1.  Title: PRISM tools for assessing, monitoring, and evaluating RHIS performance. Author: Aqil A; Lippeveld T Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. [32] p. (MS-09-34USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: PRISM Framework and its tools applications have expanded since 2004. Now it has been applied in Pakistan, Uganda, South Africa, Mexico, Paraguay, Honduras, Haiti, China and Cote d'Ivore for assessment and evaluation. It has been applied in diverse countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Carribean continents. While these applications showed the strengths and appropriateness of PRISM Framework and its tools in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the routine information systems, they brought some challenges to attention. First, to make a distinction between RHIS performance indicators -accuracy, timeliness and completeness, from their counterpart processes. Second, to keep minimum variables in various tools for triangulation of information to avoid respondent's burden of filling the details. Third, better measurement of use of information. Thus, there was a need to revise the PRISM tools. Uganda PRISM evaluation in 2007 for testing its reliability and validity also helped to make the revisions. PRISM tools version 3.0 meets old and new challenges in assessing, monitoring and evaluation of RHIS. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | MEXICO | HONDURAS | HAITI | CHINA | PARAGUAY | SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | INFORMATION PROCESSING | DATA COLLECTION | MANAGEMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Caribbean | Asia, Eastern | South America, Central | South America | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Information | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 339994 |
2.  Title: Experience with side effects among users of injectables, the IUD, and oral contraceptive pills in four urban areas of Honduras. Author: Barden-O'Fallon J; Speizer I; Rodriguez F; Calix J Source: Health Care For Women International. 2009 Jun;30(6):475-83. Abstract: Contraceptive side effects are often the most commonly reported reason for method discontinuation, particularly of modern methods. We use data from eight focus groups and 800 exit interviews to examine women's experiences with contraceptive side effects in four urban areas of Honduras. Ease of treatment and differences in motivation to avoid pregnancy are suggested explanations for why side effects cause some women to continue and others to discontinue. Although side effects are a common reason for discontinuation in this population, less than half of the surveyed women were informed about potential side effects by a health worker on the day of the interview. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | URBAN AREAS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | INJECTABLES | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | IUD | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341018 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: High rates of STD and sexual risk behaviors among Garifunas in Honduras. Author: Paz-Bailey G; Morales-Miranda S; Jacobson JO; Gupta SK; Sabin K; Mendoza S; Paredes M; Alvarez B; Monterroso E Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S26-34. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Honduras has the highest concentration of HIV and AIDS cases in Central America, with an estimated adult HIV prevalence of 1.5%. Prevalence is higher among certain ethnic groups such as the Garifuna with a reported HIV prevalence of 8%. METHODS: A biological and behavioral survey was conducted on a stratified random sample of the Garifuna population in Honduras, using computer-assisted interviews. Blood was tested for HIV, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis; urine was tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalum. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 817 participants, 41% female and 51% male. Estimated prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were: HIV, 4.5% (95% CI: 3.0 to 6.6), HSV-2, 51.1% (95% CI: 46.7 to 55.6), and syphilis seropositivity, 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4 to 4.0). Sexually transmitted infections in urine were: chlamydia, 6.8% (95% CI: 4.7 to 9.7), gonorrhea, 1.1% (95% CI: 0.4 to 2.9), trichomoniasis, 10.5% (95% CI: 8.1 to 13.6), and Mycoplasma genitalium, 7.1% (95% CI: 5.1 to 9.9). Consistent condom use was low with stable (10.6%) and casual (41.4%) partners. In multivariate analysis, HIV was associated with rural residence. HSV-2 was associated with female sex, older age, and syphilis seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: We found a moderate prevalence of HIV and a high prevalence of HSV-2 among the Garifunas. HSV-2 may increase the vulnerability of these populations to HIV in the future. Intervention strategies should emphasize sexually transmitted infection control and condom promotion, specifically targeting the Garifuna population. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | BEHAVIOR | HIV | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | PROMOTION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 341324 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Nurse auxiliaries as providers of intrauterine devices for contraception in Guatemala and Honduras. Author: Vernon R Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):51-60. Abstract: Nurse auxiliaries staff the majority of primary health service delivery outlets in low-income countries, particularly in rural areas with high unmet need for contraception. Yet often service delivery guidelines prohibit them from providing contraceptive methods such as the intrauterine device (IUD). Operations research in Guatemala and Honduras in 1997-2005, described in this paper, have shown that nurse auxiliaries can provide IUDs in a safe and clinically appropriate fashion, which can help improve women's choice of methods and decrease costs in health centres with physicians and professional nurses, and health posts. Empowering these health workers requires commitment at the health system and policy levels to a long-term strategy in which small pilot studies are first conducted, followed by phased scaling-up of the strategies, which can require several years. Training can be conducted both in high volume clinics or on-site in health posts. Simple measures such as mentioning the method during counselling and to users of different services and providing women and communities with printed materials have been effective in increasing requests for IUDs. These studies also showed that nurse auxiliaries can take on other reproductive health services, such as contraceptive injections. Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | HONDURAS | CRITIQUE | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | IUD | INJECTABLES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 341668 |
| 5. Title: Achieving the MDGs: The contribution of family planning. Honduras. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, [2008]. [2] p. Abstract: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) -- a set of eight important, timebound goals ranging from reducing poverty by half to providing universal primary education -- represent a blueprint for global development agreed to by member states of the United Nations and international development institutions. However, achieving them will be a major challenge for Honduras and many other developing countries that are not "on track" to meet the goals by the target date of 2015. In Honduras and other Latin American countries, one major factor contributing to the challenge is the continued rapid growth of the population. The number of people in need of health, education, economic, and other services is large and increasing, which, in turn, means that the amount of resources, personnel, and infrastructure required to meet the MDGs is also increasing. In light of this fact, development efforts in support of the MDGs should not overlook the importance and benefits of slowing population growth. This brief looksat how one strategy -- meeting the need for family planning -- can reduce population growth and make achieving the MDGs more affordable in Honduras, in addition to directly contributing to the goals of reducing child mortality and improving maternal health. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | FAMILY PLANNING | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | POVERTY | NEEDS | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Planning | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 331544 |
| 6. Title: AWARENESS Project. Honduras country report, 2001-2007. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [13] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00) Abstract: In 2001, IRH and ASHONPLAFA conducted an introduction study to test the feasibility of SDM integration into existing services. Positive results led to expanding access to the SDM within MOH and ASHONPLAFA services in six of 18 departments in Honduras. To introduce the SDM into the MOH, IRH collaborated with Centro de Vida y Educación Familiar (CEVIFA), a Catholic organization already working with the MOH to provide the Billings method. Program strategy focused on expanding SDM access to all 27 ASHONPLAFA and 150 MOH clinics in five key departments through research to establish best practices; partnership with CEVIFA; support for fertility awareness-based methods with UNFPA through CEVIFA; and demand creation for the SDM through awareness-raising activities. The introduction study showed that the SDM could be integrated into routine services; there was sufficient demand; and training providers and introducing SDM into clinic services improved client choice and quality of services. The primary reason for discontinuation after long-term use is desire for pregnancy. Based on these results, ASHONPLAFA and the MOH expanded access to the SDM within their services. With UNFPA support, CEVIFA has integrated the SDM into MOH services and systems in five departments (in addition to the pilot study sites). At the national level, primarily as a result of CEVIFA?s effective advocacy, the MOH included the SDM in its national norms, protocols, MIS, logistics systems, and IEC materials, as well as the curriculum of the national university nursing schools. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | AWARENESS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | CAPACITY BUILDING | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Contraception | Education | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability Document Number: 327623 |
| 7. Title: Long-term use of Standard Days method: Experience of operations research study participants. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [22] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00) Abstract: This long-term follow-up (LTFU) study sought to learn more about Standard Days Method® (SDM) use beyond the six or 12 month follow-up period of a series of 14 operations research (OR) studies in six countries. The LTFU study followed participants of OR studies in Benin, Ecuador, Honduras, and two sites in India for up to 24 additional months to determine long-term continuation and effectiveness patterns, reasons for discontinuation, and whether women use the SDM to achieve pregnancy if their fertility intentions change. The 1,183 participants represented wide variability in geographic location, service delivery mode, age, parity, education level and ever use of contraception. Significant loss to follow-up at the point of transition between the OR and LTFU studies and the retrospective nature of the LTFU questions were taken into consideration in data analysis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BENIN | ECUADOR | HONDURAS | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | PREGNANCY RATE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Central America | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327647 |
| 8. Title: Final report. Contraceptive discontinuation: a one-year follow-up study of female reversible method users in urban Honduras. Author: Barden-O’Fallon J; Speizer I; Caceres Zelaya S; Calix Borjas J; Rodriguez Valenzuela F Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Oct. 45 p. (SR-08-46USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Also available in Spanish: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/sr-08-46-es.pdf Abstract: The overall goal of the present study is to examine women's contraceptive use prospectively over a one-year period. It aims to go beyond previous research by assessing the relative importance of and interactions among the family planning service environment, women's individual characteristics, and their experience with side effects on contraception continuation or discontinuation. The findings from this study complement the Honduras Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2005-2006 (ENDESA) (Secretaria de Salud & Marco International, 2006). ENDESA is a cross-sectional survey of a nationally-representative sample of all women aged 15-49 that includes retrospective and current measures of contraceptive use. The present study follows a panel of women recruited from family planning service sites who at the time of the first interview were either continuing or new users of a temporary (reversible) contraceptive method. The study examines patterns of contraceptive use during the follow-up period. As compared to the women surveyed in ENDESA, the family planning clients in this study are significantly younger, less likely to be working, and less likely to have a religious affiliation. The study was conducted in four urban areas of Honduras: Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Santa Rosa de Copán/La Entrada, and Gracias. It included three phases of data collection. Phase I collected qualitative data on the decision-making processes around contraceptive adoption/continuation, including the role of providers in this process, perceptions of side effects, perceptions of service providers, usual reactions to side effects, and motivations to continue use when side effects are experienced. In phase II, 800 new and continuing users of female reversible contraceptive methods were recruited as they left the participating family planning service sites. Phase III conducted follow-up interviews with the same women interviewed in phase II approximately one year after the baseline interview. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EVALUATION REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | DECISION MAKING | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | MOTIVATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328576 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: An activity-based cost analysis of the Honduras community-based, integrated child care (AIN-C) programme. Author: Fiedler JL; Villalobos CA; De Mattos AC Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2008 Nov;23(6):408-27. Abstract: The Honduras AIN-C programme is a preventive health and nutrition programme of the Honduras Ministry of Health (MOH) that relies on volunteers to help mothers monitor and maintain the adequate growth of young children. A quasi-experimental, design-based evaluation found that the programme achieved near-universal coverage and was effective in improving mothers' child-rearing knowledge, attitudes and practices, including feeding and appropriate care-giving and care-seeking practices for children with diarrhoea and acute respiratory illness. The programme is widely regarded as a model. This study was undertaken to provide the first comprehensive estimates of the cost of the AIN-C programme, with the goal of providing a programme and financial planning tool for Honduras. An additional comparison of study findings was also undertaken to determine the cost of the AIN-C programme's community-based services relative to a similar facility-based service. Expressed in mid-2005 US dollars, the study found that after the programme is phased-in: (1) the annual, recurrent cost per child under 2 years participating in the programme is $6.43; (2) the annual, incremental budget requirements per child under 2 years participating in the programme are $3.90; (3) the cost of an AIN-C monthly growth monitoring and counselling session per child is 11% of the cost of a traditional MOH, facility-based growth and development consultation per child; and (4) the effect of mothers substituting AIN-C monitor care for MOH facility-based care 'saves' 203 000 outpatient visits a year, with a potential cost saving of $1.66 million, the equivalent of 60% of the recurrent cost of the programme and roughly equal to the annual incremental budget requirements of the programme. Sensitivity analysis of the cost estimates is performed to provide insight, for countries considering introducing a similar programme, into how modifications of key characteristics of the programme affect its costs. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | COMMUNITY | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | CHILD CARE | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organization and Administration | Programs | Child Rearing | Behavior | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Nutrition | Evaluation Indexes Document Number: 329212 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Author: Lorenzana De Rivera I; Parham L; Murillo W; Moncada W; Vazquez S Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;79(2):262-266. Abstract: The humoral immune response in Honduran dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) hospitalized pediatric cases from the epidemics of 2004 and 2005 was studied in sera collected from 5 to 7 days of fever onset. A total of 145 cases were included in the study: 40 classified as primary with DHF Grade I or II and 86 classified as secondary; from them, 73 were DHF Grade I or II and 13 were dengue shock syndrome (DSS) Grade III or IV. The highest number of primary cases was found in children < 1 year of age. The highest number of secondary cases was observed in children between 5 and 10 years of age. The IgA values showed a statistically significant difference between primary and secondary groups. The relationship between antibody responses and severity grade is discussed. This is the first study related to the humoral immune response and severity grade in DHF cases in Honduran children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | DENGUE | IMMUNITY, NATURAL | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS | ANTIBODY FORMATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Antibodies Document Number: 328116 |
| 11. Title: Postpartum hemorrhage prevention: A case study in northern rural Honduras. Author: Low LK; Bailey JM; Sacks E; Medina L; Pineda HO Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2008 Jan-Feb;53(1):e1-e6. Abstract: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality globally. Safe Motherhood policies have been directed towards the reduction of PPH by recommending active management of third-stage labor as the standard of care. One component of active management involves routine use of a uterotonic agent within 1 minute of the delivery of the baby. A case study at Clinica Materno-Infantil, a free-standing public birth center in Honduras, is presented, focusing on methods to reduce PPH. The nursing staff was trained to estimate blood loss and in methods to manage PPH, including elements of active management of the third stage of labor. Medical records were reviewed and an analysis of PPH management compared to estimated blood loss (EBL) was conducted. There was no significant correlation between PPH management techniques and EBL (r = .060; P = .368). There was a statistically significant (P < .001) correlation between oxytocin administration and lower EBL (r = -.232), indicating that there was less blood loss when oxytocin was administered. At Clinica Materno-Infantil, routine use of a uterotonic agent appears beneficial and further implementation of active management of the third stage of labor appears warranted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | POSTPARTUM | BLEEDING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CHILDBIRTH | OXYTOCIN | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Document Number: 323518 |
