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Title: Zambia: National long term forecasting and quantification for family planning commodities, 2009-2015.
Author: Bwembya M; Mbewe RK
Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2009. 23 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: In December 2008, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Society for Family Health (SFH), with technical assistance from the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, conducted a national long term quantification of contraceptive needs from 2009 -2015. The quantification's overall objective was to calculate the contraceptive requirements for each year of the forecast period and to use those requirements to mobilize resources for the country to support contraceptive commodity security. This report presents the findings of the quantification as well as the methodology used and assumptions made to arrive at these findings.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | USAID | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | COLD CHAIN | LOGISTICS | FUNDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Availability | Management | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331474

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Peer Reviewed

Title: A global fund for the health MDGs?
Author: Cometto G; Ooms G; Starrs A; Zeitz P
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1500-2.
Abstract: The world is off track to achieve the health-related targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Maternal mortality has stagnated for two decades, child mortality is not declining fast enough, HIV/AIDS still infects people faster than the pace of antiretroviral treatment roll-out, and inequalities are widening within and across countries. Addressing these crises will require increased funding and more efficient spending. The next Board meetings of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance, scheduled for May and June, respectively, present an opportunity to tackle these issues. We propose that the exceptional approach created for the fight against AIDS should be expanded: the entire global health agenda must adopt a rights-based approach, which in some countries requires challenging the model of national financial autonomy. We therefore recommend that the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance gradually move towards becoming a global fund for all the health MDGs, which will require substantially greater resources to address the broader mandate. As a first step the next Global Fund and GAVI Alliance board meetings should expand the review of their architecture to provide greater support to national health plans, including co-financing non-disease-specific human resources for health. A global fund for the health MDGs would eventually allow the delivery of prevention and treatment services for specific diseases through revamped general health services, reducing transaction costs and streamlining the global health architecture. Such radical, yet rational, action is our best chance of meeting-or at least making significant progress toward-the health-related MDG targets by 2015.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | WHO | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 341099

Title: Global health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [letter]
Author: Dabade G; Puliyel J
Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 27;373(9682):2195-6.
Abstract: David McCoy and colleagues note that half of all Gates Foundation funding goes towards vaccination. US$1.5 billion provided by the Gates Foundation and some donor countries go to fund the GAVI Alliance's "advance marketing commitments" to purchase vaccines and provide them at subsidised costs in developing countries. The advance marketing commitments for pneumococcal vaccine illustrate the problem with this policy quite lucidly. Madhi and colleagues have calculated that 1000 children have to be vaccinated to prevent approximately four cases of pneumonia. Given that the vaccine costs $250 per child, $250 000 will be spent to prevent these four cases of pneumonia. Treatment of four children with pneumonia with oral cotrimoxazole, in accordance with the WHO protocol, will cost $1 in India. The hope that GAVI's funding of vaccines would push down their prices has been belied. One review found that prices actually went up after GAVI funding, meaning that the higher costs are borne by poor nations when GAVI funding is withdrawn. Entering into advance commitments to market this vaccine in developing countries allows GAVI to divert Gates Foundation money to vaccine manufacturers, without providing commensurate benefits to the children it is supposed to help. We agree with McCoy and colleagues that, given the substantial public subsidies that the foundation receives in the form of tax exemptions, its programmes must be subjected to public scrutiny. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | FUNDS | DECISION MAKING | HEALTH POLICY | DISEASE PREVENTION | VACCINES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology
Document Number: 342052

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh state of India to inform resource allocation.
Author: Dandona L; Kumar SG; Kumar GA; Dandona R
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 14;23(2):233-42.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct composite economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions to inform efficient utilization of resources in India. METHODS: We obtained output and economic cost data for the 2005-2006 fiscal year from a representative sample of 128 public-funded HIV prevention programmes of 14 types in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Using data from various sources, we developed a model to estimate the number of HIV infections averted. We estimated the additional HIV infections that could be averted if each intervention reached optimal coverage and the associated cost. RESULTS: In a year, 9688 HIV infections were averted by public-funded HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh. Scaling-up interventions to the optimal level would require US$38.8 million annually, 2.8 times the US$13.8 million economic cost in 2005-2006. This could increase the number of HIV infections averted by 2.4-fold, if with higher resources there were many-fold increases in the proportional allocation for programmes for migrant labourers, men who have sex with men and voluntary counselling and testing, and reduction of the high proportion for mass media campaigns to one-third of the 2005-2006 proportion of resource utilization. If the proportions of resource allocation for interventions remained similar to 2005-2006, the higher resources would avert 54% of the additional avertable HIV infections. CONCLUSION: The recent four-fold increase in public funding for HIV/AIDS control in India should be adequate to scale-up HIV prevention interventions to an optimal level in Andhra Pradesh, but the prevention would be suboptimal if additional investments were not preferentially directed to some particular interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FUNDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation
Document Number: 330502

Title: Money into health.
Author: Eichler R; Levine R
Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls, [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :3-9.
Abstract: This book addresses one set of approaches to using money and other material goods to affect the actions of those who are delivering and receiving health services. More specifically, it is about how to use particular types of incentives -- those that reward or penalize specific types of results -- to motivate health-related behaviors. Performance incentives are defined as the transfer of money or material goods conditional on taking a measurable action or achieving a predetermined performance target. In the conceptualization we use, performance incentives include those that operate at the level of the health facilities (or networks of facilities), the individual provider, the household decisionmakers, and the patients. In other words, we look at incentives on both the demand and the supply sides, at both individual and collective levels. In our framework, we do not include the conditional payments that donor agencies offer to national governments, such as additional grant monies if and when particularpolicy decisions are made. We look solely at the interface between provider and patient. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALARIA PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Economic Factors | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331460

Title: Funding cuts threaten women's access to contraception. UN warns that global economic crisis may hit reproductive health services around the world.
Author: Ford L
Source: Guardian. 2009 Apr 8;:[2] p. Posting to Katine Chronicles blog.
Abstract: The article highlights the fears that the current financial crisis will lead to a shortfall in development financing available for family planning and in turn adversely affect the ability of developing nations to meet their Millenium Development Goals to improve women's wealth.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | FUNDS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Evaluation | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331361

Peer Reviewed

Title: Enhancing HIV prevention requires addressing the complex relationship between prevention and treatment.
Author: Henderson K; Worth H; Aggleton P; Kippax S
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(2):117-30.
Abstract: Globally each year, HIV continues to infect millions of people, and the number of people living with HIV and AIDS grows. While there has been an increase in funding for HIV and AIDS, there is a growing gap between the funds available and the funds needed for both prevention and treatment. Yet, one of the means of closing that gap - preventing new infections - has slipped down the agenda. In arguing for a significant intensification of the HIV prevention response, and the relevance of a strong social stance within this response, this paper addresses the need to manage finding a balance between prevention and treatment and care. Not only is there not enough being spent on HIV prevention, but also in some instances, the prevention agenda has been hijacked by those who favour morally conservative, but ineffective, HIV prevention strategies. We argue that effective prevention needs to be firmly located within the everyday realities affecting communities and societies, and needs to focus on what is known to work. In particular, we need to move beyond a public health underpinned by neo-liberal notions of agency and individual responsibility to a public health that recognises the collective nature of epidemics, and works with communities and networks to transform social relations. This latter, more 'social' public health, is concerned with the social, political and economic factors that produce HIV risk and responses to it. Contrary to what some might suggest, HIV prevention has not failed, rather, governments and donors have failed HIV prevention.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | FUNDS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PUBLIC HEALTH | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | HIV
Document Number: 341398

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11.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Mexico.
Author: Indacochea CM
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 36 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders.This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Mexico. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331429

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154.
Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 341898

13.
Title: Innovative pediatric palliative care programs in four countries.
Author: Knapp C; Madden V; Marston J; Midson R; Murphy A; Shenkman E
Source: Journal of Palliative Care. 2009 Summer;25(2):132-6.
Abstract: Over the past three decades, pediatric palliative care programs have been developed and refined throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to provide information on experiences from four of those programs, yet we acknowledge that there are many other innovative programs that deserve recognition for the services they provide to children and families. This study is limited in that it is unable to compare outcomes from the four programs, such as patient-reported quality of life, that might help to better understand the impact of pediatric palliative care. Nonetheless, information sharing can inspire and educate others with the overarching goal of globally advancing pediatric palliative care.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | SOUTH AFRICA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CARE AND SUPPORT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | OBSTACLES | COUNSELING | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | FUNDS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342874

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15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Planning for Posttrial Access to Antiretroviral Treatment for Research Participants in Developing Countries.
Author: Shah S; Elmer S; Grady C
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 16;
Abstract: Despite recognition of the importance of posttrial access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the implementation process has not been studied. We examined whether National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidance was being implemented in NIH-funded ART trials conducted in developing countries between July 2005 and June 2007. All of the 18 studies we identified had posttrial access plans for trial participants. More than 70% had specific mechanisms for posttrial access, but none guaranteed long-term sponsor funding after the trials. The plans reflected variation in local contexts and the uncertainty of predicting local conditions in the long term. The strength of the NIH guidance may be that it encourages investigators to formulate plans in advance and to work with other stakeholders to provide access to ART.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | TREATMENT | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342040

16.
Title: "It's 100% for me": hospital practitioners' perspectives on mandatory HIV testing.
Author: Sheikh K; Porter JD
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009 Jul-Sep;6(3):132-7.
Abstract: This article explores the thinking of medical practitioners working in nine hospitals spread across five cities in India, on a contested subject--mandatory HIV testing of patients prior to surgery. We used in-depth interviews with practitioners and an interpretive analytical approach to understand their decisions to conduct mandatory tests. While many in the public health community see mandatory testing as an unacceptable violation of patient autonomy, the practitioners widely regarded it as a valuable cost-saving innovation for obviating transmission of infection during surgery. These conceptions are rooted in the day-to-day logic of practice which defines practitioners' actions--imperative of personal security, investment in core occupational roles and the importance of harmonious relations with co-workers. The experiences of hospitals with contrasting policies on mandatory HIV testing shows how an approach that balances patients' needs with an appreciation of practitioners' perspectives may result in more workable solutions for field-level ethical dilemmas.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | PREOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | HOSPITALS | INTERVIEWS | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Surgery | Treatment | Health Facilities | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Safety | Public Health | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342878

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Title: Global health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [letter]
Author: Yamada T
Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 27;373(9682):2195.
Abstract: Your May 9 Editorial is a valuable contribution to the dialogue about how best to address global health inequity. At the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, we welcome diverse viewpoints about our global health strategy and grant making, and we seek candid feedback from experts, policy makers, and advocates. The advisers who participate in the review of our programmes, strategies, and grant applications number in the hundreds. We are also committed to programme transparency and keeping our partners informed about our work. We have recently redesigned our website in an effort to provide clear and up-to-date information about our funding priorities and grants, and are preparing to post a description of our core strategies by the end of the year. You argue that the foundation's grant making should align more closely with the disease burden in developing countries. Disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), is the most important consideration in our funding decisions. Indeed, the great majority of our grants address infectious and parasitic diseases, which represent the largest share of DALYs lost in low-income countries. But this must be coupled with a sense of where our limited dollars can make the biggest difference. We are just a small part of the overall picture of development assistance in global health. We believe our contribution is to help find technology-based solutions that will have a big impact on the people we are trying to serve. The major health challenges in developing countries can only be solved through close and effective partnerships among many stakeholders. We will continue to engage in active dialogue to identify how, working together, we can have the greatest possible long-term impact. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | FUNDS | DECISION MAKING | HEALTH POLICY | DISEASE PREVENTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | VACCINES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology
Document Number: 342053

19.

Title: Private Sector Mobilization for Family Health (PRISM). Year 4 annual report, 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2008. Contract No. 492-C-00-04-0036-00.
Author: Chemonics International
Source: [Manila], Philippines, Chemonics International, 2008 Nov 15. 81 p. (USAID Contract No. 492-C-00-04-0036-00)
Abstract: The Private Sector Mobilization for Family Health (PRISM) project successfully completed the fourth of its five years with most targets accomplished and many activities yielding valuable lessons and new capacities for increasing private sector responses to meeting family health needs of Filipinos. PRISM has generated results from engaging the private sector to take advantage of commercial opportunities in providing family health goods and services to the market through the following: Workplace-based family health services at 500 companies and cooperatives, 365 of which have signed letters of commitment; Commercial sales of four low-priced contraceptives by pharmaceutical companies; Community-based health services of 213 private-practice midwives; Synergistic combinations of these three elements (workplace programs, commercial pharmaceutical market, midwives in private practice (PPMs)) in 33 provinces and cities. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | ANNUAL REPORT | USAID | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | COUNSELING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | WORKPLACE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD HEALTH | FUNDS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Employment | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331438

20.

Title: Interim report, July 1, 2007 - December 31, 2007, Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization Program. Cooperative Agreement GPO-A-00-05-00022-00.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization Program [CRTU]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, CRTU, [2008]. [227] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: This interim report covers work carried out by Family Health International (FHI) between July 1, 2007 and Decerrlber 31, 2007 under the Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies and Research Utilization (CRTU) Cooperative Agreement with the United States Agency for International Development. The Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00 was awarded to FHI on April 29, 2005 and covers a five-year program of work. We are currently in Year 3 of program implementation. Since its founding in 1971, Family Health International has worked with USAID to advance and support family planning and reproductive health programs worldwide. The CRTU Program continues this tradition with the goal of increasing the range of available choices and the use of safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods and reproductive health technologies, including microbicides, delivered through high-quality family planning and reproductive health services in developing countries. A primary focus of the current cooperative agreement is research utilization. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MICROBICIDES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCT APPROVAL | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | COUNSELING | FUNDS | Research Methodology | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Contraception | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Technology | Economic Factors | Legislation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331620

21.

Title: Global Fund in Rwanda agrees to finance contraceptives. Policy update.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, [2008]. [2] p.
Abstract: In Rwanda, integration of family planning and HIV services is a national priority. In a significant step for both contraceptive security and HIV prevention in Rwanda, local Global Fund stakeholders have decided to fund contraceptives by providing a three-year commitment worth more than US$2.4 million from Round 7 Funds. Global Fund financing has been used in the past to finance condoms in a number of countries, but Rwanda is believed to be the first country to fund contraceptives as part of its efforts to fight HIV and AIDS. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331612

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Title: Quantification of health commodities: a guide to forecasting and supply planning for procurement.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2008. [54] p. (USAID Deliver Project, Task Order 1USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: This guide for quantification of health commodities has been developed by the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 1, to assist technical advisors, program managers, warehouse managers, procurement officers, and service providers in (1) estimating the total commodity needs and costs for successful implementation of national health program strategies and goals, (2) identifying the funding needs and gaps for procurement of the required commodities, and (3) planning procurements and shipment delivery schedules to be able to ensure a sustained and effective supply of health commodities. The step-by-step approach to quantification presented in this guide is complemented by a set of product-specific companion pieces that provide detailed instructions for forecasting consumption of ARV drugs, HIV test kits, antimalarial drugs, and lab supplies.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | FUNDS | EVALUATION | DATA COLLECTION | MANAGEMENT | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339993

24.

Title: Using national resources to finance contraceptive procurement. Policy brief.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, [2008]. [9] p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: Driven by the increasing demand for and popularity of family planning, increasing population size, and changing demographics with more couples entering their fertile years, the financing requirement for contraceptives has become increasingly onerous. Strategies to finance contraceptives include expansion of the donor base; increased use of cost recovery, including revolving drug funds; greater use of the private sector; and direct government financing of contraceptive procurement. None of these is mutually exclusive, and to ensure contraceptive security, most countries are likely to use some or all of these approaches, and many others. Evidence suggests that many governments are beginning to finance contraceptive procurement using national resources, but limited data are publicly available regarding the global extent of this financing. This brief details the findings of a survey of the extent to which national governments of developing countries are using national resources to finance contraceptive procurement. The brief examines the different types of financing used, some of the benefits of this type of financing, and some of the issues it raises. Hopefully, this study can be repeated to track spending and will spur more rigorous efforts to measure this practice. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | SURVEYS | GOVERNMENT | USAID | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | WORLD BANK | FOREIGN AID | FUNDS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Management | Organization and Administration | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | International Agencies
Document Number: 326278

25.

Title: U.S. HIV / AIDS and family planning / reproductive health assistance: a growing disparity within PEPFAR focus countries.
Author: Population Action International
Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Action International, 2008 Jan. [3] p.
Abstract: Voluntary FP/RH programs, a proven successful intervention long supported by the U.S. government, is critical to the health and well being of women, children and families around the world, and is an acknowledged key component to the success of HIV prevention care and treatment programs. The report explores the links between family planning and HIV prevention and advocates for increased support for family planning programs. Key action recommendations: increase U.S. funding for international family planning and reproductive health to improve HIV prevention efforts for women and their children, and to reduce unintended pregnancies; remove policy restrictions, including the Global Gag Rule, the "abstinence earmark" and the "loyal oath," which greatly limit access to the best available HIV/AIDS and FP/RH services for women and their families. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health
Document Number: 324698

26.

Title: State of the world's mothers 2008. Closing the survival gap for children under 5.
Author: Save the Children
Source: Westport, Connecticut, Save the Children, 2008. [56] p.
Abstract: Worldwide, more than 200 million children under age 5 do not get the basic health care they need. This contributes to nearly 10 million children dying needlessly every year from highly preventable or treatable ailments such as diarrhea and pneumonia. A disproportionate number of the children without health care come from the poorest and most marginalized families in developing countries. While there has been significant progress in reducing the overall death toll among children under 5 in recent decades, death rates among the poorest of the poor have not improved nearly so well, and in some countries they have gotten worse. These widening health care inequities unfairly condemn millions of the world's poorest children to early death or a lifetime of ill health. This year's State of the World's Mothers report shows which countries are succeeding - and which are failing - to deliver basic health care to the mothers and children who need it most. It examines where the health care gaps between the poorest and best-off children are widest, and where they are smallest. It also looks at the survival gaps between the rich and poor children in developing countries, and shows how millions of children's lives could be saved by ensuring all children get essential, low-cost health care. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CHILDREN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD SURVIVAL | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | POVERTY | INDUSTRIALIZATION | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 326320

27.

Title: One billion dollars for U.S. international family planning assistance: an urgent appropriations request that will save young women's lives.
Author: Ackerman B; Cheetham N; Hauser D
Source: Washington, D.C., Advocates for Youth, 2008. [4] p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: This policy brief discusses the need for increased funding for family planning and provides brief examples of how this can improve the health of youth. Because young people make up a significant proportion of those of reproductive age, a $1 billion investment in international family planning assistance from the U.S. government would reach a significant amount of young people. Maternal and infant deaths would be dramatically reduced. Reductions in unintended pregnancies for young women would significantly reduce abortions. Sufficient funding would increase the awareness, acceptability, and use of contraceptives among youth. USAID utilizes international family planning funds to work towards a multitude of ends including: responding to the unique sexual and reproductive health needs of young people; promoting gender equity; addressing harmful traditional practices such as female genital mutilation; and preventing and treating obstetric fistula, among many others. This brief also examines historical funding trends for family planning. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ABORTION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Mortality | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331376 Notification

28.

Title: The effects of religious contextual norms, structural constraints, and personal religiosity on abortion decisions.
Author: Adamczyk A
Source: Social Science Research. 2008 Jun;37(2):657-672.
Abstract: Researchers have established that individual religiosity influences abortion attitudes, and that abortion attitudes, in turn, shape abortion restrictions and access. Less clear is whether religion and abortion structural constraints influence abortion decisions. This study examines the several individual, contextual, and structural factors that could shape the abortion decisions of women who conceive before marriage. Special attention is given to the importance of academic aspirations and structural constraints, in contrast to religious beliefs and county religious context, for making an abortion decision. Hierarchical modeling techniques and two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) are employed. Neither generic religiosity nor conservative Protestant religious context appear to influence women's abortion decisions. Conversely, young women's abortion decisions are shaped by academic ambition, identification with a conservative Protestant denomination, proximity to an abortion clinic and the level of public abortion funding in their county of residence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | RELIGION | BELIEFS | ABORTION | CLINICS | FUNDS | UNIVERSITIES | EDUCATION | DECISION MAKING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Schools | Behavior
Document Number: 326943 Notification

29.

Title: HIV and AIDS: Responding to a threat to education for sustainable development.
Author: Allemano E
Source: Natural Resources Forum. 2008 May;32(2):142-151.
Abstract: The article seeks to sensitize the development community, particularly outside the education sector, about the issues surrounding education as a vehicle for promoting sustainable development in an AIDS environment in Africa. By illustrating how the epidemic impacts education sector staff as well as parents and students at all levels, the article intends to suggest how national authorities, NGOs and donor agencies can work out strategies to enhance the role of education in promoting sustainable development in Africa. Analysis will demonstrate how the AIDS epidemic weakens the education sector, particularly in countries with a generalized epidemic (defined as more than 3% of the adult population being HIV-positive), undermining the sector's ability to contribute to general literacy and sustainable development. The article will demonstrate that HIV and AIDS is still not fully accepted as an educational issue, which has hampered efforts to deal with its ravages in the educational sector. The need for holistic policy frameworks for supporting teachers and administrators living with HIV and AIDS will be discussed as well as how changes in curriculum and better relations with the community are important in addressing the needs of students. The article will highlight options for developing innovative responses to HIV and AIDS in African education, showing how different forms of education can serve as vehicles for responding to the challenges of the epidemic. The examples emphasize the importance of learner-centered instruction and partnerships with the health sector and other resources needed in an AIDS-affected environment. Key messages of the article are that the HIV and AIDS epidemic is a multi-sectoral problem and that responding to it effectively in the education sector requires coherent responses that address the needs of learners and instructors, including those who are personally affected or infected by HIV and AIDS. Adapting the Education for Sustainable Development initiative to address the challenges posed by the epidemic must be supported by policy development, leadership and advocacy. Diverse partnerships are essential, as the education sector alone cannot deal with the challenge of HIV and AIDS to sustainable development. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATION | SCHOOLS | POLICY | CURRICULUM | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FUNDS | Developing Countries | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities
Document Number: 326899

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