Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 1096 records

Your search found 1096 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

Subscription may be needed for full text

Title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog combined with a low-dose oral contraceptive to treat heavy menstrual bleeding.
Author: Cetin NN; Karabacak O; Korucuoglu U; Karabacak N
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar;104(3):236-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives used alone and in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog to treat heavy menstrual bleeding. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with heavy menstrual bleeding were prospectively randomized into two treatment groups to receive either a low-dose oral contraceptive alone (group 1), or combined with a GnRH analog (group 2) for 6 months. The patients' hormonal profiles, and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured at the beginning and at the end of the treatment period. RESULTS: Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels significantly improved in both groups after 6 months of treatment (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Even in the first month of the study, the number of pads used and the duration of menstruation were significantly decreased in both groups and markedly lower in group 2 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The addition of a GnRH analog to low-dose oral contraceptive treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding resulted in bettercontrol of vaginal bleeding, even in the first month of therapy.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | MENORRHAGIA | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | GONADOTROPINS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System
Document Number: 341388

Title: Postoperative long-term maintenance therapy with oral contraceptives after gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment in women with ovarian endometrioma.
Author: Park HJ; Koo YA; Yoon BK; Choi D
Source: Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. 2009 Jan-Feb;16(1):34-9.
Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: The goal of this preliminary study was to assess the effect of cyclic monophasic oral contraceptives (OCs) as a postoperative long-term maintenance therapy (median 33.2 months) to suppress recurrence of endometrioma after conservative ovarian surgery followed by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Adolescent and premarital clinic in a university hospital. PATIENTS: The study was performed on 51 patients who underwent conservative surgery for endometrioma followed by GnRH analog treatment for 6 months. INTERVENTIONS: We used cyclic monophasic OCs as maintenance therapy after surgical and medical treatment with GnRH analog for 6 months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cyclic monophasic OCs were offered to young patients (n=51, age=24.1+/-2.8 years) who did not want to conceive immediately, to prevent the recurrence of endometrioma after conservative surgery with 6 cycles of postoperative GnRH analog treatment. During the long-term follow-up period (median 41.2; range 19-94 months), no recurrences of the endometrioma occurred in the current OC users. One patient showed a recurrence of endometrioma at 12 months after the discontinuation of the OCs. The median duration of OC administration was 33.20 months (range 12-86). In addition, 4 of 10 patients became pregnant within 12 months of discontinuing the long-term OC therapy. CONCLUSION: Postoperative long-term maintenance therapy with OCs can effectively suppress endometrioma recurrence in adolescent and young patients.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | GONADOTROPINS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIOSIS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330833

Title: Polycystic ovary syndrome in the Indian subcontinent.
Author: Allahbadia GN; Merchant R
Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2008 Jan;26(1):22-.
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multifaceted, heterogeneous disorder that affects ~5 to 10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, and chronic anovulation along with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia as frequent metabolic traits (metabolic syndrome) that culminate in serious long-term consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, endometrial hyperplasia, and coronary artery disease. It is one of the most common causes of anovulatory infertility. However, the heterogeneous clinical features of PCOS may change throughout the life span, starting from adolescence to postmenopausal age, largely influenced by obesity and metabolic alterations, and the phenotype of women with PCOS is variable, depending on the ethnic background. The etiology of PCOS is yet to be elucidated; however, it is believed that in utero fetal programming may have a significant role in the development of PCOS phenotype in adult life. Though a woman may be genetically predisposed to developing PCOS, it is only the interaction of environmental factors (obesity) with the genetic factors that results in the characteristic metabolic and menstrual disturbances and the final expression of the PCOS phenotype. Irrespective of geographic locations, a rapidly increasing prevalence of polycystic ovarian insulin resistance syndrome, excess body fat, adverse body fat patterning, hypertriglyceridemia, and obesity-related disease, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have been reported in Asian Indians, suggesting that primary prevention strategies should be initiated early in this ethnic group. In lieu of the epidemic increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus in most industrialized countries including China and India owing to Westernization, urbanization, and mechanization, and evidence suggesting a pathogenetic role of obesity in the development of PCOS and related infertility, active intervention to combat the malice of these disorders is warranted. Pharmacologic therapy is a critical step in the management of patients with metabolic syndrome when lifestyle modifications fail to achieve the therapeutic goals, and studies in China and India have proved to be effective. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVARIAN CYSTS | PREVALENCE | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | DIABETES | METABOLIC EFFECTS | BODY WEIGHT | DRUGS | GONADOTROPINS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System
Document Number: 323539