| 12. Title: Ensuring a healthier tomorrow in Central America: Protecting the sexual and reproductive health of today's youth. Author: Remez L; Prada E; Singh S; Bixby LR; Bankole A Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2008. 67 p. Abstract: Protecting the sexual and reproductive health of today's Central American youth is urgent. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua have the highest rates of adolescent childbearing in all of Latin America. Moreover, current HIV prevalence has surpassed the 1% threshold for a generalized epidemic in Honduras and is nearing that magnitude in El Salvador and Guatemala. Preserving young people's health is not only important for youth themselves; it is also a vital development priority. This report, based on recent national surveys, presents key patterns and trends in the sexual and reproductive behavior of 15-24-year-olds in these four countries, and identifies important gaps and needs. Language: English Keywords: CENTRAL AMERICA | EL SALVADOR | GUATEMALA | HONDURAS | NICARAGUA | TECHNICAL REPORT | YOUTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | RISK FACTORS | HIV | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH POLICY | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Latin America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Biology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327509 |
| 13. Title: Revitalizing underutilized family planning methods. Using communications and community engagement to stimulate demand for vasectomy in Honduras. Author: Taylor J Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 8 p. (Acquiring Knowledge. Applying Lessons Learned to Strengthen FP / RH Services No. 10USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: In 2003, ACQUIRE began a collaboration with the MOH to develop public-sector capacity in no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) service delivery and, ultimately, to increase NSV service use and prevalence. As vasectomy services were virtually nonexistent in the public sector, their introduction was a significant advance in FP efforts. The ACQUIRE Project introduced its Supply-Demand-Advocacy (SDA) Program Model for FP / RH Service Delivery to coordinate and synchronize mutually reinforcing components -- supply, demand, and advocacy -- that affect the acceptance of FP services. This publication addresses ACQUIRE's country-level work on SDA in promoting NSV in Honduras, focusing particularly on communications for demand creation and advocacy. Lessons learned were that most significant increases in demand for vasectomy correspond to campaign periods where multiple communication channels are used, that supply-side readiness determines whether demand can be met, and that communications efforts need to be sustained over time. Minimal investment and periodic media bursts should be considered to maintain demand for services. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | MISINFORMATION | VASECTOMY | ADVOCACY | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Contraception | Communication | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Health Document Number: 331566 |
| 14. Title: Honduras final report, September 1997 - September 2005. USAID's Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) project. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT] Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, 2007 Aug. 12 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00) Abstract: From the late 1990s until 2005, Family Health International (FHI) helped the Government of Honduras strengthen its AIDS prevention activities. Through the Implementing AIDS Care and Treatment (IMPACT) Project, FHI led initiatives to reduce risk and change behavior; enhance prevention, care, and treatment services; and strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems. IMPACT/Honduras collaborated with the local umbrella nongovernmental organization (NGO) Fundacion Fomento en Salud (FSS), as well as with the Ministry of Health (MOH) and others to coordinate workshops and foster dialogue on HIV/AIDS and policy in Honduras. From 2000 to 2005, IMPACT/Honduras's HIV/AIDS strategic plan project activities reached high-risk populations. In addition, IMPACT/ Honduras helped prepare a bio-behavioral surveillance survey (Bio-BSS) that was to be implemented by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EVALUATION REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | RISK ASSESSMENT | CDC | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Health | Survey Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | USPHS Document Number: 322034 |
| 15. Title: Honduras: final country report. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2007 Mar. 20 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: The DELIVER project carried out by JSI in Honduras benefited in particular the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Honduran Family Planning Association (ASHONPLAFA). DELIVER's main accomplishments were the development of local capacity to plan procurement that uses logistics information from family planning activities, the development of software for managing inventories and logistics management information for the MOH, and the formation and consolidation of the Contraceptive Security Committee and the contraceptive security (CS) national strategy, which involved a variety of national stakeholders and was ratified by the MOH. DELIVER also helped ASHONPLAFA strengthen its logistical process in the areas of storage and distribution as well as in the use of PipeLine software to produce its contraceptive procurement tables and strengthen the procurement process. Among other things, the most important achievement is the recognition and application of the CS national strategy, which is demonstrated by the routine functioning of the inter-institutional CS Committee, and the purchase of contraceptives with national funds, thus fulfilling the agreement reached with the U.S. Agency for International Development/Tegucigalpa to gradually increase funding from the national treasury to meet contraceptive needs. A foundation has been laid to incorporate other institutions into the CS process in the future by including them on the CS Committee. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CAPACITY BUILDING | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | MANAGEMENT | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOALS | USAID | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Sustainability | Programs | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Planning | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323742 |
| 16. Title: Using PRISM to strengthen and evaluate health information systems. Author: Aqil A Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Apr 23. [2] p. (MEASURE Evaluation Fact SheetFS-07-18USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: Routine health information systems (RHIS) attempt to produce timely and quality information about what is happening in health sector organizations. Ideally, this information is then used to guide day-to-day operations, track performance, learn from past results, and improve accountability. However, the systems designed to track health data often fall short of this ideal-data quality may be low, processes for using data other than sending reports may not exist, or managers and staff may have limited understanding of the importance of the information and few incentives to give attention to the management of information system processes. Traditional assessments only partly address how to improve RHIS, because they look narrowly at technical issues such as data collection forms, methods or information technology. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | PARAGUAY | HONDURAS | PAKISTAN | SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | MEASUREMENT | EVALUATION | HEALTH | HEALTH FACILITIES | INFORMATION PROCESSING | DATA QUALITY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | IMPACT | INTERVENTIONS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Central America | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Information | Data Analysis | Management | Organization and Administration | Communication | Programs Document Number: 322541 |
| 17. Title: [Protecting the sexual and reproductive health of Honduran youth] Proteger la salud sexual y reproductiva de la juventud hondurena. Author: Audam S; Singh S; Prada E; Wulf D; Bautista-Sabonge K Source: New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007. 8 p. (En resumen serie 2007, No. 3) Abstract: Honduran youth, like all young people worldwide, face many challenges and difficult decisions as they become adults, initiate sexual activity, form unions, and have children. A crucial challenge is the negotiation of the double risk of an unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STI), including HIV. The level of risk for young people depends on many factors, including the time at which they initiate sexual activity, if it occurs within a union, the number of partners that they have, and if they use protection to prevent pregnancy and infection. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: La juventud hondurena, al igual que la gente joven de todo el mundo, enfrenta muchos retos y decisiones dificiles a medida que se hace adulta, inicia su actividad sexual, forma uniones y tiene hijos. Un reto crucial es la negociacion del doble riesgo de un embarazo no planeado y las infecciones de transmision sexual (ITS), incluyendo el VIH. El nivel de riesgo para la gente joven depende de muchos factores, incluyendo el momento en que inicia su actividad sexual, si esto ocurre dentro de una union, el numero de parejas que tiene y si usa proteccion para prevenir el embarazo y la infeccion. Language: Spanish Keywords: HONDURAS | TECHNICAL REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | HIV | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 322305 |
| 18. Title: Final report. Characteristics of female reversible method users in four urban areas of Honduras. Results from the baseline survey of the study of service quality, motivation for contraceptive use, and contraceptive discontinuation. Author: Barden-O’Fallon J; Speizer I; Caceres Zelaya S; Calix Borjas J; Rodriguez Valenzuela F Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Apr. 48 p. (WP-07-95USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-241) Abstract: The overall goal of this study is to determine how, together, these three levels of influence (family planning service environment, individual characteristics, and previous experience/fear of side effects) affect contraceptive continuation. While these three levels of influence have all been shown to be important to contraception adoption and continuation, especially for reversible methods, they have not been examined simultaneously to determine how they jointly affect contraceptive continuation, controlling for method used. This study, therefore, goes beyond previous research by assessing the relative importance of and interactions between these three levels of influence on contraceptive continuation. The current report is a description of the study population based on baseline data. The study population is described by contraceptive use and the factors that have been shown to influence contraceptive continuation (demographic and individual characteristics, including contraceptive use history and experience with side effects, and the quality of family planning services). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EVALUATION REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | USAID | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FEAR | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions | Decision Making Document Number: 318681 |
| 19. Title: Contraceptive security committees: their role in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Betancourt VS Source: Washington, D.C., Constella Futures, Health Policy Initiative, 2007 Sep. 34 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) This report is also available in Spanish: Los comités para la disponibilidad asegurada de insumos anticonceptivos: su aporte en América Latina y el Caribe at http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/index.cfm?ID=publications&get=pubID&pubID=447 Abstract: Contraceptive security exists when all individuals are able to choose, obtain, and use high-quality contraceptives when they need them. This report summarizes portions of four case studies about the innovative regional strategies that LAC countries have been implementing since 2003 to achieve contraceptive security. In numerous countries, locally formed contraceptive security committees have been spearheading and coordinating these CS efforts, generally operating at a technical level. The objective of this study was to analyze the experience of six committees and assess their role in working to achieve contraceptive security. The study focused on the activities of CS committees in Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Paraguay from 2003 to early 2007. According to the results of the analysis, these committees played a key role in making progress toward contraceptive security. Several other LAC countries made significant political and legislative progress without establishing CS committees. Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | EL SALVADOR | HONDURAS | NICARAGUA | PARAGUAY | TECHNICAL REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PUBLIC SECTOR | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | ADVOCACY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | LEADERSHIP | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Caribbean | Central America | Studies | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Availability | Contraception | Communication | Organization and Administration | Planning | Health Document Number: 323049 |
