1.  Title: Supportive friendships moderate the association between stressful life events and sexual risk taking among African American adolescents. Author: Brady SS; Dolcini MM; Harper GW; Pollack LM Source: Health Psychology. 2009 Mar;28(2):238-48. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether uncontrollable stressful life events were associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents across a 1-year period, and whether supportive friendships modified associations. DESIGN: Participants were 159 sexually active African American adolescents (57% male; mean age [SD] = 17.0 [1.5] years at baseline). Participants were recruited for in-person interviews through random digit dialing in one inner-city neighborhood characterized by high rates of poverty and crime relative to the surrounding city. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent variables included substance use before sexual activity and inconsistent condom use. RESULTS: Among adolescents who reported low levels of supportive friendships, uncontrollable stressors were associated with greater levels of sexual risk taking over time. In contrast, uncontrollable stressors were not associated with sexual risk taking among adolescents who reported high social support from friends; risk taking was typically moderate to high among these adolescents. CONCLUSION: Different processes may explain sexual risk taking among adolescents with varying levels of social support from friends. Adolescents with low support may be prone to engagement in health risk behavior as a stress response, while adolescents with high support may engage in risk behavior primarily due to peer socialization of risk. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341117 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Stress, needs, and quality of life of family members caring for adults living with HIV/AIDS in Taiwan. Author: Feng MC; Feng JY; Chen TC; Lu PL; Ko NY; Chen YH Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):482-9. Abstract: The stress, needs and quality of life (QoL) of family members of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are critical to explore in Taiwan where home care projects are not available to help the PLWHA families. We examined the extent of stress, needs, QoL and its correlates that family caregivers of PLWHA experienced with structural questionnaires survey. A total of 50 family caregivers of PLWHA visiting a medical center in Taiwan participated in the study from October 2005 to August 2006. Family caregivers felt most stressful on disclosure and stigma issues, and most worried about patients' interpersonal relationships. The most important needs were care-related needs including knowledge of the disease progression, methods of examination and treatment, and the related side effects. The level of stress significantly positively correlated with needs, and negatively correlated with QoL. Availability of alternative manpower to care PLWHA and being PLWHA's parents were two significant factors affecting family caregivers' QoL. In conclusion, family members of PLWHA experienced high level of stress, enormous caring needs, and poor QoL. A family-centered care for PLWHA and their families in the community is crucial to improve quality of care and to prevent family's overload, particularly for families with no alternative manpower and for those being PLWHA's parents. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | STRESS | QUALITY OF LIFE | NEEDS | STIGMA | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Data Collection Document Number: 341833 |
| 3. Title: In search of health: quality of life among postpartum Palestinian women. Author: Hammoudeh W; Mataria A; Wick L; Giacaman R Source: Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 2009 Apr;9(2):123-32. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The postpartum period is a very important period for the health of the mother and the newborn. Despite its importance, research on this period is limited and tends to be more focused on biomedical aspects of the postpartum period. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, little is known regarding women's postpartum wellbeing. This study utilizes the Maternal Postpartum Quality-of-Life instrument to assess Palestinian women's postpartum quality of life and the factors associated with variations in their quality-of-life scores. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey utilizing the adapted Maternal Postpartum Quality-of-Life Questionnaire was completed in the Occupied Palestinian Territory with a final sample size of 1020 women. RESULTS: The mean overall quality-of-life score for the sample was 21.53 (maximum = 30), suggesting that women are slightly satisfied with their lives in the postpartum period. Main variations in quality-of-life scores were associated with regional district, refugee status, the loss of a relative due to Israeli occupation violence, standard of living and pregnancy wantedness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the diversity and complexity of the social context, in particular the region where women live, and the issue of pregnancy wantedness in postpartum quality of life. They also call into question the services currently offered to postpartum women. Language: English Keywords: WEST BANK | GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | QUALITY OF LIFE | QUESTIONNAIRES | CARE AND SUPPORT | STANDARD OF LIVING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 342478 |
| 4. Title: Factors influencing women's decision to have a home birth in rural Turkey. Author: Kukulu K; Oncel S Source: Midwifery. 2009 Feb;25(1):32-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to ascertain the reasons why mothers choose to have a home birth and the factors that influence these reasons. METHODS: this cross-sectional study involved 392 women and was conducted between June and September 2003 in a rural setting in Turkey. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the authors. The questionnaire included demographic information, obstetric background, the reasons for deciding to give birth at home as well as questions on who encouraged the decision to give birth at home and who assisted in the home births. FINDINGS: the decision to have a home birth is related to economic difficulties and the desire to benefit from the assistance of neighbours. Women who had experienced both planned and unplanned home births reported that home birth was unsafe. CONCLUSION: preliminary information is provided about women having home births that may inform practitioners' educational efforts and future research. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | HOME CARE | CHILDBIRTH | DECISION MAKING | HOME ECONOMICS | PERCEPTION | SAFETY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Public Health Document Number: 331292 |
