1.  Title: Picking up the pieces: Women's experience of urban violence in Brazil. Author: Amnesty International Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 80 p. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/fr/eec038ff-0a02-11dd-badf-1352a91852c5/amr190012008fra.pdf (French) http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/es/6b8bf868-11de-11dd-a257-bd451c5f5cc0/amr190012008spa.pdf (Spanish) Abstract: These stories provide a glimpse of what life is like for women in many parts of Brazil today. In socially excluded communities women live out their lives against a backdrop of constant criminal and police violence. The impact of this violence on their lives is complex and profound, yet their stories are rarely heard. In a debate that has traditionally centred on gun violence, the focus has invariably been on young men - the overwhelming majority of those involved in gun crime, both as perpetrators and victims. This report focuses on the largely untold stories of women struggling to live their lives, to bring up their children and to fight for justice amid police and criminal violence. Amnesty International has addressed the question of criminal gangs in previous publications, consistently condemning their actions and highlighting how the failure of the state to combat criminal violence has effectively condemned millions of people to lives of fear and misery. This report highlights some of the patterns of human rights violations against women in particular. Building on Amnesty International's past work on public security, it looks at how women deal with high levels of criminal violence in the absence of state protection; how increasing numbers of women have become directly or indirectly involved in the drug trade; and how women's contact with the criminal justice system often makes already traumatic situations worse. Most worryingly, it identifies how for decades the state has been directly responsible for the fact that women are suffering attacks and violence at the hands of criminal gangs and law enforcement officials. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICE | PRISONERS | URBAN POPULATION | CRIME | VIOLENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHILD CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | HOUSING | WOMEN'S HEALTH | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health Document Number: 326743 |
| 2. Title: Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: Evidence from China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, 2008 Apr. 57 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4585) Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. The authors find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with outmigration, and increase more for poorer households. The authors also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. The authors do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased migration is associated with two significant changes for poorer households: increases both in the total labor supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita managed by the household. In examining the effect of migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and examining our identification strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | LABOR MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | HOUSING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325678 |
| 3. Title: Knowledge of HIV, sexual behavior and correlates of risky sex among street children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Kayembe PK; Mapatano MA; Fatuma AB; Nyandwe JK; Mayala GM; Kokolomami JI; Kibungu JP Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Dec;5(3):186-92. Abstract: CONTEXT: Homeless children are at risk of getting many diseases, including sexually transmitted infections (STI). The number of street children is on the rise in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), while very little is known about their health problems. OBJECTIVES: To determine knowledge of HIV (transmission and prevention means), sexual activity, exposure to HIV-prevention services, and to identify correlates of risky sexual behaviour (not having used a condom at first or last sexual encounter and/or having multiple sexual partners over a 12-month period) among street children in Kinshasa. RESULTS: At the time of the survey, most participants (85.8%, 95% CI = 83.5-88.1) were sexually experienced and 55.8% had their first sexual intercourse when they were already living on the streets. The median age at first sexual activity was 14.3 years for males and 13.5 years for females. Compared to males (median number of sexual partners = 1), females tended to be more involved with multiple sexual partners (median = 12). Condoms were used less at the fist sexual encounter (20.2%; 95% CI = 17.3-23.1) and the pattern of condom use depended on the type of sexual partners (61.1% at last sexual encounter with a paid/paying partner and 23.1% at last sexual encounter with a non-paid/non-paying partner). In males, sleeping in a NGO-provided night shelter (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.27-0.79), and having had the first sexual intercourse while living on the streets (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.35-0.88) were protective of risky sexual behaviour, while a history of drug use (OR = 3.00; 95% CI = 1.46-6.18), and being aged 20 to 24 years (OR = 1.59; 95% 1.00-2.55) increased the likelihood of displaying risky sexual behaviour. In females, not knowing where to get a condom (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.005-0.29), having started sexual activity when living on the streets (OR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.01-0.73) and not having an income-generating activity (OR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.01-0.44) were protective of risky sexual behaviour. CONCLUSION: Street children need to be regarded as a high-risk group for acquiring HIV. The potential benefit of providing homeless youth with night-shelters should be explored more since this could be an opportunity to integrate risk-reduction programmes that take into account all problematic behaviors such as risky sexual behaviour and drug use. Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STREET KIDS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HOUSING | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 331263 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Risk factors for house-entry by malaria vectors in a rural town and satellite villages in The Gambia. Author: Kirby MJ; Green C; Milligan PM; Sismanidis C; Jasseh M Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Jan 7;7:2. Abstract: In the pre-intervention year of a randomized controlled trial investigating the protective effects of house screening against malaria-transmitting vectors, a multi-factorial risk factor analysis study was used to identify factors that influence mosquito house entry. Mosquitoes were sampled using CDC light traps in 976 houses, each on one night, in Farafenni town and surrounding villages during the malaria-transmission season in The Gambia. Catches from individual houses were both (a) left unadjusted and (b) adjusted relative to the number of mosquitoes caught in four sentinel houses that were operated nightly throughout the period, to allow for night-to-night variation. Houses were characterized by location, architecture, human occupancy and their mosquito control activities, and the number and type of domestic animals within the compound. 106,536 mosquitoes were caught, of which 55% were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, the major malaria vectors in the region. There were seven fold higher numbers ofAn. gambiae s.l. in the villages (geometric mean per trap night = 43.7, 95% confidence intervals, CIs = 39.5-48.4) than in Farafenni town (6.3, 5.7-7.2) and significant variation between residential blocks (p<0.001). A negative binomial multivariate model performed equally well using unadjusted or adjusted trap data. Using the unadjusted data the presence of nuisance mosquitoes was reduced if the house was located in the town (odds ratio, OR = 0.11, 95% CIs = 0.09-0.13), the eaves were closed (OR = 0.71, 0.60-0.85), a horse was tethered near the house (OR = 0.77, 0.73-0.82), and churai, a local incense, was burned in the room at night (OR = 0.56, 0.47-0.66). Mosquito numbers increased per additional person in the house (OR = 1.04, 1.02-1.06) or trapping room (OR = 1.19, 1.13-1.25) and when the walls were made of mud blocks compared with concrete (OR =1.44, 1.10-1.87). This study demonstrates that the risk of malaria transmission is greatest in rural areas, where large numbers of people sleep in houses made of mud blocks, where the eaves are open, horses are not tethered nearby and where churai is not burnt at night. These factors need to be considered in the design and analysis of intervention studies designed to reduce malaria transmission in The Gambia and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | BED NETS | MOSQUITO CONTROL | MALARIA PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | HOUSING | SEASONAL VARIATION | PESTICIDES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Vector Control | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Biology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 323409 |
| 5. Title: Healthy aging in cities. Author: Quinn A Source: Journal of Urban Health. 2008 Mar;85(2):151-153. Abstract: In the coming decades, the global population will urbanize and age at high rates. Today, half of the world's populations lives in cities.1 By 2030, that proportion will rise to 60%, and urbanization will occur most greatly in developing countries. At the same time, the world's population aged 60 and over will double from 11% to 22% by 2050, and that growth will be concentrated in urban areas in less developed countries. All of these trends challenge public health workers, doctors, researchers, and urban planners to ensure healthy livable cities for older people. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: URBAN AREAS | CRITIQUE | COMMUNITY | SOCIAL NETWORKS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | RETIREMENT | QUALITY OF LIFE | TRANSPORTATION | HOUSING | WHO | HEALTH SERVICES | Geographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325554 |
| 6. Title: India. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06. Key findings. Author: International Institute for Population Sciences; Macro International Source: Mumbai, India, International Institute for Population Sciences, 2007. 21 p. Abstract: NFHS-3 interviewed 124,385 women age 15-49 and 74,369 men age 15-49 to obtain information on population, health, and nutrition in India and each of its 29 states. The survey is based on a sample of households that is representative at the national and The survey provides trend data on key indicators and includes information on several new topics, such as HIV/AIDS-related behaviour, attitudes toward family life education for girls and boys, use of Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) services, men's involvement in maternal care, and health insurance, For the first time, NFHS-3 provides information on men and unmarried women. In addition, HIV prevalence is measured at the national level and for selected states. The NFHS-3 fieldwork was conducted in two phases by 18 research organizations between November 2005 and August 2006. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HOUSING | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 322899 |
| 7. Title: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06: India. Volume I. Author: International Institute for Population Sciences; Macro International Source: Mumbai, India, International Institute for Population Sciences, 2007 Sep. [588] p. Abstract: The third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), coordinated by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) under the aegis of the Government of India, was conducted in 2005-06. As did NFHS-1 (1992-93) and NFHS-2 (1998-99), NFHS-3 provides information on fertility, mortality, family planning, HIV-related knowledge, and important aspects of nutrition, health, and health care. Unlike the earlier surveys, however, NFHS-3 interviewed men age 15-54 and never married women age 15-49, as well as ever-married women, and included questions on several emerging issues such as perinatal mortality, male involvement in maternal health care, adolescent reproductive health, higher-risk sexual behaviour, family life education, safe injections, and knowledge about tuberculosis. In addition, NFHS-3 carried out blood testing for HIV to provide, for the first time in India, population-based data on HIV prevalence. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HOUSING | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 322900 |
| 8. Title: Beyond legibility: Violence, conflict and development in a South African township. Author: Bahre E Source: African Studies. 2007;66(1):80-102. Abstract: Notwithstanding the attractions of a Foucaldian approach to state-driven development, particularly the way in which legibility is pivotal to development and its failure, it became increasingly problematic for an intimate understanding of the problems occurring in Indawo Yoxolo. The relative failure or success of the project depended largely on local conflicts and violence. These conflicts and the violence cannot be understood as resistance to a democratic state, but were nonetheless vital to the development project. Anthropologists have too readily categorised social practices as resistance, thus glossing over many of the other strategies, emotions, ambiguities, changing coalitions and insecurities. Ortner rightly warns us that 'The impulse to sanitize the internal politics of the dominated must be understood as fundamentally romantic'. In Indawo Yoxolo, there were many fights over political authority, entitlement, legitimacy of policies and projects, jobs, plots, and so on. This study argues that, in order to understand the relative success or failure of development, one needs to go beyond legibility and examine development as an arena of contestation over scarce resources, ideological justifications, as well as political security. The case study of Indawo Yoxolo reveals that, instead of the establishment of more or less hegemonic power of the state over its citizens, state development led to fierce and violent conflicts in which mafia-style leaders, rivalling political factions, as well as protesting residents, tried to take charge of the development project. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POWER | LAND TENURE | POVERTY | HOUSING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | CRIME | PRIVATE SECTOR | POLITICAL FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 320641 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Heterogeneity of malaria prevalence in alluvial gold mining areas in Northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Author: Barbieri AF; Sawyer DO Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Dec;23(12):2878-2886. Abstract: This paper analyzes factors affecting the risk of malaria among individuals working in wildcat gold mining camps (garimpos) in northern Mato Grosso State in the Brazilian Amazon. Historically, such mining camps have the locations with the highest malaria prevalence in the Brazilian Amazon. However, little attention has focused on understanding the disease from the internal perspective of the mining camps themselves, such as the mining population's characteristics and its spatial organization. This paper adopts a stepwise logistic model to identify spatial, occupational-exposure, and cultural factors that affect malaria prevalence. According to the results, differences among individuals working and/or living in the gold mining areas could produce different exposure to the disease and thus to different risk of malaria prevalence. Understanding these differences may provide an important tool for identifying risk profiles in the gold mining and related population and for informing programs for prevention and treatment of malaria in the Amazon. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | MINE WORKERS | SEX WORKERS | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | HOUSING | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Biology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325300 |
| 10. Title: The feminization of poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: A story told by the women of Bayview, Chatsworth. Author: Benjamin S Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):175-206. Abstract: The adoption of neoliberal economic policies by South Africa as it entered into its democratic era, resulted in thousands, if not millions, of poor South Africans plummeting deeper into poverty. The same people who found themselves poor under apartheid, found themselves caught in a cycle of poverty that seemed to be worsening in democratic South Africa. With the privatization of basic services, many South Africans have found that they have no access to water, electricity, or health care and that they are now being evicted from their homes. This article tells the story of an urban community in South Africa which is home to one of the community organizations, the Bayview Flat Residents Association, that gave rise to the first wave of community struggles against evictions in post-apartheid South Africa. This community struggle and the Bayview Flat Residents Association, have been led by poor, black, urban women who continue to bear the burdern of poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | COMMUNITY | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | ECONOMIC POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HOUSING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Organization and Administration Document Number: 320686 |
| 11. Title: Learning from the extreme poor: participatory approaches to fostering child health in Madagascar. Author: Blanchard C; Godinot X; Laureau C; Wodon Q Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Operations Results and Learning Unit, 2007 Aug. [5] p. (Findings No. 277) Abstract: Definitions of poverty in by most development organizations focus on household income or consumption that falls below a given threshold, such as one dollar per capita per day, and on other quantified indicators. While such definitions have the merit of providing a standard by which to measure progress, the very poor use quite different terms and ideas to communicate what extreme poverty means to them. Extreme poverty results not only from insufficient financial resources but from a lack of basic security in many different areas, including education, employment, housing, and health care, as well as social exclusion. Left to the side in civic, social, and cultural life, and in political decision making, very poor people are often considered ignorant and even incapable of thinking, because they have had no opportunity to gain skill in expression through education. The experience of contempt and exclusion-severely attacking self-confidence-is deep among the poorest, whether they live in rich or poor countries. Very few people listen to them. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | SUMMARY REPORT | HOUSEHOLDS | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | PARTICIPATION | INCOME | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | HOUSING | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | ILLITERATES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 322881 |
| 12. Title: Housing, health and happiness. Author: Cattaneo MD; Galiani S; Gertler PJ; Martinez S; Titiunik R Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007 Apr. 33 p. (Impact Evaluation Series No. 14World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4214) Abstract: Despite the importance of housing for people's well-being, there has been little work done to assess the causal impact of housing and housing improvement programs on health and welfare. In this paper we help fill this gap by investigating the impact of a large-scale effort by the Mexican Government to replace dirt floors with cement floors on child health and adult happiness. We find that replacing dirt floors with cement floors significantly reduces parasitic infestations in young children, reduces diarrhea, reduces anemia and improves cognitive development. Finally, we also find that this program leave adults substantially better off, as measured by satisfaction with their housing and quality of life and by their significantly lower rates of depression and perceived stress. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD HEALTH | HYGIENE | HOUSING | QUALITY OF LIFE | DISEASE PREVENTION | HAPPINESS | IMPACT | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Public Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 318646 |
| 13. Title: Expanding abused women's access to housing. Author: Emdon E Source: [Johannesburg], South Africa, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 2007. 41 p. Abstract: Women who are abused are in an extremely precarious situation, often requiring alternative, emergency accommodation to escape their abusive partners. In an ideal world, perpetrators should have to leave the house and allow women and children to remain in the home. However, this state of affairs rarely exists and in the main, women have to escape their homes, often under circumstances of extreme stress and violence, and find their own accommodation. Given this extremely unsatisfactory state of affairs, this report looks at the housing choices currently available to women faced with having to leave their homes. It provides an overview of different shelter options available and categorises them. In many cases, the first form of shelter that women require is emergency shelter which literally prevents harm and keeps women out of danger, much like emergency shelter is provided when people are victims of floods and natural disasters. In order for abused women not to have to return home to abusive circumstances, they require longer term shelter. First stage housing, which accommodates women for about three months, partially fulfills this need and is the most common form of shelter being offered around the country. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | HOMELESS PERSONS | SEXUAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HOUSING | GENDER ISSUES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | SOCIAL POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 316359 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Residential mobility and migration of the divorced and separated. Author: Feijten P; van Ham M Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Dec 20;17(21):623-654. Abstract: Separation is known to have a disruptive effect on the housing careers of those involved, mainly because a decrease in resources causes (temporary) downward moves on the housing ladder. Little is known about the geographies of the residential mobility behaviour of the separated. Applying a hazard analysis to retrospective life-course data for the Netherlands, we investigate three hypotheses: individuals who experienced separation move more often than do steady singles and people in intact couple relationships, they are less likely to move over long distances, and they move more often to cities than people in intact couple relationships. The results show that separation leads to an increase in mobility, to moves over short distance for men with children, and to a prevalence of the city as a destination of moves. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | COUPLES | SEPARATION | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | URBAN POPULATION | DIVORCE | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | HOUSING | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Geographic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323346 |
| 15. Title: Offering space to children infected and affected by HIV and AIDS. Author: Fernandez MP Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2007;(2):5-7. Abstract: Most parents with full-blown AIDS are no longer able to make a living and meet the needs of their families in terms of housing, food, security and care. As they are victims of discrimination, they have no one to turn to for support. They suffer anguish at the thought of leaving their children orphaned when they die. This has a tremendously negative impact on the lives of the children. The situation of a great number of HIV-infected children is dire and so is that of affected ones, children who are HIV negative but whose parent(s) or sibling(s) are HIV positive. Although the latter are in greater numbers and given less consideration, the impact of AIDS on their lives is just as tragic. For instance, children experience frequent changes in their life circumstances and place of dwelling, which deprives them of reference points. Their school attendance (if any) is erratic and most often interrupted well before they complete primary level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | PROGRESS REPORT | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PARENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | HOUSING | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | EDUCATION | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323935 |
| 16. Title: Public health in India and the developing world: Beyond medicine and primary healthcare [editorial] Author: Jacob KS Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Jul;61(7):562-563. Abstract: Despite many decades of independent planning and implementation, most populations living in the developing world have yet to reach the utopian ideal of health for all. This editorial critically considers the issues and the situation in India to suggest alternatives. The survival of the human body is best explained by the materialist explanation that locates the variation in health and longevity to tangible resources. The reciprocal relationship between poverty and disease had long been acknowledged by public health reformers who advocated social reform on political, economic, humanitarian and scientific grounds. Successive governments in India have come up with many schemes for the provision of safe water, sanitation, nutrition, vaccination coverage, education and employment. Despite the many attempts, millions of people do not have access to these basic needs, malnutrition is rampant in children and vaccination coverage is inadequate among the poor. Elementary education is substandard and unemployment widespread in rural areas. Despite increased budgetary support for such schemes, most states have pursued weak policies in this area and neglected the local governments, giving them a low stake in improving infrastructure. The enormity of the unfinished tasks is mind-boggling. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PUBLIC HEALTH | SANITATION | WATER SUPPLY | HOUSING | NUTRITION | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | HUMAN RIGHTS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy Document Number: 317686 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Rapid health impact appraisal of eviction versus a housing project in a colony-dwelling Roma community. Author: Kosa K; Molnar A; McKee M; Adany R Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Nov;61(11):960-965. Abstract: During implementation of a community development project involving a severely disadvantaged Roma community, the community was threatened with eviction. Two scenarios, eviction with placement on the waiting list for social housing versus a replacement housing development, were identified and specified. A health impact assessment (HIA) was carried out to inform subsequent negotiations. The objectives were to assess the health effects of eviction in comparison with that of a housing project for a Roma community; to make recommendations on short-term and long-term benefits of the two scenarios in order to inform the local government; and to develop a demonstration HIA that can act as a model for other disadvantaged Roma populations. A prospective assessment, based on a broad model of health, was carried out to assess health effects of a housing project compared with eviction. By design, it ensured full involvement of members of the community, local decision makers and relevant stakeholders. This HIA identified numerous positive and some probable negative health effects of a housing project. Despite the uncertainty around some of its predicted effects, the overall health benefit of a housing project clearly outweighed that of eviction. Although the immediate financial advantages of eviction for the municipal government are clear, this example provides further evidence to support the adoption of a statutory requirement to assess both economic and health outcomes. It also provides an example that other Roma communities can emulate. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SURVEYS | MINORITY GROUPS | PUBLIC HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | HOUSING | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Evaluation | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Development | Financial Activities Document Number: 321246 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility differences by housing type: The effect of housing conditions or of selective moves? Author: Kulu H; Vikat A Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Dec 20;17(26):775-802. Abstract: This study examines fertility variation across housing types and childbearing patterns following housing changes. While the effect of family changes on housing choices has been studied in detail, little is known about childbearing patterns within various housing types, and this despite the fact that many studies suggest housing to be an important determinant of fertility. We use longitudinal register data from Finland and apply hazard regression. First, we observe a significant variation in fertility levels across housing types - fertility is highest among couples living in single-family houses and lowest among those residing in apartments, with the variation remaining significant even after controlling for the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of women. Second, our results show elevated fertility levels after couples have changed dwellings, suggesting that much of the fertility variation across housing types is attributed to selective moves. Third, the study reveals a relatively highrisk of third birth for couples in single-family houses several years after the move. This suggests that living in spacious housing and in a family-friendly environment for a relatively long time leads to higher fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | HOUSING | BIRTH INTERVALS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 314051 |
| 19. Title: Risk factors for developing tuberculosis in remand prisons in St. Petersburg, Russia -- a case-control study. Author: Lobacheva T; Asikainen T; Giesecke J Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Feb;22(2):121-127. Abstract: Detainees have a substantial risk to develop tuberculosis (TB) due to a higher incidence of TB in remand prison compared to the civil community. They develop TB during incarceration not only due to poor living conditions in remand prison, but also due to some factors affecting their life before imprisonment. Prevention measures against TB spread from penitentiary institutions to society include study of factors, which contribute to TB development. Current study aims at identification of important risk factors of TB development in remand prison in St. Petersburg, Russia. Methods: A retrospective matched case-control study was performed from May 2002 to May 2003 in two remand prisons in St. Petersburg. One hundred and fourteen prisoners (57 cases, 57 controls) were interviewed by using standardised questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors. Six factors were significantly linked to the risk of developing TB: narcotic drug use (odds ratio (OR): 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-6.9), low income (OR: 3.2, CI: 1.2-8.6), high ratio of prisoners per available bed (OR: 4.0, CI: 1.1-15.0), not having own bed clothes (OR: 13.0, CI: 2.7-61.6), and little time outdoors (OR: 3.3, CI: 1.3-8.5). However, good housing before imprisonment (OR: 4.2, CI: 1.1-15.7) was a separate risk factor for TB. Three of the risk factors (high number of prisoners per bed, not having own bed clothes, and little time outdoors) are certainly possible to approach by improvement of conditions in remand prisons. The remaining three factors (narcotic drug use, good housing before imprisonment, and low income) provide knowledge about study population, but cannot be intervened by prison's medical staff. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | PRISONS | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HOUSING | CROWDING | FITNESS | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Density | Health Document Number: 314453 |
| 20. Title: Household structure and living conditions in Nigeria. Author: Mberu BU Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2007 May;69(2):513-527. Abstract: Data on 7,632 households from the 1999 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey are used to examine household structure and living conditions in Nigeria. The study finds significant disadvantage in living conditions of single-adult, female- and single-adult, male-headed households relative to two-parent households. Extended households show no significant advantage in living conditions over two-parent households if headed by women but are consistently advantaged if headed by men. Although extended households do not entirely wipe out the disadvantage of female headship on household living conditions, they show a significant mitigating potential. Efforts to understand and alleviate poverty in Nigeria may need to address simultaneously gender imbalances in access to livelihood opportunities and factors that foster nucleation of family structure into single-adult households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | ONE PERSON HOUSEHOLD | EXTENDED FAMILY | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | HOUSING | SEX FACTORS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 315372 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae among under-five year old children at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya. Author: Nyandiko WM; Greenberg D; Shany E; Yiannoutsos CT; Musick B Source: East African Medical Journal. 2007 Apr;84(4):156-162. Abstract: The objectives were to determine the prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic sensitivity of streptococcus pneumoniae carried in the upper respiratory tract of children. A cross-sectional study on consecutive clients was the design used. The setting was the Maternal Child Health Clinic (MCH) at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) in western Kenya. The subjects used in the study were seventy eight of children attending Maternal Child Health Clinic between March 10th 2003 and July 11th 2003. Main outcome measures: Upper airway carriage status, ventilation, housing, age, illness, sensitivity patterns. Fifty six percent were boys; the median age was six months (range 1-42 months). Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage rate was in 28 (35.9%) cases. Fifty two percent of S. pneumoniae were resistant to penicillin, 25% to ampicillin and 78% to cotrimoxazole. There was significant association between the type of floor with pneumococcal carriage (p = 0.009) with people living in earth floor houses being five times more likely to be pneumococcal carriers as compared to those living in cement floor houses. A. significant resistance of S. pneumoniae to penicillin, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was found. Earth floored houses may increase susceptibility to upper airway S. pneumoniae carriage. Recommendation: Similar studies should be conducted in other parts of Kenya in order to learn about susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors, including floor type, in the country and tailor better treatment regimens. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | PNEUMONIA | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | HOUSING | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIBIOTICS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 308789 |
| 22. Title: A study of migrant-sending households in Serbia receiving remittances from Switzerland. Author: Petree J; Baruah N Source: Geneva, Switzerland, International Organization for Migration [IOM], 2007. 82 p. (IOM Migration Research Series No. 28) Abstract: The Serbian diaspora in Switzerland is one of the largest foreign populations in the country. The migration of Serbian nationals to Switzerland is rooted, in large part, in Swiss labour migration policies of the 1960s, 70s and 80s when short-term "guest worker" permits were offered to thousands of migrant men and women, among them, a large number of Serbian nationals. Over the years, increasing economic hardship was the key factor motivating Serbian men and women to migrate to Switzerland, and ultimately, to remain there permanently. Consequently, by the time the Swiss government phased out the seasonal guest-worker programme in the 1990s, a large Serbian population had established permanent residency in Switzerland, a status which allowed them to facilitate a smaller but constant flow of new immigrants for the purpose of family reunification, resulting in a present-day Serbian diaspora of approximately 200,000 people. This labour migration has had both positive and negative effects on migrant-sending households and communities in Serbia. On the one hand, migration to Switzerland has contributed to significant depletion of the working-age population in many migrantsending communities; it has left behind households composed mainly of children and elderly people who are increasingly less capable of meeting their daily economic needs through traditional agricultural activities due to the absence of working-age relatives - a situation worsened by a deteriorated economic situation in the country at large. At the same time, long-standing transnational relationships between these households and their migrant relatives living in Switzerland have facilitated the ongoing flow of remittances and other forms of material support which contribute to the economic maintenance and well-being of migrant-sending households. The nature and impact of these remittance flows is the focus of this report. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO | SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EMIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | REMITTANCES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | HOME ECONOMICS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | HOUSING | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | INVESTMENTS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Communication Document Number: 326042 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Impacts of bio-social factors on morbidity among children aged under-5 in Bangladesh. Author: Rayhan MI; Khan MS; Shahidullah M Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Apr;22(1):65-75. Abstract: Stretching over 147,570 square kilometres of land and with a population exceeding 131 million, Bangladesh is the world's ninth most populous country. It is also one of the most densely populated (834 persons per sq. km.). Over-population and poverty are pervasive in Bangladesh and causing hazards such as morbidity. Children aged under five years, whom are naturally innocent, vulnerable and dependent on their parents often suffer from viral and infectious diseases. The future of a nation is linked to the well-being of its children, which depends to a large extent on children's health status. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of morbidity among children aged under-5 (0-59 months) in Bangladesh and to determine the factors causing such morbidity. Morbidity impedes the body's metabolism and retards its immune response. The poor appetite of a malnourished child leads to a fall in dietary intakes and may dictate a morbid condition. Morbidity reveals impairment in the immuno-competence of an organism and may cause death at an early stage of life. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CHILDREN | HOUSING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MORBIDITY | AGE FACTORS | VACCINATION | DIARRHEA | BREASTFEEDING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 317076 |
| 24. Title: Survival and social reproduction strategies in Angolian cities. Author: Rodrigues CU Source: Africa Today. 2007 Fall;54(1):91-105. Abstract: To survive and ensure social reproduction, families in urban Angola have developed strategies to meet the demands of daily life. The fundamental principles of these strategies are to concentrate and share resources among family members and their solidarity networks and, simultaneously, to disperse the sources and methods of generating and/or collecting these resources. Urban Angolans have proven that their efforts produce results beyond simple subsistence. The analysis of empirical data collected in Angolan cities has allowed a characterization of family strategies and an understanding of the wider motivations behind individuals' and families' efforts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | REPRODUCTION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FAMILY LIFE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HUMAN CAPITAL | HOUSING | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Human Resources | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Behavior Document Number: 321202 |
| 25. Title: An assessment of poverty and living standard of the Baigas of Samnapur block of Dindori district, Madhya Pradesh. Author: Sharma AN; Dwivedi P Source: Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 2007 Dec;5(2):143-147. Abstract: The present paper elucidates some aspects of poverty and living standard of Baigas of Samnapur block of Dindori district, Madhya Pradesh. Baiga is one of the most primitive tribal groups of central India. Out of total Baiga villages of Samnapur block, Simardha and Tikariya village were randomly selected for the purpose of study, and out of these two villages a total of 100 households comprising of 494 individuals were randomly selected and interviewed. The information was gathered through interview using a pretested, structured schedule. The findings reveal that a majority of the population is poor and illiterate. As most of them live in the interior forest areas, away from the main stream, their living standard also reflects the same. Many of them are not even able to consume the fruits of recent development, occurring elsewhere in the world. Agriculture is one of the major sources of income among them, but they are required to be trained about new techniques and methods of it, which can bring a substantial increase in their yield. Thus, there is an urgent need to launch some income generating programmes to improve their economic status, by different government and non government organizations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HOUSEHOLDS | TRIBES | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HOUSING | INCOME | AGRICULTURE | EXPENDITURES | ILLITERATES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 323508 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Increased mortality in the year following discharge from a paediatric ward in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Author: Veirum JE; Sodeman M; Biai S; Hedegard K; Aaby P Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2007 Dec;96(12):1832-1838. Abstract: Few studies in developing countries have examined posthospital mortality and little is known about the magnitude of posthospital mortality and risk factors for long-term survival. A better understanding of the determinants of posthospital mortality could help improve discharge policies and interventions with implications for overall childhood mortality. In the period from 1991 to 1996 all paediatric admissions coming from the Bandim Health Project's area were registered at the National Hospital in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Posthospitalization information from a population-based surveillance system was available for 4153 admissions contributed by 3373 individuals having between 1 and 8 admissions during the period. Three thousand six hundred forty seven (3647) admissions by 2950 children resulted in live discharges. Postdischarge mortality included all deaths during 1 year following live discharge. Among the 221 children who died during the first year after discharge, 170 died in the community and 51 children died during a subsequent hospitalization; thirty-eight died on the day of discharge and almost one third had died within the first 2 weeks. The overall in-hospital and 12-month posthospital mortality was 20%. Compared to the mortality level in the community and controlled for other determinants of childhood mortality, children discharged from hospital had 12 times higher risk of dying during the first 2 weeks after discharge. The mortality rate ratio (MR) was 6.2 (95% confidence interval 3.8-10.2) times higher when we excluded those who died at the day of discharge. For the period 30-91 days after discharge the MR ratio was 3.7 (2.5-5.5), and in the period 3-6 months after discharge, the risk estimate was still 2.5 (1.6-3.9) times higher than community mortality. In a multivariate analysis, the all-dominating risk factor was discharge status as 'fled' in the sense of nonmedical discharge, the MRs being 18.6 (9.5-36.6) in the first 2 weeks after discharge and 4.0 (2.0-8.3) in the remaining part of thefirst year. Other significant risk factors for postdischarge mortality included ethnic group, housing quality and maternal education, and were similar to risk factors for community mortality. The same diagnoses that had high acute mortality, including anaemia, diarrhoea and 'other', were also associated with high postdischarge mortality. There was a marked increase in mortality after hospitalization, the effect being particularly strong for children who fled the hospital. Improved discharge and follow-up policies might have an important impact on survival after paediatric hospitalization. Studies on the effect of focused intervention at discharge are needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GUINEA-BISSAU | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CHILDREN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CHILD MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | HOUSING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | QUALITY OF LIFE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Biology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare Document Number: 324852 |
| 27. Title: Japan's aid commitment to health and Africa [letter] Author: Yamamoto T; Crump A Source: Lancet. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):28. Abstract: Your World Report on Japan's aid commitments did not illustrate the effect of Japan's official development assistance (ODA) on health, which the Commitment to Development Index fails to measure. Admittedly, Japan's ODA, like that of all other donor countries, is an integral part of foreign policy and has indeed been in decline since the bursting of the Asian economic bubble. Nevertheless, in 2005, Japan pledged to double aid to Africa by 2009, to help extend Japan's "Village Living" concept to the beleaguered continent. With declining global interest in Africa after the Cold War, Japan convened the first Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) in 1993, subsequently extending more than US$12 billion in aid to Africa and holding regular TICAD conferences, the next being scheduled for 2008. Japan last year cancelled $4.9 billion of Africa debt and committed a similar amount to a new Health and Development Initiative. Japan has also decided to establish the Hideo Noguchi Prize, a $1 million award envisaged as the equivalent of a Nobel Prize for outstanding contributions to medicine in Africa, to be inaugurated at the 2008 TICAD. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FOREIGN AID | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HOUSING | HEALTH POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Document Number: 310747 |
| 28. Title: HIV-positive men sexually active with women: sexual behaviors and sexual risks. Author: Aidala AA; Lee G; Howard JM; Caban M; Abramson D Source: Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2006 Jul;83(4):637-655. Abstract: This study examines patterns of sexual behavior, sexual relating, and sexual risk among HIV-positive men sexually active with women. A total of 278 HIV-positive men were interviewed every 6--12 months between 1994 and 2002 and reported considerable variability in sexual behaviors over time. Many were not sexually active at all for months at a time; many continued to have multiple female and at times male partners. Over one-third of the cohort had one or more periods when they had engaged in unprotected sex with a female partner who was HIV-negative or status unknown (unsafe sex). Periods of unsafe sex alternated with periods of safer sex. Contextual factors such as partner relations, housing status, active drug use, and recently exchanging sex showed the strongest association with increased odds of unsafe sex. A number of predictors of unsafe sex among African American men were not significant among the Latino sub-population, suggesting race/ethnic differences in factors contributing to heterosexual transmission. Implications for prevention interventions are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HETEROSEXUALS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HOUSING | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Sexual Partners | Population Dynamics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 307463 |
| 29. Title: Housing and health in Indigenous communities: Key issues for housing and health improvement in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Author: Bailie RS; Wayte KJ Source: Australian Journal of Rural Health. 2006 Oct;14(5):178-183. Abstract: Indigenous people living in remote communities face some particular difficulties with regard to housing and its impact on their health. This paper reviews the contemporary international understanding of the relationship between housing and health, the history of settlement and housing conditions in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, and some of the recent initiatives to improve housing in these communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | HOMELESS PERSONS | HOUSING | HEALTH | HYGIENE | CROWDING | PROGRAMS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Public Health | Population Density | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324394 |
| 30. Title: Transnational returns and reconstruction in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. Author: Eastmond M Source: International Migration. 2006;44(3):141-166. Abstract: The return of refugees and displaced persons has been a strong priority in the international commitment to reverse "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war. Return and reintegration of refugees as a durable solution in profoundly changed and uncertain conditions are rarely unproblematic, and in Bosnia the sustainability of such returns, especially minority returns, remains of great concern. This article examines the strategies of return which Bosnian refugees adopt given such uncertainties, and points to the transnational space in which they occur. The return strategies described are of different duration, often take place outside of established policies and programmes, and are based on the need to keep options open in different places. While policies have tended to define refugee return as a single and definitive move to the country or place of origin, the transnational perspective suggests that return be better conceptualized as a dynamic and open-ended process, one which may extend over long periods of time, involving mobility between places and active links to people and resources in the country of asylum. Transnational strategies also include the many refugees abroad who hold on to their repossessed houses in Bosnia and visit regularly, some of them for longer periods and in preparation for returning permanently at a later date. In such a transnational dynamic, refugees and returnees are not always clear-cut categories, as both may move between and combine resources at both ends. The transnational perspective also throws into question notions of "home" as something bound to one particular locality or national community. If home is not just a place or a physical structure, but also a site of social relations and cultural meanings, it may well extend to several places, each one of which may hold its own particular sets of relations and meanings to those concerned. This transnational dimension of home is thus a challenge to notions of "repatriation" or "return" in the simplistic mode. Instead, as this paper shows, the reconstructed home may be translocal, where each locality becomes part of a new home. Rethinking return of refugees in terms of transnational mobility and belonging also suggests new ways of conceptualizing the potential for reconstruction of a large refugee population abroad. How policies and assistance programmes may capitalize on the skills and continued transnational engagements, not least of the many young Bosnians now acquiring higher education abroad, has yet to be developed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | RETURN MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | WAR | LAND TENURE | HOUSING | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 314589 |
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