Title: GnRH-analogues and oral contraceptives for fertility preservation in women during chemotherapy.
Author: Blumenfeld Z; von Wolff M
Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2008 Nov-Dec;14(6):543-52.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: For preserving fertility in women during chemotherapy, the character of invasive techniques, such as ovarian cryopreservation and other techniques, await further experience. Meanwhile, non-invasive techniques have attempted to minimize the gonadotoxic effect of chemotherapy, by using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-analogues (GnRH-a) or oral contraceptives (OC). METHODS: We performed a computerized MEDLINE search to identify articles published on fertility preservation using GnRH-a or OCs. RESULTS: Nine human-controlled studies reported the use of GnRH-a and four reported the use of OCs in parallel to chemotherapy. All nine studies analysing the effect of GnRH-a found lower rates of premature ovarian failure (POF) in patients receiving GnRH-a compared with the controls. Summarizing the studies resulted in 11.1% incidence of POF in patients who received GnRH-a compared with 55.5% incidence in the controls. Evidence using the fertility preserving effect of OC is limited. Two studies showed lower POF rates in OC-treated patients. The summarized data revealed a POF rate of 13.2% in patients who received OCs compared with that of 29.8% in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The published clinical studies provide evidence, but do not prove statistically, that GnRH-a co-treatment reduces gonadotoxicity. Owing to the retrospective and non-randomized nature of most of the studies, definite conclusions concerning the reduction of POF by GnRH-a can still not be unequivocally drawn. As GnRH-a and OC have no serious side effects and as GnRH-a can even reduce chemotherapy-induced complications, such as severe menometrorrhagia, GnRH-a are considered by many clinicians as a clinically useful co-treatment in chemotherapy. The published clinical studies on OC also suggest a possible effect on the reduction of POF under certain conditions.
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FERTILITY | GONADOTROPINS | TOXICITY | SIDE EFFECTS | TREATMENT | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 329621

Peer Reviewed

Title: Goserelin versus leuprolide before hysterectomy for uterine fibroids.
Author: Lim SS; Sockalingam JK; Tan PC
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 May;101(2):178-183.
Abstract: The objective was to compare goserelin and leuprolide given before hysterectomy for symptomatic large fibroid uteri. A randomized study of 66 premenopausal women with fibroid uteri at least 14 weeks of gestation in a gravid uterus. Women were randomized to receive either subcutaneous depot 3.6 mg goserelin or 3.75 mg leuprolide every 4 weeks for a total of 3 doses. Hysterectomy was performed within 1 month of the last dose. A total of 34 women randomized to the goserelin group and 31 women to the leuprolide group were available for analysis. Preoperative hemoglobin level (P=0.89), operative blood loss (P=0.72), and operating time (P=0.39) were not different between the 2 groups. Postoperative hemoglobin was higher in the leuprolide group (P=0.003), but blood transfusion requirement was not different between the groups (P=1.0). Other outcomes and side effects of the drugs were similar. Goserelin and leuprolide administered before hysterectomy for uterine fibroids have similar perioperative outcomes. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | UTERINE EFFECTS | FIBROIDS | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | GONADOTROPINS | HYSTERECTOMY | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | SIDE EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms, Benign | Neoplasms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Hemic System
Document Number: 325981

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of ovarian high response on implantation and pregnancy outcome during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (with GnRH agonist and rFSH).
Author: Chen QJ; Sun XX; Li L; Gao XH; Wu Y
Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2007;88(7):849-854.
Abstract: The study was aimed at investigating the effects of ovarian high response during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) on implantation and pregnancy outcome in fresh IVF/ICSI cycles, and subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. An analysis of 1,196 cycles using a long protocol with GnRHa and rFSH was performed. A serum oestrial level (peak E2) was obtained on the day of hCG administration, and patients were grouped by peak E2 percentile distribution into 3 groups. Normal responder was set as cut-off concentrations between percentile (P)25 and P75 (Group A: 1,199-3,047 pg/ml, 595 cycles). Moderate high responders were classified as peak E2 between P75-P90 (Group B: 3,048-4,127 pg/ml, 180 cycles). For the high response group, the E2 cut-off concentration was set as P90 and above (Group C: >/= 4,128 pg/ml, 119 cycles). Oocyte/embryo parameters and clinical outcomes were compared among the 3 groups in fresh cycles and subsequent FET cycles. Comparisons between groups revealed no difference in the quality of oocyte retrieved and in fertilisation rates. Group C showed decreased trends in implantation and pregnancy rates compared with Group A, but statistical significance was reached only for the difference in implantation rates. Implantation and pregnancy rates in FET cycles were similar among the 3 groups. High serum estrogen levels were detrimental to implantation, but not to the quality of oocytes, which may be due to an adverse effect on endometrial receptivity in COH cycles. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVULATION | GONADOTROPINS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | IMPLANTATION | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Pregnancy | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 317961

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Are GnRH antagonists comparable to agonists for use in IVF?
Author: Huirne JA; Homburg R; Lambalk CB
Source: Human Reproduction. 2007;22(11):2805-2813.
Abstract: We believe that appropriate comparison of optimal GnRH agonist and antagonist regimens has not been performed yet. Currently available meta-analyses included all comparative studies between GnRH agonists and antagonists performed so far, including less than optimal GnRH antagonist regimens. After critical appraisal of the various studied GnRH antagonist regimens in terms of follicular development and IVF outcome, we postulate that early suppression of endogenous FSH results in optimal follicular development. Additionally, stable and early suppression of LH and progesterone levels during the entire period of stimulation may be an advantage for implantation and pregnancy outcome. In this respect, single dose and particularly flexible protocols seem to be less advantageous. Early FSH and LH suppression can be achieved by early GnRH antagonist administration (stimulation day 1) or by oral contraceptive (OC) pretreatment. More studies comparing long GnRH agonist protocols with 'long' GnRH antagonist protocols, with enough power to identify differences in pregnancy rates, are required before appropriate comparison can be made. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GONADOTROPINS | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 321407

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Human chorionic gonadotropin in cervicovaginal secretion as a predictor of preterm delivery.
Author: Kashanian M; Asl MM; Zadeh JK
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Apr;97(1):44-51.
Abstract: A prospective study was conducted with 150 women between the 24th and 34th weeks of a singleton pregnancy who had symptoms suggestive of preterm labor. The inclusion criteria were 4 regular uterine contractions per 20-min intervals, accompanied by low back pain or low abdominal pain; pelvic pressure; and increased vaginal discharge. Exclusion criteria were ruptured membranes; vaginal bleeding; cervical dilatation of 4 cm or more; cervical cerclage in the present pregnancy; placenta previa; a history of trauma and tocolysis; pre-eclampsia; and fever (body temperature higher than 37.8 �C). There were 71 women (47.3%) delivered after 37 weeks of pregnancy (the group at term) and 79 (52.7%) delivered before 37 weeks of pregnancy (the preterm group). After a sample of cervicovaginal secretions was obtained, the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) present in the secretions were measured by immunoassay and compared between the 2 groups. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREMATURE LABOR | PREMATURE BIRTH | GONADOTROPINS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases
Document Number: 314550

12.

Title: The effect of oral contraceptives on assisted reproductive technolog cycles.
Author: Kolibianakis EM; Venetis CA; Tarlatzis BC
Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007 Jun;19(3):244-247.
Abstract: The purpose of the review was to summarize the available data regarding the value of oral contraceptive pill addition in ovarian stimulation schemes used for in-vitro fertilization. In agonists cycles, a decreased incidence of ovarian cyst formation is expected in patients pretreated with the oral contraceptive pill after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist administration compared to those treated according to a long follicular protocol. In antagonist cycles, oral contraceptive pill pretreatment appears to be feasible and has been used for programming cycle initiation. Solid evidence regarding its effect on the probability of pregnancy is, however, currently lacking. The optimal use of oral contraceptive pretreatment as well as its effect on in-vitro fertilization outcome have not yet been fully explored. The effect of oral contraceptive pill pretreatment is worth further investigation in properly designed trials. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GREECE | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | GONADOTROPINS | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | FERTILITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Diseases
Document Number: 313498

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The most frequent hormone dysfunctions in juvenile bleeding.
Author: Lazovic G; Radivojevic U; Milicevic S; Milosevic V; Spremovic S
Source: International Journal of Fertility. 2007 Jan-Feb;52(1):35-40.
Abstract: The main goal of this study was to investigate the precise hormone dysfunction that leads to dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) in adolescent girls so that, with the appropriate therapy, the occurrence of organic dysfunctions of their reproductive function can be prevented. This study included 70 adolescents with DUB aged 14.70 +or- 1.70 and 30 healthy adolescents aged 13.7+or- 1.83. Hormone examinations indicated the presence of three typical endocrinological findings of the adolescents with DUB: the first group with FSH values within the normal range, but low LH values, the lower value of estradiol and absence of hyperandrogenism; the second group with higher LH values and normal FSH values but one third with hyperandrogenism; and the third group with normal FSH and LH values, but with hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Comparing the hormone values obtained in the control group and the group with DUB, we have concluded that hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, lower values of progesterone, and dysfunctions in secretion of gonadotropin are statistically important factors for the origin of juvenile bleeding. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | METRORRHAGIA | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ANDROGENS | PROGESTERONE | GONADOTROPINS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Progestational Hormones
Document Number: 326061

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of single administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle.
Author: Okewole IA; Arowojolu AO; Odusoga OL; Oloyede OA; Adeleye OA
Source: Contraception. 2007 May;75(5):372-377.
Abstract: Levonorgestrel (LNG) 1.5 mg administered within 72 h of unprotected coitus is an established method of emergency contraception. Currently, there is some, although incomplete, knowledge about the mechanism of action. We administered 1.5 mg LNG peri-ovulatory to determine the effects on serum gonadotrophins, estradiol and progesterone levels. Fourteen women were studied in a pretreatment and treatment cycle; eight women (Group A) took LNG 3 days before the expected day of ovulation, while 6 (Group B) took LNG a day before the expected day of ovulation. The women in Group A had a significant delay in their LH peak and onset of the next menses compared with their pretreatment cycles (26.4 vs. 39.1 days, p < .05). Those in Group B had no significant changes in the endocrine parameters but there was a significant shortening of the mean cycle length in comparison with their pretreatment cycles (25.1 vs. 20.2 days). Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg acts as an emergency contraception by delaying the LH surge and interfering with ovulation. It may also disrupt corpus luteum formation causing premature luteinization of unruptured follicles. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | LEVONORGESTREL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | GONADOTROPINS | ESTRADIOL | PROGESTERONE | EVALUATION | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Estrogens | Progestational Hormones
Document Number: 313403

15.

Title: Intratesticular androgens and spermatogenesis during severe gonadotropin suppression induced by male hormonal contraceptive treatment.
Author: Page ST; Kalhorn TF; Bremner WJ; Anawalt BD; Matsumoto AM
Source: Journal of Andrology. 2007 Sep-Oct;28(5):734-741.
Abstract: Male hormonal contraceptive regimens function by suppressing gonadotropin secretion, resulting in a dramatic decrease in testicular androgen biosynthesis and spermatogenesis. Animal studies suggest that persistent intratesticular (iT)-androgen production has a stimulatory effect on spermatogenesis in the setting of gonadotropin suppression. We hypothesized that men with incompletely suppressed spermatogenesis (> 1 000 000 sperm/mL) during male hormonal contraceptive treatment would have higher iTandrogen concentrations than men who achieved severe oligospermia (Language: English
Keywords:
WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | ANDROGENS | TESTIS | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | GONADOTROPINS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Gonadotropins, Pituitary
Document Number: 319476

16.

Title: South Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome exhibit greater sensitivity to gonadotropin stimulation with reduced fertilization and ongoing pregnancy rates than their Caucasian counterparts.
Author: Palep-Singh M; Picton HM; Vrotsou K; Maruthini D; Balen AH
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007 Oct;134(2):202-207.
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome. In vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is required for PCOS cases that are refractory to standard ovulation induction or have co-existing infertility factors in women with PCOS and Tubal factor subfertility. The objective was to assess ethnic variations in response to IVF/ICSI treatment. The study design was an Observational Comparative study in a University hospital fertility clinic in women with PCOS and Tubal factor subfertility. Women with PCOS (Asians: AP = 104; Caucasians: CP = 220) and those with tubal factor infertility seeking fertility treatment were assessed (Asians: AC = 84; Caucasians: CC = 200). Six hundred and eight fresh IVF or ICSI cycles using long protocol of GnRHa suppression and resulting in a fresh embryo transfer were compared. The primary endpoint was to assess the dose of gonadotropins used in the cycles. The secondary outcomes were: total number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization and ongoing clinical pregnancy rates. We found that the South Asian women presented at a younger age for the management of sub-fertility. An extended stimulation phase and Caucasian ethnicity showed an inverse correlation with the number of oocytes retrieved in the PCOS subgroup. Caucasian ethnicity was associated with a higher fertilization rate however increase in body mass index (BMI) and the laboratory technique of IVF appeared to have a negative impact on fertilization rates in the PCOS subgroup. Commencing down regulation on day 1 of the cycles was negatively associated with fertilization rates in the tubal group. In terms of clinical pregnancy rates, the Caucasian PCOS had a 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.25-5) higher chance of an ongoing clinical pregnancy as compared with their Asian counterpart. Also, a unit increase in the basal FSH concentration reduced the odds of pregnancy by 18.6% (95% CI: 1.8-32.6%) in the PCOS group. The Asian PCOS have a greater sensitivity to gonadotropin stimulation with lower fertilization and ongoing clinical pregnancy rates as compared with their Caucasian counterparts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ASIANS | WHITES | OVARIAN CYSTS | INFERTILITY | TREATMENT | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | GONADOTROPINS | FERTILIZATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 320782

17.

Title: Gonadal function in adolescent patients submitted to chemotherapy during childhood or during the pubertal period.
Author: Rosa e Silva AC; Rosa e Silva JC; Reis RM; Tone LG; Silva de Sa MF
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2007 Apr;20(2):89-91.
Abstract: The study objective was to determine the presence of impaired gonadal function in adolescent patients submitted to chemotherapy during childhood or during the pubertal period. Design: A case series study of 28 patients aged 12 to 19 years with menarche at least 2 years before the study. Setting: Tertiary care public hospital. Participants: Group I: 14 adolescents previously submitted to chemotherapy during the prepubertal or peripubertal period and with remission of oncologic disease for at least 2 years; Group II: 14 normal adolescents with no previous oncologic disease and with regular menstrual cycles. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: Pubertal development, menstrual cycles and serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined during the early follicular phase. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of age at appearance of secondary sexual characteristics or age at menarche. Menstrual irregularity was detected in 7 of the 14 patients in Group I, all 8 of whom presented oligomenorrhea. There were no differences in LH levels between the two groups (P = 0.55), although mean FSH levels were higher in Group I than in Group II (6.71 � 2.99 mIU/ml vs. 3.83 � 2.01 mIU/ml, P = 0.01). Although girls submitted to chemotherapy during the prepubertal or peripubertal period presented normal sexual development, the incidence of oligomenorrhea was higher than expected for their age, and FSH levels, although within normal limits, were higher than those seen in normally cycling girls. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | INCIDENCE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | GONADOTROPINS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 315906

18.

Title: Efficacy of combined treatment with growth hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue in children with poor prognosis of adult height.
Author: Toumba M; Bacopoulou I; Savva SC; Skordis N
Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2007 Jul 17;44(7):497-502.
Abstract: This study was conducted to study the role of combination therapy of growth hormone and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) or idiopathic short stature (ISS). Five girls with CPP (median age 9.1 y, pubertal stage 2-3) (3 of them previously treated with GnRH analogue (GnRHa) for 16.2 +or- 0.3 months) and 8 girls with ISS (median age 11.4 y, pubertal stage 2-3) (previously treated with GH for 10.95 +or- 1.42 months), were treated with recombinant human GH (0.33mg/kg/week) and GnRHa (3.75 mg/28 days) for 22 months. Height of girls with CPP improved from -1.3 to -0.2 SDS and height for BA from -2.1 to -0.6 SDS (P = 0.042). Predicted adult height (PAH) improved from -3.1 to -0.6 SDS (P = 0.042). In girls with ISS only PAH improved from -3.0 to -1.5 SDS (P = 0.025). Combined treatment improves height and PAH in CPP. Height in ISS is also improved however not significantly. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CYPRUS | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CHILD, FEMALE | GONADOTROPINS | BODY HEIGHT | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 322803

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Clinicopathologic characteristics of uterine adenomyoma in pregnant women.
Author: Wang JH; He XH; Wu RJ; Xu XR
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2007 Jul;88(1):172-175.
Abstract: The objective was to study the clinicopathologic characteristics and the treatment means of pregnant women with uterine adenomyoma. The design used was a retrospective, consecutive, controlled study. The setting for the study was the University hospital for obstetrics and gynecology. Eighteen pregnant women with uterine adenomyoma were used for the study. Data collection and statistical analysis were examined. Eighteen pregnant women with uterine adenomyoma were diagnosed by excision of adenomyoma tissue during cesarean section and histopathology. The 18 subjects were retrospectively divided into treatment group (achieving this pregnancy by treatment; 10 cases) and control group (having no difficulty conceiving; 8 cases). The clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment means of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. The mean volume of uterine adenomyoma in the treatment group was larger than that of the control group. The methods of treating women with uterine adenomyoma-associated infertility include GnRH agonist (GnRH-a: 6 cases), GnRH-a and IVF and embryo transfer (3 cases), and traditional Chinese medicines (1 case). Severe uterine adenomyoma correlate with infertility in women of childbearing age. GnRH-a is effective in treating women with uterine adenomyoma-associated infertility. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | CESAREAN SECTION | UTERINE CANCER | GONADOTROPINS | TREATMENT | PREGNANCY | INFERTILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction
Document Number: 318318

20.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Pubertal evaluation of adolescent boys with beta-thalassemia major and delayed puberty.
Author: Al-Rimawi HS; Jallad MF; Amarin ZO; Al Sakaan R
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Oct;86(4):886-890.
Abstract: The objective was to examine the hormonal status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in adolescent males with �-thalassemia major. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: Tertiary referral teaching hospital. Patient(s): Thirty-three adolescent males with �-thalassemia major. Basal LH, FSH, and T were examined. All individuals received 100 �g GnRH analogue. Four hours later the hormone levels were retested. Patients with �-thalassemia and low T levels received hCG. The preintervention and postintervention levels of FSH, LH, and T were examined. Of the 33 �-thalassemia major adolescents, 17 had delayed puberty. The difference in basal LH, FSH, and T levels between delayed and normal puberty �-thalassemia groups were statistically significant. These levels were significantly lower compared with the constitutional delayed puberty group and become even more significant after GnRH analogue administration. The T levels in the �-thalassemia group were significantly lower than in the control group. After hCG administration, the T levels remained significantly lower in the delayed puberty �-thalassemia compared to the normal-puberty �-thalassemia group. Despite recent therapeutic advances in the management of �-thalassemia major, the risk of secondary endocrine dysfunction remains high. Hypogonadism is one of the most frequent endocrine complications. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | PUBERTY | GONADOTROPINS | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 307803

21.

Title: Gonadal hormones and gonadotrophins in healthy males beyond forty years.
Author: Ansari AJ; Kibria SA; Islam F
Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2006 May;56(5):203-207.
Abstract: The objective was to determine and compare the sex hormones, gonadotrophins and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in healthy males of different age groups. One hundred eighty five consecutive healthy nonobese males of age 40-90 years were studied. Serum samples were assayed for total testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH and SHBG estimation by radioimmunometric method. The subjects were divided into five age groups and the mean serum concentrations of each parameter were compared among the groups. No significant difference in the mean serum concentrations of total testosterone, SHBG, LH and FSH was found among the different age groups(p > 0.05 by Anova). Significant age related decrease was found in the serum estradiol concentration (p < 0.05) by both Anova and Pearson's Correlation test. There is no significant age related change in serum total testosterone, gonadotrophin and SHBG concentrations in healthy males beyond forty years. Significant age related decrease in serum estradiol needs further studies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | AGE FACTORS | TESTOSTERONE | GONADOTROPINS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 301940

22.
Title: Growth in precocious puberty.
Author: Brown JJ; Warne GL
Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2006 Jan;73(1):81-88.
Abstract: Growth in precocious puberty is a subject of concern to families and clinicians alike. The definition of precocious puberty and the role of obesity in the age of onset have also been areas of debate since the Lawson Wilkins Society recommended a lowering of the age of onset of precocious puberty in US girls. An understanding of growth patterns in normal children with earlier or later onset of puberty and the variable rate of progression between individuals with central precocious puberty as well as the imprecision in available height prediction methods are important in assessing height outcomes in this condition. In the absence of randomized controlled trials in this area, only qualified conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions can be drawn. In general, it appears that height outcome is not compromised in untreated slowly progressive variants of central precocious puberty. In rapidly progressing central precocious puberty in girls, gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists (GnRH agonists) appear to increase final height by about 5cm in girls treated before the age of eight, but there is no height benefit in those treated after eight years. Scanly data is available to assess treatment effects in boys. GnRH agonists appear to be relatively safe. The decision to treat central precocious puberty should take into account rate of progression of pubertal changes as well as biochemical markers and may need to address other factors (for example psychosocial and behavioural issues) as well as height outcome. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | PUBERTY | GROWTH | OBESITY | AGE FACTORS | BODY HEIGHT | GONADOTROPINS | HORMONES | SEX FACTORS | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Child Development | Biology | Body Weight | Physiology | Endocrine System | Behavior
Document Number: 297531

23.
Title: Role of latent genital tuberculosis in repeated IVF failure in the Indian clinical setting.
Author: Dam P; Shirazee HH; Goswami SK; Ghosh S; Ganesh A
Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2006;61(4):223-227.
Abstract: Genital tuberculosis is reported to be a major pelvic factor causing infertility in Indian women and often exists without any apparent signs and symptoms. The role of latent tuberculosis in repeated IVF failure in unexplained infertility is examined. 81 women with unexplained infertility having repeated IVF failure tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis using PCR, ZN staining and BACTEC-460 culture were selected. Fresh IVF-ET or frozen embryo transfer (FET) was attempted on patients successfully treated with anti-tubercular drugs (ATD). ATD-treated fresh cycles (group A1) and frozen cycles (group B1) were compared to previously failed fresh cycles (group A2) and FET attempts (group B2), respectively. Main outcome measures were gonadotropin required, terminal E2, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, embryo quality, endometrial thickness and sub-endometrial blood flow (V/max). Gonadotropin required in group A1 was significantly less as compared to group A2. Number of oocytes retrieved and grade I embryos, endometrial thickness and V/max were significantly higher in group A1. Endometrial thickness and V/max were significantly increased in group B1 as compared to B2. The study indicates that latent tuberculosis should be considered in young Indian patients presenting with unexplained infertility with apparently normal pelvic and non-endometrial tubal factors and repeated IVF failure. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TUBERCULOSIS, FEMALE GENITAL | INFERTILITY | IN VITRO | ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | EMBRYO TRANSFER | ANTIBIOTICS | GONADOTROPINS | PREGNANCY RATE | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | TUBAL EFFECTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Tuberculosis | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Reproductive Technologies | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Fallopian Tubes
Document Number: 302367

24.
Title: Intrauterine insemination versus timed intercourse for cervical hostility in subfertile couples.
Author: Helmerhorst FM; van Vliet HA; Gornas T; Finken MJ; Grimes DA
Source: Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 2006 Jun;61(6):402-414.
Abstract: The postcoital test has poor diagnostic and prognostic characteristics. Nevertheless, some physicians believe it can identify scanty or abnormal mucus that might impair fertility. One way to avoid "hostile" cervical mucus is intrauterine insemination. With this technique, the physician injects sperm directly into the uterine cavity through a small catheter passed through the cervix; the theory is to bypass the "hostile" cervical mucus. Although most gynecologic societies do not endorse use of intrauterine insemination for hostile cervical mucus, some physicians consider it an effective treatment for women with infertility through the result of cervical mucus problems. The aim of this review was to determine the effectiveness of intrauterine insemination with or without ovarian stimulation in women with cervical hostility who failed to conceive. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2005, MEDLINE (1966 to June 2005), EMBASE (1980 to June 2005), POPLINE (to June 2005), and LILACS (to June 2005). In addition, we contacted experts and searched the reference list of relevant articles and book chapters. We included randomized and quasirandomized, controlled trials comparing intrauterine insemination with intercourse timed at the presumed fertile period. Participants were women with cervical hostility who failed to conceive for at least 1 year. We assessed the titles and abstracts of 386 publications and 2 reviewers independently abstracted data on methods and results from 5 studies identified for inclusion. The main outcome is pregnancy rate per couple. We did not pool the outcomes of the included 5 studies in a meta-analysis resulting from the methodological quality of the trials and variations in the patient characteristics and interventions. Narrative summaries of the outcomes are provided. Each study was too small for a clinically relevant conclusion. None of the studies provided information on important outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancies, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. There is no evidence from the published studies that intrauterine insemination is an effective treatment for cervical hostility. Given the poor diagnostic and prognostic properties of the postcoital test and the observation that the test has no benefit on pregnancy rates, intrauterine insemination (with or without ovarian stimulation) is unlikely to be a useful treatment for putative problems identified by postcoital testing. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | STUDY DESIGN | WOMEN | COUPLES | ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD | INFERTILITY | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | GONADOTROPINS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Natural Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 306481

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of oral contraceptive pill pretreatment on ongoing pregnancy rates in patients stimulated with GnRH antagonists and recombinant FSH for IVF. A randomized controlled trial.
Author: Kolibianakis EM; Papanikolaou EG; Camus M; Tournaye H; Van Steirteghem AC
Source: Human Reproduction. 2006;21(2):352-357.
Abstract: The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the effect of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) pretreatment on the probability of ongoing pregnancy in patients treated with a GnRH antagonist for IVF. A fixed dose of 200 I recombinant FSH (rFSH) was started in 425 patients either on day 2 of the menstrual cycle (non-OCP group: n = 211) or 5 days after discontinuing the OCP (OCP group: n = 214). GnRH-antagonist was initiated on day 6 of stimulation, and triggering of final oocyte maturation was performed with 10,000 I of HCG. Ongoing pregnancy rates per started cycle in the non-OCP and OCP group were 27.5% and 22.9%, respectively [95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference: -3.7 to +12.8]. Pregnancy loss was significantly increased in the OCP (36.4%) compared with the non-OCP group (21.6%) (95% CI of the difference: -28.4 to -2.3). Pretreatment with OCP, as compared with initiation of stimulation on day 2 of the cycle in patients treated with GnRH antagonist and recombinant FSH, appears to be associated with a not significant difference in ongoing pregnancy rates per started cycle and results in a significantly higher early pregnancy loss. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | CLIENTS | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | GONADOTROPINS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinical Research | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy
Document Number: 297020

26.
Title: The science behind 25 years of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization.
Author: Macklon NS; Stouffer RL; Giudice LC; Fauser BC
Source: Endocrine Reviews. 2006 Apr;27(2):170-207.
Abstract: To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal phase progesterone supplementation are usually added. These approaches render ovarian stimulation complex and costly. The stimulation of multiple follicular development disrupts the physiology of follicular development, with consequences for the oocyte, embryo, and endometrium. To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal phase progesterone supplementation are usually added. These approaches render ovarian stimulation complex and costly. The stimulation of multiple follicular development disrupts the physiology of follicular development, with consequences for the oocyte, embryo, and endometrium. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | GONADOTROPINS | EMBRYO | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | CLOMIPHENE | CORPUS LUTEUM | EMBRYO TRANSFER | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Endometrium | Uterus | Pregnancy | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning | Reproductive Technologies
Document Number: 292153

27.
Title: Contraception in felids.
Author: Munson L
Source: Theriogenology. 2006 Jul 1;66(1):126-134.
Abstract: Contraceptives are used for reversible reproductive control in genetically valuable wild felids, as permanent reproductive control in generic wild felids, and as an economically practicable means to control feral cats. The progestin contraceptives, megestrol acetate, melengesterol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and levonorgestrol (administered orally, in implants, or as depot injections), are effective in preventing pregnancy. However, long-term use is associated with endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, and mammary cancer. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs or luteinizing hormone vaccines that achieve contraception by suppressing ovarian or testicular function, do not have the adverse health effects of progestins. However, reliable reversibility has not been demonstrated, and male secondary sex characteristics may be suppressed. Bisdiamines also inhibit spermatogenesis and lower circulating testosterone concentrations in treated male cats. Porcine zona pellucida vaccines are ineffective contraceptives in felids and may cause serious health problems when combined with some adjuvants. Because of the limited availability of nonprogestin contraceptives and side effects associated with some agents, widespread application of contraception to felids has been curtailed. More non-steroidal methods of contraception should be tested in the future to provide alternatives for controlling reproduction in felids. Furthermore, all empirical information on contraceptive safety and efficacy should be assembled in a database to provide the knowledge needed by veterinarians and managers to determine benefits/risks of currently available contraceptives in felids, both domestic and wild. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MEN | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | GONADOTROPINS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health
Document Number: 306647

29.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Male contraception: a realistic option?
Author: Wenk M; Nieschlag E
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Jun;11(2):69-80.
Abstract: This review illustrates the principle of hormonal male contraception and gives an overview of current trials aiming at the development of a marketable hormonal contraceptive for men. The principle of male hormonal contraception is based on strong suppression of gonadotropins in order to arrest spermatogenesis at the spermatogonial stem cell level, thus leading to azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Until now, it has not been possible to interrupt spermatogenesis effectively without simultaneously inhibiting the production of androgens by Leydig cells, resulting in a deficiency of extra-testicular androgens. Therefore, testosterone needs to be replaced. By administering exogenous testosterone alone azoospermia can be reached in East Asians, whereas azoospermia is only achieved in two-thirds of Caucasian volunteers so that in these men an additional agent is required. Currently injectable testosterone combined with gestagens or administered as implants are being tested for possible licensing. Although scrotal and non-scrotal testosterone patches, orally administered testosterone undecanoate and testosterone gels are generally well tolerated and provide stable testosterone levels in the normal range, their use showed generally disappointing efficacy due to insufficient gonadotropin suppression. Further large multicentre studies are required to establish the contraceptive efficacy of the most promising steroid combinations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | MALE CONTRACEPTION | TESTOSTERONE | GONADOTROPINS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 302699

30.
Title: Intramuscular testosterone enanthate plus very low dosage oral levonorgestrel suppresses spermatogenesis without causing weight gain in normal young men: a randomized clinical trial.
Author: Anawalt BD; Amory JK; Herbst KL; Coviello AD; Page ST
Source: Journal of Andrology. 2005 May-Jun;26(3):405-413.
Abstract: The development of a safe, well-tolerated, effective, and reversible male hormonal contraceptive would be a major clinical advance for couples planning their family size and for control of population growth. High-dosage parenteral testosterone (T) esters alone or in combination with a progestogen (eg, depot medroxyprogesterone) have been shown to confer effective and reversible male contraception in clinical trials, but these regimens are associated with weight gain and suppression of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels. We have previously demonstrated that intramuscular T enanthate 100 mg weekly plus oral levonorgestrel (LNG) 125, 250, or 500 �g daily suppresses spermatogenesis to levels associated with effective contraception, but there is a LNG�dosage-dependent effect of weight gain and HDL suppression. We hypothesized that intramuscular T enanthate 100 mg weekly plus a very low dosage of oral LNG would effectively suppress spermatogenesis in normal men without inducing weight gain or HDL suppression. We conducted a randomized trial comparing 6 months of intramuscular T enanthate (100 mg weekly) plus 31.25 �g of oral LNG daily (T+LNG 31; n = 20) or 62.5 �g of oral LNG daily (T+LNG 62; n = 21). The 2 regimens were equally effective in suppressing spermatogenesis to azoospermia, fewer than 1 million sperm/mL and fewer than 3 million sperm/mL (T+LNG 31 [60%, 85%, and 90%] vs T+LNG 62 [62%, 91%, and 95%] for azoospermia, fewer than 1 million and fewer than 3 million, respectively; P = NS). The T+LNG 31 group did not gain weight (0.25 � 1.08 kg; P = NS compared with baseline), but the T+LNG 62 group gained 2.5 � 0.77 kg (P < .05 compared with baseline). Serum HDL cholesterol levels declined significantly in both groups (percentage decline month 6 of treatment vs baseline: 12.0% � 2.6% and 15.1% � 3.0%; P < .05 for T+LNG 31 and 62 respectively). Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels also declined in both groups (percentage decline month 6 of treatment vs baseline: 6.9 � 3.9 and 6.0% � 4.1%; P < .05 for T+LNG 31 and P = NS for T+LNG 62). There were no clinically significant adverse events or significant changes in hematology or chemistry profiles in either group during the study. We conclude that 1) intramuscular T plus oral LNG has a very potent synergistic effect in suppressing spermatogenesis at LNG dosages equal to or lower than dosages used in common female oral contraceptive regimens and 2) large, long- term contraceptive efficacy trials should be conducted with a variety of androgenprogestogen combinations including long-acting T formulations such as depot T pellets or intramuscular T undecanoate plus depot LNG or very low dosage oral LNG. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | GONADOTROPINS | TESTOSTERONE | SPERMATOGENESIS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Androgens | Reproduction
Document Number: 292601


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy