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1.
Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies]
Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9.
Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive.
Language: Serbian
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342047

2.
Title: Intrauterine devices: an effective alternative to oral hormonal contraception.
Source: Prescrire International. 2009 Jun;18(101):125-30.
Abstract: (1) Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are placed in the uterine cavity with the objective of providing long-term contraception, mainly by preventing fertilisation. The best-known IUDs contain copper, but there is also an IUD delivering levonorgestrel, a progestin; (2) How effective are these devices, and what are their adverse effects? To answer these questions, we analysed the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology; (3) T-shaped copper IUDs, with a copper surface area of 380 mm2 on 3 arms, and the levonorgestrel-releasing device, have similar contraceptive efficacy as combined oral contraceptives that are used correctly. In contrast, IUDs are more effective than oral contraception used incorrectly; (4) Among IUD users, there are on average about 6 pregnancies per 1000 woman-years. There is less experience with the levonorgestrel IUD which seems to be at least as effective as copper IUDs; (5) The rare intrauterine pregnancies that occur in women using an IUD generally end in miscarriage. About 25% of these pregnancies end in a live birth if the device is left in place, compared to about 90% if the device is removed; (6) Ectopic pregnancies are rarer in IUD users than in women who do not use contraception. However, about one in 20 pregnancies that occur in women using an IUD is ectopic; (7) The IUD is expelled in about 5% to 10% of cases within 5 years, and expulsion recurs in about 30% of these women; (8) Problems such as difficult insertion, pain, bleeding and syncope are reported in less than 1.5% of cases overall; (9) Uterine perforation during insertion is rare, occurring in 0.6 to 16 cases per 1000 insertions, regardless of the type of IUD. The risk of perforation is higher when the IUD is inserted less than 4 to 6 weeks after delivery or elective abortion; (10) During the first 3 months after insertion, the risk of pelvic infection is slightly higher than in the general population, especially in women with pre-existing asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection. There are about 6 pelvic infections per 1000 woman-years of IUD use. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis is unnecessary. The interview and physical examination may lead to diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection or other sexually transmitted infections. In these cases, treatment may be needed before IUD insertion. Women must be warned that IUDs do not protect them from sexually transmitted diseases; (11) Menstrual bleeding is often heavier in women with cooper IUDs than in women who do not use IUDs, and may be associated with menstrual pain; (12) The levonorgestrel IUD is associated with a marked reduction in menstrual blood loss and irregular bleeding; amenorrhoea occurs in 35% of women after 2 years of use. The levonorgestrel IUD also has hormonal adverse effects such as headache, acne, breast tension and functional ovarian cysts; (13) IUDs can safely be used in breastfeeding women, immediately after a pregnancy, in cases of diabetes or HIV infection, during nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy, and after an ectopic pregnancy. The only problems occurring in women who have never had children are pain during insertion and more frequent expulsions; (14) A copper IUD is a first-line contraceptive method for women with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or coronary events; (15) It is better to postpone IUD insertion when the woman has a genital tract infection or unexplained vaginal bleeding; (16) IUD insertion is an effective alternative to "morning-after" hormonal contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | IUD COMPLICATIONS | IUD EXPULSION | INSERTION | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | UTERINE PERFORATION | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Safety | Public Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Perforations
Document Number: 342301

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts.
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Sep;114(3):679-80.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Functional ovarian cysts are a common gynecological problem among women of reproductive age worldwide. When large, persistent, or painful, these cysts may require operations, sometimes resulting in removal of the ovary. Since early oral contraceptives were associated with a reduced incidence of functional ovarian cysts, many clinicians inferred that birth control pills could be used to treat cysts as well. This became a common clinical practice in the early 1970s. OBJECTIVES:: This review examined all randomized controlled trials that studied oral contraceptives as therapy for functional ovarian cysts. SEARCH STRATEGY:: We searched the databases of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, POPLINE, and EMBASE, as well as clinical trials databases (ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP). We also examined the reference lists of articles and wrote to authors of identified trials to seek articles we had missed. SELECTION CRITERIA:: We included randomized controlled trials in any language that included oral contraceptives used for treatment and not prevention of functional ovarian cysts. Criteria for diagnosis of cysts were those used by authors of trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:: Two authors independently abstracted data from the articles. One entered the data into RevMan and a second verified accuracy of data entry. For dichotomous outcomes, we used Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For continuous outcomes, we calculated mean differences with 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS:: We identified seven randomized controlled trials from four countries; the studies included a total of 500 women. Treatment with combined oral contraceptives did not hasten resolution of functional ovarian cysts in any trial. This held true for cysts that occurred spontaneously as well as those that developed after ovulation induction. Most cysts resolved without treatment within a few cycles; persistent cysts tended to be pathological (e.g., endometrioma or para-ovarian cyst) and not physiological. AUTHORS' CONCLUSION:: Although widely used for treating functional ovarian cysts, combined oral contraceptives appear to be of no benefit. Watchful waiting for two or three cycles is appropriate. Should cysts persist, surgical management is often indicated.Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006134. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006134.pub2. Copyright the Cochrane Collaboration, reproduced with permission.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | INCIDENCE | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TREATMENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Measurement | Research Methodology | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342569

