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Title: Prolonged use of intrauterine contraceptive device as a risk factor for tubo-ovarian abscess.
Author: Charonis G; Larsson PG
Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(6):680-684.
Abstract: Objective. The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is the most preferred method of reversible contraception in the world today. The Swedish Medical Products Agency currently recommends that women who had a copper IUCD inserted around age 40 do not need to have it extracted until one year after the menopause. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Skovde Central Hospital, Sweden. Population. All 114 women receiving in-patient treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) over five years between January 2001 and December 2005. Methods. Comparison between cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses and salpingitis with focus on the effects of IUCDs used continually for >5 years after insertion. Main outcome measures. Age-adjusted risk of PID within or after five years of use, microbiological findings in blood, intraabdominal pus, cervical secretions or on extracted IUCDs. Results. There were 31 cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses, 63 of salpingitis, four of endometritis, and 16 of mild genital infection. When comparing women with the same IUCD>5 years to women having the same IUCDLanguage: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | IUD | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Health
Document Number: 341046

Peer Reviewed

Title: Risk of urinary incontinence symptoms in oral contraceptive users: a national cohort study from the Swedish Twin Register.
Author: Iliadou A; Milsom I; Pedersen NL; Altman D
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug;92(2):428-33.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of oral contraceptives on lower urinary tract dysfunction in premenopausal women. DESIGN: Nationwide cohort study. SETTING: National registry. PATIENT(S): A total of 10,791 women (born 1959-1985) from the population- based Swedish Twin Registry who participated in a web-based survey of common diseases. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Symptoms of urinary incontinence. RESULT(S): For users of oral contraception there was a significantly reduced risk for symptoms of stress urinary incontinence, mixed urinary incontinence, and urgency urinary incontinence. The reduction remained significant when adjusting for age, body mass index, and pregnancy history. A reduced prevalence of symptoms of overactive bladder in oral contraceptive users was also observed although the association was nonsignificant. There were no significant associations between lower urinary tract symptoms and women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device compared with noncontraceptive users, with the exception of nocturia. CONCLUSION(S): Oral contraceptive use reduces the overall risk for symptoms of urinary incontinence.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342587

Title: Infection risk and intrauterine devices.
Author: Martinez F; Lopez-Arregui E
Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(3):246-50.
Abstract: For most women, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) are a safe option. Upper genital tract infections (pelvic inflammatory disease, PID) occur when pathogenic microorganisms ascend from the cervix and invade the endometrium and the fallopian tubes, causing an inflammatory reaction. Evidence-based recommendations regarding intrauterine contraception and risk of infection were presented at the Congress of the European Society of Contraception, in Prague, 2008: A clinical history (including sexual history) should be taken as part of the routine assessment for intrauterine contraception to identify women at high risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI); if appropriate a test should be offered; if symptoms or signs are present, appropriate diagnostic tests should be done, results awaited, necessary treatment completed, and IUCD insertion postponed until resolution. Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended (evidence level II-3). STI screening is not routinely recommended. PID among IUCD users is most strongly related to the insertion process and to the background risk of STI (evidence level II-2). Conditions which represent an unacceptable health risk if an IUCD is inserted (WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria, MEC, Categories 3-4) are current PID, current purulent cervicitis, chlamydial or gonorrheal infection. For continuation as well as initiation, WHO MEC categories 3-4 are allotted to women with known pelvic tuberculosis, puerperal sepsis and septic abortion.
Language: English
Keywords:
SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | IUD | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | TUBERCULOSIS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330543

4.
Title: [Study on SHI's Bian stone comprehensive therapy for rehabilitation after induced abortion]
Author: Ran QZ; Shi AL
Source: Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2009 Feb;29(2):103-5.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the rehabilitation effect of SHI's Bian stone comprehensive therapy on the patient after induced abortion. METHODS: Thirty cases of induced abortion were treated with SHI's Bian stone comprehensive therapy in peri-operative period. Before the operation, scraping therapy was given at the parts of The Urinary Bladder Channel and The Governor Vessel on the back and 30 min after the operation, the patient took a rest in a horizontal position on a mild heat Bian stone blanket and hot compress with a Bian stone plate was given at the lower abdomen. They received thrice return visits respectively on 1, 2, 3 weeks after the operation and SHI's Bian stone comprehensive therapy, including warm massage on The Governor Vessel, scraping the channel, patting Baliao (BL 31, BL 32, BL 33, BL 34), penetration needling Sanyinjiao (SP 6), oblique needling Qihai (CV 6), Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongji (CV 3), Zigong (EX-CA 1), and the Bian stone plate was placed on the needle hand for warm compress. Colporrhagia, menstrual return, soreness of waist and other symptoms after the operation were observed. RESULTS: After SHI's Bian stone comprehensive therapy, in the patient of induced abortion the colporrhagia volume was less within 3 days after the operation and the colporrhagia stopped more early; of the 30 cases, only 2 has soreness of waist, abdominal pain, fearing cool and other symptoms, and only one case had obviously delayed mestrual cycle. CONCLUSION: SHI's Bian stone comprehensive therapy used in peri-operative period of induced abortion has a good promoting action on post operative rehabilitation.
Language: Chinese
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ABORTION | TREATMENT | UROGENITAL SURGERY | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Surgery | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases
Document Number: 341203 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Evaluation of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in the Rakai District, Uganda.
Author: Suntoke TR; Hardick A; Tobian AA; Mpoza B; Laeyendecker O; Serwadda D; Opendi P; Gaydos CA; Gray RH; Wawer MJ; Quinn TC; Reynolds SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(2):97-101.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a real-time PCR assay that reliably and accurately detects the predominant sexually transmitted aetiological agents of genital ulcer disease (GUD) (Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)) and to assess the use of real-time PCR diagnostic testing in a rural African field site. METHODS: Two multiplex real-time PCR reactions were used to detect H ducreyi/and HSV-1/HSV-2 in ulcer swabs from 100 people with symptomatic genital ulcers in rural Rakai, Uganda. Results were compared with syphilis, HSV-1 and HSV-2 serology. RESULTS: Of 100 GUD samples analysed from 43 HIV positive and 57 HIV negative individuals, 71% were positive for one or more sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogens by real-time PCR (61% for HSV-2, 5% for T pallidum, 3% for HSV-1, 1% for H ducreyi and 1% for dual H ducreyi/HSV-2). The frequency of HSV in genital ulcers was 56% (32/57) in HIV negative individuals and 77% (33/43) in HIV positive individuals (p = 0.037). Assay reproducibility was evaluated by repeat PCR testing in the USA with 96% agreement (kappa = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: STI pathogens were detected in the majority of GUD swab samples from symptomatic patients in Rakai, Uganda, by real-time PCR. HSV-2 was the predominant cause of genital ulcers. Real-time PCR technology can provide sensitive, rapid and reproducible evaluation of GUD aetiology in a resource-limited setting.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CHANCROID | HERPES GENITALIS | SYPHILIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male
Document Number: 341909

Title: Relationship of genital injuries and age in adolescent and young adult rape survivors.
Author: Baker RB; Sommers MS
Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2008 May-Jun;37(3):282-289.
Abstract: The objective was to examine the associations between age and genital injuries in adolescent and young adult women examined following rape. The design and setting was a retrospective review of 234 medical records from an emergency department sexual assault program. Women aged 14 to 29 years. Fifty percent of the sample was African American, 48% was White, and 2% was either Asian or an " other " race. Genital injury was described by injury prevalence, frequency, and anatomical locations of injuries. Overall genital injury prevalence was 62.8%. Younger age was not significantly associated with the presence or absence of genital injury. However, younger age was significantly associated with an increased number of genital injuries overall and to the thighs, labia minora, periurethral area, fossa navicularis, and vagina. These findings support the need for further research to determine if the current care provided to rape survivors is age appropriate. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | RAPE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AGE FACTORS | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Measurement
Document Number: 327179

Peer Reviewed

Title: Probiotics: Potential to prevent HIV and sexually transmitted infections in women.
Author: Bolton M; Van der Straten A; Cohen CR
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Mar;35(3):214-225.
Abstract: Women are at significant risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition with the genital mucosa serving as the main portal of infection. Exogenously supplied lactobacillus used as a probiotic may prove a cost-effective, female-initiated method to prevent HIV and STI infection in women. A probiotic may act indirectly through treating and preventing recurrent bacterial vaginosis or directly by secreting endogenous (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) and exogenous substances that block HIV and STI transmission. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies that have been conducted so far to test probiotic bacteria for these purposes. Although significant progress has been made in this field, more fundamental research is required to better understand vaginal ecology to maximize probiotic formulations. Once identified, a suitable product will require testing in a well-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to measure its effectiveness in augmenting antibiotic treatment to prevent bacterial vaginosis. If results from such a trial demonstrate efficacy, future studies should be designed to determine whether a probiotic can significantly lower the risk for HIV and STIs in at-risk female populations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VAGINA | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | VAGINOSIS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Vaginal Abnormalities
Document Number: 324209

10.

Title: Female genital mutilation and its prevention: A challenge for paediatricians.
Author: Jaeger F; Caflisch M; Hohlfeld P
Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2008;:[7] p.
Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined as an injury of the external female genitalia for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons. FGM is mainly performed in sub-Saharan and Eastern Africa. The western health care systems are confronted with migrants from this cultural background. The aim is to offer information on how to approach this subject. The degree of FGM can vary from excision of the prepuce and clitoris to infibulation. Infections, urinary retention, pain, lesions of neighbouring organs, bleeding, psychological trauma and even death are possible acute complications. The different long-term complications include the risk of reduced fertility and difficulties during labour, which are key arguments against FGM in the migrant community. Paediatricians often have questions on how to approach the subject. With an open, neutral approach and basic knowledge, discussions with parents are constructive. Talking about the newborn, delivery or traditions may be a good starting point. Once they feel accepted, they speak surprisingly openly. FGM is performed out of love for their daughters. We have to be aware of their arguments and fears, but we should also stress the parents' responsibility in taking a health risk for their daughters. It is important to know the family's opinion on FGM. Some may need support, especially against community pressure. As FGM is often performed on newborns or at 4-9 years of age, paediatricians should have an active role in the prevention of FGM, especially as they have repeated close contact with those concerned and medical consequences are the main arguments against FGM. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | CHILD, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMPLICATIONS | FERTILITY | CHILDBIRTH | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326814

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of genital tract infections on HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Author: Johnson LF; Lewis DA
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Nov;35(11):946-59.
Abstract: This article reviews the effect of genital tract infections and associated clinical conditions on the detection and concentration of HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract. A search of the PubMed, Embase, and AIDSearch databases was conducted. Meta-analysis was performed on those studies that reported the effect of genital tract infections on the detection of HIV-1 shedding. Thirty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The odds of HIV-1 detection in the genital tract were increased most substantially by urethritis (OR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1-8.6) and cervicitis (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4-5.2). The odds of HIV-1 detection were also increased significantly in the presence of cervical discharge or mucopus (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.7), gonorrhoea (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.7), chlamydial infection (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.4). Other infections and clinical conditions were found to have no significant effect on the detection of HIV-1, although HSV-2 shedding was found to increase the concentration of HIV-1 shedding, and genital ulcer disease was found to increase the odds of HIV-1 detection significantly after excluding one biased study (OR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2-4.9). This analysis shows that infections that are associated with significant increases in leukocyte concentrations in the genital tract are also associated with significant increases in HIV-1 shedding. These infections are likely to be particularly important in promoting the sexual transmission and mother-to-child intrapartum transmission of HIV-1, and should therefore be the focus of HIV prevention strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINOSIS | TRICHOMONIASIS | HIV TRANSMISSION | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Vaginal Abnormalities
Document Number: 341443

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fistula and traumatic genital injury from sexual violence in a conflict setting in Eastern Congo: Case studies.
Author: Longombe AO; Claude KM; Ruminjo J
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):132-141.
Abstract: The Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is currently undergoing a brutal war. Armed groups from the DRC and neighbouring countries are committing atrocities and systematically using sexual violence as a weapon of war to humiliate, intimidate and dominate women, girls, their men and communities. Armed combatants take advantage with impunity, knowing they will not be held to account or pursued by police or judicial authorities. A particularly inhumane public health problem has emerged: traumatic gynaecological fistula and genital injury from brutal sexual violence and gang-rape, along with enormous psychosocial and emotional burdens. Many of the women who survive find themselves pregnant or infected with STIs/HIV with no access to treatment. This report was compiled at the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Goma, Eastern Congo, from the cases of 4,715 women and girls who suffered sexual violence between April 2003 and June 2006, of whom 702 had genital fistula. It presents the personal experiences of seven survivors whose injuries were severe and long-term, with life-changing effects. The paper recommends a coordinated effort amongst key stakeholders to secure peace and stability, an increase in humanitarian assistance and the rebuilding of the infrastructure, human and physical resources, and medical, educational and judicial systems. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | FISTULA | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | WAR | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Child | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors
Document Number: 327197

13.

Title: Gynaecological morbidity among HIV positive pregnant women in Cameroon.
Author: Mbu ER; Kongnyuy EJ; Mbopi-Keou FX; Tonye RN; Nana PN
Source: Reproductive Health. 2008 Jul 3;5(3):[11] p.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of gynaecological conditions among HIV infected and non-infected pregnant women. Two thousand and eight (2008) pregnant women were screened for HIV, lower genital tract infections and lower genital tract neoplasia at booking antenatal visit. About 10% (198/2008) were HIV positive. All lower genital tract infections except candidiasis were more prevalent among HIV positive compared to HIV negative women: vaginal candidiasis (36.9% vs 35.4%; p = 0.678), Trichomoniasis (21.2% vs 10.6%; p <0.001), gonorrhoea (10.1% vs 2.5%; p <0.001), bacterial vaginosis (21.2% vs 15.2%; p = 0.026), syphilis (35.9% vs 10.6%; p <0.001), and Chlamydia trachomatis (38.4% vs 7.1%; p <0.001). Similarly, HIV positive women more likely to have preinvasive cervical lesions: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) (18.2% vs 4.4%; p <0.001) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (12.1% vs 1.5%; p <0.001). We conclude that (i) sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common in both HIV positive and HIV negative pregnant women in Cameroon, and (ii) STIs and preinvasive cervical lesions are more prevalent in HIV-infected pregnant women compared to their non-infected compatriots. We recommend routine screening and treatment of STIs during antenatal care in Cameroon and other countries with similar social profiles. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GYNECOLOGIC DISEASES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Measurement
Document Number: 327547

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Roles of clinical and subclinical reactivated herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-induced immunosuppression on genital and plasma HIV-1 levels.
Author: Nagot N; Ouedraogo A; Konate I; Weiss HA; Foulongne V
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jul;198(2):241-249.
Abstract: Few longitudinal studies have described the interactions between reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection (hereafter, ?HSV-2 reactivation?) and genital and systemic replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Women in Burkina Faso who were seropositive for both HIV-1 and HSV-2 were enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of therapy to suppress reactivation of HSV-2 infection (hereafter, ?HSV suppressive therapy?). During the baseline phase, 6 enriched cervicovaginal lavage specimens were obtained over 12 weeks to detect and quantify the HIV-1 RNA and HSV-2 DNA loads. Women with genital ulcer disease (GUD) detected at least once were more likely than women in whom GUD was not detected (risk ratio [RR], 1.23;95%confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.37) to have genital HIV-1 RNA detected during > or = 1 visit. Similarly, women with genital HSV-2 DNA detected during > or = 1 clinic visit were more likely than women in whom genital HSV-2 DNA was not detected (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34) to have genital HIV-1 RNA detected at least once. In addition, the mean genital HIV-1 RNA loads for women with GUD detected during > or = 1 visit and women with HSV-2 genital shedding detected during > or = 1 visit were greater than that for women in whom genital HSV-2 DNA or GUD was never detected. The plasma HIV-1 RNA load was increased among women for whom > or = 1 visit revealed GUD (+0.25 log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, -0.05-0.55) or genital HSV-2 DNA (+0.40 log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, 0.15-0.66), compared with women who did not experience GUD or HSV-2 genital shedding, respectively. The association of HSV-2 reactivations on HIV-1 replication tended to be stronger in patients with a higher CD4+ cell count (i.e.,>500 cells/_L). The contribution of HSV-2 to HIV-1 replication among women with CD4+ cell count of < or = 500 cells/uL was reduced because almost all experienced HIV-1 genital shedding. Both clinical and subclinical HSV-2 reactivations play a role in increasing the rate of HIV-1replication. HSV suppressive therapy is a promising tool for HIV control. Initiation of such therapy when the CD4+ cell count is >500 cells/uL deserves further investigation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HERPES GENITALIS | HIV INFECTIONS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 327545

16.

Title: Frequency of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women attending routine antenatal clinic.
Author: Parveen N; Munir AA; Ikram-Din; Majeed R
Source: Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan. 2008 Mar;18(3):154-157.
Abstract: The objective was to determine the frequency of vaginal candidiasis in clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of pregnant women attending routine antenatal clinic. The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The setting for the study was the antenatal clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetric Department at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad, from April to October 2005. A total of 110 pregnant women were nonrandomly recruited by convenient sampling. The studied variables included the demographic data information on parity, trimester of pregnancy, presence of vaginal discharge and the presence or absence of diabetes. Vulva and vagina were inspected for signs of inflammation and discharge with sterile speculum and vaginal specimens were collected with sterile cotton tipped swabs. Swabs were subjected to Gram staining and examined microscopically for the diagnosis of candidiasis. The frequency of vaginal candidiasis during pregnancy was found to be 38%, in which 27% were symptomatic and 11% were asymptomatic group. Increased ratio of infection was observed in multigravida and diabetic women. There was no marked differences in results with respect to age and trimester of pregnancy. Although there is generally a high frequency of vaginal candidiasis, an increased ratio of vaginal candidiasis in multigravida and diabetic pregnant women requires these women to be routinely screened for vaginal candidiasis regardless of symptomatic status. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | CANDIDIASIS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 325861

17.

Title: Can the female condom be used safely more than once?
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2007]. [3] p. (FHI Research Briefs on the Female Condom No. 3)
Abstract: The female condom is more expensive than the male condom. If the female condom can be used safely more than once, the cost of each use would decline. Studies have found that the device remains structurally sound after repeated washings and reuse, and that a one-minute soak in a 1-to-20 dilution of bleach in water effectively inactivates the organisms that cause gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and HIV infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to recommend the use of a new male or female condom for every act of sexual intercourse where there is risk of an unplanned pregnancy or of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection, but WHO also stated in July 2002 that "the final decision on whether or not to support reuse of the female condom must ultimately be taken locally." Because some women may not have access to bleach, USAID supported additional research to assess the safety and feasibility of cleaning used female condoms with soap and water and eliminating the bleach disinfection step. One study, conducted by FHI, tested a solution of dish detergent and water based on volumes typically used to wash dishes: 7.5 milliliters of detergent per one liter of water, or about two squirts of detergent in a basin of water. It found that the dish detergent and water was just as effective as the 1:20 bleach solution in removing the organisms that cause gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes and HIV infection from the surfaces of both new and pre-washed, relubricated condoms.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | FEMALE CONDOMS | WHO | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Safety | Public Health | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 331707

18.

Title: IMAP statement on the elimination of female genital mutilation (FGM).
Author: International Medical Advisory Panel [IMAP]
Source: IPPF Medical Bulletin. 2007 Dec;41(4):102.
Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs, for non-medical reasons. Female genital mutilation violates a series of well-established human rights principles, norms and standards, including the principles of equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex, the right to bodily integrity, the right to life if the procedure results in death, and the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. Given the fact that children are subjected to this procedure, FGM also violates the rights of the child. The intense pressure many parents and communities exert on girls to accept it means that a child's decision to undergo female genital mutilation cannot be called free, informed and uncoerced. The Convention on the Rights of the Child makes explicit reference to harmful traditional practices, calling upon all countries to take effective and appropriate measures to abolish them. FGM is a harmful practice that negates IPPF's vision of "a world in which all women, men and young people have access to the information and services they need; a world in which sexuality is recognized both as a natural and precious aspect of life and as a fundamental human right". The Federation will continue to uphold this belief through sustained efforts, in partnership with other stakeholders, to eliminate FGM.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | INFECTIONS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Communication
Document Number: 341520

19.

Title: Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in Korean men: Results of an epidemiological study.
Author: Ahn TY; Park JK; Lee SW; Hong JH; Park NC
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2007 Sep;4(5):1269-1276.
Abstract: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and associated risk factors has been described in many countries, but there are still only a few studies from Asia. We investigated the prevalences of ED and premature ejaculation (PE) in Korean men and the impact of general health, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors on these conditions. To assess ED and PE, 1,570 Korean men aged 40-79 years were interviewed with a self-administered questionnaire on sexual function and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5. In addition, blood chemistry was analyzed for each subject. The prevalences of ED and PE were obtained from self-reported ED, IIEF-5 scoring, EF (erectile function) domain scoring, and self-reported intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT). The data were analyzed for the presence of risk factors and the relationship of general health, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors with ED. The prevalences of ED among Korean men were 13.4% (self-reported ED) and 32.4% (IIEF-5 score less than or equal to 17), and PE prevalences were 11% (IELT less than or equal to 2-min) and 33.1% (IELT less than or equal to 5-min). ED was more prevalent in the subject groups with older age, lower income, or lower education, and in subjects without a spouse. ED prevalence was positively associated with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, psychological stress, and obesity. Levels of serum hemoglobin (Hb) A1c, triglycerides, testosterone, or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were significantly different between the ED and non-ED groups. The prevalences of ED and PE in Korean men were 13.4% (self-reported ED) and 11% (IELT less than or equal to 2-min), respectively. Risk factors and other socioeconomic and mental health factors were associated with ED prevalence. Biochemical factors such as HbA1c, triglycerides, testosterone, and DHEA-S were significantly related to ED prevalence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEN | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | IMPOTENCE | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | HEALTH | HORMONES | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Endocrine System
Document Number: 313818

20.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Topical testosterone versus clobetasol for vulvar lichen sclerosus.
Author: Ayhan A; Guven S; Guvendag Guven ES; Sakinci M; Gultekin M
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Feb;96(2):117-121.
Abstract: The objective was to compare the effects of topical testosterone and clobetasol treatments on symptoms remission and recurrence rates in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS). A retrospective review of the records showed that, of 140 patients with biopsy-proven vulvar LS, 80 were treated with applications of testosterone propionate 2% in petrolatum and 60 with clobetasol 17-propionate 0.05%. The response rates after 6 months were 77.5% for patients treated with testosterone and 91.7% for those treated with clobetasol (P = 0.02). The recurrence rates were 20% and 6.7% in the 2 groups, respectively (P = 0.02). Premenopausal patients had higher remission rates and lower recurrence rates than postmenopausal patients (P > 0.05). Considering whole patients, low remission rates and high recurrence rates were observed in patients who had had a hysterectomy (P>0.05). Treatment of LS with a corticosteroid provided excellent remission rates. In this study, clobetasol 17-propionate 0.05% was superior to testosterone for both remission induction and maintenance therapy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | TESTOSTERONE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PAIN | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 312026

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Infectious correlates of HIV-1 shedding in the female upper and lower genital tracts.
Author: Coleman JS; Hitti J; Bukusi EA; Mwachari C; Muliro A
Source: AIDS. 2007 Mar 30;21(6):755-759.
Abstract: The objectives were to determine the effects of vaginal, cervical, and endometrial infections on shedding of HIV-1 RNA in the female genital tract. Design: Cross-sectional. Antiretroviral-naive women from Nairobi, Kenya with CD4 cell counts >/= 350 cells/microliter had plasma and endocervical wick samples collected for HIV quantification by real-time RNA reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Vaginal and cervical Gram stains and endometrial biopsies were obtained. Vaginal Gram stain was used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis and to quantify Lactobacillus levels. Twenty-six of 50 (52%) women had detectable endocervical HIV-1 RNA with a median endocervical viral load of 1760 copies/ml (range: undetectable to 1 030 000 copies/ml). Women with decreased Lactobacillus had 15.8-fold [95% confidenceinterval (CI), 2.0-123] greater endocervical HIV-1 RNA than women with normal Lactobacillus levels. Women with plasma cell (PC) endometritis [>/= 1 PC/ high-power field (hpf)] had a 15.8-fold (95% CI, 2.0-120) higher endocervical HIV RNA level than women without PC endometritis. Both these associations remained after controlling for plasma viral load. Cervicitis (>/= 30 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/hpf), however, was not associated with endocervical HIV-1 RNA shedding (P=0.81). In HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naive women without symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease infection, abnormal vaginal flora and inflammatory cells in the endometrium affected HIV-1 shedding from the lower genital tract. These data suggest that both the upper and lower genital tracts contribute to female HIV-1 genital shedding. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | ENDOMETRITIS | VAGINOSIS | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Vaginal Abnormalities
Document Number: 315497

23.

24.
Title: Gynaecological care of the HIV patient.
Author: Guidozzi F
Source: SA Pharmaceutical Journal. 2007 Jan-Feb;74(1):1012, 14-16.
Abstract: It is estimated that every day in sub-Saharan Africa approximately 5 500 women are newly infected with HIV and more than 3 000 die from AIDS-related illnesses. In this region, where women comprise 58% of the existing HIV-positive patients, infection is increasing faster among women than among men. Among young people aged 15 - 24 years, women are 2.5 times more likely than men to be infected by HIV. In southern Africa, HIV infection is transmitted overwhelmingly through heterosexual contact and is more likely to occur from seropositive male to seronegative female than from seropositive female to seronegative male. Risk factors for the transmission of HIV are shown in Table I. Gynaecological diseases are commonly encountered in HIV-infected women, with the likelihood of the condition being more common and more severe the greater the immunosuppression. Conditions that may arise include vaginal and cervical infections, lower genital tract neoplasia, pelvic inflammatory disease, menstrual irregularities, aspects pertaining to contraception and reproductive options. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GYNECOLOGY | VAGINOSIS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | CERVICAL CANCER | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Cancer | Neoplasms | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 318224

25.
Title: Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L3: A case report.
Author: Kang E; Gao X; Yin YP; Wang FS; Yao WD
Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2007 Apr 5;120(7):601-604.
Abstract: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) L1, L2 and L3, the organism gains entrance through skin breaks and abrasions and travels via the lymphatics to multiply within mononuclear phagocytes in regional lymph nodes. The clinical presentation of LGV depends on the sex of the patient, mode of sexual contact (e.g. vaginal or anal sex) and the stage of the disease. LGV is diagnosed in men up to 6 times more frequently than in women, but the infected women are more likely developed to late stage. LGV is rare in China, however the incidence was increasing in recent years. In this paper we diagnosed a case of LGV, and confirmed this case was caused by L3 serovar of C. trachomatis by using genotype test. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | DIVORCED | SEXUAL PARTNERS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | CHLAMYDIA | GENETICS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 319868

26.

Title: A pilot survey of sexual functioning and preferences in a sample of English-speaking adults from a small South Indian town.
Author: Kar N; Koola MM
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2007 Sep;4(5):1254-1261.
Abstract: There is a dearth of recent information on sexual functioning and preferences from an Indian population. The aim was to study sexual functioning and preferences in a sample of English-speaking adults in a small town in South India. Responses were obtained through a postal questionnaire method and were analyzed. Study document included an explanation of the study, sociodemographic details, a sexual functioning questionnaire, a semistructured sexual preference questionnaire, and meanings of terms used in the questionnaires. The study measured the frequency of various sexual functions, difficulties, and preferences over a period of 1 month. Sixty-one subjects out of 200 English-speaking persons from a south Indian town returned the questionnaire. Common sexual difficulties included decreased interest in sex (16.4%), arousal difficulties (21.3%), orgasmic difficulties in females (28.6%), and premature ejaculation in males (15.2%). Masturbation was considered wrong by 18% of respondents; with almost 40% of females and 6% of males reported to have never masturbated. There were many differences in the sexual functioning of married compared to unmarried persons and other sociodemographic groups. Practice of various sexual preferences was reported: voyeurism (41.0%), fetishism (18.0%), frotteurism (11.5%), homosexuality (11.5%), telephone scatology (9.8%), and incest (8.2%) being more common. In a small minority, telephone scatology (3.3%), voyeurism (1.6%), and fetishism (1.6%) were reported to be the only method of sexual gratification. Sexual difficulties were similar to other reports in different cultures. Varieties of preferences were practiced, and there were variations among different sociodemographic groups. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male
Document Number: 319601

27.

Title: Specific investigations in a case of sexually transmitted disease.
Author: Khan K; Gautam M; Patil S
Source: Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Jan-Jun;28(1):43-47.
Abstract: Over the past few decades, there was a steady decline in the number of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). However, with the rapid emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which has now become a pandemic, these STDs are once again in focus. But now, the classical presentation is no longer a rule; and in such a scenario, clinical suspicion has to be confirmed by specific investigations for correct identification and thus for correct management of these diseases. This article tries to enlist the specific investigations that can be done in a case of STD attending the clinic. The list is by no means comprehensive and has to be used in conjunction with a detailed history and good clinical examination. Other laboratory tests can be done when warranted. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | MANUAL | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SYPHILIS | GONORRHEA | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | HERPES GENITALIS | TRICHOMONIASIS | CHANCROID | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male
Document Number: 321076

28.

29.

Title: Sexual dysfunction in patients with chronic hand eczema in the Turkish population.
Author: Mahizer E; Ermertcan AT; Serap O; Gokhan T; Artuner D
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. :7 p.
Abstract: Hand eczema can cause considerable psychosocial disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and difficulties at work, and it may also cause sexual dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate sexual function in patients with hand eczema and to find out whether concomitant depression has an additional negative effect on sexual function in these patients. Main Outcome Measures: Sexual functions were evaluated in hand eczema patients. Ninety-one female (43 patients vs. 48 controls) and 79 male (45 patients vs. 34 controls) subjects were enrolled in the study. Hand eczema severity index was used to determine severity of hand eczema. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were used to assess sexual function. Quality of life was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index. Diagnosis of depression was made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, while the Hamilton Depression Rate Scale was used for grading depression. Among 43 female subjects with hand eczema, 26 had depression (60.46%); of the 45 male patients, 11 had depression (24.44%). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with controls (20.84 � 9.19 vs. 24.04 � 3.40, P < 0.05). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with those without depression (20.84 � 9.19 vs. 22.23 � 5.82, P < 0.05). IIEF total score was also found to be significantly decreased in male patients with or without depression compared with controls (52.36 � 14.83 vs. 59.88 � 5.65 vs. 62.03 � 11.04, P < 0.05). The results of the study demonstrated that patients with hand eczema had sexual dysfunction, and concomitant depression had an additional negative effect on sexual dysfunction. Patients with hand eczema should be evaluated with regard to sexual function and depression to provide a better quality of life. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | ECZEMA | QUALITY OF LIFE | IMPOTENCE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Female | Dermatitis | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 313342

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of serum antibodies to human papilloma virus inpatients with genital ulcer disease in an urban population of Tanzania.
Author: Mbwana J; Viscidi R; Lyamuya E; Mhalu F; Chalamilla G
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007 Feb;83(1):64-65.
Abstract: The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Tanzania is largely unknown both in risk groups and in the general population. The objective was to determine the cumulative seroprevalence of selected HPV types in order to evaluate exposure to HPV in urban Tanzania. In a cross-sectional study, sera of 200 patients of both sexes with genital ulcer disease (GUD) and sera of 60 male blood donors and 60 pregnant women were tested for antibodies to the oncogenic HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 51 and 52 using an ELISA based on virus-like particles (VLP). The overall seroprevalence of HPV types for all patients with GUD was 83% and 77% for women and men, respectively. For pregnant women and male blood donors, the corresponding percentages were 55% and 15%, respectively. The most common HPV types were 16, 18 and 52. Infection with multiple types was more than 10 and 5 times more frequent than infection with a single type 16 in patients with GUD and in pregnant women, respectively. The seroprevalence to HPV types 16, 18, 51 and 52 was considerably higher in HIV-positive patients with GUD than in HIV-negative patients. Infections with the oncogenic HPV types 16, 18 and 52 are common among patients with GUD and pregnant women in urban Tanzania, emphasising the need for control, treatment and implementation of appropriate HPV vaccine programmes. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | BLOOD DONORS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEROCONVERSION | VIRAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | SEX FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Measurement | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Genitalia, Male
Document Number: 312136


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