1.  Title: Headache induced by the use of combined oral contraceptives. Author: Allais G; Gabellari IC; Airola G; Borgogno P; Schiapparelli P; Benedetto C Source: Neurological Sciences. 2009 May;30 Suppl 1:S15-7. Abstract: Although combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are a safe and highly effective method of birth control, they may also give rise to problems of clinical tolerability in migraine patients. Indeed, headache is among the most common side effects reported with the use of COCs, frequently leading to their being discontinued. The latest International Classification of Headache Disorders identified at least two entities evidently related to the use of COCs, i.e., exogenous hormone-induced headache and estrogen-withdrawal headache. As to the former, the newest formulations of COCs are generally well tolerated by migraine without aura patients, but can worsen headache in migraine with aura patients. Headache associated with COCs, generally, tends to improve as their use continues. However, although it is not yet clear if there is an association between headache and the composition of COCs (both in the type and amount of hormones), it has been observed that the incidence of headache during COC use seems greater if migraine is associated with menstrual trigger. The estrogen-withdrawal headache is a headache that generally appears within the first 5 days after cessation of estrogen use and resolves within 3 days, even if in some cases it may appear on the sixth or seventh day after pill suspension and lasts more than 3 days. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HEADACHE | MIGRAINE | INCIDENCE | HORMONES | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342617 |
| 2. Title: Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Author: Arowojolu AO; Gallo MF; Lopez LM; Grimes DA; Garner SE Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(3):CD004425. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Acne is a common skin disorder among women. Although no uniform approach to the management of acne exists, combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain an estrogen and a progestin, often are prescribed for women. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for the treatment of facial acne compared to placebo or other active therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for randomized controlled trials of COCs and acne in the computerized databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, and LILACS. We also searched for clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We wrote to authors of identified trials to seek any unpublished or published trials that we might have missed. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized controlled trials reported in any language that compared the effectiveness of a COC containing an estrogen and a progestin to placeboor another active therapy for acne in women were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data on total and specific (i.e., open or closed comedones, papules, pustules and nodules) facial lesion counts; acne severity grades; global assessments by the clinician or the participant and discontinuation due to adverse events. Data were entered and analyzed in RevMan. MAIN RESULTS: The search yielded 25 trials: 7 placebo-controlled trials made 4 different comparisons, 17 trials made 13 comparisons between 2 different COC regimens, and 1 additional trial compared a COC to an antibiotic. COCs reduced acne lesion counts, severity grades and self-assessed acne compared to placebo. Differences in the comparative effectiveness of COCs containing varying progestin types and dosages, though, were less clear. COCs that contained chlormadinone acetate or cyproterone acetate improved acne better than levonorgestrel, although this apparent advantage was based on limited data. A COC with cyproterone acetate might result in better acne outcomes than one with desogestrel; however, the three studies comparing these COCs produced conflicting results. Likewise, levonorgestrel showed a slight improvement over desogestrel in acne outcomes in one trial, but a second trial found the COC groups were similar. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The four COCs evaluated in placebo-controlled trials are effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory facial acne lesions. Few important differences were found between COC types in their effectiveness for treating acne. How COCs compare to alternative acne treatments is unknown since limited data were available regarding this question. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ACNE | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ANTIBIOTICS | HORMONES | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Dermatitis | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341912 |
| 3. Title: Venous thromboembolism in women using hormonal contraceptives. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Author: Blanco-Molina A; Trujillo-Santos J; Tirado R; Canas I; Riera A; Valdes M; Monreal M Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009;101(3):478-482. Abstract: There is scarce information on the clinical characteristics of contraceptive users who develop venous thromboembolism (VTE). RIETE is an ongoing registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic, objectively confirmed, acute VTE. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and additional risk factors for VTE in all enrolled women aged <50 years who were using or not using contraceptives at presentation with VTE. Of 1,667 women aged <50 years enrolled in RIETE as of December 2007, 593 (36%) were contraceptive users. Of 270 aged <25 years, 190 (70%) were users. Ninety-two contraceptive users (16%) had overweight, 89 (15%) were obese. Of 951 women with no additional risk factors for VTE (i.e. recent surgery, immobility or cancer) 457 (48%) were contraceptive users. Eighty-seven (15%) users had recent immobility for >/=4 days, 44 (7.4%) were postoperative. The most common reason for immobility was lower limb trauma not requiring surgery; 25% of users with recent immobility had received thromboprophylaxis. The most common type of surgery was non-major orthopaedic surgery. Twenty-one (48%) users with postoperative VTE had received prophylaxis. The percentage of users and non-users who tested positive for thrombophilia was similar. Contraceptive use remains the most frequent risk factor for VTE in women at fertile age. Identifying those at increased risk for VTE seems to be difficult. In the meanwhile, a higher use of thromboprophylaxis during immobility or minor surgery should be warranted. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | SIDE EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | SURGERY | POSTOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330607 |
| 4. Title: Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study. Author: Bouma EM; Riese H; Ormel J; Verhulst FC; Oldehinkel AJ Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jul;34(6):884-93. Abstract: Studies on the influence of sex hormones on cortisol responses to awakening and stress have mainly been conducted in adults, while reports on adolescents are scarce. We studied the effects of gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on cortisol responses in a large sample of adolescents. Data come from TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a prospective population study of Dutch adolescents. This study uses data of 644 adolescents (age 15-17 years, 54.7% boys) who participated in a laboratory session including a performance-related social stress task (public speaking and mental arithmetic). Free cortisol levels were assessed by multiple saliva samples, both after awakening and during the laboratory session. No significant effects of gender and menstrual phase on cortisol responses to awakening were found, while girls using OC displayed a slightly blunted response (F(1, 244)=5.30, p=.02). Cortisol responses to social stress were different for boys and free-cycling girls (F(3, 494)=9.73, p<.001), and OC users and free-cycling girls (F(3, 279)=15.12, p<.001). Unexpectedly, OC users showed no response at all but displayed linearly decreasing levels F(1, 279)=19.03, p<.001) of cortisol during the social stress test. We found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on cortisol responses to social stress (F(3, 157)=0.58, p=.55). The absence of a gender difference in the adolescents' cortisol awakening response found in this study is consistent with previous reports. Our results further suggest that adolescent OC users display slightly blunted cortisol responses after awakening, and that gender differences in cortisol responses to social stress during adolescence are comparable to those described for adult populations, that is, stronger responses in men than in women. Whereas previous work in adults suggested blunted stress responses in OC users compared to men and free-cycling women, adolescent OC users showed no cortisol response. Effects of type of OC could not be studied because of low numbers of OC that were only progestin based. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENDER ISSUES | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | STRESS | HORMONES | TRANSCORTIN BOUND CORTISOL ALTERATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System Document Number: 342582 |
| 5. Title: The abortion-breast cancer connection. Author: Brind J Source: Specialty Law Digest. Health Care Law. 2009 Jan;(340):9-35. Abstract: This article examines the abortion breast cancer link in some historical scientific detail, offering a perspective on an issue that is at the center of a long-running public policy debate that plays out in legislatures, courtrooms, and newspaper editorials, as well as in scientific and medical journals. Even as politically correct studies have been promulgated to neutralize the data proving the abortion breast cancer link, even stronger data have emerged in recent years that firmly link abortion to premature births in subsequent pregnancies, which in turn raise the risk of breast cancer in mothers and cerebral palsy in prematurely born children. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ABORTION | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HORMONES | PREMATURE BIRTH | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Public Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341317 |
| 6. Title: Estrogens and the risk of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Author: de Mos M; Huygen FJ; Stricker BH; Dieleman JP; Sturkenboom MC Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2009 Jan;18(1):44-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Since complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) shows a clear female predominance, we investigated the association between the cumulative as well as current exposure to estrogens, and CRPS. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) project in the Netherlands. Cases were identified from electronic records (1996-2005) and included if they were confirmed during a visit (using International Association for the Study of Pain Criteria), or had been diagnosed by a specialist. Controls were matched to cases on gender, age, calendar time, and injury. Measures of cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure were obtained by questionnaire and included age of menarche and menopause, menstrual life, and cumulative months of pregnancy and breast-feeding. Current estrogen exposure at CRPS onset was retrieved from the electronic medical records and determined by current pregnancy or by the use of oral contraceptive (OC) drugs or hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). RESULTS: Hundred and forty-three female cases (1493 controls) were included in analyses on drug use and pregnancies, while cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure was studied in 53 cases (58 controls) for whom questionnaire data were available. There was no association between CRPS and either cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure, OC, or HRT use. CRPS onset was increased during the first 6 months after pregnancy (OR: 5.6, 95%CI: 1.0-32.4), although based on small numbers. DISCUSSION: We did not find an association between CRPS onset and cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure or current OC or HRT use, but more powered studies are needed to exclude potential minor associations. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECORDS | PAIN | ESTROGENS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Information Processing | Information | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 329753 |
| 7. Title: Extended cycling or continuous use of hormonal contraceptives for female adolescents. Author: Gold MA; Duffy K Source: Current Opinion In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun 12; Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to present the most recent data on extended cycling and continuous use of hormonal contraception for female adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS: Since 2003, several new products have been US Food and Drug Administration approved to provide extended cycling or continuous use of hormonal contraception. Clinical trials have been conducted with adult women of 18 years and older and not with adolescents under age of 18 years. Studies find successful menstrual suppression using extended cycling and continuous-use regimens that are safe and effective without negative effects on the endometrium or hemostasis. Extended cycling and continuous use improves menstrual symptoms attributed to the hormone-free interval in traditional cyclic regimens. Adolescent health providers report prescribing extended cycles of contraception with increasing frequency to adolescents. It is unknown how well female adolescents tolerate breakthrough bleeding, but data suggest that bleeding is the main reason for discontinuing. Supplementation with intermittent estrogen or instituting a 4-day hormone-free interval in response to persistent bleeding may decrease this side effect; adolescents should be counseled about these options. SUMMARY: Extended cycling or continuous use of hormonal contraception offers adolescents an opportunity to decrease, delay or suppress monthly menstruation for health or personal reasons. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HORMONES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MENSTRUATION | PRODUCT APPROVAL | USFDA | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Legislation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Safety | Public Health | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 341708 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Trial of Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate in Chinese Men. Author: Gu Y; Liang X; Wu W; Liu M; Song S; Cheng L; Bo L; Xiong C; Wang X; Liu X; Peng L; Yao K Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009 Jun;94(6):1910-1915. Abstract: Context: Hormonal male contraceptive regimens effectively and reversibly suppress sperm production but there are few large-scale efficacy studies. Objective: The safety, contraceptive efficacy, reversibility and feasibility of injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) in tea seed oil as a hormonal male contraceptive was assessed. Design: This was a mutilcenter, phase III, contraceptive efficacy clinical trial. Participants: 1045 healthy fertile Chinese men were recruited throughout China into the study. Intervention(s): Monthly injections of 500 mg TU, administered for 30 months. A definition of severe oligozoospermia (Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | MEN | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTIS | SEMEN | HORMONES | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Sterilization, Sexual | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Endocrine System | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330735 |
| 9. Title: Hormonal contraceptive regimens in the perimenopause. Author: Hardman SM; Gebbie AE Source: Maturitas. 2009 Jun 11; Abstract: Perimenopausal women have low fertility but still need contraception if they are sexually active. They often have co-existing menstrual problems and menopausal symptoms. No method of contraception is contraindicated by age alone. In addition to highly effective contraception, hormonal methods offer non-contraceptive benefits which can improve quality of life for perimenopausal women. Combined hormonal oral contraception has been available for many decades. The combined vaginal ring and transdermal patch are newer methods offering alternative delivery systems but similar risk profiles to oral preparations. New combinations containing naturally occurring estrogens in place of the synthetic hormone ethinylestradiol are now available and, in theory, could be safer. The progestogen-only methods have an excellent safety profile and have a range of delivery systems and dosages to suit all. Concerns regarding loss of bone mineral density with the injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate continue but to date there is no evidence that this translates into higher fracture risk. Effective use of any method of contraception is strongly dependent on good counselling and support from healthcare professionals. Risks should be explained in absolute terms for each individual woman, enabling her to make an informed choice on evidence-based medicine and not influenced by ill-informed media publicity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | RISK FACTORS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 341711 |
| 10. Title: Contraception and HIV infection in women. Author: Heikinheimo O; Lahteenmaki P Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2009 Mar-Apr;15(2):165-76. Abstract: BACKGROUND: More than 15 million women, many of reproductive age, were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the end of 2007. As the HIV epidemic evolves, heterosexual intercourse is increasingly risky: the risk of infection in exposed young women is 4- to 7-fold higher than in young men and nearly half a million newborns annually have HIV. This review aims to show the effect of contraceptive choices on risk of HIV and on the course of disease in women with HIV. METHODS: Relevant citations were selected by agreement between the authors after a search of MEDLINE using the terms HIV/AIDS and contraception. RESULTS: Risk of transmission of HIV varies from 1 in 200 to 1 in 10 000 coital incidents, depending in part on the integrity of the vaginal epithelium. Consistent use of male condoms has been proven to reduce horizontal transmission of HIV by 80% among HIV-serodiscordant couples. Hormonal contraception may increase the risk of HIV acquisition in high-risk women such as commercial sex workers, but not in women at low risk of HIV. While hormonal contraception did not affect progression of disease in two cohort studies involving 370 women, in a randomized trial among women not receiving antiretroviral medication, clinical disease accelerated in the oral contraception group (13.2/100 woman-years) compared with the copper intrauterine devices group (8.6/100 woman-years; hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.1). Hormonal contraception does not interfere with antiviral drug effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: All the available reversible contraceptive methods can generally be used by women at risk of HIV infection and by HIV-infected women. Further studies are needed to investigate the safety and efficiency of hormonal contraception in women living with HIV/AIDS. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG INTERACTIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330966 |
| 11. Title: Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States. Author: Landau S; Besinque K; Chung F; Dries-Daffner I; Maderas NM; McGhee BT; Foster DG Source: Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-50. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess pharmacist interest, comfort level, and perceived barriers regarding providing pharmacist-initiated access to hormonal contraceptives (i.e., tablets, patches, rings, injectables, emergency contraception [EC]). DESIGN: Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. SETTING: United States between November 2004 and January 2005. PARTICIPANTS: 2,725 pharmacists working in community chain pharmacies (64%), community independent pharmacy (31%), and other practice settings, including hospitals and home care facilities (5%). INTERVENTION: Survey sent electronically by the American Pharmacists Association to a random sample of 14,142 of its 50,000 pharmacist members nationally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharmacist interest and comfort level in providing pharmacy access to hormonal contraception (HC), perceived barriers and training needs, and familiarity with and provision of EC. RESULTS: 2,725 survey responses (19% response rate) were received. Pharmacists reported being very familiar with HC. The majority of respondents were comfortable and interested in providing direct access to HC in the pharmacy. Perceived barriers to providing HC in the pharmacy included lack of time, no mechanism of reimbursement for the service, and possible resistance from physicians. CONCLUSION: Strong interest, comfort level, and capability from pharmacists, combined with a documented demand for direct pharmacy access from patients, indicate that pharmacy access to HC has the potential to meet patient needs and increase access to HC. Education about current clinical practice recommendations-which no longer require pelvic examinations and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears before hormonal contraception is initiated-may increase pharmacist support for providing hormonal methods directly. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PHARMACISTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | TIME FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330051 |
| 12. Title: Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Author: Lopez LM; Grimes DA; Schulz KF; Curtis KM Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(2):CD006033. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Steroidal contraceptive use has been associated with changes in bone mineral density in women. Whether such changes increase the risk of fractures later in life is not clear. However, osteoporosis is a major public health concern. Age-related decline in bone mass increases the risk of fracture, especially of the spine, hip, and wrist. Concern about bone health influences the recommendation and use of these effective contraceptives globally. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of using hormonal contraceptives before menopause on the risk of fracture in women SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for studies of fracture or bone health and hormonal contraceptives in MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and LILACS, as well as in clinical trials databases (ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP). We wrote to investigators to find additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials were considered if they examined fractures, bone mineral density (BMD), or bone turnover in women with hormonal contraceptive use prior to menopause. Studies were excluded if hormones were provided for treatment of a specific condition rather than for contraception. Interventions could include comparisons of a hormonal contraceptive with a placebo or with another hormonal contraceptive. Interventions could also include the provision of a supplement versus a placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We assessed for inclusion all titles and abstracts identified through the literature searches with no language limitation. The mean difference was computed with 95% confidence interval (CI) using a fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: We found 13 RCTs, 2 of which used a placebo. No trial had fracture as an outcome but most measured BMD. Combination contraceptives did not appear to affect bone health. Of progestin-only methods, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was associated with decreased bone mineral density, while results were inconsistent for implants. The two placebo-controlled trials showed BMD increases for DMPA plus estrogen supplement and decreases for DMPA plus placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Whether steroidal contraceptives influence fracture risk cannot be determined from existing information. Due to different interventions, no trials could be combined for meta-analysis. Many trials had small numbers of participants and some had large losses to follow up. Health care providers and women should consider the costs and benefits of these effective contraceptives. For example, injectable contraceptives and implants provide effective, long-term birth control yet do not involve a daily regimen. Progestin-only contraceptives are considered appropriate for women who should avoid estrogen due to medical conditions. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | SKELETAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | OSTEOPOROSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 330973 |
| 13. Title: Female issues in epilepsy: a critical review. Author: Luef G Source: Epilepsy and Behavior. 2009 May;15(1):78-82. Abstract: The focus on gender-related issues for women with epilepsy has heightened in recent years. The emphasis, however, has been on the childbearing years. Epilepsy and antiepileptic drug treatment affect sexual development, the menstrual cycle, and aspects of contraception, fertility, and reproduction. Female patients with epilepsy at a reproductive age face a unique set of reproductive issues, ranging from descriptions of disorders of reproduction in epilepsy and its causes, to contraception, pregnancy, sexuality, menopause, and osteoporosis. Conditions and diseases that specifically affect women are discussed. The role of hormones across the life cycle--endogenous and exogenous hormones and their effects on drug interactions, drug metabolism, and therapeutic outcomes--is described. Contraception and pregnancy issues for women with epilepsy have received the appropriate attention. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | CHRONIC DISEASES | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | DRUGS | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | DRUG INTERACTIONS | HORMONES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | BIRTH DEFECTS | DECREASED LIBIDO | MENOPAUSE | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproduction Document Number: 342324 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Young unmarried men's understanding of female hormonal contraception. Author: Merkh RD; Whittaker PG; Baker K; Hock-Long L; Armstrong K Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):228-35. Abstract: BACKGROUND: A better understanding of men's attitudes, norms and behaviors regarding women's use of hormonal contraception is needed. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted contraceptive life-history interviews with 41 ethnically diverse males ages 18-25 years which detailed up to six heterosexual relationships, focusing on knowledge, attitudes, norms and behaviors regarding hormonal contraception use, decision making and communication. RESULTS: Men's attitudes, norms and behaviors associated with hormonal contraceptive decisions and use varied greatly across participants and their relationships. Findings suggest a mixture of attitudes and practices regarding the importance of communication around contraception influenced by sexual experiences, age and relationship type. Many men demonstrated limited knowledge about contraceptives and identified improving contraceptive knowledge as an essential step in facilitating contraceptive communication. CONCLUSIONS: Increased awareness about young men's understanding of and perceived roles regarding hormonal contraception will help in designing services that address contraceptive adherence, contraceptive communication and incorrect or inadequate contraceptive knowledge. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | UNMARRIED | MEN | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HORMONES | ATTITUDES | VALUE ORIENTATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 330054 |
| 15. Title: Epidemiology of ovarian cancer. Author: Permuth-Wey J; Sellers TA Source: Methods In Molecular Biology. 2009;472:413-37. Abstract: Ovarian cancer represents the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world, and causes more deaths per year than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Despite the high incidence and mortality rates, the etiology of this disease is poorly understood. Established risk factors for ovarian cancer include age and having a family history of the disease, while protective factors include increasing parity, oral contraceptive use, and oophorectomy. Lactation, incomplete pregnancies, and surgeries such as hysterectomy and tubal ligation may confer a weak protective effect against ovarian cancer. Infertility may contribute to ovarian cancer risk among nulliparous women. Other possible risk factors for ovarian cancer include postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy and lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Many of the causes of ovarian cancer are yet to be identified. Additional research is needed to better understand the etiology of this deadly disease. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | OVARIAN CANCER | EPIDEMIOLOGY | RISK FACTORS | HISTOLOGY | HORMONES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INCIDENCE | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Biology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 341435 |
| 16. Title: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Author: Phillips LS; Millikan RC; Schroeder JC; Barnholtz-Sloan JS; Levine BJ Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 May;18(5):1507-14. Abstract: One-fifth of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but little is known about DCIS risk factors. Recent studies suggest that some subtypes of DCIS (high grade or comedo) share histopathologic and epidemiologic characteristics with invasive disease, whereas others (medium or low grade or non-comedo) show different patterns. To investigate whether reproductive and hormonal risk factors differ among comedo and non-comedo types of DCIS and invasive breast cancer (IBC), we used a population-based case-control study of 1,808 invasive and 446 DCIS breast cancer cases and their age and race frequency-matched controls (1,564 invasive and 458 DCIS). Three or more full-term pregnancies showed a strong inverse association with comedo-type DCIS [odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.30-0.95] and a weaker inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.42-1.27). Several risk factors (age at first full-term pregnancy, breast-feeding, and ageat menopause) showed similar associations for comedo-type DCIS and IBC but different associations for non-comedo DCIS. Ten or more years of oral contraceptive showed a positive association with comedo-type DCIS (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.70-2.47) and IBC (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.06-5.09) but an inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.25-1.04). Our results support the theory that comedo-type DCIS may share hormonal and reproductive risk factors with IBC, whereas the etiology of non-comedo DCIS deserves further investigation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics | Cultural Background | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341720 |
| 17. Title: Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. Author: Shufelt CL; Bairey Merz CN Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009 Jan 20;53(3):221-31. Abstract: Contraceptive hormones, most commonly prescribed as oral contraceptives (OCs), are a widely utilized method to prevent ovulation, implantation, and, therefore, pregnancy. The Women's Health Initiative demonstrated cardiovascular risk linked to menopausal hormone therapy among women without pre-existing cardiovascular disease, prompting a review of the safety, efficacy, and side effects of other forms of hormone therapy. A variety of basic science, animal, and human data suggests that contraceptive hormones have antiatheromatous effects; however, relatively less is known regarding the impact on atherosclerosis, thrombosis, vasomotion, and arrhythmogenesis. Newer generation OC formulations in use indicate no increased myocardial infarction risk for current users, but a persistent increased risk of venous thromboembolism. There are no cardiovascular data available for the newest generation contraceptive hormone formulations, including those that contain newer progestins that lower blood pressure, as well as the nonoral routes (transdermal and vaginal). Current guidelines indicate that, as with all medication, contraceptive hormones should be selected and initiated by weighing risks and benefits for the individual patient. Women 35 years and older should be assessed for cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, smoking, diabetes, nephropathy, and other vascular diseases, including migraines, prior to use. Existing data are mixed with regard to possible protection from OCs for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events; longer-term cardiovascular follow-up of menopausal women with regard to prior OC use, including subgroup information regarding adequacy of ovulatory cycling, the presence of hyperandrogenic conditions, and the presence of prothrombotic genetic disorders is needed to address this important issue. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | HORMONES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SCREENING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Behavior | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 329606 |
| 18. Title: The cutest little baby face: a hormonal link to sensitivity to cuteness in infant faces. Author: Sprengelmeyer R; Perrett DI; Fagan EC; Cornwell RE; Lobmaier JS; Sprengelmeyer A; Aasheim HB; Black IM; Cameron LM; Crow S; Milne N; Rhodes EC; Young AW Source: Psychological Science. 2009 Feb;20(2):149-54. Abstract: We used computer image manipulation to develop a test of perception of subtle gradations in cuteness between infant faces. We found that young women (19-26 years old) were more sensitive to differences in infant cuteness than were men (19-26 and 53-60 years old). Women aged 45 to 51 years performed at the level of the young women, whereas cuteness sensitivity in women aged 53 to 60 years was not different from that of men (19-26 and 53-60 years old). Because average age at menopause is 51 years in Britain, these findings suggest the possible involvement of reproductive hormones in cuteness sensitivity. Therefore, we compared cuteness discrimination in pre- and postmenopausal women matched for age and in women taking and not taking oral contraceptives (progestogen and estrogen). Premenopausal women and young women taking oral contraceptives (which raise hormone levels artificially) were more sensitive to variations of cuteness than their respective comparison groups. We suggest that cuteness sensitivity is modulated by female reproductive hormones. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | INFANT | AGE FACTORS | MENOPAUSE | HORMONES | ESTROGENS | PERCEPTION | IMPACT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 342100 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Chronic fatigue syndrome: a hormonal origin? A rare case of dysmenorrhea membranacea. Author: Veldman J; Van Houdenhove B; Verguts J Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May;279(5):717-20. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Membranous dysmenorrhea is a rare entity involving expulsion of fragments of endometrium retaining the shape of the uterus. The condition is often linked to high progesterone levels. An association with a chronic fatigue syndrome was never described. CASE: A 44-year-old woman with a chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), presented with membranous dysmenorrhea after taking an oral contraceptive pill containing ethinylestradiol 0.02 mg and desogestrel 0.15 mg for 3 months in a continuous regimen as treatment for dysfunctional bleeding. Oral contraception was discontinued and she resumed normal menstruations. Remarkably, she mentioned complete disappearance of the CFS since expulsion of the tissue and started working again. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of membranous dysmenorrhea with a dissolving chronic fatigue syndrome is very rare and was never described before. This case suggests a hormonal dysfunction as a possible cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. A review of the literature on membranous dysmenorrhea is presented. Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | SUMMARY REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE HISTORIES | CLIENTS | FATIGUE | DYSMENORRHEA | HORMONES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Menstruation Disorders | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341663 |
| 20. Title: Is it OK to fool Mother Nature? Source: Consumer Reports. 2008 Nov;73(11):13. Abstract: Reduced PMS. Fewer periods. No periods. These are the respective marketing promises of the makers of Yaz, Seasonique, and Lybrel, a trio of oral contraceptives currently starring in TV, Web, and print ads. They're called "extended-cycle" contraceptives because they either shorten or reduce the number of hormone-free (placebo) intervals that produce withdrawal bleeds, or periods. Lybrel, the newest of the three, is the first pill approved to eliminate placebo days-and thus periods-completely. Is it safe to use pills to suppress menstruation? Yes, according to most of the 375 obstetricians/gynecologists and primary-care doctors surveyed by the Consumer Reports National Research Center. We surveyed only doctors who prescribed birth-control pills, and 85 percent of them had prescribed an extendedcycle drug in the past year. But the majority of those had also had patients use conventional birth-control pills in longer cycles to achieve the same effect. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | HORMONES | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 329810 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies. Author: Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Nov;90(5 Suppl):S103-13. Abstract: This Educational Bulletin outlines delivery systems and contraceptive formulations, summarizes advances in emergency contraception and reviews the effects of hormonal contraception on cancer risks, cardiovascular disease, and bone. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | INJECTABLES | VAGINAL RING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female Document Number: 329433 |
| 22. Title: Reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use and colorectal cancer risk: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Author: Akhter M; Inoue M; Kurahashi N; Iwasaki M; Sasazuki S; Tsugane S Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2008 Nov;17(6):515-24. Abstract: Evidence for an association between reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and colorectal cancer risk from previous epidemiological studies remains controversial and information from nonwestern populations is limited. We analyzed this association in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, conducted in 48 511 Japanese women aged 40-69 years who responded to a self-administered questionnaire that included history of reproductive factors, exogenous female hormone use, and other factors. During a mean follow-up of 12 years, a total of 538 colorectal cancer cases were newly identified. Age at menarche, menopausal status, history of exogenous female hormone use, parity, number of births, age at first birth, history of breast feeding, and reproductive period (postmenopausal women only) were not associated with colorectal cancer. When colon and rectal cancer were, however, analyzed separately among all women, multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for colon cancer for age at first birth of 23-25, 26-29, 30 years or more in comparison to that at 22 years or less were 0.84 (0.64-1.12), 0.73 (0.53-1.01), and 0.66 (0.41-1.09), respectively (P for trend=0.03). These results were strengthened for colon cancer when analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (P for trend=0.01), but no association was seen in premenopausal women (P for trend=0.59). In contrast, no statistically significant association was found for rectal cancer. These findings suggest that late age at first birth is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in postmenopausal Japanese women. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | HORMONES | CANCER | MENARCHE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 329581 |
| 23. Title: [Hormones and mammographic breast density] Hormones et densite mammaire. Author: Boisserie-Lacroix M; Lebiez-Michel N; Cavagni P; Bentolila J; Laumonier H Source: Journal de Radiologie. 2008 Sep;89(9 Pt 2):1196-203. Abstract: Breast constitutional density may be altered and increased (acquired density) by hormonal interventions such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The effects of endogenous (steroids, prolactin, insulin-like factors...) and exogenous (HRT, levonorgestrel IUD, tibolone, tamoxifen, SERMs) hormones will be reviewed. Continuous combined estrogen-progestin preparations are most likely to cause an increase in density. Estrogen alone and tibolone are less likely to cause an increase in density. The sensitivity and specificity of mammography are decreased, with increased risk of interval carcinoma and rate of short interval follow-up from false positive results. The issue with regards to interruption of the hormonal therapy prior to mammography, and the duration of the interruption, are discussed. Language: French Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREAST EXAM | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | LEVONORGESTREL | IUD | HORMONES | TAMOXIFEN | MAMMOGRAM | Demographic Factors | Population | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents Document Number: 329035 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Well-being, sleep, exercise patterns, and the menstrual cycle: A comparison of natural hormones, oral contraceptives and Depo-Provera. Author: Brown SG; Morrison LA; Larkspur LM; Marsh AL; Nicolaisen N Source: Women and Health. 2008;47(1):105-121. Abstract: Overall well-being, sleep and exercise patterns were investigated in women between the ages of 18 and 36 years with natural hormone profiles (n = 12), and women using oral contraceptives (n = 12) or Depo-Provera (n = 12) from January 18, 2005 to December 7, 2005. Daily questionnaires on the above variables were obtained across 3 menstrual cycles (108 cycles). Women using hormonal contraception reported more overall negative well-being than women with natural hormone profiles (p = .038). Positive well-being at mid-cycle was positively correlated with increased sleep by the natural hormone (p less than .05) and oral contraception groups (p less than .05) but not by the Depo-Provera group. Women with natural hormone profiles walked more when they reported decreased well-being. Our findings indicate that the use of Depo-Provera interferes with the natural relations between sleep, cycle phase and well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HAWAII | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | DEPO-PROVERA | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SLEEPING | FITNESS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | HAPPINESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326422 |
| 25. Title: Efficacy of the Marquette Method of natural family planning. Author: Fehring RJ; Schneider M; Barron ML Source: MCN. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 2008 Nov-Dec;33(6):348-54. Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of the Marquette Method (MM) of natural family planning (NFP) as a method of avoiding pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a 12-month retrospective evaluation of the MM system of NFP. Two hundred and four women (mean age, 28.6 years) and their male partners (mean age, 30.3 years) who sought to learn a method for avoiding pregnancy with the MM from four clinical sites were taught to track their fertility by self-observation of cervical mucus, by use of an electronic monitor that measures urinary levels of estrone-3-glucuronide and luteinizing hormone, and by use of basal body temperature. All unintended pregnancies were evaluated by professional nurses as to whether they were intended or not. Pregnancy rates over 12 months of use were determined by survival analysis. RESULTS: There were a total of 12 unintended pregnancies, only 1 with correct use. The 12-month "correct use" pregnancy rate was 0.6 (i.e., 99.4% effective) and the "typical use" (total pregnancy rate) was 10.6 (i.e., 89.4% effective) per 100 users. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: When used correctly, the MM system of NFP is an effective means of avoiding pregnancy. The efficacy of the MM system includes proper preparation of the professional nurse NFP teachers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FERTILITY AWARENESS | BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE METHOD | CERVICAL MUCUS | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraception | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Endocrine System Document Number: 330081 |
| 26. Title: Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in female outpatients and personnel at a Colombian hospital: Correlation with hormonal profile. Author: Garcia S; Moreno S; Aponte H Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008 May;5(5):1208-1213. Abstract: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a multifactorial entity and an underestimated problem with an overall prevalence between 20% and 50%. Prevalence can change according to the diagnostic criteria used, data collection, and others such as psychological and cultural factors. Population studies of FSD are limited, both in Colombia and in other countries. Nevertheless, because of the prevalence found in other studies, FSD can be considered a public health issue that affects the quality of life of women who suffer from it and their partners. The aim was to determine the prevalence of FSD and its correlation with the hormonal profile in female outpatients and female staff at San Jose Hospital (Bogota, Colombia). We performed a cross-sectional study with endocrine measurements. The prevalence of FSD according to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) cutoff points, and androgenic deficiency defined as women with a proportion of free testosterone below 2%. Demographic characteristics, medical history survey, FSFI, and a hormonal profile that included follicle stimulating hormore (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estrone, estradiol, sulphate and total dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, sex hormone binding globulin, and total testosterone. Fifty (49.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 39.4-59.6%) out of 101 participants met the criteria for FSD; in those women with sexual activity in the past 4 weeks, the prevalence of FSD was 37.8% (95% CI: 27.3-49.1%). In the hormone evaluation sample, 29 out of 32 women with sexual activity in the past 4 weeks met the criteria for FSD. Our results suggest that there is independence between the FSFI scores and the proportion of free testosterone. Our findings suggest that FSD in our population has a prevalence as high as that previously reported in the literature; however, because of the sample selection criteria, we could not say that our study results may well reflect the prevalence in our general Colombian population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: COLOMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SEXUALITY | HORMONES | PREVALENCE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326453 |
| 27. Title: Differences in contraceptive choice among female adolescents at a state-funded family planning clinic. Author: Heavey EJ; Moysich KB; Hyland A; Druschel CM; Sill MW Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2008 Jan-Feb;53(1):45-52. Abstract: Our objective was to examine differences in contraceptive choice among female adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds both before and after an appointment for reproductive health care at a community-based, state-funded, family planning clinic. This study utilized data collected from 4237 charts from young women attending a family planning clinic. Logistic regression was utilized to examine variables associated with the following main questions: (1) the selection of use or nonuse of contraception; (2) the selection of barrier versus hormonal contraception; and (3) within those who selected hormonal contraception, the preference for injectable versus oral hormonal methods. We found that race, age, school status, and type of health insurance were all associated with contraceptive decision-making among female adolescents. Some but not all of these associations remained after the clinic visit, which included no-cost contraception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | BARRIER METHODS | HORMONES | INJECTABLES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323517 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Further support for the hypothesis that parental hormone levels around the time of conception are associated with human sex ratios at birth. Author: James WH Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:1-7. Abstract: During the past year, data have been published on the offspring sex ratios of people diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, and pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. It is shown here how these offspring sex ratios constitute further support for the hypothesis that mammalian (including human) parental hormone concentrations around the time of conception partially control the sexes of the resulting infants. If this interpretation were correct, then hormonal treatments might be considered for some or all of these conditions. It is intended that anyone who has read the present note and my two previous papers (James, 1996, 2004) should be aware of all the data relating to the hypothesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | HORMONES | PARENTS | SEX RATIO | HEPATITIS | BREAST CANCER | PARASITIC DISEASES | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326913 |
| 29. Title: The mystery of female connective tissue [editorial] Author: Kjaer M; Hansen M Source: Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 Oct;105(4):1026-7. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | SEX FACTORS | MUSCULAR EFFECTS | PHYSIOLOGY | HORMONES | FITNESS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Biology | Endocrine System | Health Document Number: 328847 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Male reproductive health after childhood cancer. Author: Lahteenmaki PM; Arola M; Suominen J; Salmi TT; Andersson AM Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008;:[8] p. Abstract: Twenty-five male patients were investigated to elucidate the correlation of semen parameters and other related parameters in the assessment of spermatogeneis after childhood cancer treatment. Evaluation of given cancer treatment, anthropometric and testicular size measurements, semen analysis, and measurement of gonadotrophins, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and inhibin B were performed according to a protocol. Median (range) sperm concentration (SC) was 35.5 (0-273) x 10/6/mL, and percentage of motile sperm 56 (0-86)%. Testicular size (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001) and the level of inhibin B (r = 0.66, p less than 0.001) correlated strongly to SC. SC correlated negatively to FSH (r = 0.46, p = 0.03). Only testicular size predicted SC significantly (p = 0.03). Inhibin B showed highest area under ROC curve (0.83, 95%CI 0.67-0.99) in showing SC less than 20 x 10/6/mL. Body mass index (BMI) did not correlate with SC, but negative correlation between BMI and SHBG was found (r = -0.41, p = 0.04). Although semen analysis is a useful instrument for fertility assessment in men, it is often difficult to get these samples from childhood cancer survivors. Thus, indirect methods are needed in prediction of possible sperm count impairment in postpubertal adolescents after cancer treatment. When combined with the data on testicular size and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, inhibin B gives valuable addition to the estimations of spermatogenesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEMEN | RISK ASSESSMENT | TOXICITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CANCER | TREATMENT | ENZYMES AND ENZYME INHIBITORS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Neoplasms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Endocrine System Document Number: 326209 |
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