Peer Reviewed

Title: ACOG Committee Opinion No. 434: induced abortion and breast cancer risk.
Author: Committee on Gynecologic Practice
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;113(6):1417-8.
Abstract: The Relationship between induced abortion and the subsequent development of breast cancer has been the subject of a substantial amount of epidemiologic study. Early studies of the relationship between prior induced abortion and breast cancer risk were methodologically flawed. More rigorous recent studies demonstrate no causal relationship between induced abortion and a subsequent increase in breast cancer risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ABORTION | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | BIAS | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Public Health | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 341807 Notification

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraception.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] [2009]. 12 p.
Abstract: A number of technological developments can make injections safer for administration, whether by health personnel, trained community workers or the women themselves: sub-cutaneous injections, which have less complications than intra-muscular injections; non-reusable disposable syringes Distribution by community health workers needs special attention to: the possibility that a woman is already pregnant (or seeking an abortion by using an injectable); the screening of women with pre-existing conditions or on medications; the need for counselling for side-effects (in particular: vaginal bleeding irregularities, amenorrhea, weight gain, delay in return to fertility); the safety of injections to the woman and to the health worker; the possible confusion between different injectables --provided by public and private sectors. To complement pre-service and in-service training, a number of job aids are available to support community workers providing injectables: medical eligibility criteria wheel to screen for eligibility; pregnancy checklist; simplified material for the management of side-effects (bleeding, amenorrhea, weight changes, etc). (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Safety | Public Health | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 331838

Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

Title: [Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study] operations manual. Final draft.
Author: Harvard University; University of Washington. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; Johns Hopkins University; University of Queensland; World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: [Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University, 2009 Jan 20 142 p.
Abstract: The final draft of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study Operations Manual is intended to serve as a guide for the Expert Groups working on the GBD Study. There are opportunities to provide input and feedback, and instructions to do so are included in the operations manual. The new Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (the GBD 2005 Study), which commenced in the spring of 2007, is led by a consortium including Harvard University, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Queensland, and the World Health Organization WHO). It is the first major effort since the GBD 1990 Study to carry out a complete systematic assessment of the data on all diseases and injuries, and produce comprehensive and comparable estimates of the burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors for two time periods, 1990 and 2005. By November 2010 the project will produce a final set of estimates. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | DATA ANALYSIS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | DISEASES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | RISK ASSESSMENT | BIAS | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Dynamics | Public Health | Measurement | Evaluation | Error Sources
Document Number: 331797

10.

