1.  Title: Doctors on record: Uruguay's infant mortality stagnation and its remedies, 1895-1945. Author: Birn AE Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2008 Summer;82(2):311-54. Abstract: Circa 1900 Uruguayan medical authorities prided themselves on their country's health achievement: the lowest recorded infant mortality rate in Latin America and one of the lowest rates in the world. Over the next three decades, however, these doctors' pride suffered blow after blow as Uruguay's infant mortality stagnated at roughly the same 1900 rate, while other countries experienced sustained mortality declines. Even more frustrating was the apparent inadequacy of the measures that physicians themselves had advocated and implemented. This paper explores Uruguay's infant mortality dynamics during the first half of the twentieth century through the observations, acerbic debates, analyses, policy-making, and administrative perspectives of the country's pediatricians and public health experts. Only after infant health began to be addressed as an integral part of Uruguay's burgeoning welfare state in the 1930s did infant mortality rates start to decline once again. Language: English Keywords: URUGUAY | LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | INFANT MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | LEGISLATION | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Child Health | Political Factors | Policy Document Number: 328441 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Salaries and incomes of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: McCoy D; Bennett S; Witter S; Pond B; Baker B Source: Lancet. 2008 Feb 23;371(9613):675-681. Abstract: Public-sector health workers are vital to the functioning of health systems. We aimed to investigate pay structures for health workers in the public sector in sub-Saharan Africa; the adequacy of incomes for health workers; the management of public-sector pay; and the fiscal and macroeconomic factors that impinge on pay policy for the public sector. Because salary differentials affect staff migration and retention, we also discuss pay in the private sector. We surveyed historical trends in the pay of civil servants in Africa over the past 40 years. We used some empirical data, but found that accurate and complete data were scarce. The available data suggested that pay structures vary across countries, and are often structured in complex ways. Health workers also commonly use other sources of income to supplement their formal pay. The pay and income of health workers varies widely, whether between countries, by comparison with cost of living, or between the public and private sectors. To optimise the distribution and mix of health workers, policy interventions to address their pay and incomes are needed. Fiscal constraints to increased salaries might need to be overcome in many countries, and non-financial incentives improved. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | INCOME | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324870 |
| 4. Title: Brief communication: new evidence of tuberculosis from prehistoric Korea-Population movement and early evidence of tuberculosis in far East Asia. Author: Suzuki T; Fujita H; Choi JG Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2008 Jul;136(3):357-60. Abstract: Tuberculosis has been recognized in Japan and Korea for more than 500 years in historical medical documents. However, the origin and early existence of tuberculosis is poorly understood in these regions. Very recently, skeletal evidence for tuberculosis from the Bronze Age (or Aneolithic) period was reported from Japan and Korea. This article describes a possible case of spinal tuberculosis from an archeological site in Korea, which was dated to the first century BC. This date corresponds to the Aneolithic (Yayoi) period in Japan. Skeletal evidence for tuberculosis during the Bronze Age period found in both Korea and Japan are, therefore, discussed as evidence of the earliest tuberculosis outbreaks in East Asia and as biological indicators of population movement between Korea and Japan during this period. Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | TUBERCULOSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 328432 |
| 5. Title: Demographic history of HIV-1 subtypes B and F in Brazil. Author: Bello G; Eyer-Silva WA; Couto-Fernandez JC; Guimaraes ML; Chequer-Fernandez SL Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2007 Mar;7(2):263-270. Abstract: The reconstruction of the epidemic history of several HIV populations, by using methods that infer the population history from sampled gene sequence data, has revealed important subtype-specific and regional-specific differences in patterns of epidemic growth. Here, we employ Bayesian coalescent-based methods to compare the population history of the HIV-1 subtype B and F1 epidemics in Brazil from non-contemporary env and pol gene sequences. Our results suggest that after the introduction of the subtypes B and F1 into Brazilian population, around mid to late 1960s and late 1970s, respectively, these subtypes experienced an initial period of exponential growth with similar epidemic growth rates (~0.5-0.6 year/-1). Later, the spreading rate of both subtypes seems to have slowed-down since mid to late 1980s. This demographic pattern is very similar to that reported for the subtype B epidemics in high-income countries where HIV was initially transmitted through homosexual intercourse and injecting druguse, as in Brazil; suggesting that the characteristics of transmission networks may be a key determinant of the HIV epidemic growth pattern. It is important to note that most of the subtype B and F1 sequences used in this study come from the Southeast region that has been the most affected by the AIDS epidemic in Brazil, being responsible for around 63% of all AIDS cases reported since the early eighties; but may not represent the demographic trend of the HIV-1 epidemic in other Brazilian regions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | PREVALENCE | MEASUREMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Document Number: 314459 |
