Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17. Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy Document Number: 341476 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. Author: Baral S; Trapence G; Motimedi F; Umar E; Iipinge S; Dausab F; Beyrer C Source: PloS One. 2009;4(3):e4997. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the generalized epidemics of HIV in southern Sub-Saharan Africa, men who have sex with men have been largely excluded from HIV surveillance and research. Epidemiologic data for MSM in southern Africa are among the sparsest globally, and HIV risk among these men has yet to be characterized in the majority of countries. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional anonymous probe of 537 men recruited with non-probability sampling among men who reported ever having had sex with another man in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana using a structured survey instrument and HIV screening with the OraQuick(c) rapid test kit. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The HIV prevalence among those between the ages of 18 and 23 was 8.3% (20/241); 20.0% (42/210) among those 24-29; and 35.7% (30/84) among those older than 30 for an overall prevalence of 17.4% (95% CI 14.4-20.8). In multivariate logistic regressions, being older than 25 (aOR 4.0, 95% CI 2.0-8.0), and not always wearing condoms during sex (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-4.9) were significantly associated with being HIV-positive. Sexual concurrency was common with 16.6% having ongoing concurrent stable relationships with a man and a woman and 53.7% had both male and female sexual partners in proceeding 6 months. Unprotected anal intercourse was common and the use of petroleum-based lubricants was also common when using condoms. Human rights abuses, including blackmail and denial of housing and health care was prevalent with 42.1% (222/527) reporting at least one abuse. CONCLUSIONS: MSM are a high-risk group for HIV infection and human rights abuses in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. Concurrency of sexual partnerships with partners of both genders may play important roles in HIV spread in these populations. Further epidemiologic and evaluative research is needed to assess the contribution of MSM to southern Africa's HIV epidemics and how best to mitigate this. These countries should initiate and adequately fund evidence-based and targeted HIV prevention programs for MSM. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | NAMIBIA | BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Public Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341820 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards a global fund for the health MDGs? [letter] Author: Bermejo A Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 20;373(9681):2110. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: ITALY | CRITIQUE | MIGRANT WORKERS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HUMAN RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342234 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Judicialisation of the right to health in Brazil. Author: Biehl J; Petryna A; Gertner A; Amon JJ; Picon PD Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 27;373(9682):2182-4. Abstract: This article examines Brazil's constitutional right to health and their pharmaceutical access. It states that Brazil must raise their funding for essential medicines and pursue strategies to ensure universal availability of medicines that the government has a legal responsibility to provide in order to reduce vulnerability to disease. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | HUMAN RIGHTS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAM EFFICIENCY | FEES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Policy | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 342054 |
| 11. Title: Healthcare responsibilities and conscientious objection. Author: Cook RJ; Olaya MA; Dickens BM Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar;104(3):249-52. Abstract: The Constitutional Court of Colombia has issued a decision of international significance clarifying legal duties of providers, hospitals, and healthcare systems when conscientious objection is made to conducting lawful abortion. The decision establishes objecting providers' duties to refer patients to non-objecting providers, and that hospitals, clinics, and other institutions have no rights of conscientious objection. Their professional and legal duties are to ensure that patients receive timely services. Hospitals and other administrators cannot object, because they do not participate in the procedures they are obliged to arrange. Objecting providers, and hospitals, must maintain knowledge of non-objecting providers to whom their patients must be referred. Accordingly, medical schools must adequately train, and licensing authorities approve, non-objecting providers. Where they are unavailable, midwives and perhaps nurse practitioners may be trained, equipped, and approved for appropriate service delivery. The Court's decision has widespread implications for how healthcare systems must accommodate conscientious objection and patients' legal rights. Language: English Keywords: COLOMBIA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | ABORTION LAW | COURT DECISION | CONSTITUTION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Litigation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341638 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards a sexual ethics of rights and responsibilities. Author: Dixon-Mueller R; Germain A; Fredrick B; Bourne K Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):111-119. Abstract: Sexual rights as human rights encompass individual freedoms and