| 20. Title: Land loss and Garifuna women's activism on Honduras' north coast. Author: Brondo KV Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 Nov;9(1):99-116. Abstract: This paper reports on the gendered impacts of Honduras' neoliberal agrarian legislation within the context of tourism development. It draws on ethnographic research with the Afro-indigenous Garifuna to demonstrate how women have been most affected by land privatization on the north coast of Honduras. Garifuna communities are matrifocal and land had historically been passed through matrilineal lines. As the coastal land market expands, Garifuna women have lost their territorial control. The paper also treats Garifuna women's activism as they resist coastal development strategies and shifts in landholding. While women have been key figures in the Garifuna movement to title and reclaim lost ancestral land, the movement as a whole has yet to make explicit the gendered dimensions of the land struggle. The neglect may be attributed to the activists' adoption of an indigenous rights discourse. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | LEGISLATION | LAND TENURE | ADVOCACY | MIGRATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Population Dynamics Document Number: 323705 |
| 21. Title: Challenges to MDG achievement in low income countries: lessons from Ghana and Honduras. Author: Bussolo M; Medvedev D Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Economics Prospects Group, 2007 Nov. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4383) Abstract: This paper summarizes the policy lessons from applications of the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS) model to two low income countries: Ghana and Honduras. Results show that costs of MDGs achievement could reach 10-13 percent of GDP by 2015, although, given the observed low productivity in the provision of social services, significant savings may be realized by improving efficiency. Sources of financing also matter: foreign aid inflows can reduce international competitiveness through real exchange appreciation, while domestic financing can crowd out the private sector and slow poverty reduction. Spending a large share of a fixed budget on growth-enhancing infrastructure may mean sacrificing some human development, even if higher growth is usually associated with lower costs of social services. The pursuit of MDGs increases demand for skills: while this encourages higher educational attainments, in the short term this could lead to increased income inequality and a lower poverty elasticity of growth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | HONDURAS | PROGRESS REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | GOALS | UN | WORLD BANK | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs Document Number: 322867 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's organizations and local democracy: Promoting effective participation of women in Central America. Author: Clulow M Source: Development. 2007;50(1):86-89. Abstract: Michael Clulow presents four feminist non-governmental organizations that have played a leading role in democratizing local activities to include the participation of women. Las Dignas and Las Melidas from El Salvador, CEM-H from Honduras and Grupo Venancia from Nicaragua individually and collectively have successfully developed many tools and approaches to promote women's participation. He suggests at the heart of all their work, and the key to their successes are the building of strong participatory organizations and the empowerment and training of women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | EL SALVADOR | HONDURAS | PROGRESS REPORT | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | GOVERNMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | DEMOCRACY | SOCIAL CHANGE | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems Document Number: 317533 |
| 23. Title: Increasing use of the IUD through community and clinic based education activities in rural Honduras. Author: Flores IF; Aguilar Fonseca ER; Flores RM; Vernon R; Solorzano J Source: [New York, New York], Population Council, 2007 Nov. 30 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00USAID Subaward No. AI04.46A) Abstract: Women in rural areas of Honduras are less likely to use the IUD than any other method. In 2001, the contraceptive prevalence rate in urban areas was 70%, but only 57% in rural areas. An even larger proportionate discrepancy was found for the IUD -in urban areas it was used by 15 percent of married women and only five percent in rural areas. Over the last few years, the Honduran Ministry of Health has conducted extensive IUD training programs for providers to try to increase its availability in rural and semi-rural areas, but studies have shown that clients and community members continue to have little information on this method. This document presents the results of an operations research project implemented by the MOH in Honduras with the technical and administrative assistance from the Population Council's Frontiers in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) Program, ASHONPLAFA and EngenderHealth, and funding from USAID. This project tested a strategy to inform communities about the availability of the IUD in nearby health centers and about the method's most salient attributes. To evaluate the strategy's effect on increasing knowledge about, and use of, the IUD, an experimental pretest/post-test design with a control group was used, in which 41 health centers in 18 municipalities were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning Programs | Education | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs Document Number: 308931 |
| 24. Title: Using data and information to advance contraceptive security in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Menotti E; Sharma S Source: Washington, D.C., Constella Futures, Health Policy Initiative, 2007 Sep. 19 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) This report is also available in Spanish: Utilización de datos e información para el avance de la disponibilidad asegurada de insumos anticonceptivos en América Latina y el Caribe at http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/index.cfm?ID=publications&get=pubID&pubID=429 Abstract: Contraceptive security exists when all women and men are able to choose, obtain, and use high-quality family planning (FP) products and services. Countries and donors have employed four key strategies in strengthening the policy environment for contraceptive security (CS): awareness raising, advocacy, policy dialogue, and planning. None of these strategies can be effective unless they are credible and presented for debate in a clear manner in which policymakers and stakeholders can understand the issues and implications for policy change. This paper presents information collected in 67 key informant interviews in six countries that have established CS committees (Bolivia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Paraguay), and features some further examples from Guatemala and Peru, where improvements in contraceptive security took place in the absence of CS committees. One of the study objectives was to understand how committee members used data and information in supporting a variety of awareness-raising, advocacy, policy analysis, and planning activities. Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | EL SALVADOR | HONDURAS | NICARAGUA | PARAGUAY | TECHNICAL REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | CASE STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | ADVOCACY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | DATA ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Caribbean | Central America | Contraceptive Availability | Contraception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Communication | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323050 |
| 25. Title: Postpartum women in the Honduran health system: Folic acid knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Author: Milla GR; Flores AL; Umaña E; Mayes I; Rosenthal J Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2007;22(5):340-347. Abstract: This study had two purposes: first, to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to folic acid and birth defects among a convenience sample of postpartum Honduran women; and second, to identify food consumption patterns in this population and determine high-consumption staples for potential folic acid fortification. Convenience sampling methodology was used to recruit potential study participants. Participants for this study were 2 619 postpartum Honduran women who had had a normal, in-hospital delivery in one of 16 public hospitals located throughout the country or the two social security hospitals that provide services to the Honduran working class population. Over a 10-month period, in-depth, face-to-face oral interviews, supervised by the research coordinator and staff, were conducted in-hospital prior to discharge. The majority of the women were between 16 and 29 years of age. Approximately half of the respondents (46.4%) had heard of folic acid and over one-third (37.6%) knewthat it was a vitamin related to preventing birth defects. Birth defects were most often attributed to drug and alcohol use (20.6%) and lack of vitamin intake (18.1%), but 23.0% related defects to mystical, mythical, or religious causes. Aside from red beans, oranges, and natural fruit juices, folate-rich foods are not widely consumed by this population. The highest consumption frequency of staple foods with the potential to be fortified with folic acid were rice, white flour, corn flour, and pasta. Results from this study provide potential avenues for food fortification, as well as underscore the need for further education about the role of folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects. Results highlight that standardized health education for Honduran women of reproductive age is needed if folic acid consumption through fortification and supplementation is to be successful and sustainable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | FOLIC ACID | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | ANTENATAL CARE | DIET | BIRTH DEFECTS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases Document Number: 324585 |
| 26. Title: A community-based education program about cervical cancer improves knowledge and screening behavior in Honduran women. Author: Perkins RB; Langrish S; Stern LJ; Simon CJ Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Sep;22(3):187-193. Abstract: This study examined changes in knowledge and behavior after a community-based cervical cancer education program in Honduras. The program consisted of radio broadcasts targeting rural women and presentations to community nurses. The effectiveness of the radio broadcasts was assessed using a cross-sectional design (control groups n = 124, n = 243; intervention group n = 233). A pre-/ post-test design was used to evaluate the nurses' training program (n = 32). A subset of nurses (n = 16) was retested two years later. Evaluation included t tests, chi-square and Fisher exact analyses. The radio broadcast increased the proportion of women who were familiar with the term "cervical cancer," who could identify means of preventing cervical cancer, and who understood the purpose of the Pap smear. In addition, older and under-screened women were successfully recruited for screening via radio. The nurses' program improved understanding of the correct use of the Pap smear, the age-related risk of dysplasia, andthe proper triage of abnormal results. The nurses retained a significant amount of knowledge two years after this training. In developing countries, inexpensive, community-based educational programs using radio broadcasts and lecture presentations can increase cervical cancer knowledge and improve screening behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | NURSES AND NURSING | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | CERVICAL CANCER | KNOWLEDGE | RADIO | CAMPAIGNS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Education | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Communication Programs Document Number: 324235 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Unintended effects of poverty programmes on childbearing in less developed countries: Experimental evidence from Latin America. Author: Stecklov G; Winters P; Todd J; Regalia F Source: Population Studies. 2007 Jul;61(2):125-140. Abstract: Because conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes (which make payments to poor households, conditional on their behaviour) potentially affect both household resource levels and parental preferences for quality vs. quantity of children, they may have unintended consequences for fertility. We use panel data from experimental CCT programmes in three Latin American countries to assess the unintended impact of these programmes on childbearing. Our findings, based on difference-in-difference models, show that the programme in Honduras, which inadvertently created large incentives for childbearing, may have raised fertility by between 2 and 4 percentage points. The CCT programmes in the two other countries, Mexico and Nicaragua, did not have the same unintended incentives for childbearing, and in these countries we found no net impact on fertility. Subsequent analysis examined several potential mechanisms by which fertility in Honduras may have been raised but was not able to identify a primary mechanism with the available data. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HOUSEHOLDS | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD WORTH | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Americas | Developing Countries | Central America | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 317438 |
| 28. Title: Moving contraceptive security forward with political commitment and financial capital. State of the practice brief. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2006 Oct. [5] p. (Honduras State of the Practice BriefUSAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADI-970) Abstract: The second-largest country in Central America, Honduras is mountainous in most areas and is marked by fertile plateaus, river valleys, and coastal plains. In 2004, the population reached about 7 million, growing at an annual rate of 2.2 percent. In 2004, its gross national income per capita was estimated at U.S.$2,760. Forty-four percent of the population is living below the international poverty line of U.S.$2 a day. Like other Latin American countries, Honduras has steadily and significantly decreased its total fertility rate (TFR) in recent years, from an average of 5.6 children per woman in 1987 to 3.3 in 2005. See figure 1. Honduras has also made impressive gains in its contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR), with an increase in use of all methods from 41 percent in 1987 to 65 percent in 2005. More recently, overall CPR rose slightly from 62 percent in 2001 to 65 percent in 2005. In 2005, the use of modern methods increased from 51 percent to 56 percent, while use of traditional methods fell from 11 percent in 2001 to 9 percent in 2005. See figure 2. Method mix indicates the use of a variety of contraceptive methods in 2005, including 33 percent voluntary sterilization, 21 percent injectables, 17 percent oral contraceptives, 10 percent intrauterine devices (IUDs), 4 percent condoms, and 14 percent traditional methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL AREAS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING | INJECTABLES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | FUNDS | PUBLIC SECTOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Availability | Contraception | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Macroeconomic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 318854 |
| 29. Title: Systematic screening: a strategy for determining and meeting clients' reproductive health needs. Author: Foreit JR Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2006 Mar. 8 p. (Program Brief No. 6USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012) Abstract: Systematic screening is a strategy to integrate reproductive health services at the provider level. Integration is defined as the proactive provision of multiple reproductive health services in the same facility at the same time. Systematic screening is a simple intervention to increase the number of services received at a single client visit. In this strategy, providers use a checklist or brief questionnaire to identify each client's needs and desires for reproductive health services. They then provide these services to her during the same visit, through an appointment at the same clinic, or through referral to another facility. This solution is embodied in the recommendation of the 1994 Cairo International Population and Development Conference's Programme of Action to promote the delivery of integrated reproductive health services. Operations research (OR) studies in Latin America provided evidence of the benefits of systematic screening in terms of increased services, increased attention to unmet needs, and greater cost-effectiveness. Studies in Guatemala and Mexico showed that client screening resulted in greater information given to clients as well as important improvements in the use of services. In a study in Peru, the screening intervention increased the number of services provided per client visit by 13 percent. Based on the success of these interventions, the Population Council's Frontiers in Reproductive Health Program (FRONTIERS) conducted an interregional test of systematic screening in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | HONDURAS | INDIA | SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | SCREENING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | NEEDS | INTERVENTIONS | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Central America | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Economic Factors | Program Activities Document Number: 311472 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Emergency contraception in Honduras: knowledge, attitudes, and practice among urban family planning clients. Author: Garcia SG; Lara D; Landis SH; Yam EA; Pavon S Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2006 Sep;37(3):187-196. Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC) has the potential to improve women's reproductive health significantly. In Honduras, where nearly one-fourth of pregnancies are unplanned, the need for EC is substantial. To increase awareness of this option, nongovernmental organizations launched countrywide EC outreach activities in 2001--03. We conducted pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional surveys among a total of 2,693 family planning clinic clients to assess EC knowledge, attitudes, and practice at baseline and at two years post-introduction. EC awareness increased over time, but remained at just 20 percent at follow-up. Respondents generally demonstrated a positive attitude and low rates of concern about EC. Awareness of and willingness to use EC were strongly associated with age, educational status, and city of residence. Public-sector acceptance of the method is essential to increase awareness of and access to EC. This study is intended to fill an information gap regarding EC in Latin America and the Caribbean and to be useful in determining educational messages and target audiences for future awareness campaigns in Honduras. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | |