1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Intergenerational fertility among Hispanic women: New evidence of immigrant assimilation. Author: Parrado EA; Morgan SP Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):651-671. Abstract: In recent decades, rapid growth of the U.S. Hispanic population has raised concerns about immigrant adaptation, including fertility. Empirical research suggests that Hispanics, especially Mexicans, might not be following the historical European pattern of rapid intergenerational fertility decline (and convergence toward native levels). If confirmed, continued high Hispanic fertility could indicate a broader lack of assimilation into mainstream American society. In this paper, we reexamine the issue of Hispanic and Mexican fertility using an approach that combines biological and immigrant generations to more closely approximate a comparison of immigrant women with those of their daughters' and granddaughters' generation. Contrary to cross-sectional results, our new analyses show that Hispanic and Mexican fertility is converging with that of whites, and that it is similarly responsive to period conditions and to women's level of education. In addition, we employ a mathematical simulation to illustrate the conditions under which cross-sectional analyses can produce misleading results. Finally, we discuss the import of the fertility convergence we document for debates about immigrant assimilation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | FERTILITY RATE | GENERATIONS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | ACCULTURATION | WOMEN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change Document Number: 327988 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Intergenerational coresidence in developing countries. Author: Ruggles S; Heggeness M Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):253-281. Abstract: Newly available census microdata from IPUMS-International are used to assess trends in intergenerational coresidence in 15 developing countries. Contrary to expectations, we find no general decline in intergenerational coresidence over the past several decades. There have been, however, significant changes in the configuration of intergenerational coresidence. Families in which a member of the older generation is household head -- a configuration consistent with traditional patriarchal forms in which the older generation retains authority -- are becoming more common in most of the countries. Intergenerational families headed by a member of the younger generation -- the configuration one would expect if intergenerational coresidence were motivated by a need for old-age support -- are on the decline in most of the countries. Multivariate analysis reveals that intergenerational families headed by the older generation are positively associated with measures of economic development. These findings are at variance with widely accepted social theory. We hypothesize that housing shortages, economic stress in the younger generation, and old-age pensions may contribute to the change. More broadly, in some developing countries rising incomes may have allowed more people to achieve their preferred family structure of intergenerational coresidence following traditional family forms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | GENERATIONS | EXTENDED FAMILY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327373 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of menarche age between two generations (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study). Author: Ainy E; Mehrabi Y; Azizi F Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2007 Jul-Sep;23(4):523-525. Abstract: Menarcheal age is considered to be an indicator of puberty. There is a lack of information on menarcheal age in Tehranian girls, in comparison to that of their mothers. This cross-sectional study was aimed at comparing the age of menarches between two generations. The subjects were 812 (406 daughters and 406 mothers) chosen from among 15005 participants of the longitudinal Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Demographic information and the age of menarche were recorded in a questionnaire. We have considered a minimal of 25 years duration to be one generation. Distribution of the menarcheal age and linear regression were performed. The mean age of menarche in daughters and their mothers were 13.2+or-1.4 and 13.6+or-1.5 years, respectively. There was significant correlation between the mother's and daughter's menarcheal age (r=0.25, P<0.002). 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles for menarcheal ages in daughters and their mothers were 12.2, 13.1, 14.1 and 12.7, 13.5, 14.5 years respectively. Minimum and maximum ages of menarche were the same (10 and 18 years) in the two groups. We found a decrease in the average menarcheal age during 25 years (one generation) similar to the results of other studies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | GENERATIONS | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | PUBERTY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 322141 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's education and the timing of marriage and childbearing in the next generation: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Author: Bates LM; Maselko J; Schuler SR Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2007 Jun;38(2):101-112. Abstract: In traditional settings where early marriage and early childbearing persist, decisions about age at marriage are often made by parents, and mothers-in-law tend to have considerable influence in hastening the initiation of childbearing. This study analyzes data from a 2002 survey in six villages in rural Bangladesh to test the hypothesis that daughters of women with more education marry later and that daughters-in-law of more educated women initiate childbearing at a slower rate. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we find significant associations between the educational level of mothers and the age at marriage of their daughters and between the educational level of mothers-in-law and the timing of first birth among their daughters-in-law, although the association between the former attenuates when controlling for other variables. We also find that these associations do not appear to be mediated by the senior women's level of empowerment. We conclude that in rural Bangladesh there is a significant relationship between female education in one generation and the timing of marriage and childbearing in the next. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MOTHERS | DAUGHTERS | GENERATIONS | MARRIAGE AGE | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Birth Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317319 |
| 5. Title: Generational differences in early fertility and sexual behavior among male and female immigrants in the United States. Author: DeLeone FY Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [10] p. Abstract: As evidenced by the wealth of current and past studies on the causes and consequences of early childbearing and sexual risk behaviors, interest in the topic among researchers and policymakers has been great. Understanding early fertility is indeed important, considering the negative implications of such behavior for both young parents and their children. Those who engage in sexual risk behaviors put themselves in jeopardy of sexually transmitted diseases and unintended pregnancy. However, while there is abundant research on the predictors of early fertility and sexual risk behaviors for adolescents as a whole, very little work has specifically focused on young immigrants. Further, the bulk of existing research on early fertility is female-centered. As policymakers and researchers increasingly recognize the importance of men's contributions to fertility and family formation decisions, careful analyses of the fertility of young men are needed. At the same time, changes in the volume and composition of immigration to the United States in the past four decades have contributed to renewed interest in the rate of adaptation and pattern of accommodation of immigrants, making a study of immigrant fertility across generations of young men and women particularly salient. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | IMMIGRANTS | GENERATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Behavior | Population Characteristics Document Number: 317399 |
| 6. Title: Population aging and international development: addressing competing claims of distributive justice. Author: Engelman M; Johnson S Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2007;7(1):8-18. Abstract: To date, bioethics and health policy scholarship has given little consideration to questions of aging and intergenerational justice in the developing world. Demographic changes are precipitating rapid population aging in developing nations, however, and ethical issues regarding older people's claim to scarce healthcare resources must be addressed. This paper posits that the traditional arguments about generational justice and age-based rationing of healthcare resources, which were developed primarily in more industrialized nations, fail to adequately address the unique challenges facing older persons in developing nations. Existing philosophical approaches to age-based resource allocation underemphasize the importance of older persons for developing countries and fail to adequately consider the rights and interests of older persons in these settings. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the most appropriate framework for thinking about generational justice in developing nations is a rights-based approach that allows for the interests of all age groups, including the oldest, to be considered in the determination of health resource allocation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | GENERATIONS | OLDER ADULTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | HUMAN RIGHTS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | AGE FACTORS | ETHICS | HEALTH SERVICES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adults | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Political Factors | Policy | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 313042 |
| 7. Title: Change and continuity: Childbirth and parenting across three generations of women in the United Arab Emirates. Author: Green KE; Smith DE Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2007 May;33(3):266-274. Abstract: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country that has undergone remarkable physical, economic and social shifts in its short modern history. And while the economic and structural transformations of the society have been well documented and publicized, information about the changes and transformations of family processes is sparse. This study is one of the first steps towards documenting the changes in family processes, namely those related to childbirth and parenting, as described by three generations of Emirati women. Family triads of Grandmothers, Mothers and married Daughters (n = 216) were interviewed in local Arabic dialect by Emirati female research assistants. Data were analysed using chi square and Analysis of Variance. Generational differences were found between the Grandmothers, Mothers and Daughters in: number of births, maternal age at first birth, location and type of birth attendant, medication during labour and birth, father presence at birth, social support following birth, feeding and weaning of infant, and preventive infant health care. Changes were not found in the proximity to the mother of the infant during sleep. The age of first birth has risen for Emirati women and the birth rate may have dropped. Health care has also significantly improved. These results are discussed in relation to government initiatives and physical and social change within the UAE and the Middle East. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | GENERATIONS | SOCIAL CHANGE | MATERNAL AGE | CHILDBIRTH | CHILD CARE | WEANING | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parental Age | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Child Rearing | Behavior | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 313400 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility as a process of social exchange. Author: Heady P Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Dec 7;17(16):465-496. Abstract: By marrying and raising children, parents participate in a system of gift-exchange in which the gifts in question are human lives, and the parties to the exchange are the kinship groups recognised in the society concerned. Fertility reflects the attitudes of prospective parents to their place in the existing system of reproductive exchange, and the relationships of cooperation and authority which it implies - as well as their confidence in the system's continuing viability. It is shown that this view is compatible with earlier ideas about self-regulating population systems - and that changing economic circumstances are an important source of discrepancy between existing exchange systems and the attitudes and expectations of prospective parents. The discussion is developed with reference to data on European societies, including a case-study from the Alps, and concludes with an assessment of the relevance of the anthropological theory of gift exchange to contemporary fertility patterns in Europe and beyond. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | GENERATIONS | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 314004 |
| 9. Title: Breastfeeding duration in two generations. Author: Horta BL; Victora CG; Gigante DP; Santos J; Barros FC Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2007 Feb;41(1):13-18. Abstract: The objective was to assess the intergenerational repetition of breastfeeding duration in a cohort of adolescent mothers who had been prospectively followed up since birth. All hospital births occurred in Pelotas (N = 5,914), a Southern Brazilian city, in 1982 were studied prospectively. The cohort was visited in 1984 and 1986, and information on feeding practices was gathered. In 2001, a search was conducted in the Live Birth Information System and adolescents born in 1982 who gave birth between January 1995 and March 2001 were identified. Parous adolescents answered a detailed questionnaire on pregnancy-related variables and breastfeeding duration for each child. For multiparous adolescents, the information from the first live born child was used. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of the variance was used in the univariate and multivariable analysis. A total of 446 parous adolescents belonging to the 1982 cohort were identified, of which 420 (94.2%) were interviewed. After adjustment forconfounding variables, mothers who had not been breastfed presented a relative risk of 1.34 (95% CI: 0.35; 5.18) of not breastfeeding their children, compared to mothers who were ever breastfed. Similarly, adolescents who were breastfed for less than one month were slightly - but not significantly - more likely to fail to breastfeed their own infants (RR = 1.64; 95% CI: 0.70; 4.03). The proportion of adolescent mothers who breastfed for less than six months was higher among those who were themselves breastfed for less than one month (PR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.02; 1.62)]. Duration of breastfeeding is slightly higher among infants whose mother was breastfed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | GENERATIONS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 313002 |
| 10. Title: "Generations" in forced migration: Towards greater clarity. Author: Loizos P Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007 Jun;20(2):193-209. Abstract: This paper considers some of the existing uses of the concept of 'generation' as applied in the context of forced migration research. It focuses on an analysis of two little known classics and argues in favour of a renewed interest in the relevance of the concept as an analytical tool. It suggests that conceptual rigour is a prerequisite to undertaking empirical research, particularly in the context of studying long term patterns of adaptation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | PERIOD ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | GENERATIONS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | SOCIAL CHANGE | GENEALOGIES | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research Document Number: 319036 |
| 11. Title: New empirical evidence on the Low Fertility Trap Hypothesis. Author: Lutz W; Skirbekk V; Testa MR Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [4] p. Abstract: It has recently been suggested by Lutz and Skirbekk (2005) and by Lutz, Skirbekk and Testa (forthcoming) that there may be self-reinforcing mechansisms of social change that could lead to a downward spiral in the level of fertility in countries that fall below a possible threshold level (see McDonald 2006 who assumes that such a threshold cold be at around a TFR of 1.5). The idea has been called the "Low Fertility Trap Hypothesis" (LFTH) because of the unvoluntary nature of such a possibly irreversible demographic regime change. The attached paper describes and discussed in quite some detail the assumed three mechanisms: negative demographic momentum, declines in ideal family size as a consequence of low actual fertility in the generation before, and declining relative income of young couples. The paper wants to discuss some new empirical evidence that is relevant for further testing of the hypothesis. In particular we want to analyze the brand new results from the Eurobarometer 2006 which asked many of the same questions as the 2001 Eurobarometer on which Goldstein et al (2003) and the above cited writings on LFTH were based. In addition, we want to present new empirical information on the changing relative income of young adults versus their parents generation with data from the Luxembourg Income Study. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | GENERATIONS | DEMOGRAPHY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | INCOME | WAGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Fertility Changes Document Number: 317391 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Meanings and attitudes attached to cohabitation in Poland: Qualitative analyses of the slow diffusion of cohabitation among the young generation. Author: Mynarska M; Bernardi L Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Jun 26;16(17):519-554. Abstract: This study contributes to the understanding of the low level of non-marital cohabitation in Poland at the beginning of the XXI century. An interpretative analysis of semi-structured interviews is employed in order to capture the meanings and attitudes associated to non-marital cohabitation by a selected sample of young Poles. The results indicate that although cohabitation has begun to be interpreted as a testing period leading to marriage, attitudes towards it are still very ambiguous. The idealization of marital commitment hinders the spread of informal unions. Understanding the determinants of low cohabitation in Poland enables the advancement of grounded hypotheses on its evolution in the near future and, more generally, to illustrate the ways in which local cultures influence the diffusion of behaviors. (author's modified) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | GENERATIONS | CONSENSUAL UNION | MARRIAGE | ATTITUDES | INTERVIEWS | VALUE ORIENTATION | CHANGES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CATHOLICISM | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | Social Change | Population Characteristics | Religion | Christianity Document Number: 313655 |
| 13. Title: Relationships of maternal and paternal birthweights to features of the metabolic syndrome in adult offspring: an inter-generational study in South India. Author: Veena SR; Geetha S; Leary SD; Saperia J; Fisher DJ Source: Diabetologia. 2007 Jan;50(1):43-54. Abstract: The association between lower birthweight and metabolic syndrome may result from fetal undernutrition (fetal programming hypothesis) and/or genes causing both low birthweight and insulin resistance (fetal insulin hypothesis). We studied associations between the birthweight of parents and metabolic syndrome in the offspring. We identified men and women (aged 35-68 years), who had been born in Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India. We also identified the offspring (20-46 years) of these men and women. In total, 283 offspring of 193 mothers and 223 offspring of 144 fathers were studied. Investigations included anthropometry, oral glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and lipid concentrations and blood pressure. The metabolic syndrome was defined using WHO criteria. Among the offspring, lower birthweight was associated with an increased risk of glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes) and higher cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations (p < 0.05 for all adjusted for sex and age). Most outcomes in the offspring, including most individual components of the metabolic syndrome, were unrelated to parental birthweight. However, both maternal and paternal birthweight were inversely related to offspring metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] 0.36 [95% CI: 0.13-1.01] per kg, p = 0.053 for mother-offspring pairs; OR 0.26 [0.07-0.93], p = 0.04 for father--offspring pairs, adjusted for offspring age, sex, BMI and socioeconomic status). Maternal birthweight was inversely related to offspring systolic blood pressure (ß = -2.5 mmHg [-5.00 to 0.03] per kg maternal birthweight; p = 0.052). Factors in both parents may influence the risk of metabolic syndrome in their offspring. There are several possible explanations, but the findings are consistent with the fetal insulin (genetic) hypothesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | FATHERS | CHILD | GENERATIONS | BIRTH WEIGHT | IMPACT | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Communication | Metabolic Effects | Diseases Document Number: 314451 |
| 14. Title: China: the effect of family planning on women's lives. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2006]. [3] p. Abstract: This study examined the effects of family planning use on different generations of Chinese women. The study included a survey of 1,996 women and 506 men, plus 56 focus group discussions with participants representing four groups: older women and older men; women and men of reproductive age; unmarried women and men; and women entrepreneurs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | GENERATIONS | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ONE CHILD POLICY | QUALITY OF LIFE | SEX PREFERENCE | ATTITUDES | GENDER ISSUES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 303011 |
| 15. Title: Pathways to intergenerational adolescent childbearing in a high-risk sample. Author: Campa MI; Eckenrode JJ Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2006 Aug;68:558-572. Abstract: Previous research indicates that children of adolescent mothers are more likely to experience an adolescent birth than are children of older mothers. Using a longitudinal sample of 293 high-risk mothers and their 19-year-old children, we investigated mediators of the intergenerational pattern of adolescent childbearing. Results from multigroup path models indicate that the intergenerational effect is (a) significant for children of unmarried mothers above and beyond mother's prebirth socioeconomic status and education level, (b) fully mediated through early sexual intercourse related to presence of a father figure and early home environment for girls, and (c) partially mediated by early physical development for boys. Relation of findings to current models of early sexual behavior and childbearing is discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS | GENERATIONS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FATHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PUBERTY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Biology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproduction Document Number: 307939 |
| 16. Title: Gender role and transnational thinking among "1.5" generation Taiwanese migrants in Brisbane, Australia. Author: Hsu JC; IP D Source: Journal of Population Studies. 2006 Jun;(32):45-121. Abstract: The purpose of this research is to analyse, through gender roles, the lives of immigrated Taiwanese youths in Australia. Four particular facets of their lifestyles will be explored, these being education, occupation, social interaction and marriage. A key goal of this research is to observe and understand the transnational values, ideologies and perceptions these young immigrants display, and the facets of their lives in which these distinct culture identities will become apparent. The primary data sources of this research are derived from the 2001 Australian Census and twenty in-depth interviews of Taiwanese youths in Brisbane. From the results of the studies, many significant issues became apparent. It was found that in tertiary fields of study, males were much more inclined towards science and engineering related fields, while females generally chose fields in humanities and services. These distinctly different fields can be attributed to the traditional gender roles imposed by the cultural values of Taiwan and their parents who advocate them, as well as their social environment in Australia. It was also apparent that the field of study selected by these immigrated youths determined their future occupations. For both genders, perceived identity and social position were a significant factor in the selection of occupations. It could be concluded that the males feel that their family duties and personal expectations are greater than females, causing them to have a more limited occupational choice. In general, the differences between male and female attitudes toward social relationships were minute, however when the topic of marriage arose, notable differences between the two genders arose. When asked about prospective spouses, the male interviewees generally shared a preference for Taiwanese women or Asian women who have similar cultural experiences as themselves. This preference was found to be effected by the issue of how a prospective spouse' language and culture would impact their families. Conversely, female interviewees exhibited more flexibility and acceptance to the notion of a foreign or Australian spouse. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | YOUTH | GENERATIONS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE | Developed Countries | Oceania | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Nuptiality Document Number: 305114 |
| 17. Title: The effects of rural-urban migration on intergenerational financial transfer in China: a gender-based perspective. Author: Jin X; Li S; Feldman MW Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 27 p. Abstract: Rural-urban migration produces a dramatic shift from the traditional norms of female migrants, and is very likely to change the traditional pattern of old-age support in the patrilineal rural society. Using data from a survey, "Shenzhen Rural-urban Migrants", 2005, the paper analyzes the relationship between gender of married migrants and their provision of financial support to their noncoresiding parents after migration. The results show that after migration females are likely to give their parents-in-law more financial support, but both male and female migrants provide more financial support to their natal parents. This suggests that the traditional pattern of old-age support is still dominant, but out-migration of rural females tends to shrink the gender difference. The article also discusses how these findings relate to current and future problems of old-age security and son preference in rural China in relation to the process of rural-urban migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | GENERATIONS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | OLD AGE SECURITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SEX PREFERENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317245 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender and generation: Spaces for change? Author: Leigh E Source: Development. 2006 Mar;49(1):86-88. Abstract: Erin Leigh shares her reflections on the generational interchange at the AWID Forum. For her, the AWID Forum created an exciting space for young women to be heard, seen, and listened to as an integral part of the proceedings. Her reflections are based on the conversations and dialogues she had together with other young women. While not claiming to be representative of young women as a whole, she tries to capture some feelings and signs of a strengthening presence of young women at the AWID Forum, and more broadly in international feminist movements. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN'S GROUPS | YOUTH | GENERATIONS | GENDER ISSUES | AGE FACTORS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | GROUP PROCESSES | POWER | FEMINISM | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 319976 |
| 19. Title: The "low fertility trap" hypothesis. Extended abstract. Author: Lutz W; Testa MR Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 12 p. Abstract: It has recently been observed by Peter McDonald that there tend to be two distinct groups of low fertility countries, those where the TFR has stayed above 1.5 and those where it has fallen below this critical level and stayed below. There are currently 28 countries below 1.5 and a recent UN compendium on national population policies indicates that the governments of each of these countries consider this level of fertility too low. McDonald hypothesizes that it is more difficult for a country to bring fertility up to say 1.6 once it has already fallen to levels of 1.3 or 1.4 than to keep fertility around 1.6. From this assumption he derives the policy recommendation that countries should make efforts to keep fertility above this critical level of 1.5 and not let it fall below. The assumption of a non-linear dose-response relationship in the field of possible policy impacts on fertility levels is a welcome addition to the rather uninspired literature on what level of fertility is considered "too low" and how governments may in turn try to influence fertility levels. One can further elaborate on this hypothesis and try to identify non-linear feedback mechanisms that result in a bifurcation process that makes a level of period TFR around 1.5 some kind of a watershed between different demographic regimes. Once this Rubicon is transgressed it will be difficult to reverse this regime change. Recent work by Rindfuss et al. (2004) on social transitions in Japan supports this assumption of non-linear, self-reinforcing processes in social change with thresholds and tipping points. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY RATE | POPULATION POLICY | STANDARDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DECLINE | TIME FACTORS | GENERATIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 316991 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: My sister is not too heavy: Building strong movements in Kenya. Author: Ngugi N Source: Development. 2006 Mar;49(1):124-126. Abstract: This song to me captures the essence of what feminist organizing in the form of a women's movement is all about. Or at least what it should be about. It defines the values of sisterhood, which lead to a more empathetic approach and that recognizes the power of the collective. This was also the title of our video presentation at the AWID 2005 Forum,' My Sister Is Not Too Heavy: Building strong movements'. A video in which a number of women activists from Kenya, engage in a conversation about what values and strategies are required to build a strong women's movement. Our question was how does change happen in order to result in a strong movement? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN'S GROUPS | GENERATIONS | FILM AND VIDEO | GROUP PROCESSES | ADVOCACY | FEMINISM | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Mass Media | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 319983 |
| 21. Title: Relations of maternal style and child self-concept to autobiographical memories in Chinese, Chinese immigrant, and European American 3-year-olds. Author: Wang Q Source: Child Development. 2006 Nov-Dec;77(6):1794-1809. Abstract: The relations of maternal reminiscing style and child self-concept to children's shared and independent autobiographical memories were examined in a sample of 189 three-year-olds and their mothers from Chinese families in China, first-generation Chinese immigrant families in the United States, and European American families. Mothers shared memories with their children and completed questionnaires; children recounted autobiographical events and described themselves with a researcher. Independent of culture, gender, child age, and language skills, maternal elaborations and evaluations were associated with children's shared memory reports, and maternal evaluations and child agentic self-focus were associated with children's independent memory reports. Maternal style and child self-concept further mediated cultural influences on children's memory. The findings provide insight into the social-cultural construction of autobiographical memory. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | IMMIGRANTS | MIGRANTS | FAMILY RESEARCH | FAMILY LIFE CYCLE | SELF-PERCEPTION | SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | GENERATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Psychology | Social Sciences | Science | Family Characteristics Document Number: 314524 |
| 22. Title: Migration, urbanization and deforestation in the Ecuadorian Amazon: the second generation. Draft. Author: Barbieri AF; Bilsborrow RE Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 46 p. Abstract: Since the 1970s, migration to the Amazon has led to rapid population growth and land clearing. Over time, a second phenomenon has emerged-urbanization. This paper uses longitudinal household survey data on migrant settler colonists in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, from 1990 and 1999, to analyze what happens to the second generation. A multinomial discrete-time hazard model is used to estimate the determinants of out-migration to urban vs. rural areas, and addresses key questions: Do the children of the migrant settlers stay on the farm or move out as they reach adulthood? Do they extend the frontier by moving to rural destinations, feed the growth of local towns/cities, or move back to origin areas? The results show important differentials between migrants and non-migrants and among types of migrants in personal characteristics, human capital, landholdings, lifecycle, access to community infrastructure, and networks. The paper concludes with policy implications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | HOUSEHOLDS | GENERATIONS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | URBANIZATION | DEFORESTATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | AGRICULTURE | DISTANCE | STREETS AND ROADS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Friends and Relatives | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Transportation | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 320364 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Unorthodox sisters: gender relations and generational change among Malayali migrants in Italy. Author: Gallo E Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2005 May-Dec;12(2-3):217-252. Abstract: This article explores the relation between women's active engagement with transnational migration and transformations in the meanings and practices of marriage through the lens of gender relations and generational change. After reconstructing the history of Malayali migration in Italy, I will show how ideologies and practices surrounding marriage and dowry, far from being confined to one country, are subjects of negotiation between different contexts and heterogeneous household expectations. My conclusions are two-fold. I will argue that the relation between women's transnational migration and changes in household relations and practices should be understood as a dialectical process. Second, I will argue that the analysis of transnational marriages through the perspective of life-cycle transformations and generational change is a basic condition for understanding how multiple meanings of modernity inform processes of change in contemporary Malayali marriage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | IMMIGRANTS | GENDER RELATIONS | GENERATIONS | MARRIAGE | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | DOWRY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | LIFE CYCLE | CHRISTIANITY | SOCIAL MOBILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Family Research | Religion | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 293519 |
| 24. Title: Bone health across the generations: a primer for health providers concerned with osteoporosis prevention. Author: Hamerman D Source: Maturitas. 2005 Jan 10;50(1):1-7. Abstract: Osteoporosis represents a major public health problem by virtue of later life association with fragility fractures which may indeed be the first sign of this "silent epidemic". While as prevalent as cardiovascular and other age-related chronic diseases, efforts at osteoporosis prevention have been less successful due to limited commitment among the public to take steps to maintain their "bone health", and fragmentation of osteoporosis management among different health specialties, indeed with many reports of deficient physician knowledge of the subject. This paper presents a survey of the factors that contribute to bone loss or accrual in women across the generations, including adolescence, the reproductive years, the menopause inception, and the decades thereafter. Health providers in a variety of disciplines aware of and inquiring about the spectrum of bone changes in their patients over the generations may intervene effectively in a more timely manner to limit future fracture occurrence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | GENERATIONS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | OSTEOPOROSIS | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | RISK FACTORS | CHRONIC DISEASES | MENOPAUSE | PREGNANCY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Skeletal Effects | Physiology | Biology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 294533 |
| 25. Title: Uncertainty and discrimination: vulnerable daughters in a modernising society. Author: Larsen M; Gooch P; Hatti N Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CEPED-CICRED-INED Seminar on Female Deficit in Asia: Trends and Perspectives, Singapore, December 5-7, 2005. 31 p. Abstract: This article builds upon the recognition that the declining child sex ratios are a result of an ongoing process of societal change. Looking at areas both in the north and in the south which have shown significant decline in the child sex ratios between 1991 and 2001, the article draws on preliminary results from recently conducted field studies in rural areas of Karnataka in the South and of Uttaranchal in the North. Uttaranchal has, just as its neighbour Himachal Pradesh, shown an alarming decline in the child sex ratio from 948 in 1991 to 906 in 2001. Of special interest are tentative results of case studies from Siddapur Taluk, Uttara Kannada District, in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and from Pithoragarh Tehsil, Pithoragarh District, in the eastern part of Uttaranchal. For both cases the outstanding demographic features are a very low child sex ratio and a high proportion of joint families. Two additional cases positioned at the opposite ends of the spectrum of high respectively low child sexratios are used for comparison. Our sample villages in Puraula Tehsil, Uttarkashi District, in the high ranges of the northwest of Uttaranchal and from Siddapur Taluk, Uttara Kannada District, exhibit high proportions of joint families together with high child sex ratios. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | DAUGHTERS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | GENERATIONS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | MODERNIZATION | SEX RATIO | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL CHANGE | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 314761 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility trends in China's more developed urban districts: the case of four cities. Author: Liu L Source: Population, Space and Place. 2005;11:411-423. Abstract: This research examines fertility trends in more developed urban districts in China, and provides empirical evidence which enhances our theoretical understanding of fertility. The research uses the study areas of Shanghai, Beijing, Changchun and Shenyang, with the assumption that these cities might provide insights into future fertility trends in China. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants and their parents reported their demographic characteristics and reproductive desires, and the reasons behind their decisions. Selected participants and family planning officials and workers were interviewed to check the reliability of the information provided on the surveys and to further examine explanations for fertility decline. The research found major differences in demographic characteristics and behaviours between generations and among different demographic groups and the four cities. Very low fertility and reproductive desire were found in these places, together with a high proportion of childless families and a high male/female sex ratio. Career pressure and financial constraints were found to be more important than the one-child policy in explaining these trends. These findings generally agree with local reports and publications and common explanations of fertility change in developed countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | GENERATIONS | FERTILITY DECLINE | SEX RATIO | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEX PREFERENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 295414 |
| 27. Title: Inter-generational attitude (mothers and daughters) towards education and employment. Author: Sharma N; Vaid S; Khalid L Source: Anthropologist. 2005;7(3):165-168. Abstract: The present study was conducted to find out the intergenerational attitude (mothers and daughters) towards education and employment. This study was limited to Muslim women in the Poonch city of Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir State. The sample size was 50 Muslim women in the Age group of 30-60 years and their 50 adolescent daughters in the age group of 12-22 years. Information was collected with the help of interview schedule. Result reveals that most of the respondent mothers are strongly inclined towards education and employment of their daughters but still restrictions are imposed in some areas like not going out without wearing a Burka or having male friends. Results also indicated that the views of mother are totally different from their daughters. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DAUGHTERS | GENERATIONS | ISLAM | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 305707 |
| 28. Title: Intergenerational differences in the concept of marriage among Dogra Brahmin females (mothers and daughters). Author: Sharma N; Vaid S; Kesar A Source: Anthropologist. 2005;7(4):253-256. Abstract: The present research investigates the intergenerational differences in the concept of marriage among Dogra Brahmin mothers and daughters. The sample of the study consists of 20 mothers and their 20 daughters. Random sampling technique was employed to select the sample from various localities of Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir State). Interview guidelines were used to get in-depth information from mothers and daughters. Results reveal that the concept of marriage among two generation varies. Though the concept differs still the daughters are not ready to change or rebel. They will follow their parents wishes and they know that their parents are not going to accept inter-caste marriage or love marriage though they are aware that many of the problems of Indian Social system like casteism, dowry, bride burning will be over come. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | DAUGHTERS | GENERATIONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CASTE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MATE SELECTION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DOWRY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 305717 |
| 29. Title: The influence of ethnicity and generational status on parent and family relations among Chinese and Filipino adolescents. Author: Willgerodt MA; Thompson EA Source: Public Health Nursing. 2005 Nov-Dec;22(6):460-471. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of ethnic and generational differences on perceptions about parent and family relationships in a nationally representative sample of Chinese and Filipino adolescents living in the United States. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. The sample was weighted to produce a nationally representative sample, based on 216 selfidentified Chinese and 387 self-identified Filipino adolescents. Results indicated that generational status plays a role in predicting how adolescents perceive the parent--adolescent relationship. Findings provide a basis by which community health nurses can begin to understand the uniqueness of Asian subgroups, as well as generations of immigrant youth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | PHILIPPINES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | GENERATIONS | ADOLESCENTS | ASIANS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 295395 |
| 30. Title: Further evidence that legalized abortion lowered crime. A reply to Joyce. Author: Donohue JJ 3d; Levitt SD Source: Journal of Human Resources. 2004 Winter;39(1):29-49. Abstract: Donohue and Levitt (2001) suggest there is a causal link between legalized abortion and reductions in crime almost two decades later when the cohorts exposed to legalized abortion reach their peak crime years. Joyce (2003) examines crime committed in the period 1985-90 for the cohorts born immediately before and after abortion legalization. He finds little impact of legalized abortion. In this paper, we demonstrate that Joyce's failure to uncover a negative relationship between abortion and crime is a consequence of his decision to focus almost exclusively on one nonrepresentative six-year period during the peak of the crack epidemic. We provide empirical evidence that the crack-cocaine epidemic hit the high-abortion early-legalizing states earlier and more severely than other states. When we simply replicate his analyses, but extend the sample to cover the entire lives of these exact same cohorts, abortion is just as negatively related to crime as in our original analysis. Joyce's results appear to be purely an artifact of omitted variable bias due to focusing on the peak crack years without including adequate controls for crack. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | GENERATIONS | YOUTH | ABORTION | CRIME | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Problems | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior Document Number: 284142 Notification |
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