| 6. Title: Diarrheal diseases in the history of public health. Author: Blaise NY; Dovie DB Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2007 Feb;38(2):159-163. Abstract: While the public health threat of HIV/AIDS in developing countries has drawn increasing attention from the international community for more than two decades, other health problems such as diarrheal diseases continue to contribute to higher morbidity and mortality rates in much of the developing world. This literature review is an account of both the history and current risks associated with diarrheal diseases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION | DIARRHEA | PREVALENCE | SANITATION | HYGIENE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PUBLIC HEALTH | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 314437 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Net cohort migration in England and Wales: How past birth trends may influence net migration. Author: Dorling D; Rigby JE Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):51-62. Abstract: An established role for statistical social science is to try to uncover the extent to which aggregate behaviour is conditioned by context as exemplified by the work of Durkheim. A decade prior to Durkheim's seminal work, eleven 'laws' of human migratory behaviour were proposed by Ravenstein. In this paper we suggest an extension to this work, that: migration balances the relative worth of people to places over the course of human lifetimes; not in days, month or years: people follow the tides of life. We explore the concept of net cohort migration to demonstrate this for England and Wales, for which long-term quality datasets are available. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BIRTH RATE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Northern | Research Methodology | Studies | Migration | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324756 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards long-term population decline: A discussion of relevant issues. Author: Reher DS Source: European Journal of Population. 2007 Jun;23(2):189-207. Abstract: This paper contains thoughts on the process of imminent population decline under way in much of the developed world and quite possibly in other world regions as well. We are witnessing the beginnings of a vast trend change which promises to bring to a close a period of population growth that has lasted for several centuries. It can be shown that this great change is a byproduct of the demographic transition that unleashed a number of the forces leading to where we are today. The extent to which much of the developing world will follow the reproductive trends of the developed world, with their social and economic implications, is discussed. The decades ahead for much of the world will lead us into mostly uncharted territory that bears few similarities with past periods of population decline. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate reflection and debate on a subject that looms as perhaps the key social issue of the twenty-first century. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DECREASE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION PROJECTION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Fertility | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality Document Number: 313701 |
| 9. Title: The transition to a predominantly urban world and its underpinnings. Author: Satterthwaite D Source: London, United Kingdom, International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED], 2007. 91 p. (Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series. Theme: Urban Change - 4) Abstract: This paper describes the dramatic changes in the size of the world's urban population and of its largest cities over the last 100 years. This includes the almost tenfold increase in the average size of the world's 100 largest cities between 1900 and 2000. It also describes the changing distribution of cities between regions. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION GROWTH | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION PROJECTION | URBAN AREAS | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques Document Number: 331351 |
| 10. Title: Of lalodes and feminists: Reflections on black women's political action in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Werneck J Source: Cultural Dynamics. 2007;19(1):99-113. Abstract: I acknowledge that the ability to name things refers to a position of power; that is, of a possibility to order the world according to one's own views, be it as an individual or as a collective. It is a position of privilege. Although I will not discuss what and how many weapons have been involved in obtaining such privileges, I cannot ignore the fact that there were, and are, weapons involved. By naming women's struggles based on their own perspective-that of 1970s European bourgeois women-the early agents of feminist theory brought to that newly created concept a profoundly western standpoint which lacked any knowledge of other women in the world. That concept was also wrapped up in a growing individualism supported by a capitalist society. To what extent is the concept of 'feminism' sufficient to embrace all women, all kinds of women's activism, and all forms of women's struggles? For us black women-understood as being ourselves immeasurably diverse but also targets of inequalities that stem from inferiorization and exploitation - the multiple political actions we undertake traverse different levels of action and different fields of existence marked by conflicting or violent meetings with the West and with patriarchy, with capitalism, and with individualism. Is it enough to call this feminism? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | LATIN AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | BLACKS | SLAVES | WOMEN | INTEREST GROUPS | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | FEMINISM | Americas | Developing Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights Document Number: 322405 |
| 11. Title: Midwifery education in Jordan: History, challenges and proposed solutions. Author: Abushaikha L Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2006 Nov;8(1):185-193. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical overview of midwifery education in Jordan during the past fifty years with an emphasis on the first bachelor of midwifery program in Jordan. Nine challenges of midwifery education that include expanding midwifery educational needs, accreditation of programs, recruiting qualified faculty members, clinical training, midwifery preceptorship, exit examinations, continuing midwifery education, recognition of midwifery graduates, and lack of graduate midwifery programs are presented. Proposed solutions for these challenges are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | WOMEN | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | EDUCATION | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 320021 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Deliberate control in a natural fertility population: southern Sweden, 1766-1864. Author: Bengtsson T; Dribe M Source: Demography. 2006 Nov;43(4):727-746. Abstract: In this article, we analyze fertility control in a rural population characterized by natural fertility, using survival analysis on a longitudinal data set at the individual level combined with food prices. Landless and semilandless families responded strongly to short-term economic stress stemming from changes in prices. The fertility response, both to moderate and large changes in food prices, was the strongest within six months after prices changed in the fall, which means that the response was deliberate. People foresaw bad times and planned their fertility accordingly. The result highlights the importance of deliberate control of the timing of childbirth before the fertility transition, not in order to achieve a certain family size but, as in this case, to reduce the negative impacts of short-term economic stress. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | NATURAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | FOOD SUPPLY | PRICES | BIRTH INTERVALS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Commerce | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 310405 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Population control in India: Prologue to the emergency period. Author: Connelly M Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Dec;32(4):629-667. Abstract: Some 30 years after the event, the Emergency Period remains the one episode in the history of family planning in India that would appear to require no introduction. It has become emblematic of everything that can go wrong in a program premised on "population control" rather than on reproductive rights and health. This included time-bound performance targets; a preference for methods that minimized the need for sustained motivation; disregard for basic medical standards; incentive payments that, for the very poorest, constituted a form of coercion; disincentives that punished nonparticipation; and official consideration of compulsory sterilization, which, even if never enacted into law, signaled that achieving national population targets might override individual dignity and welfare. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | GOVERNMENT | POPULATION CONTROL | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | MALTHUSIANISM | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | INCENTIVES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Family Planning | Population Theory Document Number: 310806 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The second demographic transition in the United States: Exception or textbook example? Author: Lesthaeghe RJ; Neidert L Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Dec;32(4):669-698. Abstract: The notion that the demographic transition in the West has two distinct phases was originally suggested by Lesthaeghe and van de Kaa (1986) and elaborated by van de Kaa (1987). These authors proposed the terminology of a first and second demographic transition. The 1986 article posited that new living arrangements, and cohabitation (premarital or postmarital) in particular, were not solely the outcomes of changing socioeconomic conditions or rising female employment, but equally the expression of secular and anti-authoritarian sentiments of better-educated men and women who held an egalitarian world view, placed greater emphasis on Maslow's (1954) "higher order needs" (i.e., self-actualization, individualistic and expressive orientations, need for recognition), and, to use Inglehart's term (1970, 1990), had stronger "postmaterialist" political orientations. Furthermore, the second demographic transition would also be characterized by substantial postponement of both marriage and parenthood, and by an increase in the share of births to unmarried couples. If fertility control during the first transition was a matter of avoiding births of higher parities and births at older ages in order to safeguard the opportunities of the children already born, during the second it is a matter of postponing or eschewing parenthood altogether because of more pressing competing goals such as prolonging education, achieving more stable income positions, increased consumerism associated with self-expressive orientations, finding a suitable companion and realizing a more fulfilled partnership, keeping an open future, and the like. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | VOTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Geography | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 310807 |
| 15. Title: The demography of large-scale human rights atrocities: Integrating demographic and statistical analysis into post-conflict historical clarification in Timor-Leste. Author: Silva R; Ball P Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. [5] p. Abstract: During 1975, Timor-Leste transitioned from being a colony of Portugal to being occupied by Indonesia. The occupation was characterized by large-scale political violence, including selective and indiscriminate killings, forced migration, famine-related deaths, tortures and acts of ill-treatment. The authors, formerly advisers to the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR, by its Portuguese acronym), estimated the pattern and magnitude of excess mortality and forced migration during the Indonesian occupation of Timor-Leste between 1975 and 1999. These estimates were based on a combination of qualitative testimony data, a census of public graveyards and a Retrospective Mortality Survey. The data corroborate the eyewitness accounts and qualitative historical analysis of the period. This paper briefly presents the statistical and demographic findings along with the results from survey estimates and capture-recapture methods. A detailed discussion is presented which shows how the demographic analysis contributed to the CAVR's mandate, how the analysis was combined with historical, legal and anthropological findings, and which specific policy questions were informed by the demographic analysis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | PORTUGAL | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POPULATION | COLONIALISM | HUMAN RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | EXCESS MORTALITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 318939 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Birth prevention in the American and French fertility transitions: contrasts in knowledge and practice. Author: Van de Walle E; De Luca V Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Sep;32(3):529-555. Abstract: The fertility transition began earlier in France and the United States than in other Western countries. It occurred earlier in France than in the United States, and from lower levels largely because of France's later age at marriage. France appears to have experienced a continuous decline from a level of 5.0 children per woman in the first decade of the nineteenth century to 3.2 in 1901.1 In the United States, marital fertility scarcely declined before 1840, when the total fertility rate of the white population was estimated at 6.6 children per woman. By 1900, total fertility had dropped to 3.6. The population of the United States numbered 5 million at the beginning of the period and 75 million at the end. It was growing through the steady inflow of high-fertility migrants and was moving out of the Atlantic coastal region where the birth rate was much lower than elsewhere in the country. The French population, in contrast, grew only slightly during the nineteenth century, and remained in the 30 million range. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | CONTRACEPTION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PRONATALIST POLICY | MALTHUSIANISM | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Population Theory Document Number: 310804 |
| 17. Title: Global migration. Author: Williamson JG Source: Finance and Development. 2006 Sep;43(3):[11] p.. Abstract: World migration has been going on for centuries, and free mass migration--of those not coerced, like slaves and indentured servants--has been going on for the past two. The reasons people move are no big mystery: they do it today, as they did two centuries ago, to improve their lives. What has changed is who is migrating and where they come from. Both the demand for long-distance moves from poor to rich countries and the ability of the potential migrants to finance those moves have soared over the past two centuries. As the gap in living standards between the third world and the first world widened in the 20th century, the incentive to move increased. At the same time, improved educational levels and living standards in poor parts of the world--and falling transport costs globally, thanks to new technologies--have made it increasingly possible for potential emigrants to finance the move. Thus, over time, poorer and poorer potential migrants, those who live the farthest from high-wage labor markets, have escaped the poverty trap. This emigration fact implies an immigration corollary that has important political backlash implications: relative to native-born host country populations, world immigrants have declined in "quality" over time--at least as judged by the way host country markets value their labor. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | EMIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ORIGIN | MIGRATION POLICY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 309127 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Managing a world on the move. Author: Zolberg AR Source: Population and Development Review. 2006;32 Suppl:222-253. Abstract: Quite remarkably, despite epochal changes in social and material conditions since nation-states emerged from Europe's tumultuous history, contemporary states continue to adhere to the normative assumption that they consist of self-reproducing populations, and to assess their situation from this antiquated perspective, in relation to which emigration and immigration are constructed as disturbances. As a consequence, state actions have always played a major role in shaping international population movements. Hence in this sphere, today and in the foreseeable future, demography is inseparable from politics. In the era of demographic scarcity, concern focused mainly on emigration (Zolberg 1978). In keeping with Jean Bodin's aphorism, "II n'ya de richesse ni force que d'hommes," emigration to another realm was prohibited; however, this did not apply to outward movement to populate the sovereign's newly acquired lands, even overseas. Occasionally, a ruler might expel or drive into flight valuable subjects, usually because they resisted pressures to adopt or maintain the approved faith (Jews in Iberia; Huguenots in France). But such acts were widely understood as heroic sacrifices meant to demonstrate the ruler's selfless piety; and when they occurred, members of the target group were usually eagerly welcomed by his competitors. Concomitantly, the prevailing stance regarding immigration was acquisitiveness; this also motivated the slave trade and prompted the elaborate rationalizations that rendered it legitimate. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | LABOR FORCE | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | WAR | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | NATIONAL SECURITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 305206 |