Title: Global action for health system strengthening: Policy recommendations to the G8 Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening.
Author: Japan Center for International Exchange. Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening
Source: Tokyo, Japan, Japan Center for International Exchange, 2009. 131 p.
Abstract: On January 16, 2009, a high-level working group on global health convened by the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) released a report to the Japanese government outlining measures that the G8 countries should take to set them on a path toward fulfilling their existing commitments to contributing to an overall improvement in the health of individuals and communities around the world. The Working Group on Challenges in Global Health and Japan's Contributions (the "Takemi Working Group") is chaired by Japan's former Senior Vice Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare Keizo Takemi and directed by JCIE President Tadashi Yamamoto. The Japanese government will pass the report to the Italian government, encouraging them to put these recommendations on the agenda of the 2009 G8 Summit in Italy. The report includes chapters by an international team of researchers and advisors on three specific building blocks of health systems-health financing, health information, and the health workforce-that are generally acknowledged to be critical components of any strong health system. While each paper offers specific recommendations for improvements that can be made in each individual building block, they also come to several common conclusions: 1.) While there is still a dire need for more resources-financial, human, and knowledge resources-in the global health field, there is also a critical need to use existing resources more efficiently and more effectively. Recognizing that the current global financial environment will make it even more difficult to secure the resources needed to make health systems work better for everyone, the paper writers recommend complementing the quest for more resources with creative thinking on ways to achieve better health outcomes with the resources we already have. 2.) The human security concept, which has become a pillar of Japan's foreign policy, is identified as a promising approach that can be adopted globally for strengthening health systems. Human security's emphasis on the wellbeing of individuals and communities is very much in line with the ultimate goal of health system strengthening: improving people's health and making health services available to all so that they can be healthy, productive members of society. Human security also responds to the complexity of health system strengthening with its focus on integrating community empowerment with protection strategies and its recognition of the dynamic way in which health is interconnected with many other human security challenges. 3.) In all areas of health system strengthening, donor countries tend to tell their partners in developing countries how they should behave and make decisions. This can lead to confusion, with contradicting instructions often coming from multiple donors and even from single donors, and loss of motivation for stakeholders in partner countries to take ownership of processes to improve their own health sectors. Contributing to this challenge, capacity for making informed decisions on health is often weak, further discouraging domestic decision making in planning and management of health systems. The paper writers all recommend that donor countries invest in capacity building for health sector decision making at the national and local levels and, at the same time, encourage stakeholders in partner countries to drive their own planning and implementation processes. 4.) Finally, the paper writers all recommend that the G8 follow through on its commitment to accountability by establishing an annual review of its activities and accomplishments within each of these three building blocks. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH POLICY | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INFORMATION SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Information | Health Services
Document Number: 328416

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12.

Title: Laboratory logistics handbook: A guide to designing and managing laboratory logistics systems.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jun. 83 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: The importance of quality laboratory services is indisputable. The expansion of programs for human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria requires strong and supportive laboratory services. For antiretroviral therapy (ART) in particular, there has been a growing recognition of this importance, given the number of laboratory tests required to effectively diagnose and monitor AIDS treatment. The need to improve laboratory services for all of these disease programs provides an opportunity to strengthen laboratories in health systems overall so they can accommodate the needs of the communities they serve. This document describes the function and organization of laboratory services and the commodities needed for laboratory services, and it discusses supply chain considerations for management of laboratory commodities.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | LABORATORY | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | STANDARDS | QUALITY CONTROL | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | HEALTH POLICY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331659

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14.

15.

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraceptives.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, [2009]. [2] p.
Abstract: A technical consultation, co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and Family Health International (FHI), was held June 15-17, 2009, at the WHO in Geneva to review the evidence and programmatic experience for community-based provision of injectable contraceptives. Thirty technical and program experts from countries and organizations reviewed the scientific evidence and experiences from programs that provided injectable contraceptives through community-based health workers (CHWs). This evidence and programmatic experience came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America and focused on depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The evidence consistently showed that given appropriate training, CHWs can screen clients effectively, provide DMPA injections safely, and counsel on side effects appropriately, demonstrating competence equivalent to higher level facility-based providers of DMPA. Continuation of use of DMPA by clients of CHWs was as long as those of clients receiving injections at clinics. In addition, the vast majority of clients expressed satisfaction with CHW provision of DMPA. The Consultation concluded that sufficient evidence existed for national policies to support the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, especially DMPA. Provision of DMPA by CHWs will expand choice for underserved populations and contribute to reducing the unmet need for family planning. Operational guidelines for family planning should therefore reflect that appropriately trained CHWs can safely initiate use of DMPA and provide reinjection. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331839

16.
Title: Reducing health inequities through action on the social determinants of health.
Author: World Health Assembly (62nd: 2009: Geneva)
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Assembly, 2009 May 22. 5 p. (WHA62.14) Agenda item 12.5
Abstract: The Sixty-second World Health Assembly calls upon the international community, including United Nations agencies, intergovernmental bodies, civil society and the private sector: (1) to take note of the final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations; (2) to take action in collaboration with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on assessing the impacts of policies and programmes on health inequities and on addressing the social determinants of health; (3) to work closely with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on measures to enhance health equity in all policies in order to improve health for the entire population and reduce inequities; (4) to consider health equity in working towards achievement of the core global development goals and to develop indicators to monitor progress, and to consider strengthening international collaboration in addressing the social determinants of health and in reducing health inequities. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331421

17.

