1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Immunologic activation of human syncytiotrophoblast by Plasmodium falciparum. Author: Lucchi NW; Peterson DS; Moore JM Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Feb 29;7:42. Abstract: Malaria during pregnancy is characterized by the sequestration of malaria-infected red blood cells (iRBC) in the intervillous spaces of the placenta, often accompanied by the infiltration of maternal mononuclear cells, causing substantial maternal and foetal/infant morbidity. The iRBC bind to receptors expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast (ST). How ST responds to this interaction remains poorly understood. Because it is known that ST is immunoactive and can respond to infectious agents, the consequences of this ST-iRBC interaction should be investigated. An in vitro system was used to assess the biochemical and immunological changes induced in ST by ST-adherent iRBCs. Changes in ST mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation were assessed by immunoblotting and mRNA expression levels of selected cytokine and chemokines in primary ST bound by iRBC were determined using real-time, reverse transcription PCR. In addition, secreted cytokine and chemokine proteins were assayed by standard ELISA, and chemotaxis of PBMC was assessed using a two-chamber assay system. Following iRBC/ST interaction, ST C-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) was activated and modest increases in the mRNA expression of TGF-beta and IL-8/CXCL8 were observed. In addition, this interaction increased secretion of MIF and MIP-1alpha/CCL3 by ST and induced migration of PBMC towards iRBC-stimulated ST. Results from this study provide the first evidence that ST participates in shaping the local immunological milieu and in the recruitment of maternal immune cells to the maternal blood space during placental malaria infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | MALARIA | PARASITES | FETAL MEMBRANES | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Transmission | Infections | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology Document Number: 325091 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Circumstances of pregnancy: low income women in Georgia describe the difference between planned and unplanned pregnancies. Author: Lifflander A; Gaydos LM; Hogue CJ Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2007 Jan;11(1):81-89. Abstract: The United States has a higher rate of unintended pregnancies than many other developed countries despite the availability of effective contraception. Using Azjen's Theory of Planned Behavior and Luker's Theory of Contraceptive Risk Taking this qualitative study explores the reasons for the high rate of unintended pregnancy among low income women in Georgia. Methods: Six focus groups (N=39) were conducted at county health department clinics. Women were recruited at the clinics to participate in a discussion of Pregnancy and Motherhood. All English or Spanish speaking women between the ages of 18 and 49 were eligible for participation. Three dimensions of pregnancy planning emerged-the decision to have a child, taking specific behaviors to increase the likelihood of conception, and making plans to care for a child. Planned pregnancies may occur when a couple or a woman decides that they are ready to have a child, but also occur in less stable situations that pose risks for the family and the child. Unplanned pregnancies may be welcomed or be unwanted depending on the circumstances. Women perceive advantages and disadvantages to planned and unplanned pregnancies. There are major differences between the definition and values of planned and unplanned pregnancies promoted by public health practitioners and those of the women in our study. This suggests the need for research on the circumstances in which pregnancies occur, as well as targeted interventions and policies that help women and men define and achieve the circumstances in which they would like to bear and rear children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, PLANNED | PLANNING | DECISION MAKING | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 310718 |
| 3. Title: Use of preventive health services by Hispanic / Latino women in two urban communities: Atlanta, Georgia and Miami, Florida, 2000 and 2001. Author: Asamoa K; Rodriguez M; Ginés V; Varela R; Dominguez K Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2004;13(6):654-661. Abstract: During the 1990s, a 58% increase in the Hispanic/Latino population, fueled by the century’s largest immigration wave and the highest fertility of any group, resulted in Hispanics becoming the largest U.S. minority group. To assess use of preventive services by Hispanics in Atlanta, Georgia, the largest Hispanic new destination, and Miami, Florida, the largest established Hispanic community in the Southeast, survey data were analyzed. Miami-Ft. Lauderdale and Atlanta metropolitan area data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and from anonymous surveys conducted at health festivals in Miami and Atlanta in 2001 were analyzed. Female non-Hispanic white and black NHIS respondents were more likely than Hispanic counterparts to report annual household income _$20,000 (77.3%, 70.8% vs. 67.7%), usual source of healthcare (61.5%, 56.4% vs. 50.2%), or ever having had Pap screening (88.8%, 86.7% vs. 80.7%) or oral contraceptive use (55.7%, 59.7% vs. 33.7%). Miami-Ft. Lauderdale Hispanics were less likely than Atlanta respondents to be monolingual Spanish speakers, to lack usual source of healthcare, or to have less than 12 years of education. Of 295 female health festival respondents, the 160 Miami participants were more likely than Atlanta participants to have health insurance, monthly income >$1000, and prior Pap screening (p < 0.01) but less likely to have used contraception (p = 0.07). Most Hispanics felt they had inadequate healthcare; 15.0% reported being denied healthcare because of inability to pay. Low income, uninsured status, and language barriers were associated with lower use of preventive services among Hispanics in these Southeastern communities, particularly Atlanta, a new destination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FLORIDA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN | WHITES | BLACKS | HISPANICS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Economic Factors Document Number: 275514 |
| 4. Title: Hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive. Author: Behnia MM; Catalano PW; Brooks WS Source: Chest. 2004 May;125(5):1944-1947. Abstract: A 38-year-old woman presented with intermittent chest pain and hemoptysis of 1 week in duration, producing less than a cup of blood throughout the week. She denied constitutional symptoms, dyspnea, or orthopnea. Her medical history was unremarkable. She was receiving oral contraceptives and smoked cigarettes. On physical examination, she was afebrile. Bronchial breath sounds and crackles were audible at the left base. The rest of her examination was negative. Remarkable initial laboratory data demonstrated a hematocrit of 51%, total bilirubin of 1.4 mg/dL, and room air arterial Pao2 of 100 mm Hg and Pco2 of 36 mm Hg. ECG and cardiac enzymes did not suggest myocardial injury. Chest radiography revealed a questionable developing density in the left infrahilar region. Spiral CT showed an aberrant vessel off the left side of the descending aorta with some consolidation in the left lower lobe. No filling defect in the pulmonary circulation suggestive of an embolus was seen. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PULMONARY EFFECTS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 278035 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Lack of recent condom use among detained adolescent males: a multilevel investigation. Author: Crosby R; Salazar LF; DiClemente RJ Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2004;80:425-429. Abstract: The objective was to investigate multiple levels of influence with respect to the lack of recent condom use among a high risk sample of adolescent males recruited from short term detention facilities. A cross sectional survey of 231 adolescent males serving, predominantly, short term detention sentences. Assessments were conducted using audiocomputer assisted self interviewing. Condom use during the most recent sexual event was assessed as well as 20 potential correlates of not using condoms. Correlates were assessed within five levels of causation: personal, relational, peer affiliation, family, and societal. Nine correlates achieved bivariate significance (p,0.05). Of these, the personal level correlates were particularly important in a multivariate model. The motivation subscale from the Condom Barriers Scale was the strongest multivariate correlate of recent condom use. Adolescents scoring below the median were about 3.4 times more likely to report lack of recent condom use (p = 0.0006). Adolescents indicating they had ever caused a pregnancy were about 2.5 times more likely to report lack of condom use (p = 0.02). Finally, those reporting their peers did not use condoms were about twice as likely to report lack of use (p = 0.048). Upon investigating multiple levels of potential influence on condom use, the multivariate findings suggest that personal level factors may be the most important determinant of non-use among adolescent males in short term detention facilities. Although structural changes may be needed to influence some forms of safer sex behaviour, direct intervention with adolescent males may be justified to favourably alter determinants of condom use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | CONDOM USE | MOTIVATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family and Household | Economic Factors Document Number: 279347 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Peripartum contraceptive attitudes and practices. Author: Cwiak C; Gellasch T; Zieman M Source: Contraception. 2004;70:383-386. Abstract: During pregnancy and the postpartum period, women may be more receptive to different methods of contraception for postpartum use. Few studies have focused on the peripartum population. In this study, currently pregnant and postpartum women were surveyed about their attitudes toward contraception, particularly in relation to the index pregnancy. Important contraceptive attributes for women included reliability, efficacy, and safety during breast-feeding, especially in the postpartum period. Over 80% of women surveyed were using contraception prior to pregnancy, but nearly 20% were not satisfied with the method used. Dissatisfaction with their method was more likely among women whose pregnancy was unplanned (36% vs. 9%). Over 40% of peripartum women indicated a desire to change their contraceptive after delivery. Sixty-five percent of women had received only limited information about intrauterine contraception before the survey. The results indicate that childbirth has a profound effect on contraceptive priorities and desires, especially toward long-term methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | IUD | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Family Planning Programs | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 276166 |
| 7. Title: Vocal pitch levels during connected speech associated with oral contraceptive use. Author: Gorham-Rowan M; Langford A; Corrigan K; Snyder B Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 Apr;24(3):284-286. Abstract: Although the use of oral contraceptives among young women is common, there are relatively few data concerning the effect of such medication upon vocal function. This paper investigated differences in objective voice measures in young women taking a triphasic oral contraceptive compared to women not taking any such medication. The results of paired t-tests revealed no significant difference in vocal pitch levels or variability of pitch during a paragraph reading task, indicating that oral contraceptives have a negligible effect upon women’s voices, at least during connected speech. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 277484 |
8.  Title: State facts about abortion: Georgia. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Georgia specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175588 Notification |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Older partners and STD prevalence among pregnant African American teens. Author: Begley E; Crosby RA; DiClemente RJ; Wingood GM; Rose E Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 Mar;30(3):211-213. Abstract: Background: Several recent studies have addressed the question of whether adolescent females who have sex with older partners have a greater risk of sexually transmitted disease (STD) acquisition. Goal: The goal was to identify differences in STD prevalence and selected measures of behavioral risk between unmarried pregnant African American adolescent females reporting sex with older partners and those reporting sex with similar-age partners. Study Design: Adolescents (n = 169) were recruited during their first prenatal visit. Adolescents completed a self-administered survey and a face-to-face interview and provided urine specimens for nucleic acid amplification assays. Results: Approximately 65% of adolescents reported that their male sex partners were >2 years older, while 35% reported having similar-age male sex partners. In age-adjusted analyses, adolescents with older partners were four times more likely to test positive for chlamydia (P < 0.04) and were more than twice as likely to report that their partner was also having sex with other women (P < 0.04). With use of a 30-day recall period, the mean number of unprotected vaginal sexual encounters among adolescents with older partners was 4.1, as compared to a mean of 6.9 among those reporting similar-age partners; this difference approached significance (P = 0.051). Prevalence of trichomoniasis as well as scale measures of adolescents’ self-efficacy for condom negotiation and frequency of sexual communication with partners did not differ between those adolescents with older or similar age male sex partners. Conclusion: In resource-constrained clinical settings, one implication of these findings is that pregnant adolescents reporting older partners may be a priority for targeted delivery of partner services. More frequent screening for chlamydia may also be cost-effective for pregnant adolescents with older partners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | OLDER ADULTS | MEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREGNANT WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 175858 |
| 10. Title: Testing for HSV-2 infection among pregnant teens: implications for clinical practice. Author: Crosby RA; DiClemente RJ; Wingood GM; Rose E Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 Feb;16(1):39-41. Abstract: Objectives: To pilot test the feasibility of screening pregnant teens for HSV-2 infection during their first prenatal visit. Study Design: A cross-sectional study of 127 African- American adolescent females recruited during their first attendance to a prenatal clinic in a large urban hospital. A rapid serologic test (POCkit, manufactured by Diagnology Inc.) was used to assess HSV-2. The test uses a membrane-based immunoassay to detect circulating IgG antibodies to a specific antigen obtained from HSV-2 (semi-purified glycoprotein G2). Results: More than one-fifth (21.3%) of the adolescents tested positive for HSV-2; only 1 adolescent was previously aware of her infection. Older adolescents and those reporting a history of other STDs were significantly more likely to test positive for HSV-2. Conclusions: Testing for HSV-2 in early pregnancy may be an efficient strategy for (1) initiating patient education designed to promote adoption of protective behaviors among adolescents at risk of HSV-2 acquisition during the remainder of their pregnancy and (2) teaching those who test positive how to recognize symptoms of HSV-2 outbreaks; patients reporting recurrent outbreaks during pregnancy may benefit from predelivery assessment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | TESTING | PILOT