| 19. Title: Africans and African-Americans: an enduring relationship. Author: Amin J Source: Africa Insight. 2005 Apr;35(1):58-64. Abstract: This paper examines, within a historical context, the nature of the relationship which has existed between Africans in the continent and African- Americans, from the Atlantic Slave Trade era to the present. It argues that by working together Africans and African-Americans have challenged slavery, oppression, colonialism, racism, and exploitation. Significant cases used in this study include slavery, decolonisation, the African-American civil rights struggle, and the anti-apartheid crusade. It is hoped that this essay will reiterate to blacks that some of the major achievements made to improve their lot was as a result of a combined effort, and to remind them that the struggle continues. Currently, the problems confronting both groups are monumental, and the response must be similarly monumental. This paper challenges them to revisit the ideas postulated by the early pan-Africanists, as they search for ways to address their problems in contemporary times. They must continue the work to improve the welfare of Africans and African-Americans. It is hoped that this study will encourage more research and awareness on black people’s contribution to the world. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | SUMMARY REPORT | BLACKS | WHITES | RACE RELATIONS | SEGREGATION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | SLAVES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Social Problems Document Number: 284640 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Family size control by infanticide in the great agrarian societies of Asia. Author: Caldwell JC; Caldwell BK Source: Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2005 Spring;36(2):[26] p.. Abstract: An important issue in demography is whether there is evidence for premodern population control, especially control of family size. In an earlier paper we have argued that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that Palaeolithic society consciously practised population control; its approximate long-term population equilibrium is probably adequately explained by non-infanticidal mortality balancing fertility (Caldwell and Caldwell, 2003a). Certainly babies were often killed when deformed or in times of crisis but not on a scale to constitute a demographically significant impact. This was not necessarily the case in the preindustrial agrarian societies of Asia where we have copious references to infanticide in governmental, legal, religious and literary texts (House of Commons, 1824; Hanley and Yamamura, 1977:233; Ho, 1959:58). Some demographers have identified a parallel between preindustrial Western European societies, where deferred or forgone marriage allowed a balance of fertility and mortality at moderate levels, and the situation in Japan, China and probably Korea where supposedly massive infanticide lowered the effective level of reproduction ensuring reduced death rates for those older than infancy, and less population pressure on the environment (Macfarlane, 1976:3009ff; Wrigley, 1978:135-136; Das Gupta, 1995:486ff). Wrigley argued that this could be the result of "unconscious rationality" which particularly characterized the period immediately before industrialization (called by others "proto-industrialization" and roughly describing the situation in East Asia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). We aim to explore recent research to see if it supports these descriptions. But first we must document why the West reacted so strongly to Asian infanticide and was so keen to detect and record its existence. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | JAPAN | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | INFANT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | AGRICULTURE | INFANTICIDE | SEX PREFERENCE | INHERITANCE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 299255 |
| 21. Title: Peasant marriage in nineteenth-century Russia. Author: Avdeev A; Blum A; Troitskaia I Source: Population-E. 2004 Nov-Dec;59(6):721-764. Abstract: The great historical syntheses concerning European family models present Russia as the most typical example of the eastern model of universal marriage. Very little is known, however, about the manner in which this result was obtained in practice, nor what effect historical and social changes had on marriage timing and frequency. In this article Alexandra AVDEEV, Alain BLUM and Irina TROITSKAIA use parish registers and taxation lists to reconstitute the evolution of marriage during the nineteenth century in three rural villages near Moscow. They describe the functioning of the marriage market and the influence of serfdom. Tying peasants to a landowner and his land, this system forced those wishing to marry to do so within their community of origin. With the abolition of serfdom in 1861, this onerous constraint disappeared and the recruitment area for spouses expanded. Before and after 1861, however, marriage remained subject to the patriarchal rules of rural communities. Wives generally went to live with their husband's family, and contributed to its wealth. The fact that marriage was not linked to the need to amass a patrimony beforehand partly explains its early and universal nature. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MARRIAGE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | MARRIAGE AGE | SEASONAL VARIATION | RELIGION | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Population Dynamics Document Number: 308580 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Demographic theory: a long view. Author: Caldwell JC Source: Population and Development Review. 2004 Jun;30(2):297-316. Abstract: Demographic theory has been largely transformed over the last half-century from grand theory to short-term theory, often endowed with such immediacy as to so limit our vision of the future that even population policymaking is made difficult. Demographic theorists lost their nerve as the globalization of declines in mortality and fertility proceeded much more rapidly than they had anticipated and as the “baby boom” in a number of developed countries quelled expectations of continuing fertility decline. There is a parallel here to the undermining of Malthusian theory by dramatic increases in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in food production, a phenomenon explained by the Industrial Revolution’s effects on agricultural and transport technology. Focusing on the leading countries in the demographic transition, this essay will argue that far too little attention has been paid to the nature of the economic and related social revolutions of our age and that our theoretical perspectives pay too little attention to ultimate constraints on population growth. This essay takes as its starting point an earlier article and a rejoinder to comments on the article. Those two pieces focused on a single but important issue, the explanations being offered for current very low fertility in modern societies, predominately in Europe, and their adequacy. No alternative explanation was offered, as is done here. Both of those articles and this one concentrate on the economically most advanced countries but imply that the rest of the world will probably eventually follow the same economic and demographic path. Although the framework for this analysis is the modes of production, attention is devoted almost entirely to industrialized society in an effort to understand the likely demographic future of such societies and the future of an eventual global industrialized society. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | EUROPE | THEORETICAL STUDIES | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHY | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | THEORETICAL EFFECTIVENESS | Social Sciences | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 194654 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility control in the classical world: was there an ancient fertility transition? Author: Caldwell JC Source: Journal of Population Research. 2004 May;:[25] p.. Abstract: Classical literary sources, tombstone inscriptions and skeletal remains have been used by classicists to show that there was probably a decline in the population of the Roman Empire caused by the deliberate control of family numbers through contraception, infanticide and child exposure. This finding is important as it appears to demonstrate that the fertility transition associated with the modern Industrial Revolution is not unique and may have had predecessors. Although few new classical demographic data have become available, there has been a vast increase in interest in classical demography, reflecting the late twentieth-century focus on population change, especially fertility control, and the associated development of demographic analytical techniques and models. This new classical demography has largely strengthened previous findings on mortality and marriage, but it has suggested that the Roman Empire's population was near-stationary, rather than declining, and exhibited natural fertility. Nevertheless, the literary tradition may be correct in suggesting that the elite faced great problems in preventing the family patrimony from being dispersed by partible inheritance and so resorted to restricting their legitimate family size, largely by child exposure. The parallel may not be the modern fertility transition but the lower sectional fertility achieved by the bourgeoisie of Geneva in the eighteenth century. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | SWITZERLAND | SLAVES | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | CONTRACEPTION | POPULATION POLICY | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demography | Social Sciences | Population Dynamics | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Family Planning | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 280127 |
| 24. Title: Demographic analysis of small populations using the own-children method. Author: Childs G Source: Field Methods. 2004 Nov;16(4):379-395. Abstract: This article discusses the own-children method, a reverse-survival technique devised by demographers to estimate Total Fertility Rates in the absence of detailed data on reproduction. The method is useful for researchers such as anthropologists since the basic data requirements can be met through a household survey. It can help researchers answer key questions concerning population processes within well-delineated social, cultural, economic, and political contexts. The author uses a historical tax register from Tibet to illustrate the steps taken when using the own-children method. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | OWN CHILDREN DATA | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | ANTHROPOLOGY | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | RECORDS | BIAS | MIGRATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Information Processing | Information | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 298999 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Population futures for the next three hundred years: Soft landing or surprises to come? Author: Demeny P Source: Population and Development Review. 2004 Sep;30(3):507-517. Abstract: World Population in 2300 (United Nations 2003b), reporting on the proceedings of a December 2003 expert group meeting on long-range population projections and presenting the results of a new set of United Nations population projections, bears out Hajnal's argument. Among his three propositions, the validity of the second is the most obvious. There has been a veritable outpouring of demographic projections during the last 50 years, prepared by various international organizations and national agencies, as well as by independent analysts. Among these, the United Nations Population Division's now biennially revised projections are by far the most detailed, best known, and most widely used. This well-deserved prominence reflects the Division's unparalleled access to national data, its in-house analytic experience and resources, and its willingness to draw on outside expertise whenever that might usefully complement its own. The most recent of the biennial projections, the 2002 Revision (United Nations 2003a), is the immediate predecessor of World Population in 2300, and indeed the former provides the year 2000 to 2050 component for the new set of long-term projections covering the next 300 years. This new set is not just one among the many. It is distinguished from the routine by an exceptionally brave ambition: to draw a picture of plausible demographic futures up to the year 2300 and to do so in extraordinary detail: country-by-country according to the political map of the early twenty-first century. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION PROJECTION | UN | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | MORTALITY CHANGES | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | International Agencies | Organizations | Demography | Social Sciences | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality Document Number: 276973 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Editor's introduction: unforeseen consequences of policy decisions. Author: Low BS Source: Population and Environment. 2004 Mar;25(4):277-280. Abstract: It is almost a truism that populations affect their environment, and that environments constrain populations. Yet as we work to elucidate the actual workings of these interactions, we are often surprised. This issue of Population and Environment focuses on unforeseen or unintended consequences of policy. Often, centralized government policies are specifically directed at affecting people’s reproductive lives, or their residences. But even policies not intentionally aimed at population issues such as fertility or migration can nonetheless affect people’s lives: their fertility, their mortality, and their movements. Barbara A. Anderson offers a useful typology of unintended population consequences of policies. She suggests they occur three ways: (1) a policy overshoots its original goal; (2) two or more policies conflict, so that implementation of one policy inhibits implementation of another; (3) negative consequences of a policy are unforeseen, are anticipated but judged unlikely to be severe, or are considered less important than the positive aims of the policy. She discusses diverse examples from Singapore, South Africa, Italy, the United States, and the former Soviet Union. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Policy | Demography | Social Sciences Document Number: 278685 |
| 27. Title: Embodiment and identity in contemporary society: Femina and the 'new' Indian woman. Author: Thapan M Source: Contributions to Indian Sociology. 2004 Sep-Dec;38(3):411-444. Abstract: This article argues that the identity of the 'new' Indian woman in the rapidly altering cultural and social imaginary of India is constructed, shaped and redefined in the everyday experiences of women as they both contest and submit to the images and constructs that impinge on their senses, emotions, and material and social conditions. In this context, the article examines samples of advertisements, fashion photography and selected textual material from the Indian women's magazine Femina to understand how body images serve to construct embodiment and womanhood through the medium of visual representation and textual discourse. The focus in the magazine is one the desirability of woman's body, not only as a glamorous, well-groomed product, but also as a commercialised product for consumption in an international marketplace, thus affirming that India has arrived in the world of beauty and glamour, and legitimising the recolonisation of Indian woman's embodiment in the global economy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | WOMEN | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL CHANGE | MASS MEDIA | SELF-PERCEPTION | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 298675 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Shifts in reproductive patterns in China. Author: Ting TF Source: Population and Environment. 2004 Mar;25(4):299-317. Abstract: The People’s Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women’s reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERIOD ANALYSIS | POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POLITICAL FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | ECOLOGY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Environment | Geography | Economic Factors Document Number: 278686 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Deliberate birth spacing before the fertility transition in Europe: evidence from nineteenth-century Belgium. Author: Van Bavel J Source: Population Studies. 2004;58(1):95-107. Abstract: Many scholars have argued that deliberate birth spacing may have played a role before and during the modern fertility transition. There are good historical and theoretical reasons for this view, but it has proved to be hard to demonstrate convincingly that birth intervals were in fact partly determined by attempts at deliberate fertility control. This paper suggests a method of securing evidence on the issue for married couples. The method is applied to three cohorts living in a Belgian town in the nineteenth century. The findings indicate that, even before the fertility transition, couples in the working class were controlling their fertility by deliberate spacing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | FAMILY SIZE | BIRTH SPACING | NATURAL FERTILITY | BIRTH INTERVALS | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences Document Number: 191158 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: A demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, 1930-2001. Author: van Imhoff E Source: Journal of Population Research. 2004 May;:[30] p.. Abstract: Indonesia was a Dutch colony until 1949. In the aftermath of World War II and the independence of the former Dutch East Indies, many people migrated from Indonesia to the Netherlands or other Western countries. This migrant population, known as the Indo-Dutch population, consists of Europeans, Asians, and persons of mixed European--Asian blood. These groups have all associated themselves with and experienced the colonial culture of the former Dutch Indies, and have carried this cultural experience elsewhere through migration. This paper provides a demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, using a variety of data sources and methods. Starting from the population of 'Europeans' according to the 1930 census of the Dutch Indies, a demographic projection is made covering the period 1930-2001. By the beginning of 2001, the estimated number of Indo-Dutch persons is 582,000, including the second generation. Of these 582,000, an estimated 458,000 are living in the Netherlands and 124,000 elsewhere. The composition by age, sex and generation very clearly reflects the demographic history of the population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | NETHERLANDS | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | MIGRANT WORKERS | ETHNIC GROUPS | POPULATION PROJECTION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 280129 |
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