Title: Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: Conclusions from a technical consultation.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009. 4 p.
Abstract: In June 2009, a technical consultation held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva concluded that evidence supports the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives. The group of 30 technical and programme experts reviewed scientific and programmatic experience, which largely focused on the progestin-only injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The experts found that community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives by appropriately trained community health workers (CHWs) is safe, effective, and acceptable. Such services should be part of a family planning programme offering a range of contraceptive methods. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | NEEDS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Economic Factors | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331834

18.

Title: WHO / USAID / FHI Technical Consultation: Expanding Access to Injectable Contraception, 15-17 June 2009, Room M405, WHO, Geneva.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] 2009. 5 p.
Abstract: The agenda for the consultation is presented. The objectives of the consultation were: To review systematically the evidence and programmatic experience on interventions designed to expand access to / provision of contraceptive injectables, focusing on non clinic-based services and programs; To reach conclusions on issues: (a) for which evidence is consistent and strong; (b) for which evidence is mixed; and (c) for which evidence is marginal or entirely lacking and, thus requires additional research; To document discussions and conclusions of the Consultation, including policy and program implications, and to disseminate these widely.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | USAID | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | INTERVENTIONS | NEEDS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 331853

19.

Title: Integrating gender into HIV / AIDS programmes in the health sector: Tool to improve responsiveness to women�s needs.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Gender, Women and Health
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2009. [130] p.
Abstract: This hands-on WHO tool helps programme managers and health-care providers in the public and private sectors integrate gender into HIV / AIDS programmes they wish to set up, implement and evaluate so they are more responsive to women's needs. In addition to describing basic steps in gender-responsive programming, which can be applied to all HIV / AIDS programmes, the tool suggests practical actions to address key gender issues in four service delivery areas: HIV testing and counseling; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; HIV / AIDS treatment and care; Home-based care and support for people living with HIV. The tool also provides examples of gender-responsive interventions from the field, and resources such as: counseling role plays for risk reduction and HIV treatment adherence; examples of gender-sensitive communication messages; and protocols for addressing the risk of violence among women as a result of HIV status disclosure.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HOME CARE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | HIV | Care and Support | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control
Document Number: 331798

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intended postpartum contraceptive use among pregnant and puerperal women at a university teaching hospital.
Author: Adegbola O; Okunowo A
Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar 26;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the intention to use postpartum contraceptives and factors influencing use. METHOD: A total of 423 consecutive consenting women attending the pregnancy and puerperal clinics at a university teaching hospital were interviewed using structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of previous contraceptive use was 35.5%. Fifty-four percent of the respondents intended to use contraceptives after delivery, though 3% were yet to decide. Condoms (38.3%) followed by intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) 11.5%, were the most preferred choice of postpartum contraceptives. However, spermicide (0.4%) was the least preferred. Advanced age and high parity significantly predicted intention to use postpartum contraceptives (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Also high level of respondent's education and family planning counseling by doctors and nurses increased the intention to use postpartum contraceptives (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Family planning counseling and education play a vital role in increasing the use of contraceptives in the postpartum period.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | Measurement | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 330850

21.
Title: [Of office hysteroscopy for the removal of intrauterine device. Literature review] Histeroscopia de consultorio para la extraccion de dispositivo intrauterino.
Author: Alanis Fuentes J; Amoroso Hernandez MA
Source: Ginecologia Y Obstetricia De Mexico. 2009 Apr;77(4):197-201.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the literature related to the hysteroscopic techniques such as outpatient diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the extraction of foreign bodies in patients with intrauterine device. METHOD: We searched the main electronic databases were searched for those words: hysteroscopy and intrauterine device in articles related to the removal of intrauterine devices by hysteroscopy. RESULTS: The loss or translocation of IUD is a common problem resulting from the large number of women who have applied. The importance of early diagnosis is to avoid, such as the inappropriate position of the device promotes an unwanted pregnancy, genital bleeding and injury to adjacent organs such as bowel and bladder. The assessment by ultrasound or X-rays, or both, allowing the device to locate and determine the desirability or otherwise of outpatient hysteroscopy (in practice) without anesthesia and with low morbidity for the patient or, well, resorting to other methods, and laparoscopy in the operating room. CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopy is an effective procedure for recovering intrauterine foreign bodies or hidden in properly selected patients.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | HYSTEROSCOPY | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE REMOVAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Demographic Factors | Population | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342313

22.

Title: Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne.
Author: Arowojolu AO; Gallo MF; Lopez LM; Grimes DA; Garner SE
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(3):CD004425.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Acne is a common skin disorder among women. Although no uniform approach to the management of acne exists, combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain an estrogen and a progestin, often are prescribed for women. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for the treatment of facial acne compared to placebo or other active therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for randomized controlled trials of COCs and acne in the computerized databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, and LILACS. We also searched for clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We wrote to authors of identified trials to seek any unpublished or published trials that we might have missed. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized controlled trials reported in any language that compared the effectiveness of a COC containing an estrogen and a progestin to placeboor another active therapy for acne in women were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data on total and specific (i.e., open or closed comedones, papules, pustules and nodules) facial lesion counts; acne severity grades; global assessments by the clinician or the participant and discontinuation due to adverse events. Data were entered and analyzed in RevMan. MAIN RESULTS: The search yielded 25 trials: 7 placebo-controlled trials made 4 different comparisons, 17 trials made 13 comparisons between 2 different COC regimens, and 1 additional trial compared a COC to an antibiotic. COCs reduced acne lesion counts, severity grades and self-assessed acne compared to placebo. Differences in the comparative effectiveness of COCs containing varying progestin types and dosages, though, were less clear. COCs that contained chlormadinone acetate or cyproterone acetate improved acne better than levonorgestrel, although this apparent advantage was based on limited data. A COC with cyproterone acetate might result in better acne outcomes than one with desogestrel; however, the three studies comparing these COCs produced conflicting results. Likewise, levonorgestrel showed a slight improvement over desogestrel in acne outcomes in one trial, but a second trial found the COC groups were similar. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The four COCs evaluated in placebo-controlled trials are effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory facial acne lesions. Few important differences were found between COC types in their effectiveness for treating acne. How COCs compare to alternative acne treatments is unknown since limited data were available regarding this question.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ACNE | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ANTIBIOTICS | HORMONES | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Dermatitis | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 341912

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Questioning gender norms with men to improve health outcomes: Evidence of impact.
Author: Barker G; Ricardo C; Nascimento M; Olukoya A; Santos C
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;:1-15.
Abstract: This article describes a review of 58 evaluation studies of programmes with men and boys in sexual and reproductive health (including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support); father involvement; gender-based violence; maternal, newborn and child health; and gender socialisation more broadly. While few of the programmes go beyond the pilot stage, or a relatively short-term timeframe, they offer compelling evidence that well-designed programmes with men and boys can lead to positive changes in their behaviours and attitudes related to sexual and reproductive health; maternal, newborn and child health; their interaction with their children; their use of violence against women; their questioning of violence with other men; and their health-seeking behaviour. The evidence indicates that programmes that incorporate a gender-transformative approach and promote gender-equitable relationships between men and women are more effective in producing behaviour change than narrowly focused interventions, as are programmes which reach beyond the individual level to the social context. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | MALE ROLE | VIOLENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Behavior | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 342230

24.

Title: Water safety plan manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers.
Author: Bartram J; Corrales L; Davison A; Deere D; Drury D
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2009. 101 p.
Abstract: The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer. In these Guidelines, such approaches are called water safety plans (WSPs). The aim of this Manual is to provide that practical guidance to facilitate WSP development focusing particularly on organized water supplies managed by a water utility or similar entity. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | WATER SUPPLY | SAFETY | PLANNING | QUALITY CONTROL | RISK ASSESSMENT | STANDARDS | MONITORING | MANAGEMENT | PROCEDURES | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Organization and Administration | Evaluation
Document Number: 331413

25.

Title: On what diseases and health conditions should new economic research on health and development focus?
Author: Behrman JR; Behrman JA; Perez NM
Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S109-28.
Abstract: Given the public goods nature of research, economic research on health in developing countries is likely to have the highest returns by focusing, inter alia, on diseases and health conditions that are relatively widespread and costly and that are relatively rapidly growing. This article first summarizes the time patterns in economic research on diseases and health in developing countries for 1990-2005. It then compares those time patterns with the distribution of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for diseases and health conditions in developing countries estimated for 2005 and for 2030. These comparisons suggest relatively overemphasis on HIV/AIDS and underemphasis on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This opens the possibility for individuals or organizations initiating, re-evaluating, or increasing their economic research on health and development to make a significant contribution by focusing particularly on the analysis of behaviour and policy choices related to NCDs. Careful consideration must, of course, be given to other demands, but on the basis of these two criteria, potential contributions are likely to be greatest from research with such a focus.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ECONOMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | DISEASES | INTERVENTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LENGTH OF LIFE | Research Methodology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341823

26.

Title: Worldwide: Incentives for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment.
Author: Beith A; Eichler R; Weil D
Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :237-56.
Abstract: Many tuberculosis programs incorporate material (food) and financial performance-based incentives for patients, providers, or both. Findings from a combination of rigorous evaluations and data from routine program monitoring suggest that performance incentives can improve both case detection and treatment adherence. Performance incentives applied to tuberculosis contain lessons for treatment of other extended-duration and chronic conditions.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | INCENTIVES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | EVALUATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition
Document Number: 331459

27.

28.

29.

Title: Women's health and gender-based clinical trials on etoricoxib: methodological gender bias.
Author: Chilet-Rosell E; Ruiz-Cantero MT; Horga JF
Source: Journal of Public Health. 2009 Sep;31(3):434-45.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine compliance with published good practice guidelines for gender and clinical trials using etoricoxib. The rationale for choosing etoricoxib was that it is widely used by women and there is evidence of potential interaction with contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy as highlighted in the product characteristics. METHODS: The study reviewed 58 etoricoxib published trials (54 papers) to determine if they met the gender recommendations of the Guidelines of Food and Drug Administration (1993) and the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group Consensus Working Group Report (2007). RESULTS: Women formed 70% of a total of 49 835 subjects included in the etoricoxib trials, but only 31% of the subjects were in Phase I. About 85.7% of trials did not show sex-stratified data. About 90.6 and 93.3% did not provide efficacy and adverse effects data by sex, respectively. There is scarce information about the influence of issues that specifically affect women. Discussion Women are under-represented in the published etoricoxib trials, specifically, in Phase I. Sex-stratified data on efficacy and adverse effects are scarce in etoricoxib trials. Together with the lack of data on women-specific issues, this suggests that etoricoxib may pose the same potential problems for women as other cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUG INTERACTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | SEX FACTORS | PREGNANCY | VALIDITY | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Measurement
Document Number: 342950

30.

Title: Access to medications and medical care after participation in HIV clinical trials: a systematic review of trial protocols and informed consent documents.
Author: Ciaranello AL; Walensky RP; Sax PE; Chang Y; Freedberg KA; Weissman JS
Source: HIV Clinical Trials. 2009 Jan-Feb;10(1):13-24.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Expectations regarding receipt of medications and medical care after clinical trials conclude may inform decisions about trial participation. We describe the frequency with which these posttrial services are described in the protocols and informed consent forms (ICFs) of antiretroviral drug (ARV) trials. METHOD: We systematically reviewed protocols and ICFs from Phase 3 and 4 antiretroviral trials in adults (> or = 12 years) from 1987 to 2006. Pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trials were selected from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documentation and Clinicaltrials.gov. Trials administered by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) were selected from the ACTG online registry. ACTG- and industry-provided protocols and ICFs were reviewed in full. The primary outcome was any mention of posttrial services, defined as any text regarding posttrial medications or medical care. RESULTS: Complete trial documents were available for 31 (48%) of 65 trials meeting inclusion criteria. Documents from 14 trials (45%) mentioned any posttrial service: 12 (39%) mentioned medications, and 5 (16%) mentioned medical care. Payment for trial participation (74%) and for care for trial-related injury (94%) were mentioned more often than were posttrial services. CONCLUSIONS: Posttrial medications or medical care was mentioned in the trial documents of <50% of reviewed antiretroviral trials. Improved efforts are needed to clearly describe posttrial services in clinical trial protocols and ICFs.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADULTS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | INFORMED CONSENT | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341817


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