1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of obesity on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity. Author: Edelman AB; Carlson NE; Cherala G; Munar MY; Stouffer RL; Cameron JL; Stanczyk FZ; Jensen JT Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):119-27. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine whether increased body mass index (BMI) affects oral contraceptive (OC) pharmacokinetics and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis activity. STUDY DESIGN: Ovulatory reproductive-age women with normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m(2); n=10) and with obesity (BMI >30 kg/m(2); n=10) received OCs for two cycles (prospective cohort). Subjects were admitted for two 48-h inpatient stays at the beginning and end of the hormone-free interval. Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (LNG) levels were evaluated during both inpatient stays. Gonadotropin pulsatility (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) was measured during the second inpatient stay. Estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P) were measured daily during inpatient stays and twice per week in Cycle 2. RESULTS: BMI was greater in the obese compared to the normal-BMI group [37.3 kg/m(2) (SD, 6.0) vs. 21.9 kg/m(2) (SD, 1.6); p<.05]. The LNG half-life was significantly longer in the obese group (52.1+/-29.4 vs. 25.6+/-9.3 h, p<.05), which correlated with a lower maximum LNG concentration on Cycle 2, Day 1 [1.9 ng/mL (SD, 0.5) vs. 2.5 ng/mL (SD, 0.7)] and a longer time to reach steady state (10 vs. 5 days) in obese women. There were no significant differences in volume of distribution between groups. LH pulse parameters did not differ statistically between groups but trended toward greater HPO activity in the obese group. Additionally, more obese (6/10 vs. 3/10 normal BMI, p>.05) women exhibited E(2) levels consistent with development of a dominant follicle and P levels consistent with ovulation (2/10 vs. 1/10) during Cycle 2. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to women with normal BMI, obese women exhibit differences in OC pharmacokinetics that are associated with greater HPO activity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | OBESITY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342308 |
| 2. Title: Oral Contraceptives Decrease Saliva Testosterone but Do Not Affect the Rise in Testosterone Associated with Athletic Competition. Author: Edwards DA; Laurel O'Neal J Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2009 Jan 30; Abstract: Women athletes from intercollegiate soccer, volleyball, and softball teams, and women skaters from a team competing in an amateur roller derby league, contributed saliva samples before warm-up and immediately after the completion of one or more sanctioned competitions. Women using oral contraceptives (OCs, n= 29) had a significantly lower mean level of saliva testosterone (T) than non-users (n= 51). Thus, OCs contribute predictable variation to individual differences in saliva T, and OC use is likely to contribute to individual differences in measures of psychological processes and/or behavior which are causally related to individual differences in circulating testosterone. Most of the women (n= 68) played during one or more of the competitions for which they contributed saliva samples. Whether for soccer, volleyball, softball, or roller derby, competition was associated with a robust increase in saliva T. Although OC users had significantly lower saliva T levels than non-users before and after-competition, both users and non-users showed virtually the same increase in saliva T over the course of competition. While the most proximal cause of this increase is not known, it is probably not the result of an increase in gonadotropin (GTH) secretion since an increase in GTH secretion would presumably be prevented by OC use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ATHLETES | SPORTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341370 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Combined transdermal testosterone gel and the progestin nestorone suppresses serum gonadotropins in men. Author: Mahabadi V; Amory JK; Swerdloff RS; Bremner WJ; Page ST; Sitruk-Ware R; Christensen PD; Kumar N; Tsong YY; Blithe D; Wang C Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009 Jul;94(7):2313-20. Abstract: CONTEXT: Testosterone (T) plus progestin combinations are the most promising hormonal male contraceptives. Nestorone (NES), a progestin without estrogenic or androgenic activity, when combined with T may be an excellent candidate for male contraception. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the effect of transdermal NES gel alone or with T gel on gonadotropin suppression. DESIGN AND SETTING: The randomized, unblinded clinical trial was conducted at two academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 140 healthy male volunteers participated. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred subjects were randomized initially (20 per group) to apply NES gel 2 or 4 mg, T gel 10 g, or T gel 10 g plus NES gel 2 or 4 mg daily for 20 d. Because only about half of the subjects in T plus NES 4 mg group suppressed serum gonadotropins to 0.5 IU/liter or less (suboptimal suppression), two additional groups of 20 men were randomized to apply daily T gel 10 g plus NES gel 6 or 8 mg. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: Suppression of serum LH and FSH concentrations to 0.5 IU/liter or less after treatment was the main outcome variable. RESULTS: A total of 119 subjects were compliant with gel applications with few study-related adverse events. NES alone reduced gonadotropins significantly but less than T gel alone. Combined T gel 10g plus NES gel 6 or 8 mg suppressed both serum gonadotropins to 0.5 IU/liter or less in significantly more men than either gel alone. CONCLUSION: Transdermal NES gel alone had gonadotropin suppression activity. Combined transdermal NES (6 or 8 mg) plus T gel demonstrated safe and effective suppression of gonadotropins, justifying a longer-term study of this combination for suppression of spermatogenesis. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | TESTOSTERONE | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | BIODEGRADABLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Gonadotropins Document Number: 342411 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Oral contraceptive pretreatment in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation in ganirelix acetate cycles may, for a subset of patients, be associated with low serum luteinizing hormone levels, reduced ovarian response to gonadotropins, and early pregnancy loss. Author: Meldrum DR; Scott RT Jr; Levy MJ; Alper MM; Noyes N Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 May;91(5):1963-5. Abstract: Oral contraceptive pretreatment facilitated scheduling of pure FSH/GnRH antagonist cycles but in a small subset of patients was associated with low serum LH levels, reduced ovarian response, and early pregnancy loss. Supplementation with LH could be examined as a possible way to improve cycle outcome. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | IMPLANTATION | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | PREGNANCY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Reproduction | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341248 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of parity in medical abortion up to 49 days of amenorrhoea. Author: Lefebvre P; Cotte M; Monniez N; Norel G Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):404-11. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify possible risk factors for failure of medical abortion. METHOD: Retrospective study of data collected between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2005, concerning 1850 women who, for medical abortion up to 49 days of amenorrhoea, had received 600 mg oral mifepristone followed 48 h later by 400 microg oral misoprostol and, if necessary, a second oral dose of 400 microg. RESULTS: The method was effective in 97.1% of cases. Fifty four failures (2.9%) were recorded, including seven continuing pregnancies (0.4%). The global efficacy rate of this mifepristone-misoprostol regimen is among the best using similar treatment protocols. The proportion of failures augmented with parity. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that parity is a major factor influencing the success of medical abortion. A greater parity of the patients was associated with a lower efficacy of treatment. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ABORTION | RU-486 | MISOPROSTOL | RISK FACTORS | PARITY | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | AMENORRHEA | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Gonadotropins | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 331175 Notification |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Early pregnancy loss in women stimulated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocols according to oral contraceptive pill pretreatment. Author: Bellver J; Albert C; Labarta E; Pellicer A Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2007 May;87(5):1098-1101. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate and compare the risk of early pregnancy loss in patients stimulated with GnRH antagonist protocols according to oral contraceptive pill (OCP) pretreatment. The design of the study was a Retrospective case-control study. The study took place at the Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad. University of Valencia. Spain. The patient(s) used in the study were one thousand five hundred thirty-nine patients, aged less than 36, stimulated with GnRH antagonists for IVF between January 1, 2000 and November 1, 2005. Reproductive outcome was compared based on the application (or not) of OCP pretreatment: 944 women were included in the OCP group and 595 in the non-OCP group. The Student's t test was used for statistics. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy, biochemical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, early clinical pregnancy loss, early pregnancy loss, and ongoing pregnancy rates. No significant differences were observed in any of the outcome parameters. Early pregnancy loss rates were similar: 23% in the OCP pretreatment group versus 19.2% in the non-OCP pretreatment group. However, longer periods of ovarian stimulation and higher doses of gonadotropins needed to be employed in the OCP group. There is not sufficient evidence to confirm OCP pretreatment as a risk factor for miscarriage in patients stimulated with GnRH antagonist protocols. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | RISK FACTORS | TREATMENT | PREGNANCY RATE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 313483 |
| 7. Title: Predictive factors for organic central precocious puberty and utility of simplified gonadotropin-releasing hormone tests. Author: Choi JH; Shin YL; Yoo HW Source: Pediatrics International. 2007 Dec;49(6):806-810. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine whether the clinical presentation of patients with central precocious puberty (CPP) permits differentiation between idiopathic and organic forms, and to examine whether luteinizing hormone (LH) determination in single blood sample after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration is sufficient to diagnose CPP. Potential clinical and laboratory predictors for the presence of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities were assessed. Sensitivities and specificities of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min were compared after GnRH stimulation. In 45 girls with signs of breast development, 26 were diagnosed as having CPP. The age of onset in patients with organic CPP was 4.75 plus or minus 2.01 years (range 1.2 - 7.1 years, median 5.0 years), whereas the age in patients with idiopathic CPP was 7.09 plus or minus 0.87 years (range 5.0 - 7.9 years, median 7.0 years). This parameter is the only one showing statistical significance. In addition, the specimen at 30 min after GnRH stimulation yielded highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of CPP. The earlier the onset of disease, the higher the possibility of presence of CNS lesion. According to the mean GnRH-stimulated LH levels and sensitivity at each time, a single blood sample obtained for LH determined after GnRH administration at 30 min can be used to diagnose CPP. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILD, FEMALE | PUBERTY | HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE INDEXES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | TESTING | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Central Nervous System | Measurement Document Number: 314015 |
8.  Title: [Gonadotropin level changes during the reproductive life] Modificacoes dos niveis de gonadotrofinas durante a vida reprodutiva. Author: de Medeiros SF; de Medeiros MM Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2007 Jan;29(1):48-55. Abstract: Changes in the levels of gonadotropins throughout the reproductive life depend on a fine tuned functional development of neural pathways and GnRH-neurones, pituitary gonadotrophs and granulosa-theca cells of the follicular wall. Both, LH and FSH levels change according to the day-time, menstrual cycle phase, and gynecological age. Initiating the puberty, changes in LH pulses are remarkable, showing higher frequency and amplitude at night. Later in puberty, the pulses of LH are also maintained during the day, remaining its levels with very little variation within the 24 hours period. During the menstrual cycle, the FSH levels increase at the end of the luteal phase, decrease during the medium and late follicular phase, increase rapidly in the ovulatory phase and remain at low basal levels until the late luteal phase. The levels of LH remain unaltered during the whole follicular phase, increase in the ovulatory surge, and decrease to the basal levels in the luteal phase. At the forth decade of life, the GnRH secretion changes, with hypothalamic loss of sensitivy to the estradiol positive feedback and decrease in frequency and prolongation of the GnRH pulses. The pituitary response is atenuated due to decrease in the density of GnRH receptors on gonadotroph cells, loss of gonadotroph sensitivity, secretion of more basic FSH and LH molecules, decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude of LH and FSH pulses. These modifications result in monotropic increase of the FSH secretion. Current studies show that the selective increase in the FSH levels in the early follicular phase is gradual, beginning as early as the third decade of life. These alterations in FSH are associated with an accelerated follicular depletion in women after 37-38 years old. On the other side, the LH levels remain almost constant up to the end of reproductive life. The different levels of FSH and LH seen throughout the reproductive years may be due to yet unknown regulatory mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Language: Portuguese Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | PUBERTY | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Reproduction | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation Document Number: 326824 |
| 9. Title: The salivary ferning test and ovulation in clomiphene citrate-stimulated cycles. Author: Pattanasuttinont S; Sereepapong W; Suwajanakorn S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 May;90(5):876-883. Abstract: The objective was to determine the day of ovulation by the salivary ferning test in clomiphene citrate-treated women. A descriptive study was the design used. The setting used was the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Seventy-five infertile women with regular menstrual cycles were studied. Infertile women were given 100 mg of clomiphene citrate for five days and collected their saliva samples daily until seven days after ovulation. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed daily to detect ovulation. The salivary ferning formation was examined by a normal light microscope and graded from 1-3, according to its extent and intensity. The salivary ferning score, the peak salivary ferning day, and the day of ovulation detected by ultrasound. The patients' age and cycle length (mean ± SD) were 32.9 ± 3.7 years and 28.4 ± 1.3 days. The peak salivary ferning day corresponded with the ultrasound ovulation day in only 7.1%. There were two peaks of median salivary ferning scores; one was two days prior ovulation and the other was five days post ovulation. There was no correlation between the peak salivary ferning day and day of ovulation detected by ultrasound (r = 0.102, p > 0.05). In clomiphene citrate-stimulated cycles, the saliva ferning test does not seem to associate with ovulation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | INFERTILITY | CLOMIPHENE | OVULATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning | Menstruation | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 317807 |
| 10. Title: Anti-Mullerian hormone levels during hormonal contraception in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author: Somunkiran A; Yavuz T; Yucel O; Ozdemir I Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007 Oct;134(2):196-201. Abstract: The use of oral contraceptive (OC) pills alters the characteristic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) complicating the diagnosis of this disease. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are high in PCOS patients and are stable throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy subjects. This study examined the influence of hormonal suppression with OC therapy on the serum AMH levels in women with PCOS and with normal menstrual cycles. Thirty women with PCOS and 15 women with normal menstrual cycles were enrolled in this prospective study. Serum was collected from the subjects during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and after the sixth cycle of oral contraceptive therapy, and stored frozen until assayed. The effect of OC therapy on the serum AMH, estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), free testosterone, total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels was studied. In addition, ovarian volume and follicle count were assessed.The serum AMH levels in PCOS patients were significantly higher than in healthy women at baseline (+or-S.D.; 5.49 +or- 2.26 and 1.93 +or- 0.51 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.001). After six cycles of OC therapy, no significant changes in the AMH levels were observed in either the PCOS patients or normally cycling women. Ultrasound showed significant reductions in ovarian volume and follicle number and size at 6 months in both groups. Although significant reductions were observed in ovarian volume and follicle number, 6 months of contraceptive therapy did not change the serum AMH concentration in either group. AMH may be considered a new marker in PCOS patients who are already on contraceptive treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | OVARIAN CYSTS | TREATMENT | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ANDROGENS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Hormones | Gonadotropins Document Number: 320781 |
| 11. Title: Bone mineral density and body composition in Thai precocious puberty girls treated with GnRH agonist. Author: Wacharasindhu S; Petwijit T; Aroonparkmongkol S; Srivuthana S; Kingpetch K Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2006;89(8):1194-1198. Abstract: Treatment of true Precocious Puberty (PP) with GnRH agonist can improve final adult height by suppressing gonadotropin and sex hormone levels that delays the fusion of long bone epiphyseal growth plates. However, deprivation of estrogen may affect the acquisition of peak bone mass, especially in individuals with low calcium intake. Ten Thai girls with idiopathic true PP were evaluated for Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and body composition by DXA scanner (Hologic, Inc) before and after GnRH agonist therapy for 1 year. During treatment, all children were allowed to consume a normal diet without extra calcium supplementation. In addition, serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were also measured. The results showed that GnRH agonist could improve predicted adult height from 149.4 - 5.4 to 153.6 - 6.8 cm (p < 0.001). Serum osteocalcin, representing the bone marker formation, decreased from 184.2 - 66.7 to 108.6 - 35.3 ng/mL (p = 0.012) However, the treatment had no negative effects on BMD lumbar spine and total BMD but increased percentage of fat mass from 25.7 _ 5.2 to 31.6 - 5.5%. (p = 0.007). In conclusion, treatment with GnRH agonist in Thai girls with true PP for 1 year can improve PAH without negative effects on BMD but a longer period of treatment needs to be studied. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | AGE FACTORS | SKELETAL EFFECTS | BODY HEIGHT | CALCIUM | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Hemic System | Hormones | Endocrine System | Gonadotropins Document Number: 307838 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in adolescent females with beta-thalassemia major. Author: Al-Rimawi HS; Jallad MF; Amarin ZO; Obeidat BR Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005 Jul;90(1):44-47. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in adolescent female patients with beta-thalassemia major. A prospective study of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function of 31 beta-thalassemia major females aged between 13 and 22 years and in 12 control females aged between 12 and 22 years. All were treated at Princess Rahma Teaching Hospital, Irbid, Northern Jordan between April 2001 and April 2003. Of the 31 beta-thalassemia major females, 13 (41.9%) had delayed puberty. Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction was found in 15 patients (48.4%). Twelve patients (38.7%) had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and 5 (16.1%) had ovarian failure. High levels of serum ferritin were significantly higher in patients with delayed puberty. Pituitary and ovarian dysfunction are common problems in beta-thalassemia major patients. The main possible cause is iron overload. This stresses the need for intensive and regular use of chelation therapy to prevent damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PITUITARY HORMONES | HORMONES | HYPOTHALAMUS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | MENARCHE | OVARIAN EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Central Nervous System | Gonadotropins | Menstruation | Reproduction | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 288800 |
| 13. Title: Intratesticular testosterone concentrations comparable with serum levels are not sufficient to maintain normal sperm production in men receiving a hormonal contraceptive regimen. Author: Coviello AD; Bremner WJ; Matsumoto AM; Herbst KL; Amory JK Source: Journal of Andrology. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(6):931-938. Abstract: Intratesticular testosterone (ITT) is thought to play a key role in the control of spermatogenesis in man but is rarely measured. The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the relationship between intratesticular fluid and serum testosterone (T) at baseline and during treatment with a contraceptive regimen known to suppress spermatogenesis and 2) to measure intratesticular fluid androgenic bioactivity. Seven men received 6 months of T enanthate (TE) 100 mg weekly intramuscularly plus levonorgestrel (LNG) 62.5 or 31.25 µg orally daily. Testicular fluid was obtained by percutaneous aspiration at baseline and during month 6. Mean luteinizing hormone (LH) was suppressed 98% from 3.79 ± 0.80 IU/L at baseline to 0.08 ± 0.03 IU/L. Mean follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was suppressed 97%, from 3.29 ± 0.67 IU/L to 0.10 ± 0.03 IU/L. Mean serum T levels were similar before (22.8 ± 1.9 nmol/L) and during treatment (28.7 ± 2.0 nmol/L) (P = .12). ITT (822 ± 136 nmol/L) was ~40x higher than serum T (P < .001) at baseline. ITT was suppressed 98% during treatment to 13.1 ± 4.5 nmol/L, a level similar to baseline serum T (P = .08) but significantly lower than on- treatment serum T (P = .01). At baseline, intratesticular fluid androgenic bioactivity (583 ± 145 nmol/L) was 70% of the ITT concentration measured by radioimmunoassay. Intratesticular androgenic bioactivity was suppressed 93% to 40 ± 22 nmol/L (P < .01) during treatment, but was 3x higher than ITT (13.1 ± 4.5 nmol/L). Sperm counts declined from 65 ± 15 million/mL to 1.3 ± 1.3 million/mL. In summary, TE plus LNG dramatically suppressed ITT (98%) and intratesticular androgenic bioactivity (93%) to levels approximating those in serum. ITT levels comparable with serum T were insufficient to support normal spermatogenesis. Intratesticular androgenic bioactivity was higher than ITT during treatment, suggesting that other androgens may be prevalent in the low- ITT environment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | MALE CONTRACEPTION | SPERMATOGENESIS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | ANDROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 284869 |
| 14. Title: Early puberty in girls: the case of premature adrenarche. Author: Dorn LD; Rotenstein D Source: Women's Health Issues. 2004;14:177-183. Abstract: In this article we examine the issue of early puberty in girls. First, a brief overview of normal pubertal development is provided, including the two endocrine components of puberty: gonadarche and adrenarche. Second, we critically discuss the controversy regarding whether puberty truly is occurring earlier in girls. Third, we emphasize one type of early puberty, the case of premature adrenarche (PA). PA is used to illustrate the importance of identifying types of early puberty, evaluating the types to determine causality, determining whether follow-up of early puberty is necessary, and showing the potential ramifications of ignoring this variation in pubertal development. Findings from a pilot study comparing PA and on-time puberty children are used to show the importance of determining whether early puberty is normal in all cases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | AGE FACTORS | PUBERTY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Biology | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Menstruation | Health Document Number: 278823 |
| 15. Title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Author: Millar RP; Lu ZL; Pawson AJ; Flanagan CA Source: Endocrine Reviews. 2004 Apr;25(2):235-275. Abstract: GnRH and its analogs are used extensively for the treatment of hormone-dependent diseases and assisted reproductive techniques. They also have potential as novel contraceptives in men and women. A thorough delineation of the molecular mechanisms involved in ligand binding, receptor activation, and intracellular signal transduction is kernel to understanding disease processes and the development of specific interventions. Twenty-three structural variants of GnRH have been identified in protochordates and vertebrates. In many vertebrates, three GnRHs and three cognate receptors have been identified with distinct distributions and functions. In man, the hypothalamic GnRH regulates gonadotropin secretion through the pituitary GnRH type I receptor via activation of G(-q). In-depth studies have identified amino acid residues in both the ligand and receptor involved in binding, receptor activation, and translation into intracellular signal transduction. Although the predominant coupling of the type I GnRH receptor in the gonadotrope is through productive G(-q) stimulation, signal transduction can occur via other G proteins and potentially by G protein-independent means. The eventual selection of intracellular signaling may be specifically directed by variations in ligand structure. A second form of GnRH, GnRH II, conserved in all higher vertebrates, including man, is present in extrahypothalamic brain and many reproductive tissues. Its cognate receptor has been cloned from various vertebrate species, including New and Old World primates. The human gene homolog of this receptor, however, has a frame-shift and stop codon, and it appears that GnRH II signaling occurs through the type I GnRH receptor. There has been considerable plasticity in the use of different GnRHs, receptors, and signaling pathways for diverse functions. Delineation of the structural elements in GnRH and the receptor, which facilitate differential signaling, will contribute to the development of novel interventive GnRH analogs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASING HORMONES | HORMONE RECEPTORS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | MEMBRANE PROTEINS | HYPOTHALAMUS | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Gonadotropins | Central Nervous System Document Number: 292154 |
| 16. Title: Role of estrogens on human male reproductive system. Author: Rochira V; Zirilli L; Madeo B; Balestrieri A; Carani C Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2004;15(2):65-80. Abstract: This review focuses on estrogen role on human male physiology. Biological estrogen actions on male reproductive system are summarized with particular regard to the effects of congenital estrogen deprivation in men. The effects of estrogen on spermatogenesis, hormonal secretion and gonadotropin feedback and on sexual behavior are discussed. It is remarked that the role of estrogens in male reproduction is a very recent acquisition in reproductive endocrinology, but it promises new future fields of research to be investigated as well as the possible disclosure of new strategies in clinical practice. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | ESTROGENS | PHYSIOLOGY | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | SEX BEHAVIOR | SPERMATOGENESIS | INFERTILITY | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Behavior | Reproduction | Gonadotropins | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 280851 |
| 17. Title: Trailblazers. Source: MRC News. 2003 Mar;34(1):[4] p.. Abstract: By studying the way G protein-coupled receptors interact with binding agents (or ligands), the team at the Receptor Biology Research Group is working to find treatments for diseases that affect the social and economic welfare of South Africa. Co-directed by Prof. Arieh Katz and Dr Colleen Flanagan, this dynamic Research Group is based at the University of Cape Town's Division of Medical Biochemistry. To ordinary folk like you and me, the subject of their research might sound very abstract. But G protein-coupled receptors control such basic bodily functions as vision and taste. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING CAPACITY | HORMONE RECEPTORS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | CERVICAL CANCER | HIV PREVENTION | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | GENETICS | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Membrane Proteins | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Cancer | Neoplasms | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities Document Number: 188940 |
| 18. Title: Delayed puberty and amenorrhea. Author: Hoffman B; Bradshaw KD Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2003;21(4):353-362. Abstract: The ability to diagnose and manage disorders that cause delayed puberty requires a thorough understanding of the physical and hormonal events of puberty. Wide variation exists within normal pubertal maturation, but most adolescent girls in the United States have begun to mature by the age of 13. Delayed puberty, a rare condition in girls, occurs in only ~2.5% of the population. Constitutional delay, genetic defects, or hypothalamic-pituitary disorders are common causes. Amenorrhea, often found as a symptom of delayed puberty, may be due to congenital genital tract anomalies, ovarian failure, or chronic anovulation with estrogen presence or with estrogen absence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | AGE FACTORS | AMENORRHEA | HORMONES | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ANOVULATION | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Urogenital System | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Gonadotropins Document Number: 302403 |
| 19. Title: Disorders of pubertal development: precocious puberty. Author: Kakarla N; Bradshaw KD Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2003;21(4):339-351. Abstract: Puberty is a complex developmental process culminating in sexual maturity. This transitional period begins in late childhood and is characterized by maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, acceleration of growth, and, ultimately, the capacity for fertility. Significant endocrinologic changes accompany these developmental events. Disorders of pubertal development may occur at any of the steps of the maturational process leading to either precocious or delayed puberty. A thorough understanding of the normal pubertal process is important to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of pubertal disorders. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | PUBERTY | AGE FACTORS | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | SEX FACTORS | GYNECOLOGIC DISEASES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Genital Effects, Female | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 302404 |
| 20. Title: Advancing towards a male contraceptive: a novel approach from an unexpected direction. Author: Robaire B Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 Jul;24(7):326-328. Abstract: The development of an effective, reversible and safe male contraceptive has been the focus of research around the world for more than 30 years. There are numerous challenges in the development of a male contraceptive. Unlike women, who produce one functional gamete per month, men produce ~100 million sperm every day. Based on animal studies and clinical results from treating hypogonadotropic hypogonadal men, a contraceptive agent that would functionally suppress either the formation or maturation of spermatozoa with 90% efficacy would probably have little or no effect on fertility. Several non-hormonal avenues for male contraception are being developed, and a recent study provides an exciting novel approach to male contraception by administration of a drug that modifies the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MEN | TESTOSTERONE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods | Demographic Factors | Population | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Contraception, Immunological Document Number: 182084 |
| 21. Title: CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and gonadotrophin suppression influence the effectiveness of hormonal male contraception. Author: Eckardstein SV; Schmidt A; Kamischke A; Simoni M; Gromoll J Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002;57:647-655. Abstract: Nonuniformity in suppression of spermatogenesis induced by various hormones or hormone combinations has impeded the development of an effective hormonal male contraceptive. The basis for this heterogeneity in response remained unresolved to date; however, the presence of ethnic differences points to an involvement of genetic factors. In a retrospective analysis we investigated the impact of a CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor and polymorphic sites in the oestrogen and FSH receptor genes on spermatogenic suppression in 85 Caucasian men treated with different regimens of hormonal contraception. Failure to reduce sperm concentrations below 3 million/ml was significantly associated with insufficient suppression of gonadotrophins. The extent of gonadotrophin suppression was not explained by any polymorphism but was primarily pharmacological, resulting from addition of gestagens to testosterone. When LH and FSH suppression was rapid and persistent none of the polymorphisms studied explained why some men failed to achieve azoospermia. In cases with incomplete gonadotrophin suppression the chances of becoming azoospermic were 2.5 times higher in men having more than 22 CAG repeats. In summary, our analysis shows that in a subset of men, effective hormonal male contraception can be achieved even in the absence of complete gonadotrophin suppression. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | TESTOSTERONE | LEVONORGESTREL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | HORMONE RECEPTORS | GENETICS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | SPERMATOGENESIS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Membrane Proteins | Gonadotropins | Reproduction Document Number: 296308 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Importance of inhibin B in the regulation of FSH secretion in the human male. Author: Hayes FJ; Pitteloud N; De Cruz S; Crowley WF Jr; Boepple PA Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 Nov;86(11):5541-5546. Abstract: Regulation of FSH secretion in the male involves a complex balance between stimulation by GnRH from the hypothalamus, inhibitory feedback by sex steroids (T and E2) and inhibin B (Inh B) from the gonads, and utocrine/paracrine modulation by activin and follistatin within the pituitary. The aim of the present study was to delineate the feedback control of FSH in the human male with specific reference to the relative roles of sex steroids vs. Inh B. Two experimental human models were used: 1) normal (NL) men subjected to acute sex steroid withdrawal (-T, -E2, + Inh B), and 2) functional castrate males (-T, -E2, -Inh B).Nine NL men (age range, 24-45 yr) and three castrate males (age rage, 23-47 yr) were studied. The NL men underwent acute sex steroid suppression using high dose ketoconazole (1-g loading dose, followed by 400 mg, orally, four times daily for 150 h). Gonadotropin secretion was characterized by frequent blood sampling every 10 min for 12 h at baseline and on d 3 and 6 of sex steroid ablation. In the three castrate subjects, blood sampling was performed every 5 min for 24 h 8 wk after discontinuing androgen replacement therapy. In the NL men, treatment with ketoconazole resulted in a decline to castrate levels in T (451 ± 20 to 38 ±7 ng/dl; P < 0.0005) and E2 (39 ± 4 to 15 ± 2 pg/ml; P < pg/ml; 0.005) and a modest, but significant, decline in Inh B levels, which remained within the normal range (183 ± 19 to 136 ± 13 pg/ml; P < 0.005). This suppression of sex steroids was associated with a more marked increase in mean LH (9.5 ± 0.9 to 24.9 ± 2.0 IU/liter; P < 0.0001) than FSH levels (5.1 ± 0.7 to 10.0 ± 1.5 IU/liter; P < 0.005), with the latter not exceeding the normal adult male range. The castrate subjects had a mean T level of 66 ± 8 ng/dl, an E2 level of 20 ± 1 pg/ml, and undetectable Inh B levels. Despite a similar sex steroid milieu, the mean FSH levels observed in NL men after acute sex steroid ablation were approximately 6-fold lower than those seen in the castrate subjects (10.0 ± 1.5 vs. 59.5 ± 17.7 IU/liter; P < 0.0005). In contrast, mean LH levels in the NL men were less than 3-fold lower than those in castrate subjects (24.9 ± 2.0 vs. 66.8 ± 20.1 IU/liter; P < 0.005). From this human model of acute sex steroid withdrawal, we conclude that Inh B is likely to be the major feedback regulator of FSH secretion in the human male. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ANDROGENS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 295816 |
| 23. Title: Male fertility as affected by hydroxyurea: clinical application / contraceptive potential. Author: Archibong AE; Powell A; Hills ER Source: ADVANCES IN REPRODUCTION. 2000 Jun;4(2-3):[3] p.. Abstract: Hydroxyurea (HU), a specific inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis is indicated for the treatment of certain malignancies including myeloid leukemia and sickle cell anemia. However, its safety with regard to gonadal function is questionable. This inhibitor is toxic to the testis, subsequently interfering with testicular function and epididymal sperm maturation. It also causes atrophy of several seminiferous tubules and reduction in early pachytene spermatocytes. Overall, use of HU can lead to an incidence of high embryonic mortality. This study evaluates the fertility of male mice treated with HU to determine contraceptive potential. Adult mice were randomly assigned to a HU treatment group and a control group. Treatment consisted of daily intraperitoneal injection of HU at 100 mg/kg for 28 days. Control animals were similarly injected with saline. Results show a significant reduction in testis weight and sperm motility as a result of HU treatment. Fertility indices increased gradually over the 4 months after cessation of HU treatment but were significantly lower than controls. In addition, litter size was lower among females bred to HU-exposed males (5.9 +or- 0.03; P < 0.05) compared to controls (9.4 +or- 0.03). In conclusion, it is observed that HU seems to perturb male reproductive efficiency by modulating pituitary gonadotrophins. Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | ORGANIC CHEMICALS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | MALE CONTRACEPTION | SPERM MATURATION BLOCKING AGENTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | Ingredients and Chemicals | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Agents | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 150383 |
| 24. Title: Hormonal contraception for human males: prospects. Author: Reddy PR Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2000 Mar;2:46-50. Abstract: Development of an ideal hormonal contraceptive for man has been the goal of several research workers during the past few decades. Suppression of pituitary gonadotropic hormones, which in turn would inhibit spermatogenesis while maintaining normal libido and potentia has been the approach for a contraceptive agent. Intramuscularly administered and orally active testosterone or testosterone in combination with progesterone have been shown to cause inhibition of spermatogenesis resulting in azoospermia in normal men. Similarly testosterone has been used in combination with gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists and agonists to inhibitpituitary gonadotropic hormone release. Immunological approach to neutralize the circulating levels of follicle stimulating hormone has also been shown to cause inhibition of spermatogenesis. The available literature shows that testosterone causes reversible azoospermia without any significant side effects in Asian population effectively and appears to be a promising chemical for control of fertility in man. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ASIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | MALE CONTRACEPTION | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTOSTERONE | PROGESTERONE | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | REVERSIBILITY | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | Asia, Southern | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Gonadotropins Document Number: 294389 |
| 25. Title: Male contraceptive research steps back into spotlight. Author: Bonn D Source: Lancet. 1999 Jan 23;353(9149):302. Abstract: The goal of male hormonal contraception is to block spermatogenesis by suppressing the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins. Prospects are good for the development of such a male contraceptive, with at least one hormonal contraceptive for men potentially available within 5-7 years. Finding an acceptable, reversible, and preferably long-lasting hormonal contraceptive for men is a top priority of the World Health Organization (WHO). Considerable evidence suggests that an androgen, with or without a progestogen, can provide effective contraception and is well tolerated. Schering and Organon are planning to collaborate with WHO in developing hormonal contraception for men. Fred Wu of the University of Manchester, UK, will soon begin a trial comparing the effectiveness of new injectable testosterone undecanoate and testosterone buciclate formulations, with or without synthetic progestogens. Language: English Keywords: PROGRESS REPORT | PITUITARY HORMONES | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | MALE CONTRACEPTION | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 139300 |
| 26. Title: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescence. Author: Edmonds DK Source: Bailliere’s Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 Jun;13(2):239-249. Abstract: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescence is usually not a pathological process but a physiological adjustment in the achievement of normal reproductive status. The source of the problem in the vast majority of patients lies in the development of an intact hypothalamo--pituitary ovarian axis which exhibits normal pulsatile gonadotrophin release. The achievement of this in point usually resolves the dysfunctional bleeding problem. Management of these problems is dependent on the clinical impact of blood loss and only requires medication when menstrual loss needs to be controlled. Special circumstances, such as mentally retarded children, require special attention in order to fulfill a number of clinical difficulties and almost always require medical intervention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DYSMENORRHEA | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | BLEEDING | HYPOTHALAMUS | PITUITARY GLAND | OVARIAN EFFECTS | PUBERTY | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Central Nervous System | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Reproduction Document Number: 312439 |
| 27. Title: Growth hormone treatment during suppression of early puberty in adopted girls. Author: Tuvemo T; Gustafsson J; Proos LA Source: Acta Paediatrica. 1999 Sep;88(9):928-932. Abstract: Girls adopted from developing countries often have early or precocious puberty, requiring treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues. During such treatment decreased growth velocity is frequent. The aim of this investigation was to study whether the addition of growth hormone (GH) to GnRH analogue treatment improves height velocity and final height in girls with early or precocious puberty. Forty-six girls with early or precocious puberty adopted from developing countries were randomized for treatment with GnRH analogue or a combination of GH and GnRH analogue. After 2 y of treatment the mean growth in the GH/GnRH analogue group was significantly higher, 14.6 cm, compared to 10.9 cm in the control group. The increase in bone age did not differ, while the difference in predicted adult height increased by 2.7 cm in favour of the combination group. Although data on final height are not yet available, combined GH/GnRH analogue treatment for 2 y resulted in a higher growth velocity and predicted final height compared to GnRH analogue treatment alone. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PARENTS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | GROWTH | HORMONES | PUBERTY | ADOPTION | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Child Development | Biology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Reproduction | Child Rearing | Behavior | Gonadotropins Document Number: 288578 |
| 28. Title: Effects of pretreatment with an oral contraceptive on the time required to achieve pituitary suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues and on subsequent implantation and pregnancy rates. Author: Biljan MM; Mahutte NG; Dean N; Hemmings R; Bissonnette F; Tan SL Source: FERTILITY AND STERILITY. 1998 Dec;70(6):1063-9. Abstract: Administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRH-a) before ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment produces higher pregnancy and live birth rates, but also results in formation of ovarian cysts that must be treated before stimulation can commence. The effect of pretreatment with an oral contraceptive (OC) on ovarian cyst formation during pituitary suppression with the GnRH-a buserelin acetate was investigated in a prospective randomized trial of women undergoing IVF at Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). 51 women were pretreated with an OC for 14 days, starting on the first day of menstruation, and began buserelin acetate (500 mcg/day) on the last day of OC administration. The 51 women in the control group were treated with the standard protocol of 500 mcg/day of buserelin acetate starting on the second day of menstruation. A cyst developed in 27 controls (52.9%) but in no women pretreated with OCs (odds ratio, 115; 95% confidence interval, 10.7-617.5). 49 pretreated women (96.1%) compared with 22 controls (43.1%) achieved pituitary suppression after 7 days of GnRH-a administration. Pretreated women also required a median of 10 fewer ampules of gonadotropin than controls, recruited a median of 3 more follicles than their non-pretreated counterparts, and had higher pregnancy rates (37.2% and 33.3%, respectively). OCs are assumed to prevent the formation of ovarian cysts during GnRH-a administration through a dual effect of pituitary suppression and ovarian protection. OC pretreatment enables a significant simplification of the long standard protocol of GnRH-a administration. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | OVARIAN CYSTS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | INFERTILITY | TREATMENT | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Clinical Research | Reproduction Document Number: 138554 |
| 29. Title: Pretreatment with an oral contraceptive is effective in reducing the incidence of functional ovarian cyst formation during pituitary suppression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Author: Biljan MM; Mahutte NG; Dean N; Hemmings R; Bissonnette F; Tan SL Source: JOURNAL OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS.. 1998 Nov;15(10):599-604. Abstract: A retrospective case-controlled study was undertaken to assess the effects of pretreatment with oral contraceptive (OC) on the formation of functional ovarian cysts during pituitary suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, subsequently follicular development, and pregnancy rates. In the period between January 1997 and December 1997, 31 in vitro fertilizations, all of which in a previous cycle, had commenced the long protocol of GnRH agonists in the early follicular phase and were pretreated in a subsequent cycle with an OC containing 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg desogestrel for 2 weeks prior GnRH agonist administration and then weekly until pituitary suppression was achieved. After data collection and analysis, findings revealed that functional ovarian cysts were detected in 16 (51.6%) of 31 patients not pretreated with an OC and in 0 (0%) of 31 patients pretreated with an OC. Satisfactory pituitary suppression was achieved more rapidly with patients pretreated with an OC. Further, comparable gonadotroph requirements and pregnancy rates were detected among patients pretreated with an OC. In conclusion, pretreating patients with an OC prior to pituitary suppression in the early follicular phase decreases ovarian cyst formation, without an apparent effect on subsequent follicular recruitment or pregnancy rates. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANCY RATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | OVARIAN CYSTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 142614 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception as prevention and therapy: sex steroids and the brain. Author: Stomati M; Genazzani AD; Petraglia F; Genazzani AR Source: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CONTRACEPTION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE. 1998 Mar;3(1):21-8. Abstract: Estrogens, progestins, and androgens induce multiple effects in brain areas of the central nervous system through binding with specific receptors. During a woman's reproductive life, the interaction between neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and gonadal hormones modulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) by acting selectively on the synthesis and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary gonadotropic hormones. The anterior pituitary lobe is the best known target tissue for endogenous or exogenous sex steroid hormones. At the hypothalamic level, the main target for sex steroids is neurons associated with the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The various types of estrogen and progestin molecules used in oral contraceptives inhibit the ovulatory process and may interfere with other sex steroid hormone receptors, thus exerting multiple effects in each target tissue. Various progestin molecules, used alone or in combination with ethinyl estradiol for contraception, exert different effects on hypothalamic and pituitary cells. Experimental studies have indicated that progesterone and norethisterone enanthate may act on the HPGA. Desogestrel and medroxyprogesterone acetate do not influence the inhibitory effects of estradiol benzoate at the hypothalamic level, but all gestagens have been shown to modulate the estrogen effects on pituitary cells. Language: English Keywords: ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | HORMONE RECEPTORS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | HYPOTHALAMUS | PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASING HORMONES | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Central Nervous System Document Number: 138977 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |