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Title: The U.S. commitment to global health: Recommendations for the public and private sectors.
Author: Institute of Medicine. Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health
Source: Washington, D.C., Institute of Medicine, 2009 May. 4 p. (Report Brief)
Abstract: In 2008, the Institute of Medicine convened the expert Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health to investigate the U.S. commitment to global health and to articulate a vision for future U.S. investments in this arena. The committee concludes that the U.S. government and U.S.-based commercial entities, foundations, universities, and other nonprofit organizations have an opportunity to improve global health. The committee initially issued an interim report with recommendations aimed specifically at the U.S. government, such as prioritizing global health as a pillar of foreign policy. This subsequent report addresses other sectors as well as government. The committee identifies five areas for action by the interdisciplinary team: 1. Scale-up existing interventions to achieve significant health gains; 2. Generate and share knowledge to address problems prevalent in poor countries; 3. Invest in people, institutions, and capacity building with global partners; 4. Increase U.S. financial commitments to global health; 5. Set the example of engaging in respectful partnerships. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT | ORGANIZATIONS | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | KNOWLEDGE | LEADERSHIP | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331419

4.
Title: Reducing health inequities through action on the social determinants of health.
Author: World Health Assembly (62nd: 2009: Geneva)
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Assembly, 2009 May 22. 5 p. (WHA62.14) Agenda item 12.5
Abstract: The Sixty-second World Health Assembly calls upon the international community, including United Nations agencies, intergovernmental bodies, civil society and the private sector: (1) to take note of the final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations; (2) to take action in collaboration with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on assessing the impacts of policies and programmes on health inequities and on addressing the social determinants of health; (3) to work closely with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on measures to enhance health equity in all policies in order to improve health for the entire population and reduce inequities; (4) to consider health equity in working towards achievement of the core global development goals and to develop indicators to monitor progress, and to consider strengthening international collaboration in addressing the social determinants of health and in reducing health inequities. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331421

Peer Reviewed

Title: Quality of life and social support among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Western Uganda.
Author: Bajunirwe F; Tisch DJ; King CH; Arts EJ; Debanne SM; Sethi AK
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):271-9.
Abstract: Quality of life (QOL) among patients with HIV/AIDS has been shown to improve once treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been initiated. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Western Uganda to examine the factors associated with QOL among patients who had received ART for the duration of at least six months. We interviewed 330 patients attending the HIV/AIDS clinic at two government-supported hospitals in Western Uganda. We measured QOL using a culturally adapted version of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS-HIV) tool and calculated the physical health summary (PHS) and mental health summary (MHS) scores. In addition, data were collected on sociodemographic factors, three-day self-reported adherence, social support, sexual behavior, CD4 count and viral load. Informational social support was significantly positively correlated with PHS (p=0.001) and MHS (p=0.002). Affectionate support was also significantly positively correlated to PHS (p=0.05) and MHS (p=0.03) but tangible support was not (PHS p value=0.85 and MHS p value=0.31). In the univariate analysis, older age, rural dwelling, alcohol use, CD4 count less than 200, and ART duration of less than one year were significantly associated with lower PHS scores. Lower PHS scores were also associated with sexual inactivity. In multivariate analysis, higher scores on informational social support and CD4> or =200 were associated with higher PHS score and past or recent alcohol consumption was associated with lower scores on MHS. Optimizing ART to restore CD4 count and provision of informational and affectionate social support but not tangible support, to HIV/AIDS patients may improve their QOL.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | HIV INFECTIONS | QUALITY OF LIFE | CARE AND SUPPORT | SEX BEHAVIOR | HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341987

Title: On what diseases and health conditions should new economic research on health and development focus?
Author: Behrman JR; Behrman JA; Perez NM
Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S109-28.
Abstract: Given the public goods nature of research, economic research on health in developing countries is likely to have the highest returns by focusing, inter alia, on diseases and health conditions that are relatively widespread and costly and that are relatively rapidly growing. This article first summarizes the time patterns in economic research on diseases and health in developing countries for 1990-2005. It then compares those time patterns with the distribution of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for diseases and health conditions in developing countries estimated for 2005 and for 2030. These comparisons suggest relatively overemphasis on HIV/AIDS and underemphasis on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This opens the possibility for individuals or organizations initiating, re-evaluating, or increasing their economic research on health and development to make a significant contribution by focusing particularly on the analysis of behaviour and policy choices related to NCDs. Careful consideration must, of course, be given to other demands, but on the basis of these two criteria, potential contributions are likely to be greatest from research with such a focus.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ECONOMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | DISEASES | INTERVENTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LENGTH OF LIFE | Research Methodology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341823

Peer Reviewed

Title: Involving pharmacists in sexual health research: experience from an emergency contraception study.
Author: Black K; Anderson C; Kubba A; Wellings K
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jan;35(1):41-3.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists are expanding their sphere of activity within primary health care, increasing their role not only in health care but also research. METHODS AND RESULTS: We describe the challenges encountered in carrying out a pilot study of women obtaining emergency hormonal contraception through different providers, including pharmacies, highlighting deficiencies in understanding and experience of the research process, which impacted on the study in substantial ways. CONCLUSIONS: As pharmacists expand their role, training and professional development will need to be enhanced to support them in their contribution to health care and research.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PHARMACISTS | EDUCATION | HOME CARE | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Care and Support | Health Services | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 329636

Peer Reviewed

Title: The 1991-2004 evolution in life expectancy by educational level in Belgium based on linked census and population register data. L'evolution de l'esperance de vie par niveau d'instruction en Belgique de 1991 a 2004 sur la base de donnees de recensement liees au registre de la population.
Author: Deboosere P; Gadeyne S; Oyen HV
Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 May;25(2):175-196.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine trends in life expectancy by educational level in Belgium and to present elements of interpretation for the observed evolution. The analysis is based on census data providing information on educational level linked to register data on mortality for the periods 1991-1994 and 2001-2004. Using exhaustive individual linked data allows to avoid selection bias and numerator-denominator bias. The trends reveal a general increase in life expectancy together with a widening social gap. Summary indices of inequality based on life expectancies show, however, a more complex pattern and point to the importance to include the shifts in population composition by educational level in an overall assessment of the evolution of inequality by educational level.
Language: English
Keywords:
BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA LINKAGE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | MORTALITY | DEATH RECORDS | CENSUS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Length of Life | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics
Document Number: 340174

Title: The right to contraception and the wrongs of restrictive services.
Author: Edouard L
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 1;
Abstract: Rights come with responsibilities for individuals, service providers, and purveyors. The operationalization of the right to contraception, for universal access to a wide range of effective methods, necessitates very different but complementary interventions. A rights-based approach should aim to respect, protect, and fulfill rights. The wishes of individuals concerning childbearing necessitate informed choice, access to services, and lack of prejudice. Equity should be addressed through the strengthening of health systems, especially primary health care, with emphasis on the needs of underserved populations. Official pronouncements on population issues necessitate commitments. A philosophy of rights is particularly useful for service implementation, including the introduction of new contraceptive methods, by addressing the responsibilities of duty bearers and the claims of right holders. With the rights to and overwhelming health benefits of contraception, it is imperative to reverse the wrongs of limited reproductive health services.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | SEXUALITY | HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341047

10.

11.

Title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative first-trimester pregnancy termination strategies in Mexico City.
Author: Hu D; Grossman D; Levin C; Blanchard K; Goldie SJ
Source: BJOG. 2009 May;116(6):768-79.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the comparative health and economic outcomes associated with three alternative first-trimester abortion techniques in Mexico City and to examine the policy implications of increasing access to safe abortion modalities within a restrictive setting. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis. SETTING: Mexico City. POPULATION: Reproductive-aged women with unintended pregnancy seeking first-trimester abortion. METHODS: Synthesising the best available data, a computer-based model simulates induced abortion and its potential complications and is used to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative safe modalities for first-trimester pregnancy termination: (1) hospital-based dilatation and curettage (D&C), (2) hospital-based manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), (3) clinic-based MVA and (4) medical abortion using vaginal misoprostol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of complications, lifetime costs, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy. RESULTS: In comparison to the magnitude of health gains associated with all safe abortion modalities, the relative differences between strategies were more pronounced in terms of their economic costs. Assuming all options were equally available, clinic-based MVA was the least costly and most effective. Medical abortion with misoprostol provided comparable benefits to D&C, but cost substantially less. Enhanced access to safe abortion was always more influential than shifting between safe abortion modalities. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the provision of safe abortion is cost-effective and will result in reduced complications, decreased mortality and substantial cost savings compared with unsafe abortion. In Mexico City, shifting from a practice of hospital-based D&C to clinic-based MVA and enhancing access to medical abortion will have the best chance to minimise abortion-related morbidity and mortality.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Public Health
Document Number: 342068 Notification

12.

Title: Health GIS and HIV/AIDS studies: Perspective and retrospective.
Author: Kandwal R; Garg PK; Garg RD
Source: Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2009 Aug;42(4):748-55.
Abstract: GIS (Geographic Information System) is a useful tool that aids and assists in health research, health education, planning, monitoring and evaluation of health programmes that are meant to control and eradicate certain life threatening diseases and epidemics. HIV/AIDS is one such epidemic that poses a serious challenge and threatens the overall human welfare. This communication is an attempt to link and understand the health scenario in a GIS context with emphasis on HIV/AIDS. Various GIS based functionalities for health studies and their scope in analyzing and controlling epidemiological diseases are explored. Overall scenario of the spread of HIV/AIDS around the world is presented along with the Indian perspective. Finally, we conclude with the general management problems, issues and challenges related to HIV/AIDS prevailing in India.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEALTH | SCREENING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Public Health | Information Processing | Information | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342911

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The role of controlling behaviour in intimate partner violence and its health effects: a population based study from rural Vietnam.
Author: Krantz G; Nguyen Dang V
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 May 14;9(1):143.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that intimate partner violence is not a single phenomenon but consists of two distinct types of violence, defined conceptually in terms of the presence or absence of controlling behaviour in the violent member of the couple. Studies performed in high income countries support this hypothesis but no studies are available from a low income country. This study wanted to test this hypothesis in a low income setting focusing on men's use of physical/sexual violence with and without control tactics and resulting health effects in rural Vietnam. Of particular interest was whether men's controlling behaviour acted synergistically with physical/sexual violence to aggravate the health outcome. METHODS: In this cross sectional study data was collected among 883 married or partnered women aged 17-60. Structured interviews following a questionnaire developed for violence research were used. Control tactics were assessed by six items combined into a scale with Cronbach alfa of .80. Bi- and multivariate analyses were performed, including effect modification analyses. RESULTS: Of the participating women, 81 (9.2 per cent) had been exposed to physical and/or sexual violence in the past 12 months and of these, 26 had experienced one or more control tactics by their partner. Physical/sexual violence was highly associated with women's pain and discomfort (OR 3.40 (1.85-6.27) and with sadness and depression (OR 4.06 (2.40-6.88), while for suicidal thoughts control tactics were the strongest risk factor (OR 4.41; 1.95-10.02) when controlling for possible confounders. The combined effect of controlling behaviour and physical/sexual violence considerably elevated the risk of ill-health and synergy was present. Controlling men differed in terms of psychosocial characteristics and used more severe violence as compared to men not employing any control tactics. CONCLUSIONS: Physical and/or sexual violence is a serious threat to health in Vietnamese women, especially when combined with controlling behaviours. Health policy and programmes in Vietnam need to address the issue of violence as a most serious violation of gender equity ideas and as an unacceptable part of normal family life.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DISEASES | HEALTH | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341485

14.

Title: Does health aid matter?
Author: Mishra P; Newhouse D
Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2009 Jun 13;
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between health aid and infant mortality, using data from 118 countries between 1973 and 2004. Health aid has a beneficial and statistically significant effect on infant mortality: doubling per capita health aid is associated with a 2 percent reduction in the infant mortality rate. For the average country, this implies that increasing per capita health aid by US$1.60 per year is associated with 1.5 fewer infant deaths per thousand births. The estimated effect is small, relative to the 2015 target envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals. It implies that achieving the MDG target through additional health aid alone would require a roughly 15-fold increase in current levels of aid.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | HEALTH | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | FOREIGN AID | INFANT MORTALITY | GOALS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 342295

15.

Title: Developing countries need better antiretroviral drugs [letter]
Author: Myken N; Sundbeck B; Mpumilwa G; Andersson R
Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;8(1):23-24.
Abstract: In most developing countries, antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of a fixed-dose 3-drug combination of stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), and nevirapine (NVP). Because of the high risk of polyneuropathy and lipoatrophy combined mainly with d4T this combination has been replaced by tenofovir-based or abacavir-based drug combinations in the developed countries. The risk of neuropathy is increasing by time on d4T. The prevalence of liopdystrophy was also related to time on ART in a study from Rwanda, where 86% of the patients were receiving d4T resulting in 70% of the patients suffering from this adverse effect after >72 weeks on ART. A cross-sectional study was conducted in November-December, 2007, at the Ilembula Lutheran Hospital in rural Tanzania by using a standardized structured questionnaire covering self-reported adherence and side effects, subject health status, and disclosure of HIV-positive test. A total of 97 patients were included in the study; 69% of them were women. The mean age in our study population was 42 years and the median duration of treatment was 15(range 12-20) months. Most of them received a combination of d4T, 3TC, and NVP. In all, 80% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72-88) reported illness as the reason for HIV test with no difference between women and men. A total of 92% of the patients had >95% estimated adherence level. In all 97% of the patients had experienced positive effects since the start of treatment. Of these, almost half of them experienced >3 positive effects. The most frequent was more energy (75%), followed by increased appetite (65%), feeling happier (51%), and better sleep (50%). A total of 81 (84%) patients had experienced negative effects of the ART. Almost half of these, 36 patients, had only experienced 1 negative side effect and 13% of the patients had experienced >5 side effects. A total of 90% of the women compared to 70% of the men in the study had experienced negative effects from treatment. The general health status increased significantly (P < .001) during the time of treatment, but half of the patients suffered from polyneuropathy (Figure 1). In our study, the frequency of lipodystrophy was still low after a median of 15 months on ART, but it can also reflect that our method mainly based on a questionnaire was not sensitive enough to detect this side effect. At the time of follow-up, the positive effects are still more marked than the side effects among these patients, with most cases that started ART because of illness. The increasing prevalence of polyneuropathy and lipodystrophy with time on d4T treatment will probably lead to more dominating adverse effects in the future with a risk of low quality of life, reduced adherence, and development of antiviral resistance. As second-line ART is rarely offered in developing countries, it is even more critical to have an optimal first-line treatment with as low risk of side effects as possible. To provide sustainable ART to all patients all over the world, agreements are urgently needed between pharmaceutical companies, health departments, and funding organizations such as the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. The study has been supported by a grant from the University of Gothenburg. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | HEALTH | TREATMENT | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331326

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Communities and health research: an opinion piece on 'Community engagement in health research: two decades of experience from a research project on HIV in rural Uganda', in the February 2009 issue of Tropical Medicine and International Health [editorial]
Author: Pang T
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Apr;14(4):379-80.
Abstract: This commentary discusses a paper by Nakibinge that illustrates the value of multi-faceted, integrated approach to community engagement in health research. It also argues that the strong evidence base for effectiveness and the value of community engagement is still lacking but the study by Nakibinge provides indications which should be considered priorities in the future work in the important area of health research.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | HEALTH | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HIV PREVENTION | POVERTY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341693

17.

Title: A rights-based approach to accessing health determinants.
Author: Perkins F
Source: Global Health Promotion. 2009 Mar;16(1):61-4.
Abstract: This commentary summarizes the experience and learnings from a site visit in May 2008 to a drop-in centre for vulnerable women in downtown Cairo run by El-Shehab Institution for Comprehensive Development, which provides street outreach for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). The Centre successfully provides services and support for women, many of who are displaced or refugees and are from the most marginalized areas in Cairo. Through a rights-based approach to the work, the Centre helps people living in the slums fight and win the right to access clean water, sewerage and electrical power in their communities. An individual-based approach to human rights is also used. In the last year El-Shehab have helped 67 women go to court and win their marriage rights from husbands who have abandoned them. Their approach is an example of a successful way to achieve access to basic health determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | ADVOCACY | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | COURT DECISION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Energy Supply | Litigation
Document Number: 342373

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A longitudinal quality-of-life study of HIV-infected persons in South India: the case for comprehensive clinical care and support services.
Author: Solomon S; Batavia A; Venkatesh KK; Brown L; Verma P; Cecelia AJ; Daly C; Mahendra VS; Kumarasamy N; Mayer KH
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):104-12.
Abstract: This study longitudinally assesses the quality of life (QOL) of HIV-infected individuals in a resource-limited setting prior to the extensive generic roll-out of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Data was collected on 136 individuals receiving clinical care at Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education YRG CARE, a large community-based HIV tertiary care referral center in Chennai, South India. The QOL questionnaire was administered to participants at baseline, 6-months follow-up, and 12-month follow-up, and analysis of variance was used to assess for significant differences in mean QOL scores for each of these visits. Study findings showed that QOL scores significantly improved in all five domains of the questionnaire between participants' baseline visit, second interview, and third interviews (p < 0.01). We conclude that a multidisciplinary approach to managing HIV infection can enhance patients' QOL, independent of antiretroviral therapy.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | CARE AND SUPPORT | COUNSELING | HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior
Document Number: 341681

19.

Title: Case studies in global school health promotion: From research to practice.
Author: Whitman CV; Aldinger CE
Source: New York, New York, Springer, 2009. 408 p.
Abstract: A growing body of research identifies strong links between children's health, social, and educational outcomes. Research also points to the reciprocal benefits of access to quality education on individual and family health status. In response to these findings, the World Health Organization developed the concept of the health-promoting school (HPS). This book, available for purchase, provides readers with examples from more than two dozen countries (representing urban and rural areas in developing and developed nations) that outline the strategies taken to implement HPS programs in individual schools, municipalities, and nations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH | PROMOTION | HEALTH POLICY | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Marketing | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331372

20.

Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume I.
Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR]
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68a)
Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD LABOR | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | DISEASES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Status | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Nutrition
Document Number: 329544

21.

Title: Socio-demographic analysis of youth in the Caribbean: a three country case study.
Author: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC]
Source: Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC], 2008 Nov. 20 p.
Abstract: The study provides an analysis of 2000 census data from Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and Saint Lucia, with a focus on children, youth, and young families. Special attention is given to the description of their living arrangements and household composition, religion, health, well-being, migration, education and profession, economic activities, civil status, and reproductive patterns.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MIGRATION | HEALTH | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339991

22.

Title: Rapid youth assessment in the Eastern Caribbean.
Author: Educational Development Center [EDC]
Source: Newton, Massachusetts, EDC, 2008 Aug. [84] p.
Abstract: The Education Development Center conducted a rapid youth assessment to glean information and strategic ideas from a diverse range of stakeholders about the lives of 15- to 20-year-olds in Antigua, Grenada, St. Kitts, and St. Lucia in July 2008. Across the four islands, researchers interviewed 211 key informants from the private sector, government, nongovernmental organizations, community colleges, and international donor organizations. This report describes regional and country-specific youth programs, and it organizes the assessment's findings into three major sections: (1) a multisectoral analysis of key issues surrounding young people; (2) a supply (youth assets) and demand (key industries and emerging markets) analysis across the four countries; and (3) recommendations for youth strategy development.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | EDUCATION | HEALTH | POPULATION GROWTH | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342034

23.

Title: Iraq Family Health Survey 2006/7.
Author: Iraq. Ministry of Health; Iraq. Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology; Iraq. Kurdistan. Ministry of Health; Iraq. Kurdistan. Regional Statistics Office; World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: [Amman, Jordan], WHO, [2008]. [64] p.
Abstract: The Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS) 2006/7 is a nationally representative survey of 9,345 households and 14,675 women of reproductive age and covers all governorates in Iraq. This is the second nationally representative health survey since the Family Gulf Survey in 1989, although it is the first survey to disseminate the results. The IFHS 2006/7 was conducted in the central and southern governorates during August and September 2006, in Anbar during October and November 2006, while fieldwork in the Kurdistan region was carried out during February and March 2007. The survey had gone through a detailed and intensive planning and preparatory phases which was particularly important given the dire security situation in Iraq at the time of the survey. Not only were rigorous training and pre-testing undertaken, but a planning approach based on a number of different scenarios was adopted to respond to anticipated challenges. All interview teams were carefully supervised and given continuous support through out the period of the survey. The principle objective of the survey is to provide critical information for policy-makers and programme managers working in health and development. It complements other surveys recently conducted in Iraq on the situation of women and children, namely the Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Survey (ICMMS 1999), the Iraq Living Conditions Survey ILCS 2004, and the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey MICS III 2006. Also the survey results will present data on a wide range of indicators related to women's and family health. It is also the first national survey ever conducted to present data on adult mortality, including the causes of deaths. The IFHS is the first national survey in Iraq to investigate domestic violence, as well as chronic illnesses. Detailed information was also collected on health expenditures and health care seeking behaviour, as well as a range of other health and demographic indicators. Blood test was carried out to measure the level of anaemia among women of reproductive age including pregnant and lactating women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | HEALTH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ANEMIA | MENTAL HEALTH | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy | Reproduction | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 327824

24.

25.

Title: Adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors associated with intimate partner violence - United States, 2005.
Author: United States. Center for Disease Control [CDC]
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 Feb 8;57(5):113-117.
Abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as threatened, attempted, or completed physical or sexual violence or emotional abuse by a current or former intimate partner. IPV can be committed by a spouse, an ex-spouse, a current or former boyfriend or girlfriend, or a dating partner. Each year, IPV results in an estimated 1,200 deaths and 2 million injuries among women and nearly 600,000 injuries among men. In addition to the risk for death and injury, IPV has been associated with certain adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors. To gather additional information regarding the prevalence of IPV and to assess the association between IPV and selected adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors, CDC included IPV-related questions in an optional module of the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. This report describes the results of that survey, which indicated that persons who report having experienced IPV during their lifetimes also are more likely to report current adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors. Although a causal link between IPV and adverse health conditions cannot be inferred from these results, they underscore the need for IPV assessment in health-care settings. In addition, the results indicate a need for secondary intervention strategies to address the health-related needs of IPV victims and reduce their risk for subsequent adverse health conditions and health risk behaviors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CDC | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior
Document Number: 324354

26.

Title: Protecting health from climate change: World Health Day 2008.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. [32] p.
Abstract: Climate change also brings new challenges to the control of infectious diseases. Many of the major killers are highly climate sensitive as regards temperature and rainfall, including cholera and the diarrhoeal diseases, as well as diseases including malaria, dengue and other infections carried by vectors. In sum, climate change threatens to slow, halt or reverse the progress that the global public health community is now making against many of these diseases. In the long run, however, the greatest health impacts may not be from acute shocks such as natural disasters or epidemics, but from the gradual build-up of pressure on the natural, economic and social systems that sustain health, and which are already under stress in much of the developing world. These gradual stresses include reductions and seasonal changes in the availability of fresh water, regional drops in food production, and rising sea levels. Each of these changes has the potential to force population displacement and increase the risks of civil conflict. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | GLOBAL WARMING | WHO | WORLD HEALTH DAY | NATURAL DISASTERS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | HEALTH | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFECTIONS | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Climate | Environment | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Cooperation | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Diseases
Document Number: 325696

27.

Title: Protecting health from climate change: World Health Day 2008. Summary of issues paper.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], WHO, 2008. 2 p.
Abstract: There is now widespread agreement that the earth is warming, due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human activity. It is also clear that current trends in energy use development and population growth will lead to continuing - and more severe - climate change. The changing climate will inevitably affect the basic requirements for maintaining health: clean air and water, sufficient food and adequate shelter. Each year, about 800 000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60 000 in natural disasters. A warmer and more variable climate threatens to lead to higher levels of some air pollutants, increase transmission of diseases through unclean water and through contaminated food, to compromise agricultural production in some of the least developed countries, and increase the hazards of extreme weather. Climate change also brings new challenges to the control of infectious diseases. Many of the major killers are highly climate sensitive as regards to temperature and rainfall, including cholera, and the diarrhoeal diseases, as well as diseases including malaria, dengue and other infections carried by vectors. In sum, climate change threatens to slow, halt or reverse the progress that the global public health community is now making against many of these diseases. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GLOBAL WARMING | WORLD HEALTH DAY | HEALTH | DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | NATURAL DISASTERS | EPIDEMICS | WATER SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | WHO | Climate | Environment | International Cooperation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 325695

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The epidemiology of dependency among urban-dwelling older people in the Dominican Republic: a cross-sectional survey.
Author: Acosta D; Rottbeck R; Rodriguez G; Ferri CP; Prince MJ
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Aug 13;8:285.
Abstract: Demographic ageing, and the health transition will soon lead to large increases in the number of dependent older people in low and middle income countries. Despite its importance, this topic has not previously been studied. A cross sectional catchment area one-phase survey of health conditions, dependency, care arrangements and caregiver strain among 2011 people aged 65 years and over in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 7.1% of participants required much care and a further 4.7% required at least some care. The prevalence of dependency increased sharply with increasing age. Dependent older people were less likely than others to have a pension and much less likely to have paid work, but no more likely to benefit from financial support from their family. Needing much care was strongly associated with comorbidity between cognitive, psychological and physical health problems. However, dementia made the strongest independent contribution. Among those needing care, those with dementia stood out as being more disabled, as needing more care (particularly support with core activities of daily living), and as being more likely to have paid caregivers. Dementia caregivers experienced more strain than caregivers of those with other health conditions, an effect mediated by behavioural and psychological symptoms. Dependency among older people is nearly as prevalent in Dominican Republic as in developed western settings. Non-communicable diseases, particularly dementia are the main contributing factors. Attention needs to be directed towards the development of age-appropriate healthcare, a long-term care policy, and mechanisms for ensuring the social protection of older persons.
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | URBAN AREAS | OLDER ADULTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | HEALTH | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Public Health | Geographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 307986

29.
Title: Self-perceived and unmet general health need among PLWHA in Nigeria.
Author: Adedigba MA; Ogunbodede E; Jeboda SO; Naidoo S
Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Dec;5(3):199-204.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study set out to determine the self-reported unmet health needs of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in a Nigerian population. METHODS: A prospective study conducted among consecutive 209 consenting PLWHA in the South-western Nigeria; who sought for care in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals complex, Ile-Ife and General Hospital, Ilesa were recruited. Participants completed a comprehensive survey seeking information to determine their unmet needs in the following areas: Medication, Dental, Mental, Home care, Hospital admission, access to antiretroviral therapy and emergency services. RESULTS: One or more unmet needs were reported by 79.4% of the sample. Needs for medication, home-based care and mental care were more likely to be unmet. There was a statistically significant relationship between unmet needs and living arrangements (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived oral health status was the factor that best predicted the unmet need. Perceived oral health status of these patients should be improved to reduce the level of the unmet needs.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SELF-PERCEPTION | HEALTH | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DRUGS | MENTAL HEALTH | HOME VISITS | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | EMERGENCY SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Communication | Health Facilities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331261

30.

Title: Early marriage in Ethiopia: Causes and health consequences.
Author: Alemu B
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):4-6.
Abstract: Advocates for gender equality and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) argue that early marriage is one of the most harmful practices as it usually denies girls educational opportunities, leads to poverty and economic insecurity and has a serious negative impact on their health and decision-making capacities. It also reinforces other forms of gender-based violence and problems. Early marriage is mostly common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It is rampant in Ethiopia, although prevalence varies from one region to another. At the national level, 62% of Ethiopian women aged 20-49 get married before the age of 18. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325822


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