| 5. Title: [Knowledge of contraception, pregnancy, and sexuality in ninth grade pupils in the municipality of Viborg during a 21-year-period] Viden om praevention, graviditet og seksualitet gennem 21 ar hos 9. klasser i Author: Nielsen JL; Boelskifte J; Falk J; Lauszus FF; Rasmussen KL Source: Ugeskrift For Laeger. 2009 Mar 30;171(14):1163-7. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: A study of the sources of and the changes in the knowledge about contraception, pregnancy, and sexuality during a 21-year-period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was handed out on the same day in all ninth grade classes in the Municipality of Viborg without prior notice to teachers or pupils. The results were compared with similar studies performed in 1986, 1993, and 2000. RESULTS: In all 394 of 398 questionnaires were answered. The answers revealed that forty-three percent knew at which time in the cycle pregnancy can occur; boys with sexual debut scored lowest. The time limits for legal abortion were known by 64%, the girls had a higher level of knowledge on this item than the boys. The abortion limits for 16-year-old girls were known by 58%, but here the boys, who had made sexual debut, scored highest and the girls with no prior sexual experience scored lowest. The sources of knowledge changed over the years; screen-based media (TV, internet) now cover more than 30% of both gender's sources, and magazines/pornography comprise more than 50% of girls' and 30% of boys' sources of knowledge. The school's and friends' share in sexual education remained constant, while books and parents as knowledge sources show a downward trend. CONCLUSION: School and friends still play a substantial role in the sexual education of ninth grade pupils, but screen-based media and magazines are now the third-most important source of information and their importance have increased considerably over the past seven years. Knowledge of time limits for abortion, early pregnancy signs and cycle has not changed except for slight gender differences. Language: Danish Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY | SEXUALITY | CHANGES | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | SEX EDUCATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Reproduction | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Communication | Family and Household | Education Document Number: 330931 |
| 6. Title: Comparison of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of orphans and non-orphans among HIV-positive children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Oladokun R; Brown B; Aiyetan P; Ayodele O; Osinusi K Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul;13(4):462-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV-positive orphans and to compare their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics with HIV-positive non-orphans. METHODS: A survey was conducted among patients attending the infectious disease clinic of the Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between July 2005 and November 2006. Information obtained included demographic data, orphan status, HIV/AIDS status of parents, current caregiver, school enrolment, and clinical parameters at presentation. RESULTS: Of the 110 children studied (mean age 43.5 months, SD 41.7 months), 58 (52.7%) were male and 74 (67.9%) presented with severe clinical disease, while 68.1% were malnourished. There were 40 orphans, giving a prevalence of 36.4%. Of this number, 13 (32.5%) were paternal orphans, 20 (50%) were maternal orphans, and seven (17.5%) were double orphans. Thirty-five (87.5%) were cared for within the family and none were in institutional care. Compared to non-orphans, orphans tended to be older at presentation (p=0.02). There were no significant differences in school enrolment, clinical stage of the disease, CD4 counts, or mean weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age Z-scores at presentation between the two groups. CONCLUSION: It appears that the extended family system is currently coping with the orphan situation. There is need for provision of social and economic support to caregivers of children orphaned by AIDS before the family system is overwhelmed. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | AGE FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | CHILD CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 342833 |
| 7. Title: Gender roles and informal care for patients with AIDS: a qualitative study from an urban area in Tanzania. Author: Tarimo EA; Kohi TW; Outwater A; Blystad A Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2009 Jan;20(1):61-8. Abstract: As HIV/AIDS imposes an overwhelming pressure on the capacity of an already overburdened health care system in many African countries, families have increasingly been noted to supplement hospital care services for patients with AIDS. The aim of the present study is to generate knowledge on the experiences of family caregivers to the patients with AIDS at the household level in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 family caregivers and were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The article provides the reader increased insight on the obligations that AIDS caregiving has imposed on women within the close kin group of the patient. The study indicates that caregiving has increased the workload and in the same vein the economic marginality of women, who themselves are increasingly widowed heads of households. The study findings demonstrate strong gendered implications for community and policy makers. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | URBAN AREAS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | CARE AND SUPPORT | HOME CARE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | IMPACT | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330213 |
| 8. Title: Community support and disclosure of HIV serostatus to family members by public-sector antiretroviral treatment patients in the Free State Province of South Africa. Author: Wouters E; van Loon F; van Rensburg D; Meulemans H Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 May;23(5):357-64. Abstract: Recent studies have indicated that the support of close relatives is fundamental in coping with HIV/AIDS and in accessing the emotional and material support necessary for sustained adherence to treatment. Because disclosure to family members is imperative to ensure their support, identifying tools or resources that can minimize the possible risks and maximize the potential benefits of disclosure should be useful in improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. Where health systems require strengthening, engaging the community in HIV/AIDS care could potentially create an environment that encourages disclosure to family members. This study investigated the impact of community support initiatives (community health workers and treatment support groups), patient characteristics (age, gender, and education), and time since first diagnosis on the disclosure of serostatus to family members by a sample of 268 public-sector antiretroviral treatment patients in a province of South Africa between August 2004 and July 2007. Whereas gender, age, and education only weakly influenced disclosure, there was a strong and stable positive association between community support and disclosure to family members. The immediate and long-term impact of community support on the disclosure by seropositive patients to family members indicates that initiatives such as community health workers and HIV support groups run by people living with HIV/AIDS should be strengthened, especially for those patients who cannot disclose their status to immediate family and close friends. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | SUPPORT GROUPS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CARE AND SUPPORT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | NOTIFICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Health Services | Communication | Political Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 342181 |
| 9. Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge and health-related attitudes and behaviors among deaf and hearing adolescents in southern Brazil. Author: Bisol CA; Sperb TM; Brewer TH; Kato SK; Shor-Posner G Source: American Annals of the Deaf. 2008 Fall;153(4):349-56. Abstract: HIV/AIDS knowledge and health-related attitudes and behaviors among deaf and hearing adolescents in southern Brazil are described. Forty-two deaf students attending a special nonresidential public school for the deaf and 50 hearing students attending a regular public school, ages 15-21 years, answered a computer-assisted questionnaire. (There was simultaneous video translation of questions to Brazilian Sign Language.) A branched decision-tree structure was used to determine level of sexual experience and hearing status. Deaf participants scored lower on HIV/AIDS knowledge, demonstrating a need to improve school-based instruction and develop campaigns tailored to this group's requirements. Though the hearing students reported more sexual activity than the deaf students, no other significant differences were found in health-related attitudes and behaviors. Two findings of concern are the high rate of sexual abuse reported by deaf participants and the large number of deaf adolescents reporting having a friend with AIDS. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | DEAFNESS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | COMPUTERS | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | DECISION MAKING | RISK BEHAVIOR | COITAL FREQUENCY | HIV TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sensory Effects | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Information Processing | Information | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 330327 |
| 10. Title: Attitudes of Jordanian society toward wife abuse. Author: Btoush R; Haj-Yahia MM Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Nov;23(11):1531-1554. Abstract: The authors conducted an exploratory study among a convenience sample of 260 Jordanian men and women, using self-administered open and closed questions to examine the participants' approach toward wife abuse. In general, there was high awareness of wife abuse and the different types of abuse (mainly physical and psychological), a general tendency to oppose wife abuse, a tendency to blame the victim for abuse, and a lesser tendency to blame the abuse on the husband, marital problems, as well as familial and societal conditions. There was also a strong tendency to consider wife abuse a personal and familial issue rather than a social and legal problem. Therefore, the preferred method for coping with wife abuse and violence was the expectation that the abused wife should change her behavior and assume responsibility to change her husband followed by resorting to informal agents (family or community or religious figures). Less preferred coping methods included confronting the husband and expressing desire to break up or separate and resorting to formal agents (social welfare programs, counseling, legal system), as a last resort in cases of repeated abuse and severe physical violence. The implications of these findings for future research, interventions, and policy formulation are discussed. Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SPOUSE | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | ATTITUDES | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PERCEPTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Violence | Aggression | Culture Document Number: 328412 |
11.  Title: Confidentiality or continuity? Family caregivers’ experiences with care for HIV / AIDS patients in home-based care in Lesotho. Author: Makoae MG; Jubber K Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2008 Apr;5(1):36-46. Abstract: In the context of poor access to antiretroviral therapies in sub-Saharan Africa, the minimum treatment package intended to treat opportunistic infections common with HIV infection is inadequate but appealing, since it presumes universal coverage of medical care for patients living with HIV and AIDS. The overall objective of this study was to analyse the challenges which family caregivers encountered in home-based care when they tried to access medical treatment for home-based AIDS patients in the context of confidentiality and limited medical care. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with a sample of 21 family caregivers -16 females and 5 males aged between 23 and 85 years was conducted with the assistance of health personnel in two hospitals in Lesotho. Using the concept of continuity of care, this article discusses the experiences of family caregivers about home care, including their experiences of adherence to confidentiality by health care professionals and non-disclosure of AIDS as the context of illness, the circumstances under which the caregivers initiated caregiving and sought medical care, and how these factors could be stressors in caregiving. There was continuity of care where the caregivers obtained hospital support. However, when confidentiality was adhered to the caregivers were frustrated by lack of information, disrupted treatment, exclusion of their perspectives in medical care, failure to secure hospitalisation, ambiguous goals and non-responsiveness, so that continuity of care was jeopardised. Thus it can be concluded that professional-assisted disclosure benefited the patients because it facilitated continuity of care through the caregivers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | HOME CARE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PERCEPTION | ETHICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | HIV | AIDS | Family Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 326972 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Association between knowing someone who died of AIDS and behavior change among South African youth. Author: Palekar R; Pettifor A; Behets F; MacPhail C Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Nov;12(6):903-912. Abstract: The authors examined the association between knowing someone who died of AIDS and self-reported behavior change, condom use at last intercourse, number of partners in the prior 12 months, and attitudes toward HIV among South African youth aged 15-24. They found that more than 40% of youth reported knowing someone who died of AIDS, most commonly a neighbor. Using multivariable logistic regression, they found that high school-educated youth who knew someone who died of AIDS were significantly more likely to report having changed their behavior as a result of HIV. However, the authors found no association between knowing someone who died of AIDS and actual HI-prevention behavior. While youth tended to have increased odds of perceiving HIV to be serious, they did not consistently perceive their risk of contracting HIV to be higher when they knew someone who died of AIDS. The results suggest that part of the key to effecting behavior change in youth may lie in better understanding what factors increase youth's perceived risk of contracting HIV. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | DEATH | AIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors Document Number: 322435 |
| 13. Title: Maternal breastfeeding attitudes: Association with breastfeeding intent and socio-demographics among urban primipars. Author: Persad MD; Mensinger JL Source: Journal of Community Health. 2008 Apr;33(2):53-60. Abstract: Breastfeeding is associated with improved developmental and social outcomes for an infant. Despite these health benefits, only 54% of women breastfeed in the early postpartum period. Although an understanding of socio-demographic characteristics, breastfeeding intent, and breastfeeding attitudes can facilitate breastfeeding initiatives, these factors have not been characterized particularly for urban and immigrant mothers. The objectives of this study are to provide a descriptive analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics, breastfeeding intent, and breastfeeding attitudes of primiparas presenting to an inner city prenatal clinic and determine if breastfeeding attitudes are associated with breastfeeding intent and socio-demographic variables. Of 100 primiparas, 79 reported the intent to breastfeed. Breastfeeding intent was associated with 1) positive breastfeeding attitudes, 2) higher household incomes, 3) being born outside the US, 4) being Afro-Caribbean as opposed to African American, 5) having family, peer, and partner support for breastfeeding, 6) attending breastfeeding classes, and 7) greater years of education. These findings suggest that targeting breastfeeding initiatives towards low-income, less educated, US born mothers who lack breastfeeding support from their loved ones may improve breastfeeding rates among urban primiparas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MOTHERS | IMMIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PRIMIPARITY | BREASTFEEDING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Economic Factors Document Number: 325288 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of universal access to antiretroviral therapy on HIV stigma in Botswana. Author: Wolfe WR; Weiser SD; Leiter K; Steward WT; Percy-de Korte F; Phaladze N; Iacopino V; Heisler M Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct;98(10):1865-71. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to examine the impact of treatment access on HIV stigma in Botswana 3 years after the introduction of a national program of universal access to antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: We studied the prevalence and correlates of HIV stigma in a population-based study of 1268 adults in Botswana in 2004. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess correlates of stigmatizing attitudes and a new measure, anticipated HIV stigma. RESULTS: Overall, 38% of participants had at least 1 stigmatizing attitude: 23% would not buy food from a shopkeeper with HIV; 5% would not care for a relative with HIV. Seventy percent reported at least 1 measure of anticipated stigma: 54% anticipated ostracism after testing positive for HIV, and 31% anticipated mistreatment at work. Perceived access to antiretroviral therapy was strongly and independently associated with decreased odds of holding stigmatizing attitudes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24, 0.74) and of anticipated stigma (AOR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that antiretroviral therapy access may be a factor in reducing HIV stigma. Nevertheless, the persistence of stigmatizing attitudes and significant anticipated stigma suggest that HIV stigma must be a target for ongoing intervention. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | STIGMA | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | WORKPLACE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | HIV | Social Problems | Measurement | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328528 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of baseline health and community support on antiretroviral treatment outcomes in HIV patients in South Africa. Author: Wouters E; Van Damme W; van Rensburg D; Meulemans H Source: AIDS. 2008 Nov 30;22(18):2545-8. Abstract: The importance of community support when scaling-up antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited settings is poorly understood. We assessed the impact of baseline health, patient characteristics and community support on ART outcomes at 6 and 12 months in a representative sample of 268 patients enrolled in the Free State public sector ART program (South Africa). Delayed ART initiation reduced ART response, whereas support from treatment buddies, community health workers and support groups significantly improved treatment outcomes. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CAPACITY BUILDING | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | HIV | Program Sustainability | Programs | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330271 |
| 16. Title: Support from a close female relative in labour: The ideal maternity nursing intervention in Thailand. Author: Yuenyong S; Jirapaet V; O'Brien BA Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2008;91(2):253-260. Abstract: Childbirth is a significant event in the lives of women and their families. It is a critical time in the human development that transforms women into mothers. Women remember their childbirth for the rest of their lives. Thus, the quality of support that women receive during labour and delivery is important and nurses need to be concerned. Previously, women were delivered at homes; they received emotional support from female relatives. Now women give birth in hospitals; they are separated from their families. Although nurses are adept at providing physical and emotional support, they may have to care for several other women. Nurses sometimes may give support to an individual woman a low priority because they have various clinical responsibilities and paper work. It may create womens' experience emotional loneliness and deal with labour pain and in unfamiliar environment alone. These situations can contribute negative effects on childbirth outcomes. Having a close female relative to support a woman in labour can reduce maternal stress and anxiety and improve childbirth outcomes. The present article provides guidelines for including a close female relative on the labour unit to support a woman during labour and delivery. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDBIRTH | CARE AND SUPPORT | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | EMOTIONS | STRESS | ANXIETY DISORDERS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | BEST PRACTICES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325595 |
| 17. Title: The special needs of orphans: the case of Malawi. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan. [2] p. (In Brief) Abstract: In the countries hardest hit by HIV and AIDS, caring for adolescents who have lost one or both parents puts an added strain on the extended family and the community. Child-headed households and child laborers are all too common, and research shows that for many children, losing a parent means losing not only the affection of a mother or father, but also food, shelter and health care. With these added pressures and limited safety nets, orphans are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and therefore face increased risk of HIV/AIDS and unintended pregnancy. Losing a parent can also mean not getting the parental care and advice about life, love and health that other young people receive. Orphans rely more heavily on public sources of information than children with both parents. If they lack access to youth-friendly health information and services, these young people are often left with nowhere to turn. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | NEEDS | INFORMATION SOURCES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Information | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 310872 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: [Sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an incidence study] Estudo da incidencia de abuso sexual contra criancas no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Author: Aded NL; Dalcin BL; Cavalcanti MT Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Aug;23(8):1971-1975. Abstract: We present an incidence analysis of forensic medical examinations at the Afranio Peixoto Institute of Forensic Medicine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from January to July 2000. A sample of 124 cases of suspected sexual abuse was selected, both male and female, aged 0 to 17 years. Minors from 0 to 14 years of age represented 81.45% of the sample, coinciding with rates from a former study spanning the first quarter of 2000. Other than vaginal rape, young male subjects prevailed in cases of suspected anal, oral, or other forms of sexual violence and comprised 20.97% of the total sample, with no such cases, either male or female, in the 15-17-year group. Most cases of alleged vaginal sexual abuse were detected in the 10-17-year group. 44.36% of the alleged aggressors were related to the victims; non-related aggressors represented 13.71% of the study group. 30.65% of all cases lacked information about the aggressor. Most police complaints were recorded in the North and East Sides of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The present study did not analyze the victims' social, economic, or cultural characteristics. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PREVALENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | INCIDENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Family Characteristics Document Number: 320430 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Home-based antiretroviral care is associated with positive social outcomes in a prospective cohort in Uganda. Author: Apondi R; Bunnell R; Awor A; Wamai N; Bikaako-Kajura W Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 Jan 1;44(1):71-76. Abstract: Home-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) care in Africa has expanded; but social outcomes of home-based ART programs are unknown. Social experiences of participants in an antiretroviral therapy program involving weekly home visits in Uganda were assessed through interviews at enrollment and after 3 months and analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Of 654 participants, 72% were women; median baseline CD4 cell-count was 123 cells/µL. At follow-up, participants were more likely to report community support (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.46 to 3.03, P < 0.001), family support (OR 2.65, CI: 2.01 to 3.49, P < 0.001), and relationship strengthening (OR 2.10, CI: 1.46 to 3.03, P = 0.001) than at baseline; 84% attributed these experiences to antiretroviral therapy program participation. There was no change in incidence of negative experiences (P = 0.3). Forty-six percent of women reported a history of partner abuse, but abuse rates 3 months before and after program initiation were low (1% vs. 2%, OR 3.20, CI: 0.94 to 10.9, P = 0.063). Of five women who reported abuse associated with program participation, all had history of domestic violence. Of all participants reporting outcomes associated with antiretroviral therapy program participation at follow-up, 464 (79%) had only positive experiences, 35 (6%) had both positive and negative experiences, and < 1% had only negative experiences. Participation in a home-based antiretroviral therapy program was associated with multiple positive social outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HOME CARE | STIGMA | SOCIAL NETWORKS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems | Crime Document Number: 310460 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: The health effects of emigration on those who remain at home. Author: Burazeri G; Goda A; Tavanxhi N; Sulo G; Stefa J Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36(6):1265-1272. Abstract: The health effects of emigration on relatives staying behind has received little attention in the recent literature. Our aim was to assess the association of spouse and offspring emigration with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Albania, a country which is undergoing a particularly rapid socio-economic transition accompanied by intensive emigration. A population-based case-control study, conducted in Tirana, Albania, in 2003-06, included 467 non-fatal consecutive ACS patients (370 men, 97 women; 88% response) and 737 population-representative controls (469 men, 268 women; 69% response) aged 35-74 years. Information on emigration of family members and financial support, socio-demographic characteristics and conventional coronary risk factors was obtained by a structured questionnaire and examination. Associations of emigrational variables with ACS were assessed by logistic regression. Forty five percent of female and 25% of male patients, and 17 and 15% of controls, respectively, reported emigrationof a close family member. These were younger and of lower education, income and social status than controls without emigrants. Forty nine percent of patient emigrants vs 76% of control emigrants remitted funds. Excess risk of ACS was confined to individuals whose emigrant relatives did not remit monies home [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 10.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.6-44.8 in women, and OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.9-4.3 in men; P for sex-interaction = 0.03] and was attributable largely to spouse emigration. Our findings, which require confirmation, suggest that emigration of close family, but especially of spouses, coupled with non-remittance of financial support is associated with marked health effects in the spouse or parent left behind, and that women are more vulnerable than men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | NATIVE-BORN | EMIGRANTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES | REMITTANCES | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Biology Document Number: 322857 |
| 21. Title: Health outcomes in adolescence: Associations with family, friends and school engagement. Author: Carter M; McGee R; Taylor B; Williams S Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2007 Feb;30(1):51-62. Abstract: The aim was to examine the associations between connectedness to family and friends, and school engagement, and selected health compromising and health promoting behaviours in a sample of New Zealand adolescents. A web-based survey was designed and administered to a random sample of 652 Year 11 students aged 16 years from all Dunedin (NZ) high schools between 30th July and 31st October 2001. Connectedness to family and friends, and school engagement were assessed, together with reports of various health compromising and health promoting behaviours. Logistic regression was used to determine the extent to which these family, friends and school variables were related to health compromising and health promoting behaviours. School engagement was strongly related to both low levels of health compromising and high levels of health promoting behaviours. Connectedness to family was associated primarily with fewer reports of suicidal ideation and increased reports of physical activity. Connectedness to friends was associated in the main with increased reports of health compromising behaviours. This study reinforces the importance of school and family as support networks for young people. School may well play an especially important role in health promotion among young people. The mechanisms by which engagement with school operates need to be explored further. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW ZEALAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 311597 |
| 22. Title: Screening for cervical cancer among female physicians and their relatives in Taiwan: A population-based comparative study. Author: Chen LS; Huang N; Tsay JH; Wang PJ; Chou YJ Source: Preventive Medicine. 2007 Jun;44(6):531-535. Abstract: This study compares the practice of having the recommended Pap smear test every 3 years among female physicians, female relatives of physicians, and general women of similar socio-economic background. This population-based cohort study followed a total of 5,815,781 Taiwanese women from January 2001 to December 2003, who were 30 years of age or older in 2001. Of the total study population, 1950 were physicians and 27,441 were female relatives of physicians. Multiple logistical regression models were used. After adjusting for age, ethnic status, physical disability status, and place of residence, of those women whose monthly insurable income was greater than $NT40,000, female physicians (OR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.50-060) were the least likely to have undergone at least one Pap smear test during the three-year study period. The physicians' relatives (OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87-0.92) were also significantly less likely to take routine Pap smear tests compared to general women with equivalent socio-economic background. The female physician is a major player in disease prevention with advanced knowledge of the benefits associated with the Pap smear test, but may not adhere any better to the recommendations than the general population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PAP SMEAR | SCREENING | PREVALENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Measurement Document Number: 313580 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers' perspectives. Author: Cluver L; Gardner F Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Mar;19(3):318-325. Abstract: By 2020, an estimated 2.3 million South African children will be orphaned by HIV/AIDS (Actuarial Society of South Africa, 2005), but little is known about risk and protective factors for their emotional and behavioural well-being. This qualitative study explores perspectives of affected families. Orphaned children (n = 60), caregivers of orphaned children (n = 42) and social care professionals (n = 20) completed semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Participants were recruited from schools, shelters and welfare services. Findings from multiple sources indicate potential risk and protective factors in a range of dimensions, including bereavement, family functioning, social support, poverty, access to education and perceived stigma. Many factors reflected international literature on children experiencing similar stressors (e.g. non HIV/AIDS-related bereavement). However, this study also identified factors which may be specific to this group, notably stigma, abuse and peer factors. Current research is quantitatively testing associations between these identified factors and psychological outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | SOCIAL WORKERS | AIDS | MENTAL HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | CHILD REARING | STIGMA | CHILD ABUSE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Biology | Behavior | Crime Document Number: 316017 |
| 24. Title: Playing in the waiting room of an infant outpatient clinic from the perspective of children and their companions. Author: da Silva Pedro IC; Nascimento LC; Poleti LC; Garcia de Lima RA; Falleiros de Mello D; Rosa Luiz FM Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2007 Mar-Apr;15(2):290-297. Abstract: Playing is one way children use to communicate with the world that surrounds them. This descriptive-exploratory study aimed to understand the experience of playing for children and their companions in an outpatient waiting room. We performed semi-structured interviews with 12 children and those responsible for them. In the data analysis, three themes were identified: waiting time: "there is no other way, you have to wait"; using the time to play: turning the clinic into a more pleasant space; and the toy as a relations mediator. Playing is revealed to be an effective pediatric nursing intervention strategy in helping the child to overcome barriers imposed by the assistance. This resource favors the communication process among children, companions and professionals and, thus, greatly contributes to improve the care delivery. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PARENTS | INFANT | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | NURSES AND NURSING | PLAY | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | WAITING AREAS AND QUEUES | TIME FACTORS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Workplace | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 319680 |
| 25. Title: Birth spacing perceptions of rural Filipinos. Author: de Vera NZ Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2007 Jul;18(3):238-246. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of rural Filipinos concerning the various factors influencing birth spacing. The Household Production of Health nested in the Ecological Model was used to provide the conceptual framework for this study. Analysis of ethnographic data produced one domain of meaning, Factors Influencing Birth Spacing, and six categories: (a) gender relations, (b) religion and the Catholic Church, (c) contraceptive technology, (d) media, (e) family and friends, and (f) family planning education. Understanding the factors influencing birth spacing in different cultures may provide health care providers with a broader scope for providing culturally competent care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | BIRTH SPACING | PERCEPTION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CATHOLICISM | MASS MEDIA | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Gender Issues | Religion | Christianity | Communication | Education Document Number: 313667 |
26.  Title: Knowledge on malaria transmission and its prevention among schoolchildren in Kyela District, south-western Tanzania. Author: Edson F; Kayombo EJ Source: Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. 2007;9(3):207-210. Abstract: A school-based study was carried out to assess the knowledge on malaria and its prevention among children in Kyela District, south-western, Tanzania in August-September 2004. A total of 400 schoolchildren (age=10-20 years) from four schools were selected. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge on malaria transmission, methods of prevention, source of information and use of mosquito nets. More than 85% of the respondents were knowledgeable on malaria and preventive measures. Sources of information about malaria and its control were mainly from their teachers (47.4%), print materials (21.9%), family members (20.4%), television and radio (7.3%) and medical personnel (2.2.%). The perceived best control measures were untreated nets (32.1%), treated nets (21.4%), environmental management (25.7%) and burning mosquito coils and insect repellents (20.8%). Availability of mosquito nets was relatively high (70%), but only 38% of the pupils were using insecticide treated nets (ITNs).Low ITN use was due to its unavailability (57.5%), cost (35%) and foul smell and fear of side effects (7.5%). These findings suggest schoolchildren are aware about malaria and its prevention methods, but are not well-informed of the benefits of using ITNs. More education and advocacies on use of ITNs to parents and children is needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | TEACHERS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | MALARIA PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | MALARIA | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | INFORMATION SOURCES | BED NETS | PRINTED MEDIA | BROADCAST MEDIA | PESTICIDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Information | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Mass Media | Communication | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 325118 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Extended family caring for children orphaned by AIDS: Balancing essential work and caregiving in a high HIV prevalence nations. Author: Heymann J; Earle A; Rajaraman D; Miller C; Bogen K Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Mar;19(3):337-345. Abstract: While over 90 per cent of the 15 million children who have been orphaned by HIV/AIDS are cared for by family members, there is little information about whether adults can meet orphans' essential caregiving needs while working to economically survive. Using a survey we conducted in Botswana of 1033 working adults, we analyse the experience of adults who are caring for orphans. Over one-third of working adults were caring for orphans and many with few financial resources: 82% were living on household incomes below US$10 purchasing power parity adjusted per person per day. Because of their caregiving responsibilities, they were less able to supplement income with overtime, weekend, evening, or night work. At the same time caregiving responsibilities meant orphan caregivers spent fewer hours caring for their own children and other family members. Nearly half of orphan caregivers had difficulties meeting their children's needs, and nearly 75% weren't able to meet with children's teachers. Pay loss at work compounded the problems: One-quarter of orphan caregivers reported having to take unpaid leave to meet sick childcare needs and nearly half reported being absent from work for children's routine health care. This paper makes clear that if families are to provide adequate care for orphans while economically surviving there needs to be increases in social supports and improvements in working conditions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | NEEDS | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | INCOME | SOCIAL POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 316020 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Africa's orphan crisis: Two community-based models of care. Author: Kidman R; Petrow SE; Heymann SJ Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Mar;19(3):326-329. Abstract: The AIDS epidemic has created a crisis for children, severely threatening the health and development of children whose parents are ill, have died and whose communities have lost a large percentage of their adults. Even when extended family can serve as guardians, their need to work in the context of widespread poverty decreases the amount of time they are able to spend with children. Other children live in child-headed households or with seniors unable to provide adequate care. Relative to the size of the need there are few interventions that provide support to orphans in sub-Saharan Africa. We report on two different models of community-based care that have emerged to fill this caregiving gap, and highlight the relative advantages of each. These programmes, one centralized and the other decentralized, are an effective means of caring for orphans and could be scaled up in other communities to meet the magnitude of the crisis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | NEEDS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Child Rearing | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 316018 |
| 29. Title: Family caregivers in rural Uganda: The hidden reality. Author: Kipp W; Tindyebwa D; Rubaale T; Karamagi E; Bajenja E Source: Health Care for Women International. 2007 Nov;28(10):856-871. Abstract: We conducted 16 in-depth interviews with family caregivers of AIDS patients in three rural districts in western Uganda. They were selected from a client visitation list of the home-based care program for AIDS patients, based on volunteer participation. Family caregivers reported huge problems associated with providing the necessary psychological, social, and economic care. They also said that the physical and emotional demands of caregiving are overwhelming daily challenges. Most support to AIDS patients provided by family, friends, and the churches. The study highlights the great burden of caregivers, in sub-Saharan Africa who most often are elderly women and young girls. This study examine, the burden and related health issues of family caregivers, primarily women, for AIDS patients in Uganda. It was part of a broad research project using qualitative methods on family caregiving in the home environment in sub-Saharan Africa. As the requirements for family care giving are often overwhelming for women under the conditions as they exist in Uganda and in other developing countries, it constitutes a gender issue of great importance that has not been appreciated fully in the international literature. Family caregiving is also of international relevance, as HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic of previously unknown proportions. In many poor countries, family caregiving is the most common and often the only care that AIDS patients receive, because clinic-based care often is not available close to home or is not affordable. Therefore, family caregiver support programs to alleviate this burden are essential for all those countries where HIV/AIDS is prevalent. Family caregiver burden encompasses medical, social, and economic issues at the household level, which requires an interdisciplinary approach in order to fully understand and appreciate the different dimensions of the family caregiver burden and its negative impact on the lives of so many women in so many countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | RURAL POPULATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HOME CARE | EMOTIONS | STRESS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 313955 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Differences in HIV disclosure by modes of transmission in Taiwanese families. Author: Ko NY; Lee HC; Hsu ST; Wang WL; Huang MC Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jul;19(6):791-798. Abstract: HIV serostatus disclosure is a crucial decision, and often perceived as a double-edged sword for people living with HIV. This study was intended to determine the extent of disclosure according to interpersonal relationships, compare the characteristics of disclosure by modes of HIV transmission, and to describe perceived consequences after disclosure to Taiwanese families. Data were collected by in-depth interviews and chart reviews at HIV primary care clinics in a university hospital in southern Taiwan from 2004 to 2005. Of 105 male participants interviewed, 76 (72.4%) had disclosed their HIV status to at least one person, including 62% to an immediate family member and 21% to friends. The HIV disclosure rates were different in three groups divided by modes of transmission, 36% in men having sex with men (MSM), 34% in heterosexuals, and 21% in injection drug users (IDUs). MSM were more likely than heterosexual men or male IDUs to disclose their HIV status directly to friends immediately after leaning of their HIV diagnosis. Heterosexual men and male injection drug users often disclosed to their immediate families a few days after obtaining an HIV diagnosis. Perceived consequences after disclosure included: increased substantial support from family, assistance with medical and healthcare, encouragement of living positively with HIV, being rejected, treated as contagion, and condemnation. Disclosure of HIV-positive status in a family-oriented Taiwanese society is a complex process and different by the modes of transmission. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | |