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Title: Integrating multiple gender strategies to improve HIV and AIDS interventions: a compendium of programs in Africa.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. AIDS Support and Technical Resources [AIDSTAR-One]
Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2009 May. [220] p. (USAID Contract No. GHH-I-00-07-00059-00)
Abstract: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) AIDSTAR-One project created this compendium of selected HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa that integrate multiple gender strategies. Featured programs address at least two of the following gender strategies: 1) reducing violence and sexual coercion; 2) addressing male norms and behaviors; 3) increasing women's legal protection; and 4) increasing women's access to income and productive resources. The compendium describes each of the 31 selected programs, and synthesizes trends and findings to provide initial insights on using multiple gender strategies in HIV programming, including how strategies are employed together, where gaps exist, and what lessons and experiences are common across programs. Though not meant to be exhaustive, the compendium represents the depth and breadth of current HIV programming that includes multiple gender strategies. Overall, we found that many innovative programs exist in sub-Saharan Africa and that implementers are successfully integrating multiple gender approaches into HIV programs. Program implementers report numerous benefits of combining gender strategies, including ensuring project salience and relevance, extending project reach, and reflecting the multiple, interrelated needs of beneficiaries. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM DESIGN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors
Document Number: 331479

Title: Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the Implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty Adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference, 3-5 February 2009, Bangkok. Report.
Author: United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: Bangkok, Thailand, ESCAP, 2009. 38 p.
Abstract: The Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference was held at the United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok from 3 to 5 February 2009. The Expert Group Meeting was organized by the Social Policy and Population Section, Social Development Division, ESCAP in collaboration with the UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office. The meeting benefited from background papers and country reports prepared by resource persons and representatives of governments.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | OCEANIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ESCAP | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331854

Title: Integrating gender into HIV / AIDS programmes in the health sector: Tool to improve responsiveness to women�s needs.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Gender, Women and Health
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2009. [130] p.
Abstract: This hands-on WHO tool helps programme managers and health-care providers in the public and private sectors integrate gender into HIV / AIDS programmes they wish to set up, implement and evaluate so they are more responsive to women's needs. In addition to describing basic steps in gender-responsive programming, which can be applied to all HIV / AIDS programmes, the tool suggests practical actions to address key gender issues in four service delivery areas: HIV testing and counseling; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; HIV / AIDS treatment and care; Home-based care and support for people living with HIV. The tool also provides examples of gender-responsive interventions from the field, and resources such as: counseling role plays for risk reduction and HIV treatment adherence; examples of gender-sensitive communication messages; and protocols for addressing the risk of violence among women as a result of HIV status disclosure.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HOME CARE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | HIV | Care and Support | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control
Document Number: 331798

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Title: Wealth Index association with gender issues and the reproductive health of Egyptian women.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Nursing and Health Sciences. 2009 Mar;11(1):29-36.
Abstract: This study investigated the association of the Wealth Index of married women in Egypt with a number of gender and reproductive health issues found in the 2005 Egypt Demographic Health Survey. The data from a subsample of 5249 currently married women from a total of 19,474 was examined using logistic regression analysis. The women's lowest wealth quintile predicted the intention to continue female genital cutting for their daughters, exposure to physical and sexual marital violence, not being empowered in household decisions, having a higher number of children, having an unintended last child, mothers' maltreatment of their children, the perception of a lack of health-care providers or drugs as an obstacle to receiving care, and not being covered by health insurance. The association of poverty with the aforementioned adverse health outcomes are discussed. Physicians should understand the effect of poverty on health and endeavour to influence policy-makers to reduce the poverty burden on health.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342089

Peer Reviewed

Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame?
Author: Aslam M
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784.
Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 341095

Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Baldwin W; Diers J
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13)
Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331433

Title: Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study.
Author: Bouma EM; Riese H; Ormel J; Verhulst FC; Oldehinkel AJ
Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jul;34(6):884-93.
Abstract: Studies on the influence of sex hormones on cortisol responses to awakening and stress have mainly been conducted in adults, while reports on adolescents are scarce. We studied the effects of gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on cortisol responses in a large sample of adolescents. Data come from TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a prospective population study of Dutch adolescents. This study uses data of 644 adolescents (age 15-17 years, 54.7% boys) who participated in a laboratory session including a performance-related social stress task (public speaking and mental arithmetic). Free cortisol levels were assessed by multiple saliva samples, both after awakening and during the laboratory session. No significant effects of gender and menstrual phase on cortisol responses to awakening were found, while girls using OC displayed a slightly blunted response (F(1, 244)=5.30, p=.02). Cortisol responses to social stress were different for boys and free-cycling girls (F(3, 494)=9.73, p<.001), and OC users and free-cycling girls (F(3, 279)=15.12, p<.001). Unexpectedly, OC users showed no response at all but displayed linearly decreasing levels F(1, 279)=19.03, p<.001) of cortisol during the social stress test. We found no effect of menstrual cycle phase on cortisol responses to social stress (F(3, 157)=0.58, p=.55). The absence of a gender difference in the adolescents' cortisol awakening response found in this study is consistent with previous reports. Our results further suggest that adolescent OC users display slightly blunted cortisol responses after awakening, and that gender differences in cortisol responses to social stress during adolescence are comparable to those described for adult populations, that is, stronger responses in men than in women. Whereas previous work in adults suggested blunted stress responses in OC users compared to men and free-cycling women, adolescent OC users showed no cortisol response. Effects of type of OC could not be studied because of low numbers of OC that were only progestin based.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENDER ISSUES | MENSTRUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | STRESS | HORMONES | TRANSCORTIN BOUND CORTISOL ALTERATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 342582

Peer Reviewed

Title: Migrant visions of development: a gendered approach.
Author: Dannecker P
Source: Population, Space and Place. 2009;15:119-132.
Abstract: In this article the current debate on migration and development is critically discussed. It will be shown that development as a multidimensional process is hardly ever conceptualised. The diversity of migration flows and patterns and the gendered structure of these processes are leading to different development visions which are hardly ever addressed or related to development. The analysis of the development visions of temporary male and female labour migrants from Bangladesh will reveal that migration experiences and the new connections and networks give rise to new identifications and development visions. The negotiations of these visions locally may initiate cultural, social and political transformations in the countries of origin, which do not necessarily correspond with the development visions articulated by other national and international actors involved.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHERN | BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | ISLAM | RELIGION | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328760

Peer Reviewed

Title: Youth, unemployment, and male gender predict mortality in AIDS patients started on HAART in Nigeria.
Author: DeSilva MB; Merry SP; Fischer PR; Rohrer JE; Isichei CO; Cha SS
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jan;21(1):70-7.
Abstract: This retrospective study identifies risk factors for mortality in a cohort of HIV-positive adult patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Jos, Nigeria. We analyzed clinical data from a cohort of 1552 patients enrolled in a HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome treatment program and started on HAART between December 2004 and 30 April 2006. Death was our study endpoint. Patients were followed in the study until death, being lost to follow-up, or the end of data collection, 1 December 2006. Baseline patient characteristics were compared using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for continuous variables and Pearson Chi-Square test for categorical variables to determine if certain demographic factors were associated with more rapid progression to death. The Cox proportional hazard multivariate model analysis was used to find risk factors. As of 1 December 2006, a total of 104 cases progressed to death. In addition to the expected association of CD4 count less than 50 at initiation of therapy and active tuberculosis with mortality, the patient characteristics independently associated with a more rapid progression to death after initiation of HAART were male gender, age less than 30 years old, and unemployment or unknown occupation status. Future research is needed to identify the confounding variables that may be amenable to targeted interventions aimed at ameliorating these health disparities.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | YOUTH | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | UNEMPLOYMENT | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MORTALITY | DEATH | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331211

10.

11.

Title: The right to contraception and the wrongs of restrictive services.
Author: Edouard L
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 1;
Abstract: Rights come with responsibilities for individuals, service providers, and purveyors. The operationalization of the right to contraception, for universal access to a wide range of effective methods, necessitates very different but complementary interventions. A rights-based approach should aim to respect, protect, and fulfill rights. The wishes of individuals concerning childbearing necessitate informed choice, access to services, and lack of prejudice. Equity should be addressed through the strengthening of health systems, especially primary health care, with emphasis on the needs of underserved populations. Official pronouncements on population issues necessitate commitments. A philosophy of rights is particularly useful for service implementation, including the introduction of new contraceptive methods, by addressing the responsibilities of duty bearers and the claims of right holders. With the rights to and overwhelming health benefits of contraception, it is imperative to reverse the wrongs of limited reproductive health services.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | SEXUALITY | HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341047

12.

Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective.
Author: Foner N
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29.
Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts?
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 341298

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing health status and health expectancies among older adults in China: gender differences from 1992 to 2002.
Author: Gu D; Dupre ME; Warner DF; Zeng Y
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2170-9.
Abstract: Numerous studies document improvements in health status and health expectancies among older adults over time. However, most evidence is from developed nations and gender differences in health trends are often inconsistent. It remains unknown whether changes in health in developing countries resemble Western trends or whether patterns of health improvement are unique to the country's epidemiologic transition and gender norms. Using two nationally representative samples of non-institutionalized adults in China aged 65 years and older, this study investigates gender differences in the improvements in disability, chronic disease prevalence, and self-rated health from 1992 to 2002. Results from multivariate logistic regression models show that all three indicators of health improved over the 10-year period, with the largest improvement in self-rated health. With the exception of disability, the health of women improved more than men. Using Sullivan's decomposition methods, we also show that active life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy increased over this decade and were patterned differently according to gender. Overall, the findings demonstrate that China experienced broad health improvements during its early stages of the epidemiologic transition and that these changes were not uniform by gender. We discuss the public health implications of the findings in the context of China's rapidly aging population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | GENDER ISSUES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DISEASES | LIFE STYLE | QUALITY OF LIFE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342740

14.

Title: Individual versus household migration decision rules: gender and marital status differences in intentions to migrate in South Africa.
Author: Gubhaju B; De Jong GF
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):31-61.
Abstract: This research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision-making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held "own-future" versus alternative "household well-being" migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender-marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the "maximizing one's own future" neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the "maximizing household income" proposition for married men with short-term migration intentions, and the "reduce household risk" proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | NEVER MARRIED | MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | GENDER ISSUES | MARITAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341299

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Empowering teenagers to prevent pregnancy: lessons from South Africa.
Author: Jewkes R; Morrell R; Christofides N
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Oct;11(7):675-688.
Abstract: In South Africa, the rate of teenage pregnancy is high but has declined substantially over the last 20 years. In this paper, the authors argue that the key to the country�s success has been an empowering social policy agenda that has sought to make young people aware of their rights and the risks of sexual intercourse. Furthermore, family responses and education policy have greatly reduced the potential negative impact of teenage pregnancy on the lives of teenage girls. However, more attention should be paid to issues of gender and sexuality, including the terms and conditions under which teenagers have sex. There needs to be critical reflection and engagement with men and boys on issues of masculinity, including their role in child rearing, as well as examination within families of their support for pregnancy prevention and their responses to pregnancies.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL POLICY | SEX EDUCATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341492

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Behavioral and psychosocial predictors of condom use among university students in Eastern China.
Author: Ma Q; Ono-Kihara M; Cong L; Pan X; Xu G; Zamani S; Ravari SM; Kihara M
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):249-59.
Abstract: In China the HIV epidemic has started to infiltrate into a broader population through heterosexual contact and particularly to impact young people. The purpose of this study was to identify behavioral and psychosocial correlates of condom use among Chinese university students. A self-administered questionnaire survey with cross-sectional design was conducted among all classes of undergraduate students at two universities in one municipality of Eastern China, 2003. Data obtained from 1850 sexually active students who answered the question on condom use during the previous year were used for analysis. Frequent (always/often) condom use during the previous year was reported by only about 40% of both men and women. Multivariate analysis revealed that condom use during the first sexual experience, oral contraceptive use in the previous year and higher condom self-efficacy score in both genders were potent predictors of frequent condom use, while frequent condom use was less likely practiced by men who ever had non-vaginal sex, by those with higher risk-awareness for pregnancy/HIV/sexually transmitted diseases and by women with lower scores for perceived condom benefits. Safe sex education for Chinese students should be urgently introduced and should not be limited to knowledge provision but should also address psychosocial factors, such as condom self-efficacy and gender differences adequately to effectively encourage safer behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENDER ISSUES | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | SEX EDUCATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 330225

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Women, economic hardship and the path of survival: HIV/AIDS risk behavior among women receiving HIV/AIDS treatment in Uganda.
Author: MacLachlan E; Neema S; Luyirika E; Ssali F; Juncker M; Rwabukwali C; Harvey M; Duncan T
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):355-67.
Abstract: The results are presented from a 2005 survey of 377 women in four HIV/AIDS treatment programs in Uganda. The aim of the study was to explore women's economic hardships and the association with four sexual risk behaviors: whether a woman was sexually active in the last 12 months, whether a condom was used during the last sex act, whether she reported having had a sexual partner in the last six months who she suspected had multiple partners and report of forced, coercive or survival sex in the last six months. Few women were sexually active (34%), likely due to the high proportion of widows (49%). Married women were likely to report forced, coercive or survival sex (35%). Eighty-four percent of women reported condom used at last sex act. Forced, coercive or survival sex was associated with number of meals missed per week (AOR=1.125, 95% CI 1.11, 1.587, p<0.05). Sex with a partner in the last six months who a woman suspected had multiple partners was also associated with number of missed meals per week (AOR=2.080, 95% CI 1.084, 3.992). Currently women in Ugandan antiretroviral therapy programs are not likely to be sexually active, except for married women. Many women need to find food and other support, which may put them at risk of forced, coercive or survival sex due to dependency on men.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | POVERTY | HIV PREVENTION | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | INTERVIEWS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341829

18.

Title: Couples' communication on sexual and relational issues among the Akamba in Kenya.
Author: Miller AN; Golding L; Ngula KW; Wambua M; Mutua E; Kitizo MN; Teti C; Booker N; Mwithia K; Rubin DL
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):51-60.
Abstract: A large portion of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa occurs among married couples, yet the majority of research on safer-sex communication has focused on communication between couples in casual relationships. This paper explores how committed Kamba couples in Machakos District, Kenya, communicate about sensitive relational issues. The findings from focus group discussions with five groups of males and five groups of females are presented. The couples freely shared their thoughts about daily and economic issues and certain aspects of family planning and sexuality. Methods for raising sensitive issues with partners included monitoring the spouse's mood, gradual or indirect revelation, mentioning topics during sex, and use of third-party intermediaries. Interference by extended family members, especially husbands' mothers, and male authoritarian roles emerged as hindrances to effective communication between couples. The implications for HIV prevention regarding gender differences and the role of families in couples' communication are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | COUPLES | HIV PREVENTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | GENDER ISSUES | SAFER SEX | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Sex Behavior
Document Number: 341287

19.

Title: Alleviating the burden of responsibility: report on a study of men as providers of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support in Lesotho.
Author: Newman C; Makoae N; Reavely E; Fogarty L
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Jan. 101 p.
Abstract: This study demonstrates a range of perspectives about gender and HIV/AIDS care from those participating in and potentially affected by health care initiatives, and makes recommendations for increasing the number of male community-based providers of HIV/AIDS care. The objectives of the study were as follows: 1. Determine the need to bring men into community-based HIV/AIDS care and Support; 2. Determine the feasibility of engaging men as providers of community-based HIV/AIDS care and support, especially the gender-related and cultural factors that need to be addressed to increase male involvement in community-based care, based on an analysis of gender relations in Lesotho; 3. Identify factors that facilitate or hinder substantive and sustained male involvement in community-based HIV/AIDS care and support; and 4. Make recommendations for feasible gender-redistributive recruitment, training, support or retention strategies to increase the number of male communitybased providers of HIV/AIDS care and support in Lesotho.
Language: English
Keywords:
LESOTHO | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Culture
Document Number: 325235

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Men, HIV/AIDS, and human rights.
Author: Peacock D; Stemple L; Sawires S; Coates TJ
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jul 1;51 Suppl 3:S119-25.
Abstract: Though still limited in scale, work with men to achieve gender equality is occurring on every continent and in many countries. A rapidly expanding evidence base demonstrates that rigorously implemented initiatives targeting men can change social practices that affect the health of both sexes, particularly in the context of HIV and AIDS. Too often however, messages only address the harm that regressive masculinity norms cause women, while neglecting the damage done to men by these norms. This article calls for a more inclusive approach which recognizes that men, far from being a monolithic group, have unequal access to health and rights depending on other intersecting forms of discrimination based on race, class, sexuality, disability, nationality, and the like. Messages that target men only as holders of privilege miss men who are disempowered or who themselves challenge rigid gender roles. The article makes recommendations which move beyond treating men simply as "the problem", and instead lays a foundation for engaging men both as agents of change and holders of rights to the ultimate benefit of women and men. Human rights and other policy interventions must avoid regressive stereotyping, and successful local initiatives should be taken to scale nationally and internationally.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342680

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The language of "sexual minorities" and the politics of identity: a position paper.
Author: Petchesky RP
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):105-110.
Abstract: In any highly contested political domain, language can be a potent force for change or an obstacle to understanding and coalition building across difference. This is surely the case in the global debates over sexuality and gender, where even those terms themselves have aroused heated conflicts. In this spirit, we want to challenge the uncritical use of the term �sexual minorities�, based on a number of historical and conceptual problems with which that term � like the larger thicket of identities and identity politics it signifies � is encumbered. These include: ignoring history, legitimating dubious normativity, fixing biological categories, and recreating exclusions. With this struggle, we seem caught in a modernist dilemma between two desires: to name and honour difference by signifying identities and to avoid exclusivity and hierarchy by reclaiming universals. The insistence of diverse groups on naming themselves and achieving recognition of their distinctness and variety will go on as long as aspirations for democracy exist, because that is the nature and necessity of emancipatory politics. At the same time, our language needs to reflect the fluidity and complexity of sexuality and gender expressions in everyday life and their intricate interweaving with other conditions such as class, race, ethnicity, time and place.
Spanish Abstract: En toda esfera pol�tica muy refutada, el idioma puede ser una fuerza potente para lograr cambios o un obst�culo a la comprensi�n y al desarrollo de coalici�n para saldar diferencias. Indudablemente, ese es el caso en los debates mundiales sobre la sexualidad y el g�nero, donde incluso esos mismos t�rminos han suscitado conflictos acalorados. En ese esp�ritu, queremos cuestionar el uso ciego del t�rmino �minor�as sexuales�, bas�ndonos en varios problemas hist�ricos y conceptuales de los cuales est� cargado ese t�rmino, como el matorral m�s amplio de identidades y pol�tica de identidades que significa. Algunos ejemplos son: hacer caso omiso de la historia, legitimar normatividad dudosa, arreglar categor�as biol�gicas y recrear exclusiones. Con esta lucha, parecemos estar atrapados en un dilema modernista entre dos deseos: nombrar y honrar diferencias expresando identidades y evitar la exclusividad y jerarqu�a reclamando universales. La insistencia de diversos grupos en autonombrarse y lograr el reconocimiento de su particularidad y variedad perdurar� siempre que existan aspiraciones de democracia, porque esa es la naturaleza y necesidad de la pol�tica emancipadora. A la vez, nuestro idioma debe reflejar la fluidez y complejidad de las expresiones de sexualidad y g�nero en la vida cotidiana, as� como su intrincado entrelazado con otras condiciones como clase, raza, etnia, tiempo y lugar.
French Abstract: Dans tout domaine politique tr�s contest�, le langage peut �tre une force puissante de changement ou un obstacle � la compr�hension et � la cr�ation de coalitions d�passant les diff�rences. C'est s�rement le cas dans les d�bats mondiaux sur la sexualit� et le genre, o� m�me ces termes ont suscit� des conflits houleux. Dans cet esprit, nous souhaitons remettre en question l'utilisation non critique de l'expression � minorit�s sexuelles �, en nous basant sur les probl�mes historiques et conceptuels avec lesquels ce terme, comme l'enchev�trement d'identit�s et de politiques identitaires qu'il signifie, est associ�. Ignorer l'histoire, l�gitimer une normativit� douteuse, fixer des cat�gories biologiques et recr�er des exclusions figurent au nombre de ces probl�mes. Avec cette lutte, nous semblons nous trouver dans un dilemme moderniste pris entre deux d�sirs : d�signer et honorer la diff�rence en signifiant des identit�s, et �viter l'exclusivit� et la hi�rarchie en r�cup�rant des normes universelles. L'insistance de divers groupes pour se nommer eux-m�mes et faire reconna�tre leur diff�rence se poursuivra aussi longtemps que les aspirations � la d�mocratie existeront, car telle est la nature et la n�cessit� des politiques �mancipatoires. En m�me temps, notre langage doit refl�ter la fluidit� et la complexit� des expressions de la sexualit� et du genre dans la vie quotidienne et leurs liens complexes avec d'autres conditions comme la classe, la race, l'origine ethnique, le temps et le lieu.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MINORITY GROUPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342019

22.

Title: Working with young women: empowerment, rights and health.
Author: Ricardo C; Fonseca V; de Leon GS; Rosas EM; Dorantes OA
Source: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, PROMUNDO, 2009. [144] p.
Abstract: Although there has been a significant amount of work done to promote women's empowerment, most of it has been geared towards the experiences of adult women. This manual, part of an initiative called Program M, includes a series of group educational activities to promote young women's [ages 15-24] awareness about gender inequities, rights and health. It also seeks to develop their skills to feel more capable of acting in empowered ways in different spheres of their lives. Modules in this manual include: identity and relationships - this section focuses on how gender influences young women's identities and aspirations and the ways in which women and men express themselves and relate to each other; violence - this chapter explores the many forms of violence that exist, particularly in the context of young women's lives and relationships, and the links between gender, power and violence; drugs - addresses the different types of drugs that affect young women's lives and relationships and explores the concept of harm-reduction; young women and work - focuses on the traditional gender divisions which exist in different types of work and the rights of women in the workplace; and community participation - these activities can be developed in a variety of environments including schools, clubs, and community organisations, and are most effective when done with smaller groups of 10 to 20 participants. All of the activities draw on an experiential learning model in which young women are encouraged to question and analyse their own experiences and lives, in order to understand how gender can perpetuate unequal power in relationships, and make both young women and men vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health problems, including HIV/AIDS. The activities engage young women to share ideas and opinions and think about how they can make positive changes in their lives and communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | HIV PREVENTION | SEX EDUCATION | CHILD CARE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Health | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 329171

23.

Title: Women's autonomy in decision making for health care in South Asia.
Author: Senarath U; Gunawardena NS
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2009 Apr;21(2):137-43.
Abstract: This article aims to discuss women's autonomy in decision making on health care, and its determinants in 3 South Asian countries, using nationally representative surveys. Women's participation either alone or jointly in household decisions on their own health care was considered as an indicator of women's autonomy in decision making. The results revealed that decisions of women's health care were made without their participation in the majority of Nepal (72.7%) and approximately half of Bangladesh (54.3%) and Indian (48.5%) households. In Sri Lanka, decision making for contraceptive use was a collective responsibility in the majority (79.7%). Women's participation in decision making significantly increased with age, education, and number of children. Women who were employed and earned cash had a stronger say in household decision making than women who did not work or worked not for cash. Rural and poor women were less likely to be involved in decision making than urban or rich women.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | DECISION MAKING | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 331088

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Strategies for gender-equitable HIV services in rural India.
Author: Sinha G; Peters DH; Bollinger RC
Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2009 May;24(3):197-208.
Abstract: The emergence of HIV in rural India has the potential to heighten gender inequity in a context where women already suffer significant health disparities. Recent Indian health policies provide new opportunities to identify and implement gender-equitable rural HIV services. In this review, we adapt Mosley and Chen's conceptual framework of health to outline determinants for HIV health services utilization and outcomes. Examining the framework through a gender lens, we conduct a comprehensive literature review for gender-related gaps in HIV clinical services in rural India, focusing on patient access and outcomes, provider practices, and institutional partnerships. Contextualizing findings from rural India in the broader international literature, we describe potential strategies for gender-equitable HIV services in rural India, as responses to the following three questions: (1) What gender-specific patient needs should be addressed for gender-equitable HIV testing and care? (2) What do health care providers need to deliver HIV services with gender equity? (3) How should institutions enforce and sustain gender-equitable HIV services? Data at this early stage indicate substantial gender-related differences in HIV services in rural India, reflecting prevailing gender norms. Strategies including gender-specific HIV testing and care services would directly address current gender-specific patient needs. Rural care providers urgently need training in gender sensitivity and HIV-related communication and clinical skills. To enforce and sustain gender equity, multi-sectoral institutions must establish gender-equitable medical workplaces, interdisciplinary HIV services partnerships, and oversight methods, including analysis of gender-disaggregated data. A gender-equitable approach to rural India's rapidly evolving HIV services programmes could serve as a foundation for gender equity in the overall health care system.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | RURAL POPULATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342701

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: An assessment of HIV/STI vulnerability and related sexual risk-taking in a nationally representative sample of young Croatian adults.
Author: Stulhofer A; Graham C; Bozicevic I; Kufrin K; Ajdukovic D
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Apr;38(2):209-25.
Abstract: Despite the recent increase in the number of HIV infections in Central and Eastern Europe, patterns of sexual behavior have not been extensively researched, particularly among young people. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of HIV/AIDS-related vulnerability and sexual risk-taking among young adults in Croatia. Data were collected in 2005 using a nationally representative, multi-stage stratified probability sample (n = 1,093) of women and men aged 18-24 years. The focus in this article was on predictors of sexual risk-taking measured by a composite risky sexual behaviors scale. Using hierarchical regression models, we analyzed gendered effects of community, family, peer group, and individual level factors. For both men and women, peer pressure, sensation seeking, personal risk-assessment, behavioral intention, condom use at first sexual intercourse, and sexual victimization were significant predictors of sexual risk-taking behaviors. A number of predictors were gender-specific: sexual assertiveness and condom self-efficacy for women and parental monitoring, traditional morality, HIV knowledge, and talking about sex with partner for men. Documenting substantial prevalence of potentially risky sexual behaviors among young people in Croatia, the findings call for prevention and intervention efforts that should focus on individual capacity building for responsible sexual behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
CROATIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Behavior | Evaluation
Document Number: 341011

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender differences in perception and care-seeking for illness of newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India.
Author: Willis JR; Kumar V; Mohanty S; Singh P; Singh V; Baqui AH; Awasthi S; Singh JV; Santosham M; Darmstadt GL
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Feb;27(1):62-71.
Abstract: Although gender-based health disparities are prevalent in India, very little data are available on care-seeking patterns for newborns. In total, 255 mothers were prospectively interviewed about their perceptions and action surrounding the health of their newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Perception of illness was significantly lower in incidence (adjusted odds ratio=0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.94) among households with female versus male newborns. While the overall use of healthcare providers was similar across gender, the average expenditure for healthcare during the neonatal period was nearly four-fold higher in households with males (Rs 243.3 +/- 537.2) compared to females (Rs 65.7 +/- 100.7) (p=0.07). Households with female newborns used cheaper public care providers whereas those with males preferred to use private unqualified providers perceived to deliver more satisfactory care. These results suggest that, during the neonatal period, care-seeking for girls is neglected compared to boys, laying a foundation for programmes and further research to address gender differences in neonatal health in India.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | INFANT | INFANT HEALTH | EXPENDITURES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | PERCEPTION | BEHAVIOR | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Child Health | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330902

27.

Title: The Safe Schools program: a qualitative study to examine school-related gender-based violence in Malawi.
Author: Centre for Educational Research and Training; DevTech Systems
Source: [Washington, D.C.], DevTech Systems, 2008 Jan. [102] p.
Abstract: The Safe Schools Program (Safe Schools) is a five-year project under the U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade, Office of Women in Development. The objective of Safe Schools is to create safe environments for both girls and boys that promote gender-equitable relationships and reduce school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) by working in partnership with children, youth, parents, teachers, schools and communities. This report summarizes the results of the participatory learning and action (PLA) research activity conducted in October and November 2005 to help raise awareness, involvement, and accountability at national, institutional, community and individual levels of SRGBV in the Machinga District in the Southern Region of Malawi. Altogether, 952 pupils participated in the PLA workshops. The focus group discussions included more than 2,000 participants. In addition, 370 key informants including traditional leaders, initiation counselors, members of school management committees and parent teacher associations, head teachers, government Primary Education Advisers, religious leaders, members of the school disciplinary committees (where these existed) and club patrons were interviewed. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | STUDENTS | SCHOOLS | VIOLENCE | GENDER ISSUES | SAFETY | WORKSHOPS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 323698

28.

Title: Sakhi Saheli -- promoting gender equity and empowering young women: a training manual.
Author: CORO for Literacy; Population Council. Horizons
Source: New Delhi, India, Population Council, 2008. [130] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-000-97-00012-00)
Abstract: The Sakhi Saheli program was adapted from Instituto Promundo's Program M by CORO and Horizons/ Population Council as part of a larger research study aimed at reducing HIV risk among young men and women by addressing gender norms. In earlier phases of the study, the Yaari Dosti program with young men was piloted and evaluated leading to the work with young women in the last phase by piloting the Sakhi Saheli program. At the start of the Sakhi Saheli program, CORO and Horizons undertook qualitative research to explore young women's construction and expression of femininity and masculinity in two urban slum communities in Mumbai. A team of peer leaders from CORO was intensively trained in data collection methods to undertake social mapping, in-depth interviews and group discussions with girls and women aged 16-24 years and key informants such as parents, community elders and teachers. The peer leaders were engaged in interpreting and analysing research findings, under the guidance of the researchers. This training manual was prepared through a two-year-long participatory process undertaken in Mumbai, India. Young women were engaged as leaders in the design and implementation of program activities, which were subsequently validated through community-based research in selected urban slum communities in India. This manual aims to promote critical reflection on the social construction of gender that promotes inequality and women's vulnerabilities, and to create support for challenging these norms so as to enhance women's adoption of risk reduction practices. The manual is aimed at peer educators, community and health educators, teachers and/or other professionals working, with young women aged 16 to 24 years. Each section includes a series of educational activities based on participatory methods including role plays, games and interactive activities aimed at engaging young women in discussion, debate and critical thinking. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MOTHERS | INEQUALITIES | USAID | PERSONHOOD | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Human Rights | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Education | Crime
Document Number: 326011

29.

30.
Title: Summary report of the Expert Group Consultation on Tracking and Monitoring Gender Equality and HIV / AIDS in Aid Effectiveness.
Author: Expert Group Consultation on Tracking and Monitoring Gender Equality and HIV in Aid Effectiveness (2008: Santo Domingo)
Source: In: Making aid more effective: Promoting better monitoring and tracking of gender equality in HIV and AIDS responses, edited by Robert Carr. New York, New York, United Nations Development Fund for Women [UNIFEM], 2008. :23-32.
Abstract: This chapter presents document highlights from an Expert Group Consultation convened by UNIFEM in collaboration with the European Commission to identify approaches to ensure that the aid effectiveness agenda promotes greater action on, and investment in, reducing HIV and AIDS among women. The consultation provided an opportunity to discuss how to make aid more effective in addressing the gender dimensions of the epidemic through the tracking of financing for gender equality in the response to HIV and identifying, reviewing and refining key programme indicators. Experts examined how and where gender equality and HIV are being woven into the aid effectiveness agenda, drawing on country examples and existing efforts. They also made recommendations for advocacy to ensure that aid is 'effective' for women. More importantly, this convening of experts provided an opportunity to examine strategies and tools to support nationally driven processes of tracking and monitoring progress to reduce HIV infections among women by improving their access to sexual and reproductive health and rights and by reducing violence they face. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | FOREIGN AID | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ADVOCACY | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Human Rights | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Communication
Document Number: 331402


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