PROJECTS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | URBAN AREAS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HERPES GENITALIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SCREENING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Geographic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 178628 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Social representations of HIV / AIDS in Central and Eastern Europe. Author: Goodwin R; Kozlova A; Kwiatkowska L; Luu LA; Nizharadze G Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2003 Apr;56(7):1373-1384. Abstract: Although a relatively recent epidemic, HIV is now increasing in Eastern Europe faster than anywhere else in the world. In the study reported in this paper, we interviewed 511 business people and health professionals in .ve Central and Eastern European nations: Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Poland and Russia, deriving our questions primarily from a Social Representations perspective. Respondents also freely completed their associations with the stimulus word “AIDS”. Our findings indicate that, although there is considerable agreement about the threat posed by the epidemic, there are also notable cultural differences in attributions about the origin and spread of the virus and the nature of those groups at risk of infection. These findings are interpreted in the light of the historical legacies of the Communist era, as well as the real economic and social challenges faced by the population of this region. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ESTONIA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | HUNGARY | POLAND | RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | CULTURE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Asia, Northern | Asia | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175854 |
| 12. Title: Teen sex, teen pregnancy, and teen sexual risky behaviors. Author: Ozumba M Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2003 Summer;13(3 Suppl 3):S3-102 - S3-103. Abstract: The mother is age 30. Her daughter is 12 and has a 5-month-old baby of her own. When the 12-year-old became pregnant, the family hid the truth and continued to send her to school. The circumstances of the pregnancy are unclear. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported. "But the fact that she became pregnant fits a pattern of daughters born to teenage mothers." Thirty-something grandmother, pre-teen mother, newborn baby—all 3 made headlines in Atlanta in late 2002 when the 12-year-old stabbed her stepfather for abusing her mother. The stepfather died. "Girls born to teenage mothers are 83% more likely to become teenage mothers themselves." Michele Ozumba told The Atlanta Journal-Constitution in connection with this news article. "A 16-year-old is still a teenager," lacking in education, maturity, and parenting skills needed to raise a child properly, she said. Although birth rates for females ages 15 to 19 have declined tremendously nationwide and have reached the lowest point since 1976, teen pregnancy is still a major problem that needs to be on the healthcare agenda as well as on the public policy agenda, Ozumba told the audience at the Primary Care Conference. "The nation's resources are not meeting the need for services," she said. Ozumba used information from the Child Trends DataBank (www.childtrends.org) to make her case. Much of the data was based on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey administered biennially by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to measure the prevalence of health risk behaviors among high school students. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | AGE FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 194858 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceptions of condom use among African American men who have sex with men. Author: Peterson JL; Bakeman R; Blackshear JH Jr; Stokes JP Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2003 Sep-Oct;5(5):409-424. Abstract: The objectives of this study were to describe what African American men perceive as the risks of different sexual acts when not using condoms, the social and situational barriers to using condoms, the attitudes towards condom use of other men they know, and the strategies needed to promote condom use. In semi-structured interviews, participants were asked questions regarding their perceptions of the risks of HIV infection from various sexual activities, barriers to condom use, condom attitudes of people in their social and sexual networks, and strategies necessary to promote condom use. Analyses indicated that African American men who sex with men (MSM) most often mentioned sex without a condom as risky sexual behaviour, specifically anal sex. The most frequently perceived barrier to safer sex practice was 'sex on the spur of the moment. Respondents also perceived several salient attitudes towards condom use held by the African American MSM they knew. In particular, respondents were divided in their perception of social support for condom use among their friends and acquaintances. Also, they perceived that men in their social and sexual networks held less favourable attitudes towards condom use in committed relationships. Findings are discussed in relation to various interpersonal (e.g., relationship issues) and contextual (e.g., social support and social networks) factors that may influence HIV sexual risk behaviours among African American MSM. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | BLACKS | HOMOSEXUALS | BISEXUALS | MEN | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | HIV PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education Document Number: 183587 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Three differing emergency contraceptive regimens are equally effective. Author: Remez L Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2003 Jun;29(2):[4] p.. Abstract: Three regimens of emergency contraception--a single 10 mg dose of mifepristone, a single 1.5 mg dose of levonorgestrel and two 0.75 mg doses of levonorgestrel taken 12 hours apart-- appear to be equally effective. According to results of a randomized, double-blind trial among 4,071 women in 10 developed and developing countries who sought emergency contraception within five days of unprotected coitus,1 there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates by emergency contraceptive method. Only 1.5-1.8% of the women became pregnant and 77-82% of expected pregnancies were averted, with no significant difference by type of treatment. There was no significant difference by regimen in most side effects, except for the timing of expected menses after treatment; users of mifepristone experienced delays of at least seven days significantly more often than did users of levonogestrel. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CHINA | FINLAND | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | HUNGARY | INDIA | MONGOLIA | SLOVENIA | SWEDEN | SWITZERLAND | UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | RU-486 | LEVONORGESTREL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WOMEN | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIDE EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Europe, Northern | Europe | United States of America | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Asia, Southern | Asia, Northern | Europe, Western | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 180148 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: The measurement and meaning of unintended pregnancy. Author: Santelli J; Rochat R; Hatfield-Timajchy K; Gilbert BC; Curtis K Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 Mar-Apr;35(2):94-101. Abstract: Unintended pregnancy combines two aspects of fertility: unwanted and mistimed pregnancies. The personal, partnership, social and political realities of these two aspects are different, and the use of separate categories may better reflect the way women think about a pregnancy. A better understanding of the multiple dimensions of unintended pregnancy also may lead to a better understanding of the consequences of these pregnancies. Likewise, better knowledge of the extent of mistiming and perhaps the strength of intentions may be important in understanding health impact. Effective programs to prevent unintended pregnancy must use terms that are familiar to women and must build upon cultural understanding of the problem to be prevented. Research should focus on the meaning of pregnancy intentions to women and the processes women and their partners use in making fertility decisions. It should prospectively address the impact of pregnancy intentions on contraceptive use. Both qualitative and quantitative research have contributed to our understanding of fertility decisionmaking; both will be essential to the creation of more effective prevention programs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DATA ANALYSIS | MEASUREMENT | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Diseases Document Number: 178246 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceived condom use self-efficacy among at-risk women. Author: Sterk CE; Klein H; Elifson KW Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2003 Jun;7(2):175-182. Abstract: The objectives of this study are to assess the confidence in their ability to use condoms among at-risk women and identify predictors for the women’s condom use self-efficacy. Structured interviews were conducted with 250 adult women in Atlanta, Georgia, between August 1997 and August 2000. Overall, the women reported feeling moderately to moderately–strongly confident in their ability to use condoms consistently. Multivariate analysis showed women with higher condom use self-efficacy were significantly younger, experienced childhood neglect, had higher self-esteem, communicated better with their sex partner, and had fewer drug problems. Findings suggest the importance of addressing condom use self-efficacy in HIV risk reduction programs with a specific focus on women and the need to be attuned to tailored needs for specific subgroups such as older women or women who encountered childhood neglect. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CONDOM USE | WOMEN | HIV PREVENTION | HIGH RISK WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Data Analysis | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction Document Number: 179997 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: A prospective study of exposure to rap music videos and African American female adolescents' health. Author: Wingood GM; DiClemente RJ; Bernhardt JM; Harrington K; Davies SL Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 Mar;93(3):437-439. Abstract: Rap music videos are a media genre that is attracting considerable attention. Rap music has evolved from African American music forms, with influences from rhythm and blues, fusion, contemporary gospel, and bebop. Although there is considerable concern regarding the themes and images expressed in rap music videos, limited empirical research has examined the effect of rap music videos on adolescents’ behavior. This investigation sought to determine whether exposure to rap music videos at baseline could predict the occurrence of health risk behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases among African American adolescent females over a 12-month followup period. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | RAP MUSIC | MUSIC VIDEO | RISK BEHAVIOR | HEALTH | MONUMENTS AND STATUES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Music | Culture | Film and Video | Mass Media | Communication | Behavior Document Number: 175829 |
| 19. Title: Georgia: ruling party routed in polls. Author: Bochorishvili K Source: London, England, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 2002 Jun 7. 3 p. (Caucasus Reporting Service No. 132) Abstract: This news article reports that in Tbilisi, Georgia, the ruling pro-presidential party failed even to muster the 4% of the vote it needed to be represented in the city council. Instead, the population supported opposition candidates, in particular to the left-leaning Labor Party and a party formed by popular former justice minister Mikhail Saakashvili. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | POLITICAL FACTORS | VOTING | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration Document Number: 168545 |
| 20. Title: Georgia: is democracy delivering? Author: Devdariani J Source: London, England, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 2002 Jun 13. 3 p. (Caucasus Reporting Service No. 133) Abstract: This news article reports the nationwide consultation process, initiated by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, suggests that ordinary citizens have diminishing faith in the democratic process in Georgia. The consultation process involved roundtable discussions in Tblisi, the western regions of Imereti and Samegrelo, the region of Samtskhe-Javakheti on the Armenian border, the autonomous republic of Ajara and the eastern region of Kakheti. These meetings were conducted to ascertain whether democracy was empowering the population, with the broad answer appearing to be "no". Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | GOVERNMENT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Political Factors Document Number: 168710 |
| 21. Title: Georgian refugees: ten years from home. Author: Odisharia S Source: London, England, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 2002 Aug 14. 3 p. (Caucasus Reporting Service No. 142) Abstract: This news article summarizes the experience of Georgia refugees from Abkhazia. It notes that more than 200,000 of these refugees remember a tragic past in the hands of Abkhaz forces and anticipate an uncertain future in Georgia. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | REFUGEES | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 170647 |
| 22. Title: Incidence and correlates of physical violence among HIV-infected women at risk for pregnancy in the southeastern United States. Author: Sowell RL; Phillips KD; Seals B; Murdaugh C; Rush C Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2002;13(2):46-58. Abstract: To identify the incidence and correlates of physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected women at risk for pregnancy, a cross-sectional examination was conducted within a longitudinal study of reproductive decision making. Participants consisted of 275 HIV-infected women 17 to 49 years of age (mean = 30.1 years). Women were predominantly African American (87%) and single (82%), with annual incomes of $10,000 or less (66%). Overall, 68% of the women reported experiencing lifetime physical and/or sexual violence. Before becoming HIV infected, 65% of the women reported having been physically or sexually abused. After HIV diagnosis, 33% of the women reported experiencing physical or sexual abuse. Women reporting greater violence were more likely to disclose their HIV-seropositive status to their sex partner. Using logistic regression, greater intent to get pregnant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.933), decreased present life satisfaction (OR = 1.048), having three or more children (OR = 0.474), and history of drug use (OR = 0.794) significantly distinguished between women who reported physical and/or sexual violence and those who did not. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | NORTH CAROLINA | SOUTH CAROLINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | PREGNANCY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Violence | Behavior | Reproduction Document Number: 181571 |
| 23. Title: Working together for gender equity: a strategy for male involvement in Georgia. Author: Thapa P Source: Choices. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Europe. 2002 Autumn;:[2] p.. Abstract: The cultural, political and social dynamics of Georgian society create an environment where sexuality, gender equity and male involvement are extremely difficult to address. However, family planning service providers recognise that the inclusion of men in decision-making processes in support of women's choices is essential for improving the whole spectrum of sexual and reproductive health in the country. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | ADULTS | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PROGRAMS | GENDER ISSUES | PARTICIPATION | DECISION MAKING | WORKSHOPS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Organization and Administration | Social Behavior | Behavior | Education Document Number: 177714 |
| 24. Title: Georgian reformer faces political oblivion. Author: Vignansky M Source: London, England, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 2002 May 17. 3 p. (CRS No. 129) Abstract: This news article reports that Zurab Zhvania, former right-hand man of President Shevardnadze, is struggling to rescue his political career after losing the battle for control of the former governing party, the Citizens Union of Georgia. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | POLITICAL FACTORS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 168262 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Author: von Hertzen H; Piaggio G; Ding J; Chen J; Song S Source: Lancet. 2002 Dec 7;360(9348):1803-1810. Abstract: Background: A single 10 mg dose of mifepristone, and two 0·75 mg doses of levonorgestrel 12 h apart, are effective for emergency contraception. Because no studies had compared the efficacies of both compounds, or investigated a single dose of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel, we undertook this three-arm trial. Methods: We did a randomised, double-blind trial in 15 family-planning clinics in 10 countries. We randomly assigned 4136 healthy women with regular menstrual cycles, who requested emergency contraception within 120 h of one unprotected coitus, to one of three regimens: 10 mg singledose mifepristone; 1.5 mg single-dose levonorgestrel; or two doses of 0.75 mg levonorgestrel given 12 h apart. The primary outcome was unintended pregnancy; other outcomes were side-effects and timing of next menstruation. Analysis was by intention to treat, but we did exclude some patients from the final analyses. Findings: Of 4071 women with known outcome, pregnancy rates were 1.5% (21/1359) in those given mifepristone, 1.5% (20/1356) in those assigned single-dose levonorgestrel, and 1.8% (24/1356) in women assigned two dose levonorgestrel. These proportions did not differ significantly (p=0·83). The relative risk of pregnancy for single-dose levonorgestrel compared with two-dose levonorgestrel was 0.83 (95% CI 0.46–1.50), and that for levonorgestrel (the two regimens combined) compared with mifepristone, 1.05 (0.63–1.76). Side-effects were mild and did not differ greatly between groups, and most women menstruated within 2 days of the expected date. Women who took levonorgestrel had earlier menses than did those who took mifepristone. Interpretation: The three regimens studied are very efficacious for emergency contraception and prevent a high proportion of pregnancies if taken within 5 days of unprotected coitus. Mifepristone and levonorgestrel do not differ in efficacy. A 1.5 mg single levonorgestrel dose can substitute two 0.75 mg doses 12 h apart. (author’s) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | FINLAND | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | HUNGARY | INDIA | MONGOLIA | SLOVENIA | SWEDEN | SWITZERLAND | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | RU-486 | LEVONORGESTREL | CLINICAL TRIALS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | United States of America | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Asia, Southern | Asia, Northern | Europe, Western | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Clinical Research Document Number: 173600 |
| 26. Title: In a sad hotel, Caucasus war refugees make do. Author: Wines M Source: New York Times on the Web. 2002 Apr 16;:[2] p.. Abstract: In Tbilisi, Georgia, the Hotel Iveria has become the living quarters of 1026 refugees from a punishing civil war in 1992 and 1993 that drove 260,000 ethnic Georgians from Abkhazia. It was once the city's best hotel, 16 severe stories of prestressed concrete, 300 rooms and 530 beds in the heart of Georgia's capital. However, a decade of home-improvement experiments by refugees desperate for even the barest amenities have left the Iveria transformed. According to government statistics, Tbilisi houses 88,000 refugees. The official roster reports 260 people in the Tbilisi Hippodrome, 9 in Kindergarten No. 24, 15 at the Blood Transfusion, and so on. In all Georgia, the State Refugees Ministry notes that more than 2000 buildings are housing the displaced from Abkhazia. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | REFUGEES | HOUSING | WAR | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 166935 |
| 27. Title: EC on the Internet: programs go on-line. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 Jun;22(6):67-8. Abstract: In response to the innovative programs of two Planned Parenthood affiliates, women in Georgia and Illinois can obtain on-line medical assessments for emergency contraception prescriptions. This on-line assessment, called the EC4U service, breaks down the geographic barriers often faced by women who do not have ready access to EC providers' offices. Once the assessments are reviewed, Planned Parenthood providers call in prescriptions to women's chosen pharmacies with a medical assessment cost of $40 for each program, payable by credit card. Planned Parenthood--Chicago Area has started its comprehensive marketing program for the EC4U program by advertising with posters and pamphlets and an e-mail campaign to promote events around emergency contraception and offer information about the programs. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | ILLINOIS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PRESCRIPTIONS | PROGRAMS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Organization and Administration Document Number: 157192 |
| 28. Title: Health worker motivation: identifying determinants in Georgia and Jordan. Author: Abt Associates. Partnerships for Health Reform Source: HEALTH REFORM AND PRIORITY SERVICES JOURNAL. 2001;:34-9. Abstract: In Georgia and Jordan, PHR teams and local counterparts examined health worker motivation in two hospitals using three assessment tools: a contextual analysis, a 360-degree assessment, and an in-depth analysis of individual motivation and performance. Both countries have undertaken significant reforms in their health systems over the years, especially in the hospitals. The general approach and pattern of findings of these studies also apply to primary care settings undergoing reforms in priority maternal and child, family planning, and reproductive health services. Overall, results of the interviews of workers in the two studies clearly identified multiple factors influencing work behavior. These include social environment, physical work environment, management issues, job content, skill/career development, and personal assistance. Based on the findings, several implications for managing worker-motivation issues when implementing health reforms are emphasized. These involve the need for a package of interventions that aim to stimulate good performance; moderate focus on financial incentives; and the need for communication strategies to target different messages for different groups of workers. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | JORDAN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MOTIVATION | STAFF ATTITUDE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Middle East | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Attitudes Document Number: 155313 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Involving the male partner for interpreting the basal body temperature graph. Author: Dunlop AL; Allen AS; Frank E Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 Jul;98(1):133-8. Abstract: The aim was to determine if the male cohabiting partner of a woman may serve as a control for exogenous influences on basal body temperature (BBT). 12 couples from the Atlanta area were enrolled for a total of 41 couple-cycles. Couples recorded their oral temperatures daily and used urinary test kits for luteinizing hormone to estimate the day of ovulation. The covariability between the preovulatory temperature of the women and their partners were assessed. The gaps in the couples' temperatures (female temperature minus male temperature) were compared in the pre- and postovulatory phases. Considerable covariability was found between temperatures of partners in the preovulatory phase (covariance parameter = 0.49; P < 0.001). The pre- and postovulatory temperature gaps for all couples were significantly different in size (P < 0.001). For all couple-cycles, the size of the mean postovulatory temperature gap was at least 0.3-degree Fahrenheit greater than the mean preovulatory temperature gap. Recording the BBT of women's partners may improve interpretation and accuracy of the BBT method. An increase in the size of a couple's temperature gap accompanies the transition from the pre- to the postovulatory phase. By this method, a given couple could determine their unique temperature gap indicating this transition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE METHOD | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 159000 |
| 30. Title: Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce HIV transmission risks in HIV-positive people. Author: Kalichman SC; Rompa D; Cage M; DiFonzo K; Simpson D Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 Aug;21(2):84-92. Abstract: As many as one in three HIV-positive people continue unprotected sexual practices after learning that they are HIV infected. This article reports the outcomes of a theory-based intervention to reduce risk of HIV transmission for people living with HIV infection. Men (n = 233) and women (n = 99) living with HIV/AIDS were randomly assigned to receive either 1) a five-session group intervention focused on strategies for practicing safer sexual behavior, or 2) a five-session, contact-matched, health maintenance support group (standard-of-care comparison). Participants were followed for 6 months post-intervention. The intervention to reduce risk of HIV transmission resulted in significantly less unprotected intercourse and greater condom use at follow-up. Transmission risk behaviors with non-HIV-positive sexual partners and estimated HIV transmission rates over a 1-year horizon were also significantly lower for the behavioral risk- reduction intervention group. This study is among the first to demonstrate successful HIV-transmission risk reduction resulting from a behavioral intervention tailored for HIV-positive men and women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SAFER SEX | PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 162788 |
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