social entitlements. Both depend for their realisation on equally important social responsibilities on the part of individuals, couples, families, other social institutions, and the State. The principle that all persons must understand their own sexual rights and responsibilities and respect the equal rights of others - particularly those of their sexual partners - informs our interpretation of the ethical basis of sexual behaviours. We propose a conceptual framework for defining a sexual ethics of equal rights and responsibilities pertaining to five dimensions of sexual behaviour: 1) sexual relationships and the right to choose one’s partner; 2) sexual expression and the right to seek pleasure; 3) sexual consequences and the right to cooperation from one’s partner; 4) sexual harm and the right to protection; and 5) sexual health and the right to information, education and health services. We suggest that the ethical principles presented here pertaining to sexual partnerships should be incorporated into sexuality education, sexual and reproductive health services, and social policies aimed at promoting the health and rights of all persons regardless of gender, marital status, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity and other personal or group identities. Spanish Abstract: Los derechos sexuales como derechos humanos abarcan libertades individuales y derechos sociales. La realización de ambos depende de responsabilidades sociales de igual importancia por parte de particulares, parejas, familias, otras instituciones sociales y el Estado. El principio de que todas las personas deben comprender sus propios derechos y responsabilidades sexuales y respetar la igualdad de derechos de los demás, particularmente de las parejas sexuales, influye en nuestra interpretación de la base ética de los comportamientos sexuales. Proponemos un marco conceptual para definir la ética sexual de la igualdad de derechos y responsabilidades concernientes a cinco dimensiones del comportamiento sexual: 1) relaciones sexuales y el derecho de escoger su pareja; 2) expresión sexual y el derecho de buscar placer; 3) consecuencias sexuales y el derecho a la cooperación de la pareja; 4) daño sexual y el derecho a la protección; y 5) salud sexual y el derecho a la información, educación y servicios de salud. Sugerimos que los principios éticos aquí presentados concernientes a las parejas sexuales se incorporen en la educación sexual, los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y las políticas sociales destinadas a promover la salud y los derechos de cada persona independientemente de su sexo, estado civil, orientación sexual, religión, etnia y otras identidades personales o de grupo. French Abstract: Les droits sexuels en tant que droits de l’homme englobent les libertés individuelles et les prestations sociales. La réalisation de ces deux types de droits dépend de responsabilités sociales aussi importantes de la part des individus, des couples, des familles, d’autres institutions sociales et de l’État. Notre interprétation du fondement éthique des comportements sexuels est basée sur le principe selon lequel tous les individus doivent comprendre leurs responsabilités et leurs droits sexuels, et respecter l’égalité des droits de l’autre, en particulier leurs partenaires sexuels. Nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour définir une éthique sexuelle d’égalité des droits et des responsabilités touchant cinq dimensions du comportement sexuel : 1) les relations sexuelles et le droit de choisir son partenaire ; 2) l’expression sexuelle et le droit de rechercher le plaisir ; 3) les conséquences sexuelles et le droit à la coopération du partenaire ; 4) les atteintes sexuelles et le droit à la protection ; et 5) la santé sexuelle et le droit à des services d’information, d’éducation et de santé. Nous recommandons que les principes éthiques présentés ici sur les partenariats sexuels soient intégrés dans l’éducation sexuelle, les services de santé génésique et les politiques sociales de promotion de la santé et des droits de toutes les personnes, quels que soient leur sexe, leur état civil, leur orientation sexuelle, leur religion, leur origine ethnique et autres identités personnelles ou collectives. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | ETHICS | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX EDUCATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Health | Education | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342020 |
| 13. Title: The right to contraception and the wrongs of restrictive services. Author: Edouard L Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 1; Abstract: Rights come with responsibilities for individuals, service providers, and purveyors. The operationalization of the right to contraception, for universal access to a wide range of effective methods, necessitates very different but complementary interventions. A rights-based approach should aim to respect, protect, and fulfill rights. The wishes of individuals concerning childbearing necessitate informed choice, access to services, and lack of prejudice. Equity should be addressed through the strengthening of health systems, especially primary health care, with emphasis on the needs of underserved populations. Official pronouncements on population issues necessitate commitments. A philosophy of rights is particularly useful for service implementation, including the introduction of new contraceptive methods, by addressing the responsibilities of duty bearers and the claims of right holders. With the rights to and overwhelming health benefits of contraception, it is imperative to reverse the wrongs of limited reproductive health services. Language: English Keywords: ALGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | SEXUALITY | HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341047 |
| 14. Title: Girls’ success: Mentoring guide for life skills. Author: Kays L Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], Center for Gender Equity, 2009. [115] p. Abstract: This guide discusses mentoring girls to help them develop important life skills. Some of the topics covered include healthy living, inner strength, making good choices, reproductive health, and sexuality. The guide provides discussion questions about each topic and learning activities that can be conducted in mentoring sessions or when girls are in school or with their families. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | PUBERTY | NUTRITION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HYGIENE | DIET | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | QUALITY OF LIFE | COUNSELING | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331823 |
| 15. Title: Doesn't the public have the right to know that male circumcision protects against HIV? [editorial] Author: Madhivanan P; Krupp K Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009 Jan-Mar;6(1):5-6. Abstract: This editorial examines the issue of male circumcision (MC) in India and discusses doctor's challenges' with the question,"Doesn't the public have the right to know that male circumcision protects against HIV?" It describes the reluctance of the Government of India to disclose this information due to the controversy that may erupt between conservative Hindus and the Muslims in the country in which male circumcision is a marker of religious identity. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | PUBLIC OPINION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | HIV PREVENTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 330900 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Protecting the unprotected: mixed-method research on drug use, sex work and rights in Pakistan's fight against HIV/AIDS. Author: Mayhew S; Collumbien M; Qureshi A; Platt L; Rafiq N; Faisel A; Lalji N; Hawkes S Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii31-ii36. Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the nature and extent of human rights abuses against three vulnerable groups (injecting drug users (IDUs) and male and female sex workers), to understand the social and sexual linkages between them and to examine how protecting their rights could enhance the impact of HIV prevention policies. Methods: In-depth interviews were carried out with 38 high-risk respondents (IDUs and female, male and transgender sex workers) and a bio-behavioural survey was performed of 813 IDU/sex worker respondents in Rawalpindi. Results: People in all vulnerable groups interacted both sexually and socially. All groups experienced human rights abuses by state and non-state actors which increased their HIV risk. Non-state actors, including relations and sex worker clients, are responsible for verbal, physical and sexual violence. State actors (particularly police) perpetrate harassment, exploitation and abuse of all vulnerable groups with impunity. Health service providers fail to provide adequate services for vulnerable groups. Conclusions: High levels of discrimination and abuse of human dignity of all groups studied were revealed. This violates their physical and mental integrity and also leads to an increased risk of HIV. The sexual and social interactions between groups mean that human rights abuses experienced by one high-risk group can increase the risk of HIV both for them and other groups. The protection of human rights needs to become an integral part of a multisector response to the risk of HIV/AIDS by state and non-state agencies. The Government of Pakistan should work at both legal and programme levels to protect the rights of, and minimise discrimination against, groups vulnerable to HIV in order to reduce the potential for the spread of HIV before the epidemic takes hold. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | IV DRUG USERS | POLICE | SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 340115 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and HIV/AIDS [editorial] Author: McMillan AS; Simkiss D Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;55(2):71-2. Abstract: The authors provide recommendations to promote children's right to life and survival, children's best interests and children's participation and non-discrimination through sex education. They also outline ideas that may be developed on the issues for children orphaned by HIV to promote the child's right to life. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UN | UNAIDS | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | CHILD HEALTH | INTERVENTIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341012 |
| 18. Title: Advocating for sexual abuse free classrooms. Author: Meintjes B; Cele K; Malzahn S; Perumal J; Todd J Source: London, United Kingdom, ChildHope UK, 2009. 16 p. (Collaborative Approaches to Advocacy Pt. 5) Abstract: This booklet is part of a series that looks critically at the current risk factors for sexual abuse of children. The booklet proposes recommendations for government and other organizations involved in supporting children and communities affected by high rates of sexual abuse. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | TEACHERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | ADVOCACY | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RISK FACTORS | SCHOOLS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | COUNSELING | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Political Factors | Communication | Crime | Social Problems | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341097 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand. Author: Michinobu R Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8. Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341173 |
| 20. Title: Adolescent and youth reproductive health care and confidentiality FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 25; Abstract: This report provides background and specific recommendations on issues surrounding adolescent and youth reproductive health care and confidentiality. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | INFORMED CONSENT | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Services | Education | Political Factors Document Number: 341503 |
| 21. Title: Ethics in family planning FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 16; Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of obstetrics, gynecology, and women's health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ETHICS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ABORTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MALE ROLE | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Political Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 331125 Notification |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing global essential medicines norms to improve access to AIDS treatment: lessons from Brazil. Author: Nunn A; Fonseca ED; Gruskin S Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(2):131-49. Abstract: Brazil's large-scale, successful HIV/AIDS treatment programme is considered by many to be a model for other developing countries aiming to improve access to AIDS treatment. Far less is known about Brazil's important role in changing global norms related to international pharmaceutical policy, particularly international human rights, health and trade policies governing access to essential medicines. Prompted by Brazil's interest in preserving its national AIDS treatment policies during World Trade Organisation trade disputes with the USA, these efforts to change global essential medicines norms have had important implications for other countries, particularly those scaling up AIDS treatment. This paper analyses Brazil's contributions to global essential medicines policy and explains the relevance of Brazil's contributions to global health policy today. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | HEALTH POLICY | COMMERCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PRICING | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing Document Number: 341397 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Men, HIV/AIDS, and human rights. Author: Peacock D; Stemple L; Sawires S; Coates TJ Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S119-25. Abstract: Though still limited in scale, work with men to achieve gender equality is occurring on every continent and in many countries. A rapidly expanding evidence base demonstrates that rigorously implemented initiatives targeting men can change social practices that affect the health of both sexes, particularly in the context of HIV and AIDS. Too often however, messages only address the harm that regressive masculinity norms cause women, while neglecting the damage done to men by these norms. This article calls for a more inclusive approach which recognizes that men, far from being a monolithic group, have unequal access to health and rights depending on other intersecting forms of discrimination based on race, class, sexuality, disability, nationality, and the like. Messages that target men only as holders of privilege miss men who are disempowered or who themselves challenge rigid gender roles. The article makes recommendations which move beyond treating men simply as "the problem", and instead lays a foundation for engaging men both as agents of change and holders of rights to the ultimate benefit of women and men. Human rights and other policy interventions must avoid regressive stereotyping, and successful local initiatives should be taken to scale nationally and internationally. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342680 |
| 24. Title: A rights-based approach to accessing health determinants. Author: Perkins F Source: Global Health Promotion. 2009 Mar;16(1):61-4. Abstract: This commentary summarizes the experience and learnings from a site visit in May 2008 to a drop-in centre for vulnerable women in downtown Cairo run by El-Shehab Institution for Comprehensive Development, which provides street outreach for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). The Centre successfully provides services and support for women, many of who are displaced or refugees and are from the most marginalized areas in Cairo. Through a rights-based approach to the work, the Centre helps people living in the slums fight and win the right to access clean water, sewerage and electrical power in their communities. An individual-based approach to human rights is also used. In the last year El-Shehab have helped 67 women go to court and win their marriage rights from husbands who have abandoned them. Their approach is an example of a successful way to achieve access to basic health determinants. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | ADVOCACY | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | COURT DECISION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Energy Supply | Litigation Document Number: 342373 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The language of "sexual minorities" and the politics of identity: a position paper. Author: Petchesky RP Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):105-110. Abstract: In any highly contested political domain, language can be a potent force for change or an obstacle to understanding and coalition building across difference. This is surely the case in the global debates over sexuality and gender, where even those terms themselves have aroused heated conflicts. In this spirit, we want to challenge the uncritical use of the term “sexual minorities”, based on a number of historical and conceptual problems with which that term – like the larger thicket of identities and identity politics it signifies – is encumbered. These include: ignoring history, legitimating dubious normativity, fixing biological categories, and recreating exclusions. With this struggle, we seem caught in a modernist dilemma between two desires: to name and honour difference by signifying identities and to avoid exclusivity and hierarchy by reclaiming universals. The insistence of diverse groups on naming themselves and achieving recognition of their distinctness and variety will go on as long as aspirations for democracy exist, because that is the nature and necessity of emancipatory politics. At the same time, our language needs to reflect the fluidity and complexity of sexuality and gender expressions in everyday life and their intricate interweaving with other conditions such as class, race, ethnicity, time and place. Spanish Abstract: En toda esfera política muy refutada, el idioma puede ser una fuerza potente para lograr cambios o un obstáculo a la comprensión y al desarrollo de coalición para saldar diferencias. Indudablemente, ese es el caso en los debates mundiales sobre la sexualidad y el género, donde incluso esos mismos términos han suscitado conflictos acalorados. En ese espíritu, queremos cuestionar el uso ciego del término “minorías sexuales”, basándonos en varios problemas históricos y conceptuales de los cuales está cargado ese término, como el matorral más amplio de identidades y política de identidades que significa. Algunos ejemplos son: hacer caso omiso de la historia, legitimar normatividad dudosa, arreglar categorías biológicas y recrear exclusiones. Con esta lucha, parecemos estar atrapados en un dilema modernista entre dos deseos: nombrar y honrar diferencias expresando identidades y evitar la exclusividad y jerarquía reclamando universales. La insistencia de diversos grupos en autonombrarse y lograr el reconocimiento de su particularidad y variedad perdurará siempre que existan aspiraciones de democracia, porque esa es la naturaleza y necesidad de la política emancipadora. A la vez, nuestro idioma debe reflejar la fluidez y complejidad de las expresiones de sexualidad y género en la vida cotidiana, así como su intrincado entrelazado con otras condiciones como clase, raza, etnia, tiempo y lugar. French Abstract: Dans tout domaine politique très contesté, le langage peut être une force puissante de changement ou un obstacle à la compréhension et à la création de coalitions dépassant les différences. C'est sûrement le cas dans les débats mondiaux sur la sexualité et le genre, où même ces termes ont suscité des conflits houleux. Dans cet esprit, nous souhaitons remettre en question l'utilisation non critique de l'expression « minorités sexuelles », en nous basant sur les problèmes historiques et conceptuels avec lesquels ce terme, comme l'enchevêtrement d'identités et de politiques identitaires qu'il signifie, est associé. Ignorer l'histoire, légitimer une normativité douteuse, fixer des catégories biologiques et recréer des exclusions figurent au nombre de ces problèmes. Avec cette lutte, nous semblons nous trouver dans un dilemme moderniste pris entre deux désirs : désigner et honorer la différence en signifiant des identités, et éviter l'exclusivité et la hiérarchie en récupérant des normes universelles. L'insistance de divers groupes pour se nommer eux-mêmes et faire reconnaître leur différence se poursuivra aussi longtemps que les aspirations à la démocratie existeront, car telle est la nature et la nécessité des politiques émancipatoires. En même temps, notre langage doit refléter la fluidité et la complexité des expressions de la sexualité et du genre dans la vie quotidienne et leurs liens complexes avec d'autres conditions comme la classe, la race, l'origine ethnique, le temps et le lieu. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MINORITY GROUPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342019 |
| 26. Title: Developments in national policies for food and nutrition security in Brazil. Author: Rocha C Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(1):51-66. Abstract: Brazil is on track to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals, and this is widely credited to bold and innovative government policies backed by new forms of popular participation in social policy. This article examines evaluation evidence on two of the most important recent initiatives in Brazil's policies for food and nutrition security (conditional cash transfers through Bolsa Família and support for family agriculture through the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos). It also considers advances in older policies (such as the School Meals programme) and the work of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security, which has culminated in national legislation establishing food and nutrition security as a right. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 341094 |
| 27. Title: Providing sex education to persons with learning disabilities in the era of HIV/AIDS: tensions between discourses of human rights and restriction. Author: Rohleder P; Swartz L Source: Journal of Health Psychology. 2009 May;14(4):601-10. Abstract: Research suggests that disabled people may be at increased risk for HIV infection, yet are excluded from HIV prevention campaigns. Historically people with learning disabilities have been constructed as either being asexual or sexually uninhibited, and sex education considered to be unnecessary or potentially harmful. This article reports on findings of a qualitative study exploring the challenges expressed by participants who provide sex education for persons with learning disabilities, revealing a tension between a human rights discourse and a discourse of restriction of sexual behaviours. Sex education, in the context of HIV/AIDS, may potentially construct sex as dangerous, echoing past constructions of disabled people's sexuality as problematic. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | TEACHERS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | SEX EDUCATION | CURRICULUM | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | INTERVIEWS | SEXUAL ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 342176 |
| 28. Title: Building international research partnerships to develop HIV programs for women of color in the context of social inequalities and human rights. Author: Sanders-Phillips K; Pretorius L; Reddy P Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):60-75. Abstract: This article examines relationships among social inequality, drug use, and HIV risk for women of color in the United States and South Africa. In the first section, social and cultural factors that may place women of color at risk for drug use and exposure to HIV are identified. In the second section, lessons learned while developing HIV prevention research protocols for women of color in South Africa are presented and discussed. Experience suggests that to effectively address women's risks of drug use and AIDS requires specific theoretical models and methodological approaches that acknowledge the critical interface that may exist among social inequality, drug use, and AIDS risk for women worldwide. Successful HIV prevention and intervention programs for women of color worldwide also require international research partnerships that are based on mutual respect between partners and attention to the needs and priorities of the target populations. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | WOMEN | BLACKS | INEQUALITIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341953 |
| 29. Title: Reproductive and sexual health rights: 15 years after the International Conference on Population and Development [editorial] Author: Serour GI Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 8;:[2] p. Abstract: For the past 15 years, the World Report on Women's Health has been published in the International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (IJGO) every 3 years to mark the occasion of the FIGO World Congress. The topic of the 2006 World Report was promoting partnerships to improve access to women's reproductive and sexual health. It is fitting that, following the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994, the 2009 World Report addresses reproductive and sexual health rights 15 years after this significant conference took place. Despite some of the progress made in achieving reproductive and sexual health rights in many countries, many agenda items from the ICPD Programme of Action remain unfinished, and these are now emphasized in the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4, 5, and 6. The WHO Reproductive Health Research division has indicated that the core elements for improvement include improving prenatal, delivery, post partum, and newborn care; providing high-quality services for family planning including infertility services; eliminating unsafe abortion; combating sexually transmitted infections including HIV, reproductive tract infections, cervical cancer, and other gynecological morbidities; and promoting sexual health. It identified 6 areas of action including strengthening the capacity of health systems, improving the information base for priority settings, mobilizing political will, creating supportive legislation and regulatory frameworks, and strengthening, monitoring, evaluation, and accountability. The 2009 World Report provides the reader with a comprehensive and concise overview of what has been achieved in women's reproductive and sexual health rights since the ICPD, unmet needs, obstacles, and the feasible actions in the countdown to 2015 as outlined in the ICPD Programme of Action and the health-related MDGs. The July 2008 Summit Declaration of the G8 countries called for reproductive health to be "widely accessible," for closer links between HIV/AIDS and family planning programs, and strengthening of health systems. It is hoped that the latest global economic crisis will not negatively impact the commitments of rich countries to reproductive and sexual health programs in low-resource countries to reduce mortality and improve the quality-of-life of women and newborns around the world. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | WHO | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Policy | Planning Document Number: 341456 |
| 30. Title: Access to sexual and reproductive health for young people: bridging the disconnect between rights and reality. Author: Shaw D Source: International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009;106(2):132-136. Abstract: Of the 1.5 billion young people globally, 78% live in Asia and Africa, the poorest regions of the world. The majority of young people infected with HIV are female, and adolescent girls have a significant increased risk for maternal mortality and morbidity, such as fistula. Denial of young people's sexuality and rights by conservative and traditional forces has lethal consequences, especially for women and girls. Countries have committed to these rights through numerous international instruments and many are making progress, but challenges at the community level are significant. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | YOUTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS | CONSERVATISM | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 339884 |
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