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3.
Title: Socio-economic determinants of fertility
Author: Arora G
Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 1983 Mar;29(3):39-52.
Abstract: This study examined the effect of economic caste and income variations on fertility in India. It was hypothesized that the fertility differential among India's caste groupings can be explained on the basis of economic status. The mean number of live births for the upper, middle, and lower caste women in the sample was 3.00, 3.51, and 4.38, respectively. When the population was stratified according to income, however, the mean number of live births for the upper, middle, and lower income groups was 3.40, 3.22, and 4.26, respectively, showing that fertility does not decline uniformly with rising economic status. When the study sample was simultaneously stratified by caste and income, the different income groups within castes did not follow a consistent pattern. The upper income group in the upper caste had the lowest mean number of births (2.17), compared with 3.18 for the upper income group in the middle caste and 4.85 for the upper income group in the lower caste. Overall, the middle income group tended to demonstrate the lowest fertility and the low income group the highest fertility. Education was also found to lower fertility: women with no education averaged 4.45 births compared with 3.14 among women with less than a high school education and 2.50 among high school graduates. Respondents who claimed to participate in family decision making averaged 3.09 births, whereas women who did not participate in this process averaged 4.17 births. Similarly, women who reported a strong relationship with their husbands tended to have planned families (3 or fewer children) more often than women who reported an unsatisfactory relationship. These results indicate that fertility is affected by both the caste and economic status of the family, with education affecting fertility directly by raising the age at marriage and indirectly through better knowledge of contraception and increased awareness of the costs of raising children.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | MARRIAGE AGE | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | EDUCATION | FERTILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 024655

4.
Title: Demographic measures of inequality and development.
Author: Shorter FC
Source: In: Population factors in development planning in the Middle East, edited by Frederic C. Shorter and Huda Zurayk. New York, New York, The Population Council, 1985. :61-72.
Abstract: Parsimonious approach to ongoing assessment of the life chances of social groups is recommended. This approach has the dual advantage of utilizing readily available data and focusing closely on important dimensions of human welfare which are the essence of development. The measures of relevance are demographic: 1) economic participation in the labor force; 2) mortality rates; 3) fertility levels. A special type of demographic accounting is proposed in addition: estimates of the proximate determinants of fertility. These measures, though well known, are not often interpreted as measures of the differential process of development by social strata; it is this potential which is discussed here. Data on Damascus is used for illustration. Damascus is typical in terms of the growing number of urban centers in the area and draws attention to the remarkable diversity to be found even within a single city. Another reason for singling out a city for illustration is to show how differentials can be examined within a single administrative area. The assessment approach utilized here allows the examination of inequalities within such areas. The criterion of formal educational attainment is used to delineate social classes. Educational classes are distinquished by evaluating the positions of families rather than by evaluating those of individuals alone, as family units are the primary reference groups for individuals and their placement in Middle Eastern society. A number of demographic measures of inequality and development are looked at against the array of family positions in the society, classified by educational status. An examination of economic participation shows that illiterate male Damascenes have a very high level of participation in the labor force. Lower-class men spend 93% of their years between 1k and 55 at work. At the other extreme, men of the upper class spend only 70% of their years at work. The main inequalities among men occur during the long period of life before their 30s. Women's economic participation suggests a contrast between market-oriented society at the top of the educational strata, and a more open, home-based one in the lower strata. As the status of women is changing, planners may expect to find that confessed market work will increase from one generation to the next. Although mortality rates have been falling rapidly in Syria, differences internal to the urban society are remarkably great. Differential infant mortality rates show that there is an effect of family positioning independent of the mother's rates show that there is an effect of family positioning independent of the mother's education alone. Although there is no governmental policy or public program favoring family planning, the Damascenes have been able to effectively control fertility, especially through contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
SYRIA | URBAN POPULATION | SOCIAL CLASS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | LABOR FORCE | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HOUSEHOLDS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MEASUREMENT | DATA COLLECTION | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | WOMEN'S STATUS | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | WOMEN | INFANT MORTALITY | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | TIME FACTORS | OCCUPATIONS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Human Resources | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Mortality
Document Number: 267701

5.
Title: Relative income, race and fertility.
Author: Johnson NE; Lean S
Source: Population Studies. 1985 Mar;39(1):99-112.
Abstract: If a white husband's income is higher than expected for men of his age, race, education, job characteristics and region, economic theory predicts higher complete fertility for his wife. In the present study 1% public use samples from the 1970 Census for California and Hawaii were used to examine the effect of relative income on Japanese, Chinese and black fertility. Relative income was defined in 2 ways: 1) with regard to earnings of husbands of the same race, education, employment, and state; 2) with regard to earnings of white husbands of the same education, employment, and state. High relative incom es definee in each way were associated with increased completed fertility of Japanese and Chinese in Hawaii, were Orientals form a majority. Neither definition was associated with the completed fertility of Japanese, Chinese or blacks in California, where non whites form a minority. The findings thus far support the notion that high incomes of husbands relative to some salient refernce group (whether in his own race or in the white race) produce a pro natialist effect on non white wives in areas (e.g., Hawaii) where they are a racial majority. However, high relative incomes did not produce the expected negative effect on non white fertility in California, where on whites are a racial minority. Also explained is the idea that a key mechanism through which high relative income might depress the fertility of a racial minority is through the strains associated with income-status inconsistency. Contrary to the stated hypothesis, the wives of non white men of inconsistent status did not have significant fewer children than either the wives of non white men who were status-consistent with high or with low incomes. The results suggest that the effect of relative income of relative income on fertility for a racial group will be positive only wher there are few racial barriers to their attainment of high incomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES | NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | HAWAII | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | ETHNIC GROUPS | FERTILITY | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | MINORITY GROUPS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DATA ANALYSIS | SOCIAL CLASS | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | BLACKS | ASIANS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | JAPAN | Studies | Research Methodology | Americas | Developed Countries | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Asia, Eastern | Asia
Document Number: 030891

7.
Title: Rising age at marriage in a village in Uttar Pradesh.
Author: Islam F
Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 1984 Dec;31(2):48-56.
Abstract: This study was conducted in a village Ghuskar in Block Gosain Ganj of Lucknow District in Uttar Pradesh State in India. 299 household heads in the village were interviewed to: 1) find out the extent and nature of change in the age at marriage; 2) unravel the attitudes and values of rural folk towards higher age at marriage for both sons and daughtes; 3) identify the factors which hamper and favor change in marriage; and 4) explore the possibility of the role of social work in dealing with the impeding factors and to suggest ways and means to create consciousness among rural people for raising the age at marriage. The majority of respondents belonged to the backward castes. About 73% of the families lived below poverty levels. 85.6% were engaged in agriculture. The average age of married respondents was 36.4 years. 81.4% were illiterate and had illiterate wives. The minimum at marriage was observed to be 22 years among males. The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 classified a male under 18 or a female under 14 years of age as a child. The present study indicated that 91.8% of the respondents were married before age 21, with as many as 61.2% being married before age 15. The majority of these respondents were from the Backward and Scheduled Castes. The age marriage was comparatively higher among upper caste Hindus and among Muslims. The average age at marriage of the respondents was 14.3 years. It was 22.4 years among upper caste Hindu respondents and 20.1 years for Muslim respondents. The eldest and youngest sons of the respondents themselves had married later than the respondents. Among upper caste Hindus, the average age at marriage has risen to 23.9 years and 21.7 years among Muslims. A change has also occurred among other Backward and Scheduled Castes. The eldest daughter/daughter-in-law married later than the respondents' wives, and the youngest daughter/daughter-in-law married even later. Among upper caste Hindus and Muslims, marriages of girls usually took place after attainment of puberty and the girls joined their husbands immediately after marriage. Among other Backward and Scheduled Castes, the girls were married before puberty and remained with their parents till they attained puberty. 81% of respondents believed boys should marry after age 19 and 82% of respondents believed girls should marry between the ages of 15 and 25 years. The main factors responsible for the change in marriage age seem to be education, lack of money to be spent on the marriage, and the process of sanskritisation--a process by which a low caste changes its customs, rituals, ideology and way of life in the direction of a high caste. Including all the Hindu castes and Muslim status groups, the average age at marriage was 15.6 for males and 13.5 for females.
Language: English
Keywords:
RURAL POPULATION | AGE FACTORS | INDIA | MARRIAGE AGE | MARRIAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | NUPTIALITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | CASTE | SOCIAL CLASS | RESEARCH REPORT | LEGISLATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ISLAM | HINDUISM | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Religion
Document Number: 032195

8.
Title: Family strategies and the migration of women: migrants to Dagupan City, Philippines.
Author: Trager L
Source: International Migration Review. 1984 Winter;18(4 Special Issue):1264-77.
Abstract: This study of women migrants to Dagupan, a 2ndry city in the Philippines, finds complex occupational and migration patterns with women in informal sector occupations as well as in professional/clerical ones. A large number of those in professional or clerical positions, who are also better educated, had moved away from home previously to study, whereas for a majority of those in the informal sector, including salesworkers, the move to Dagupan was the 1st in their life. While a majority of the former had moved with a definite job offer, the latter usually had come to Dagupan at the suggestion of relatives to look for work. Decision to move, usually made by the father, occurs within a cultural context which upholds strong expectations regarding the obligations of family members to 1 another, in this case, in the form of remittances. Daughters are expected to support families to a greater extent than sons, though both are encouraged to migrate to cities. 3 types of family strategies emerge in the analysis of migration pattersns: 1) rural households, usually poor and with little education, send their daughters out in the hope that remittances would help attain the basic necessities of life; 2) in an attempt to follow a strategy leading to upward mobility, some rural families educate their daughters, especially for occupations in the formal sector, whose remittances are used to educate other siblings; and 3) for those families with higher levels of education and income, encouraging daughters to migrate is done with a view to enhancing their position in society, rather than for the purpose of remittance. Women are encouraged by their families to migrate to cities with the expectation, based on strong cultural values, that such migration would help maintain the family as a unit through, among other things, financial support recieved.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | RURAL POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIAL CLASS | SEX ROLE | OCCUPATIONS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | REMITTANCES | MOTIVATION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Human Resources | Microeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 268170

9.
Title: Barriers to effective family planning in Nepal.
Author: Schuler SR; McIntosh EN; Goldstein MC; Pande BR
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 1985 Sep-Oct;16(5):260-70.
Abstract: To investigate why family planning (FP) services in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal are underused, a study was initiated under the auspices of the Nepal Family Planning/Maternal Child Health Project. The question behind the study was whether the professional providers of family planning services are themselves inhibiting effective use of contraception. The purpose of the study was to examine interactions between family planning clinic staff and their clientele. For this purpose, 6 couples and 2 individual women with different socioeconomic backgrounds posed as clients (simulated clients) and were sent to 16 of the 25 family planning clinics in the Kathmandu Valley over a period of about a month. The simulated clients were trained individually and as couples, using role-playing techniques and acting out roles that did not deviate much from their actual life situations. 3 groups of simulated clients with different taste, class and educational backgrounds were trained and sent to nearby family planning clinics. Group A consisted of 2 high caste, urban couples. Group B consisted of 2 lower middle-class couples and 2 individual women. The 2 couples in Group C were lower-class. The accounts provided by the simulated clients were analyzed qualitatively for overall content, and rated using a scale of 1 through 3, based on the accuracy of the family planning information provided, attitude of the staff toward the client and bias of the staff toward the client. The underlying assumption was that a good attitude and lack of bias on the part of family planning staff would be conducive to a desirable outcome, that is, a well-informed, free decision by the client to adopt a particular family planning method. Directly and indirectly, the study revealed a number of barriers to provision and effective use of family planning services in the urban areas of Nepal. The scores indicate that the family planning information provided at most clinics is inadequate or incorrect in many cases. The manner in which the information is presented is apt to drive clients away. In the impersonal setting of a family planning clinic, clients and staff fall into traditional, hierarchical modes of interaction. Moreover, the quality of the services was positively related to the socioeconomic status of the client. Unsophisticated lower-class clients are likely to receive scantier, less accurate information and less courteous treatment than educated middle-class clients. The former's negative perceptions of family planning and family planning clinics probably become disseminated among friends and neighbors. A neighborhood-based program would be more effective than the clinic-based system as it now functions. An alternative or complementary program might focus on upgrading the communication skills of family planning staff within clinics.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | ATTITUDES | STAFF ATTITUDE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | IEC | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | COMMUNICATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | COUNSELING | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | CASTE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | URBAN POPULATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Family Planning Personnel | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Clinic Activities | Social Class | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 032814

10.
Title: Determinants of breast-feeding and post-partum sexual abstinence: analysis of a sample of Yoruba women, western Nigeria.
Author: Aborampah OM
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1985 Oct;17(4):461-9.
Abstract: This study employs multiple classification and regression techniques to determine the influence of marital, sociodemographic and selected intermediate variables on duration of breastfeeding and post-partum sexual abstinence among a sample of 300 Yoruba women of western Nigeria. Only education and place of residence are significant correlates of breastfeeding. Lactation is inversely related to wife's education. Residents of the richer areas of Ibadan do not breastfeed their infants for more than 10 months, on the average. Residents of the poorer areas of the city as well as town dwellers tend to breastfeed their infants for about 4 months more than the sample average. Village women fall in between these groups. There is a negative effect of education on abstinence. The effect is also additive. With more education, duration of abstinence is expected to be further reduced. The coefficients of education, residence in richer areas, and contraception indicate that as a woman acquires there modern characteristics, the tendency is to repudiate the traditional practice of post-partum sexual abstinence. Residence in neighboring areas other than Ibadan, desire for a large family size and lactation, both of which may be regarded as indicators of tradition, reinforce the practice of abstinence. Family planning programs should be integrated with health and nutrition activities so that a balance can be achieved between traditional and modern methods of child spacing. In some developing countries, traditional methods of birth spacing are more effective than clinical contraceptives. Rather than view contraception as a substitute, planners could regard it as an addition to the range of possibilities available to the target population.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ABSTINENCE | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTION | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY PLANNING | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | STATISTICAL STUDIES | INFANT NUTRITION | NUTRITION | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | TIME FACTORS | RESEARCH REPORT | TARGET POPULATION | HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Puerperium | Reproduction | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Dynamics | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 033682

11.
Title: Breast feeding among well-to-do Singaporeans.
Author: Counsilman JJ; Chua S; Viegas O
Source: JOURNAL OF TROPICAL PEDIATRICS. 1986 Dec;32(6):313-6.
Abstract: Although there has been a substantial decline in the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding in Singapore since the 1st survey in 1951, poor and well-to-do mothers have shown quite different patterns. This study examines the present incidence and to some extent the present duration of breastfeeding among well-to-do Singaporeans; and it attempts to identify the major influences on infant feeding by this economic class. Specific comparisons are made with results from a companion study on poor mothers. About 60% of this sample of well-to-do Singaporean mothers initiated breastfeeding. This figure compared unfavorably with the 85-90% recorded for mothers of the same economic class in the early 1950s, but favorably with the 36% found for poor mothers. The proportion of breastfeeders increased with the number of years of formal schooling; and among ethnic communities Malays and Indians favored breastfeeding far more than did Chinese. Poor and well-to-do mothers in Singapore now differ substantially in their infant feeding practices, with wealthier women generally showing more enlightened behavior. The initiation and particularly the duration of breastfeeding is still unacceptably low in both groups. The difference between economic groups suggests that this value can be improved substantially through education; and the differences among ethnic groups indicate that the primary target for any breastfeeding programs should be Chinese mothers.
Language: English
Keywords:
SINGAPORE | BREASTFEEDING | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ETHNIC GROUPS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | INFANT NUTRITION | RESEARCH REPORT | Developed Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Nutrition | Health | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology
Document Number: 042615

12.
Title: Women in Egypt: new roles and realities.
Author: Lesch AM; Sullivan EL
Source: UFSI REPORTS. 1986;(22):1-9.
Abstract: This is an extensive background presentation on the recent changes in Egyptian society, followed by results of a survey of attitudes toward family planning and the role of women. There have been remarkable social changes in Egypt recently, accompanied by rapid growth of the densely packed population. Virtually all of Egypt's 50 million people live on the banks of the Nile, 12 million of them in Cairo. Family planning has been government policy since 1981; the IUD and the pill are commonly used; but sterilization and abortion are illegal except for certain medical indications. Family subsidies and many public services have been eliminated, and even the lower classes are feeling the pinch of high cost of living, to the extent of desiring to balance their family size with their income. The survey was conducted by 35 students of the American University in Cairo, targeting middle and upper class adults, middle and upper class students, and lower class workers and domestics. The subjects were selected to be known to the interviewers to increase reliability of the data. This design created bias in the results, a preponderance of urban, student, single, childless and upper class subjects relative to the general population. The most common trend in the survey results was a conservatism among men, the lower class or less educated, or the rural lower classes. For example most women wanted 2 children, while those with traditional views valued male children and questioned the rights of women to be educated, to work outside the home, and to use contraception. The survey found that few people knew much about Egypt's Personal Status Law of 1979, which specifies women's rights regarding divorce, alimony, child support, and male polygamy. Women faced with divorce, however, rapidly learn their rights. This study revealed a consensus toward egalitarian values, along with distinct discord between the classes and sexes, and conflict between modern development and traditional roles for women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | POPULATION | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ILLITERATES | RELIGION | ISLAM | BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | OPPOSITION TO FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SEX ROLE | WOMEN'S STATUS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY SIZE | SEX PREFERENCE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | NUPTIALITY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE | DIVORCE | POLYGAMY | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | HUMAN RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | IEC | EDUCATION | SCHOOLS | UNIVERSITIES | STUDENTS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | SOCIAL CLASS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CHANGES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Value Orientation | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sampling Studies | Studies
Document Number: 044406

13.
Title: Education, occupation, and income: Israeli and European immigrants in the United States.
Author: Cohen Y
Source: SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH. 1988 Apr;72(3):173-6.
Abstract: Data from the 1980 U.S. census are used to present a comparative analysis of the success of immigrants from Europe and Israel. The results indicate that although Israeli immigrants are more highly educated, have better jobs, and earn higher incomes than immigrants from Europe, these socioeconomic advantages have declined significantly for the most recent cohorts. Furthermore, "Israelis are more likely than their European counterparts to be at either end of the income distribution. Thus, while many Israelis are enjoying high incomes, even more suffer from poverty." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | INCOME | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | COHORT ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | Developed Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Social Class | Research Methodology | Studies
Document Number: 228154

14.
Title: [Socioeconomic factors affecting migration of the elderly in Poland] Spoleczno-ekonomiczne czynniki warunkujace migracje osob w starszym wieku w Polsce.
Author: Stolarczyk K
Source: Warsaw, Poland, Szkola Glowna Planowania i Statystyki, Instytut Statystyki i Demografii, 1985. 210 p. (Monografie i Opracowania No. 188)
Abstract: Migration of those over age 60 in Poland during the late 1970s is studied. The data are from a survey of 2,752 persons residing in seven voivodships. Comparisons are made between the elderly who did migrate and those who did not. In general, elderly migrants are older, female, single, of low educational status, and poor. Two types of migration are identified: that of the relatively affluent, who choose to migrate to improve the quality of their lives, and that of the relatively poor, who are driven to migrate, generally back to their rural areas of origin, by necessity. The need for appropriate social policy to assist migrants in this latter category is noted. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
Language: Polish
Keywords:
POLAND | EUROPE, EASTERN | EUROPE | MIGRATION | OLDER ADULTS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | MOTIVATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIAL POLICY | POLICY | NONMIGRANTS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | RETURN MIGRATION | Europe, Central | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Social Welfare | Social Class
Document Number: 226894

15.
Title: Fertility decline and pronatalist policy in Singapore.
Author: Lee SM; Alvarez G; Palen JJ
Source: [Unpublished] 1989. Revised version of paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Baltimore, Maryland, March 30 - April 1, 1989. 36 p.
Abstract: In 1819, a few 100 Malays inhabited the island of present day Singapore, and after the British East India Company began a trading post here, the population increased quickly to >137,000 by 1881. 3 migration droves occurred in the 1819-1930s period, consisting mainly of Chinese and to a lesser extend Indians and Malays. Partially due to the efforts of the Singapore Family Planning and Population Board and to a government campaign to encourage small families in the 1960s, the total fertility rate in Singapore declined from 5.5-1.6 (1967 and 1983 respectively). This trend and differentials between the average number of children of women with little or no formal education (3.5) and university educated women (1.6) concerned the Prime Minister. He initiated a change to a pronatalist policy without seeking public opinion. Many believe another reason for this switch in policy had to do with the fact that the below replacement fertility pattern was found only among Chinese women. Since the Chinese are dominant politically, economically, and socioculturally, government leaders may not want to lose this dominance. Further, the government does not consider immigration as a means of maintaining population size, so the effort to promote higher fertility may continue for years, even though some social scientists doubt that higher fertility can be achieved. Nevertheless, the people of Singapore may not be willing to risk their higher standard of living by having large families, despite any financial incentives the government offers. In addition, women have become an essential and integral part of the labor force, and higher rates of female participation in the labor market accompanies low fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
SINGAPORE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | URBAN POPULATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | UNDERPOPULATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL CHANGE | PRONATALIST POLICY | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | STANDARD OF LIVING | ASIANS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | EUGENICS | ORIGIN | Developed Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Size | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Genetics | Biology | Migration
Document Number: 058427

17.
Title: Three decades of breast-feeding trends in Singapore.
Author: Chua S; Viegas OA; Ratnam SS
Source: ASIA-PACIFIC POPULATION JOURNAL. 1990 Mar;5(1):125-34.
Abstract: In 1985, about 60% of well-to-do mothers in Singapore initiated breastfeeding (BF). This value compares favorably with the 36% of poor mothers BF, but is still unacceptably low compared with the 85-95% of well-to-do mothers and 90% of poor mothers who were BF their babies during the 1950s. There has been a general decline in the incidence and duration of BF in Singapore over the last 36 years, however, in the last decade, a larger proportion of well-to-do mothers had initiated and continued BF. Whilst the overall decline probably reflects increasing affluence and "westernization" of the population, the variation between these 2 economic groups is probably a result of differences in education. Among the 3 major ethnic communities, the Chinese favor BF the least and the Malays favor it the most. The differences are also believed to be related to cultural variations and the ability of the ethnic groups to resist the trend towards BF in favor of traditional practices and beliefs. In 1951, over 80% of infants were BF for 4 or more weeks, but by 1978 only 37% were being breast fed. In 1985, 39% of the well-to-do mothers chose to breastfed their infants. Differences between well-to-do and poor groups were originally small. During the 1960-1970 period, the differences widened. In the 1980s, they seem to have narrowed, however. Among the poor population, the proportion seems to be leveling off, while it is going up for well-to-do mothers. These changes are not unique to Singapore. The ethnic community has, and continues to have, a strong influence on the choice of feeding method. Ethnic Chinese throughout Southeast Asia are poor breast feeders. The most important traditional practice for the Malay and Indian mothers is support from relatives. Their religion may play an important role, too. Islam tells them to breastfeed. Chinese mothers often have false ideas about BF. They feel that it will ruin their figures, or that artificial formulas are better because they are more expensive. Mothers need to be educated about BF. It is estimates that 1 in 10 infants in Singapore are breast fed for more than 3 months. Medical personnel could be encouraged to influence mothers to breastfeed. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
BREASTFEEDING | SINGAPORE | PREVALENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | TIME FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ASIANS | ATTITUDES | MALAYSIA | CHILDBIRTH | HOSPITALS | LITERATURE REVIEW | INDIA | ISLAM | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHANGES | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Developed Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Developing Countries | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Asia, Southern | Religion | Studies | Social Change
Document Number: 272504

18.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Use of contraceptives by women of upper socioeconomic status.
Author: Lethbridge DJ
Source: HEALTH CARE FOR WOMEN INTERNATIONAL. 1990;11(3):305-18.
Abstract: This descriptive, correlational study examined contraceptive knowledge, methods, and consistency of contraceptive use by women in the upper socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic class was determined using Hollingshead's 4-Factor Index of Social Status (1975) and was based on the women's own educational and occupational status. The mean socioeconomic score for participants in this study (n=83) was high in the 2nd of 5 socioeconomic classes. Study participants were consistent users of their contraceptive method and had fewer unplanned pregnancies in their history than the general population. They were more knowledgeable about contraceptives and reproduction than others tested with the same contraceptive knowledge instrument. The users employed barrier methods predominantly, with the use of less theoretically effective methods correlating significantly with a greater number of contraceptive methods used in the past. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CORRELATION STUDIES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MEASUREMENT | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | BARRIER METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment Status | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Social Class
Document Number: 065311

19.
Title: Thai children from small families generally attain more education than those from large families.
Author: Rind P
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 1991 Sep;17(3):116-7.
Abstract: This article reports on a recent Thailand study of family size and children's education. Researchers found support for the dilution hypothesis that lesser material resources available per child are the mechanism by which family size becomes an important determinant of the schooling that parents provided for their children. Researchers also point out that the fertility decline evidenced in recent surveys is likely to have a substantial impact on the numbers of children attending lower and upper secondary school. It was found that children with no siblings are twice as likely to attend secondary school (54%) as children with >siblings (29%), particularly among middle income and high income become rural residents. Whereas, low income families regardless of family size do not have the means to send children to secondary school. Parents are responsible for the cost of educating their children, and most have children who finish primary school. The study was based on the 1987 Thailand Demographic and Health Survey of 6775 ever married women 15-49 in households where both parents were present and children >6 years. The focus was the proportion of all eligible children entering lower secondary school of children >12 years (6256 children), and upper secondary school or children >15 years (4537 children), and those who had attended lower secondary school who went on to upper secondary school (1913 children). Univariate analysis identified age and sex, parental education, socioeconomic status, father's work, mother's opinion about secondary school, urban residence, and school accessibility in rural areas had some effect on family size. There was no correlation between family size and mother's value on a lower secondary education. Even when restricted family size was desired to increase children's educational attainment, family size control was imperfect. In the analysis of household wealth and urban/rural residence, it was found in rural areas that 50% of only children from middle income households and 65% of high income households entered lower secondary school versus 20% and 32% from households with >7 children. At the upper secondary school level, 39% from the smallest middle income families and 44% from the smallest high income families went to upper secondary school versus 11% and 24% from the largest families. The urban relationship was stronger, with most entering secondary school.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | ONLY CHILD | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Class
Document Number: 069002

20.
Title: Thailand.
Author: Pejaranonda C; Santipaporn S
Source: In: Child mortality in developing countries: socio-economic differentials, trends and implications, [compiled by] United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. New York, New York, United Nations, 1991. :112-29. (ST/ESA/SER.A/123)
Abstract: Researchers analyzed data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses and from various 1975-1988 demographic surveys to determine the levels and trends in child mortality in Thailand since the early 1960s. They used only the 1970 and 1980 censuses data to calculate differentials. The probability of dying by age 5 fell from 160-50 between the early 1960s & early 1980s which mainly occurred in rural areas. The relative disadvantage of children of a mother or father with no education and that of those whose mother had some primary education rose between 1965-1975 while that of children whose mother had some secondary education fell (p<.05). Child mortality was lower for children whose mother worked in agricultural than for those whose mother worked in profession (p<.05). This was opposite for fathers (p<.05), however. Further children whose father worked in sales or was a craftsman experienced much lower mortality than those of professional fathers (p<.05). Yet the opposite held true for mothers (p<.05). Even though rural areas continued to have significantly higher child mortality in 1975 (p<.05) than urban areas, the risk was much smaller than it was in 1965. This improvement was mainly due to the expansion of and increased access to health services in rural areas in the 1970s. Yet these services may have actually contributed to greater mortality differentials between the least and most educated and between the various occupations during the study period. South Thailand had the lowest mortality and the north and northeast had the highest mortality (p<.05). The Buddhist majority continued to have lower child mortality than the Muslim minority (p<.05). In conclusion, children at highest risk of dying before age 5 were those who lived in rural areas with mothers and/or fathers who had no or only primary education, whose fathers worked in agriculture, and/or either parent worked in a crafts trade.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CENSUS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | BUDDHISM | ISLAM | OCCUPATIONS | UNDERCOUNT | CHANGES | MEN | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Mortality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class | Population Characteristics | Religion | Human Resources | Error Sources | Measurement | Social Change
Document Number: 071682

21.
Title: Do neighborhoods matter? Dropping out among teenage boys.
Author: Clark RL; Wolf DA
Source: [Unpublished] 1992. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Denver, Colorado, April 30 - May 2, 1992. 26, [2] p.
Abstract: Using logistic regression, the effects of individual, family and neighborhood characteristics on boys' educational engagement in the 10 largest SMSAs in 1980 and other SMSAs in states with the largest SMSAs (116 total) were examined. Data were obtained from the 5% sample of the Current Population Survey of the US Census, 1980, on 22,534 boys 15-18 years old. Detailed information was collected on individual items: age, race, ethnicity and nativity, and family items: family structure, income, welfare use, and parental characteristics (occupation, labor force participation, earnings, disabled status, educational attainment, and nativity). Nontraditional low income families are accurately represented through a special selection process and the inclusion of details on the single-parent household with an adult relative present, or a parent's partner, or a household with grandparent guardian(s). Neighborhood variables came from a special data set from the Urban Institute's Underclass Data Base (EDB) for 1970 and 1980 and linked at the tract level with individual boys' records. Included were the distinctions of advantaged or deprived, i.e., the % in middle-class occupations and % >16 years working in professional or technical occupations or as managers or administrators, % receiving welfare and % earning >US $40,000/year, % of males >16 years who are not working, % of adults >25 years who have not completed high school and those completing college, and the % in poverty. Factor analysis was conducted because of multicollinearity. The labor market variable was returns to education by racial group. Means of earnings of those completing and not completing high school were also obtained. A rational choice formulation of a schooling decisions model was constructed. The racial composition variable was the % of men aged 21-29 by racial group. The findings suggest that the combinations of good and bad within a neighborhood operate to affect the outcomes of residents. Unobserved parental types such as those who choose to live in bad neighborhoods are probably captured in parental and family characteristics; also, if bias from omitted family background variables exist, then family variables are biased upwards. The middle-class character of a neighborhood has less effect on blacks, which supports Brooks-Gunn's findings. An explanation is offered for this, but not for why Hispanics and boys who do no live with both parents are less affected by living in bad areas. Future research needs to explore how different measurement schemes affect the relationship between neighborhood and individuals. Different findings may reflect different measures, i.e., Brooks-Gunn did not find at the tract level that neighborhood characteristics affected dropping out of school.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEIGHBORHOOD | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CENSUS | ONE PARENT FAMILY | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | SLUMS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | THEORETICAL MODELS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | WHITES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background
Document Number: 072913

22.
Title: Attitudes about abortion of women who undergo prenatal diagnosis.
Author: Kolker A; Burke BM; Phillips JU
Source: RESEARCH IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH CARE. 1991;9:49-73.
Abstract: Data on 120 women who had experienced either amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and were attending clinics serving women in the Washington, D.C. area or in the San Diego, California area were analyzed to examine their attitudes toward abortion. In-depth, open-ended interviews were also conducted with 24 currently or recently pregnant women who had also undergone a prenatal diagnostic procedure. All the women wanted the pregnancy in question, and all were more wealthy and better educated than the average woman in the US. Yet women who underwent CVS were better educated (completed college, 89.1% vs. 57.2%) and were more affluent (mean household income, $56,000 vs. $46,000) than those who underwent amniocentesis. Women who had CVS encountered difficulties with obtaining access to CVS and, if it were not for their own initiative, they would have not been able to undergo CVS. This emphasized that, due to more economic, educational, or informational resources, they had greater access to prenatal care. It also verified earlier studies identifying a correlation between adoption of innovations and individual resources. 39.5% of CVS users had earlier elected to terminate a previous pregnancy compared with 22.4% of amniocentesis users. Most respondents supported women's freedom of choice to abort a pregnancy for reasons of endangerment to a mother's health (100% for general population, 98.1% for self), rape or incest (98.2% vs. 97.2%), fetal abnormality (99.1% vs. 100%), low income (86.7% vs. 61.2%), and desire to have no more children (81.3%-88.5% vs. 52.5%-74.5%). Yet few women (19.2% vs. 5.3%) approved of abortion based on sex of the fetus. Even though the respondents were committed to abortion rights, they tended to find it personally hard, if not impossible, to terminate a pregnancy now. They spent considerable emotional and financial resources toward the wanted pregnancy, but, by choosing to undergo prenatal diagnosis, were willing to face the possibility of losing the pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | CALIFORNIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ABORTION | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | AMNIOCENTESIS | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | ATTITUDES | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MOTHERS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SEX PRESELECTION | PRO-CHOICE GROUPS | QUESTIONNAIRES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Class | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Interest Groups | Political Factors
Document Number: 075630 Notification

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data -- or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India.
Author: Filmer D; Pritchett LH
Source: DEMOGRAPHY. 2001 Feb;38(1):115-32.
Abstract: Using data from India, the authors estimate the relationship between household wealth and children's school enrollment. The author's proxy wealth by constructing a linear index from asset ownership indicators, using principal-components analysis to derive weights. In Indian data this index is robust to the assets included, and produces internally coherent results. State-level results correspond well to independent data on per capita output and poverty. To validate the method and to show that the asset index price predicts enrollments as accurately as expenditures, or more so, the authors use data sets from Indonesia, Pakistan, and Nepal that contain information on both expenditures and assets. The results show large, variable wealth gaps in children's enrollment across Indian states. On average, a "rich" child is 31% more likely to be enrolled than a "poor" child, but this gap varies from only 4.6% in Kerala to 38.2% in Uttar Pradesh and 42.6% in Bihar. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | INDONESIA | PAKISTAN | NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | CHILD | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EXPENDITURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Schools | Education | Research Methodology | Financial Activities
Document Number: 155404

24.
Title: Family planning in Peru.
Author: Sanders TG
Source: American Universities Field Staff Reports, West Coast South America. 1970 Apr;17(6):1-7.
Abstract: The backwardness of family planning in Peru and the institutions which are working for population control are discussed. Peru has 1 of the highest rates of population increase in Latin America, but the problems have not affected the Peruvian educated public. The Center of Population and Development Studies (CEPD) was founded in 1964 to provide the infrastructure to confront the problems, and research studies have been undertaken on several topics. CEPD also sponsors an experimental clinic of maternal-infant care in Pamplona Alta, a slum near Lima. The Peruvian Association for Protection of the Family (APPF) began in 1967 as a group of doctors concerned with "information and promotion" of family planning; the APPF now has 3 clinics. The Instituto Marcelino is the largest family planning enterprise in Peru, attended by over 5000 patients in 1967; the chief method of contraception is 3-month injections. The Christian Family Movement, a lay Catholic organization, emphasizes limitation and spacing of children and provides anovulent pills up to 2 years after the birth of a child. Church World Service, a Protestant social action organization, furnishes literature and contraceptives on request and provides doctors with other devices if they promise to not charge more than $3.00 for their services. Much work needs to be done in 2 areas: organization and commitment of the medical profession, and the creation of public awareness.
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PRIVATE SECTOR | INFORMATION CENTERS | POPULATION GROWTH | GROWTH | ATTITUDES | GOVERNMENT | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PRIVATELY SPONSORED PROGRAMS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Development | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Contraception
Document Number: 702900

25.
Title: Correlation of folate metabolism and socioeconomic status in pregnancy and in patients taking oral contraceptives.
Author: Kahn SB; Fein S; Rigberg S; Brodsky I
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 Nov 15;108(6):931-935.
Abstract: Folate nutrition was studied in pregnant women and oral contraceptive users to determine the cause of folate deficiency's possible relation to economic status. 3 groups of women were studied: 1) 47 lower-income pregnant women in their third trimester, 2) 19 lower-income oral contraceptive users, and 3) 20 higher-income pregnant women in the third trimester. 68% of Group 1 and 50% of Group 3 patients experienced significant drops in folate levels in the third trimester. However, the lower-income women experienced near-anemic deficiencies due to poor dietary intake, the most important of all folate conditions. Oral contraceptive users did not show any significant change in their folate levels, which were essentially normal.
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | NUTRITION | PREGNANCY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SERUM FOLATE LEVEL | CORRELATION STUDIES | SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY, THIRD TRIMESTER | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | Research Methodology | Health | Reproduction | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Treatment | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 700032

26.
Title: Socioeconomic and seasonal variations in births.
Author: Zelnik M
Source: Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 47: 159-165. 1969.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between seasonal variation in births and socioeconomic status. It is based on births to Baltimore City residents for the period between 1961-1965. The determination of socioeconomic status is done by matching census tract of residence of mothers with census tract data on median rental or value of dwelling property. The analysis is done for black and white populations and in both instances for the highest and lowest socioeconomic fifths only. On the basis of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical one-sample test, the monthly distribution of births for the highest socioeconomic category is not rectilinear. Although upper socioeconomic status categories can modify the effects of climate to a greater extent that can lower socioeconomic status categories, practice better nutritional habits, and utilize birth control devices more frequently and more efficiently, these activities need not necessarily lead to a uniform monthly distribution of births.
Language: English
Keywords:
MARYLAND | BIRTH INTERVALS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | WHITES | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Social Class
Document Number: 690104

27.
Title: Motivational correlates of family planning among government employees.
Author: Kar SB; Bhatia AK
Source: Journal of Family Welfare. December 1969;16(2):3-17.
Abstract: A sample of government employees ranging from Class 1 (highest) to Class 4 were studied to explore the proportion practicing family planning, the relationship of occupation status to contraception, methods preferred, and the role of individual aspirations in acceptance of family planning. About 65% of upper occupation respondents and 38% of lower occupation respondents used contraception. The average number of children did not vary by occupation group (2.2 for upper, 2.5 for lower). Average number of children was higher among users than among nonusers, indicating they started family planning after they had relatively more children than nonusers. Desired family size did not vary significantly. However, individual aspirations proved significant. Contraception users were long-term goal oriented and worried about education for the children and other economic values. Nonusers were more concerned with current day-to-day economic problems. Over 1/5 said they adopted contraception to prevent the threat of frequent pregnancy to the mother's health. Nearly 1/3 mentioned spacing as a reason for contraception. Nearly 50% of the nonusers wanted more children. Nonuse was not correlated with disapproval.
Language: English
Keywords:
SURVEYS | INDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | MOTIVATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | RESEARCH REPORT | ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FAMILY SIZE, AVERAGE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | NONACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Class | Nonacceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Acceptors
Document Number: 691845

28.
Title: Induced abortion in Chile.
Author: Requena M
Source: IPPF Medical Bulletin. December 1967;1(6):1-2.
Abstract: In Chile about 25% of all pregnancies are terminated by induced abortion, with a death rate of 1 in 250 women. Because of the severity of the problem, the National Health Service has begun a birth control program to provide contraceptives especially to women after being treated for abortions. Chilean women can be classified into 3 groups: those who do not limit fertility by any means, usually those of the lowest socioeconomic level, those with higher incomes who use abortion to limit fertility; and those who mainly use contraception and are of the highest socioeconomic level. The family planning program in Chile is aiming primarily at the second group. I has been found that abortion is more frequent among married women, and that the Catholic religion has little influence on women's behavior in reference to abortion.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHILE | ABORTION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARITY | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 670119 Notification

29.
Title: Ideal, desired, and expected family size.
Author: Whelpton PK; Campbell AA; Patterson JE
Source: In: Whelpton, P.K., Campbell, A.A., and Patterson, J.E. Fertility and family planning in the United States. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1966. p. 32-68
Abstract: A study of American fertility in 1960 questioned respondents on their ideal, desired, and expected family size. Few felt that 0-1 child was ideal, 10% felt that 5 or more children would be ideal, and the rest stated 2-4 as the ideal number of children with 4 being the most popular number. There was a slight preference for boys. Many respondents thought that family size should be influenced by family income. Nonwhite women set a higher ideal number of children for the average American family than white women did. These same nonwhite women desired substa