1.  Title: Quantitative analysis of DHEA and androsterone in female urine: investigating the effects of menstrual cycle, oral contraception and training on exercise-induced changes in young women. Author: Bayle ML; Enea C; Goetinck P; Lafay F; Boisseau N; Dugue B; Flament-Waton MM; Grenier-Loustalot MF Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009 Feb;393(4):1315-25. Abstract: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolite androsterone (A) are natural steroids secreted in high quantities in human body. To assess the influence of oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle phase, and also physical exercise (acute and chronic such as training) on these metabolites excretions, a collection of 28 female urine specimens was organized. A three-extraction-step method was developed, and the analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterated 19-noretiocholanolone as the internal standard. Sample hydration state was found to be of great importance for kinetic studies, as it directly influenced the concentrations. No influence of menstrual cycle and training was found for androsterone and DHEA. However, oral contraceptive intake lowered DHEA excretion in urine and A seems to be slightly affected by exercise. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ATHLETES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE | ANALYSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PHYSIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330963 |
| 2. Title: Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Author: Chakhtoura Z; Canonico M; Gompel A; Thalabard JC; Scarabin PY; Plu-Bureau G Source: Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2009 Apr;40(4):1059-62. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The association between combined oral contraceptives (OC) use and increased risk of stroke has been reported. While progestogen-only contraceptives (POC) are commonly used worldwide, their impact on cardiovascular disease remains unclear. METHODS: A meta-analysis based on EMBASE and MEDLINE referenced literature corresponding to OCs marketed since 1960 was carried out. Eligible articles assessing the risk of stroke in relation to OC or POC were reviewed, and relevant studies were extracted. All types of POC and routes of administration were taken into account in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Six case-control studies were identified. The combined odd ratio (OR) showed no increase in the risk of stroke among POC users (OR=0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 1.31). This result was similar according to the route of administration (either implant or injectable or oral POC). CONCLUSIONS: Data from observational studies show that POC use is not associated with an increased risk of stroke. However, these results are based on limited data. Further investigations are needed in women with risk factors of stroke. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | RISK ASSESSMENT | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 331085 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Profile of the progesterone derivative chlormadinone acetate - pharmocodynamic properties and therapeutic applications. Author: Druckmann R Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):272-81. Abstract: Chlormadinone acetate (CMA) is a derivative of progesterone (17alpha-acetoxy-6-chloro-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione), first synthesized in 1961 and is used as an orally effective progestogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and in combination with ethinyl estradiol (EE) in contraception since 1999. Chlormadinone acetate has a strong progestogenic effect - about one-third higher than that of progesterone - and may vary depending on the previous effect of an estrogen, i.e., estrogens may promote the formation of progesterone receptors and proliferation of the endometrium. Like progesterone, it is anti-estrogenic and has no partial androgenic effect (at the doses used for contraception and HRT). In contrast to progesterone, it has a slight glucocorticoid effect, a pronounced anti-androgenic effect and no anti-mineralocorticoid effect. No pregnancy-maintaining effect of CMA has been demonstrated in humans. The anti-androgenic effect of CMA is presumed to be the result of both its binding to androgen receptors - competitively inhibiting the effect of endogenous testosterone and dihydrotestosterone - and the competitive inhibition of 5alpha-reductase. In this respect, dosing of CMA is crucial; agonistic effects are observed when doses are increased from those optimal for an antagonistic effect. Chlormadinone acetate has a strong anti-gonadotropic effect, through negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion, and has been used for more than 20 years alone for contraception in arterial risk patients. The clinical and metabolic tolerability of CMA has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies with duration of treatment of up to 2.5 years. The more recent application of CMA as an oral contraceptive in combination with EE (Neo Eunomin, Belara) has proven highly successful, with studies reporting excellent contraceptive efficacy, high tolerability and adherence due to a good side effect profile and positive effects on preexisting dysmenorrhea, skin and hair conditions. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341633 |
| 4. Title: Effects of menstrual cycle, oral contraception, and training on exercise-induced changes in circulating DHEA-sulphate and testosterone in young women. Author: Enea C; Boisseau N; Ottavy M; Mulliez J; Millet C; Ingrand I; Diaz V; Dugue B Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009;106:365-373. Abstract: The objective of this study was to ascertain the effects of menstrual cycle, oral contraception, and training status on the exercise-induced changes in circulating DHEA-sulphate and testosterone in young women. Twenty-eight healthy women were assigned to an untrained group (n = 16) or a trained group (n = 12) depending on their training background. The untrained group was composed of nine oral contraceptive users (OC+) and seven eumenorrheic women (OC-). The trained group was composed of OC+ subjects only. All the OC+ subjects were taking the same low-dose oral contraception. Three laboratory sessions were organised in a randomised order: a prolonged exercise test until exhaustion, a short-term exhaustive exercise test, and a control session. Blood specimens were collected before, during and after the exercise tests and at the same time of the day during the control session. Basal circulating testosterone was significantly lower in trained as compared to untrained subjects. In all subjects, the prolonged exhaustive exercise induced a significant increase in circulating DHEA-s and testosterone. The short-term exercise induced a significant increase in circulating DHEA-s in untrained eumenorrheic and in trained OC users only. Menstrual phases in OC- did not influence the responses. It was found that exhaustive physical exercise induced an increase in circulating DHEA-s and testosterone in young women. Oral contraception may limit short-term exercise-induced changes. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PHYSIOLOGY | ANDROGENS | FITNESS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System | Health Document Number: 330573 |
| 5. Title: Contraception and screening for cervical and breast cancer in neuromuscular disease: A retrospective study of 50 patients monitored at a clinical reference centre. Author: Goutard S; Baron C; Bouton C; Penisson-Besnier I; Fosse G; Aube-Nathier AC; Havet-Thomassin V; Dubas F; Richard I Source: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2009 Aug 14; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse contraceptive methods and the extent of screening for breast and cervical cancer in women with neuromuscular disease, compare these results with data and guidelines for the general population and determine the environmental and attitudinal barriers encountered. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study in a population of female neuromuscular disease patients (aged 20 to 74) monitored at a clinical reference centre. RESULTS: Complete datasets were available for 49 patients. Seventy percent used contraception (hormonal contraception in most cases). Sixty-eight percent had undergone screening for cervical cancer at some time in the previous 3 years and 100% of the patients over 50 had undergone a mammography. Architectural accessibility and practical problems were the most common barriers to care and were more frequently encountered by wheelchair-bound, ventilated patients. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the patients had good access to contraceptive care and cervical and breast cancer screening. However, specific measures may be useful for the most severely disabled patients. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTION | BREAST CANCER | CERVICAL CANCER | SCREENING | MUSCULAR EFFECTS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342589 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of access to emergency contraceptive pills on women's use of highly effective contraceptives: results from a French national cohort study. Author: Moreau C; Trussell J; Michelot F; Bajos N Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Mar;99(3):441-2. Abstract: We examined changes in contraceptive behaviors after emergency contraception (EC) pill use. A nationally representative cohort of 2863 French women was studied to identify 272 instances of EC pill use. In 71% of the cases, we found no changes in contraceptive practices from the time of EC pill use to 6 months later: 41% of women continued use of highly effective methods and 30% continued less effective methods. Only 8.4% switched from highly effective to less effective methods. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330487 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Frequency of discontinuation of contraceptive use: results from a French population-based cohort. Author: Moreau C; Bouyer J; Bajos N; Rodriguez G; Trussell J Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Feb 27;24(6):1387-1392. Abstract: BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of highly effective contraceptive methods in France, one in every three pregnancies is unintended. Among women experiencing an unintended pregnancy leading to an abortion, half had changed their contraceptive method in the 6 months preceding the abortion, in most cases switching to a less-effective method or to no method at all. This study provides estimates of method-specific contraceptive discontinuation rates for any reason and for method-related reasons among French women. METHODS The data were drawn from the COCON survey (2000-2004), a population-based French prospective cohort, comprising a representative sample of 2863 women aged 18-44. We estimated Kaplan-Meier life-table probabilities of contraceptive discontinuation during the 4 years of follow-up and tested for differences by intrauterine device (IUD) type and pill composition. RESULTS Probabilities of contraceptive discontinuation for method-related reasons varied widely by method: IUDs were associated with the lowest probabilities of discontinuation (11% within 12 months, 30% within 4 years), followed by the pill (22% and 48%, respectively). Discontinuation rates were significantly higher for all other methods (condoms, withdrawal, fertility awareness methods and spermicides). We found no differences in discontinuation rates by the type of IUD (levonorgestrel-IUD versus copper-IUD) and increasing rates of pill discontinuation with decreasing dosage in estrogen. CONCLUSIONS Contraceptive discontinuation rates among French women are substantially lower than those reported for US women. Comparing the determinants of contraceptive discontinuation and the role of healthcare providers in helping women make these changes would improve our understanding of the reasons for such variation. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 330496 |
| 8. Title: Good news for women with endometriosis! [letter] Author: Roman H Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 May;91(5):e40. Abstract: I read with great interest the study of Seracchioli et al., and I would like to start by warmly congratulating the authors. In fact, as a gynecologist involved in the management of endometriosis, I have always been aware that postoperative long-term suppression of menses ought to follow the surgical procedure to reduce recurrence. Today we have LE-1 data supporting the usefulness of postoperative long-term medical treatment, and this is very good news for our patients! However, regarding the trial, there are some remarks that might be made. First, the authors stated that they performed an intention-to-treat analysis; however, this is not true because several women dropped out after the randomization procedure (n 1/4 10, 6, and 6 women in each group, representing almost 10% of the sample). I would like to highlight that the principle of intention to treat is avoiding any secondary exclusion to guarantee the perfect comparability of the groups due to the randomization procedure. Second, the study showed that the rate of recurrence in nonusers is threefold higher than in continuous users of the contraceptive pill. In fact, I think that the difference is even higher, because it is very likely that more than six nonusers actually took the treatment because of recurrent pain. Unfortunately the study was not double blinded, and nonusers were aware that they were not taking a hormonal treatment that was potentially efficient in preventing recurrences. As I daily encounter women presenting with endometriosis, I cannot imagine that nonuser patients with recurrence of cyclic pain will accept relieving it only with anti-inflammatory drugs for several months, namely, until the end of the study. Consequently, it would be expected that several women presenting with recurrent pain and taking a hormonal treatment despite their inclusion in the nonusers arm of the trial would have been likely to develop an endometrioma in the absence of such treatment. Furthermore, how did the authors make sure nonusers were using onlynonhormonal contraceptive methods during the 2 years of the study? In my opinion, this study is one of the most important trials I have read in the last few years in the field of endometriosis. It clearly showed that surgery alone should no longer be proposed to patients who do not intend to get pregnant immediately after the surgical procedure and that postoperative medical treatment is useful when it is administered for the long term. I am looking forward to reading the next systematic review concerning postoperative treatment, because the study of Seracchioli et al. will probably move the superior limit of the 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio below the value 1 and will definitively prove that the usefulness of the postoperative treatment should no longer be debated. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TREATMENT | SURGERY | PAIN | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms Document Number: 341225 |
9.  Title: Rising U.S. teen fertility. Author: Saenz R; Conde E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [3] p. Abstract: The United States has higher fertility rates among teenage girls compared with other developed countries of the world. For example, girls ages 15 to 19 have fertility rates more than five times higher than their counterparts in developed countries such as France, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Nonetheless, the fertility rate of girls ages 15 to 19 declined consecutively over the period from 1991 to 2005. During this time, the fertility rate of the age group dropped by one-third, from 61.8 births per 1,000 girls ages 15 to 19 in 1991 to 40.5 in 2005. However, the latest data for 2006 may point to a reversal of this trend, with the fertility rate inching upward to 41.9. This trend is of great concern because adolescent pregnancy has been associated with unemployment, poverty, repeated pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, infant mortality, high risk pregnancy, and lower educational achievement. Furthermore, teenage pregnancy is a primary indicator of adult poverty among women. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | ITALY | JAPAN | SLOVENIA | SWITZERLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | UNEMPLOYMENT | POVERTY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INFANT MORTALITY | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Southern | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Mortality | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 331480 |
| 10. Title: Impact of combined and progestogen-only contraceptives on bone mineral density. Author: Sarfati J; de Vernejoul MC Source: Joint, Bone, Spine. 2009 Mar;76(2):134-8. Abstract: Sex steroids are major determinants of bone mass, and hormonal contraceptives may affect bone mineral density (BMD) in women. Combination contraceptives probably have no impact on BMD, except perhaps when started within 3 years after the menarche. Progestogen-only contraceptives are being increasingly used. Injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate, a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin release, can induce bone loss, most notably in young women. Other progestogens are used in lower doses that have weaker antigonadotropin effects. Levonorgestrel and etonorgestrel implants have unclear effects on BMD but are probably safe. The impact of high- and low-dose oral progestogens on BMD has not been investigated, although no adverse effects would be expected. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | IMPACT | WOMEN | PROGESTERONE | ESTROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SKELETAL EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341723 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethical aspects concerning termination of pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. FIGO committee report. Author: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]. Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):97-98. Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | FRANCE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ETHICS | WOMEN | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | BIRTH DEFECTS | ULTRASONICS | SCREENING | BELIEFS | CULTURE | RECOMMENDATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Human Rights | Political Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 327333 Notification |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Violence against women. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. FIGO committee report. Author: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]. Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):95-96. Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | FRANCE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ETHICS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 327332 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Demography, culture, and policy: Understanding Japan's low fertility. Author: Boling P Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):307-326. Abstract: Insights into the causes of Japan's prolonged and sharp fall in total fertility rate come from comparing Japan with France. The two countries share dirigiste administrative approaches, family policy reform undertaken under the auspices of pragmatic right wing parties and justified on pronatalist grounds, and involvement of demographic experts in crafting and shepherding such policies. But the countries differ with respect to their total fertility rates (France 1.98, Japan 1.29) and the effectiveness of their family policies. Thus comparing them can help identify areas of divergence that might explain these differences and assist in the project of theory building. Several salient explanations are rooted in Japan's labor market: it exacts high opportunity costs from parents who interrupt their careers to raise children, keeps ideal workers from having much time for their families, assumes and reinforces a traditional gender ideology, and hires few young workers into good jobs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | FRANCE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FAMILY POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | PRONATALIST POLICY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 327375 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-term monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS: Relapse risk factors, value of polymerase chain reaction, and potential impact on secondary prophylaxis. Author: Bourgeois N; Lachaud L; Reynes J; Rouanet I; Mahamat A Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 May;48(1):13-19. Abstract: Molecular methods have become essential in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in patients who have AIDS. The present study aimed at (1) identifying relapse risk factors for VL and (2) assessing the value of long-range routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) monitoring in such patients, (3) with a view to proposing decision-making elements for discontinuing specific secondary prophylaxis. A cohort of 27 HIV-positive patients was prospectively followed up during a period of 5 months to 9 years (median = 51 months) after a first episode of VL. The clinical and biologic follow-up protocol included routine Leishmania detection using peripheral blood and a previously validated PCR method. Quantitative and qualitative variables were statistically analyzed. Sixteen patients relapsed, for a total of 38 relapses. CD4 counts less than 100 cells/microL and absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy at primary diagnosis and CD4 counts less than 100 cells/microL during follow-up were the major predictive factors for relapse. No relapse occurred when CD4 counts were greater than 200 cells/microL. The Leishmania PCR assay was positive in all clinical relapses, and its negative predictive value was 100%. The PCR assay used here proved extremely useful for routine follow-up of VL in patients who had AIDS. Considering CD4 cell counts and Leishmania PCR assays, these results allow defining proposals for discontinuing secondary prophylaxis, and thus optimizing the clinical care of VL in these patients. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | LEISHMANIASIS | MONITORING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Evaluation | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326450 |
| 15. Title: Pensions with heterogenous individuals and endogenous fertility. Author: Cremer H; Gahvari F; Pestieau P Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Oct;21(4):961-981. Abstract: We study the design of pension schemes when fertility is endogenous and parents differ in ability to raise children. Pay-as-you-go schemes require, under perfect information, a marginal subsidy on fertility to correct for the externality they create, equal pensions, and contributions that increase or decrease with the number of children. Under asymmetric information, incentive-related distortions supplement the Pigouvian subsidy. These require an additional subsidy or an offsetting tax depending on whether the redistribution is towards people with more or with less children. In the former case, pensions are decreasing in the number of children; otherwise, they are increasing. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | SOCIAL SECURITY | OLD AGE SECURITY | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DECLINE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 308035 |
| 16. Title: Prolonged Plasmodium falciparum infection in immigrants, Paris. Author: D'Ortenzio E; Godineau N; Fontanet A; Houze S; Bouchaud O Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008 Feb;14(2):323-326. Abstract: Few immigrant travelers have Plasmodium falciparum infections greater than 2 months after leaving malaria-endemic areas. We conducted a case-control study to identify factors associated with prolonged P. falciparum infection in immigrant travelers. Results suggest that P. falciparum infection should be systematically suspected, even months after travel, especially in pregnant women and first-arrival immigrants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | IMMIGRANTS | TRAVELERS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MALARIA | TIME FACTORS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | TREATMENT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Travel and Tourism | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325312 |
| 17. Title: Development of a nomogram to predict occurrence of preeclampsia. Author: Deis S; Rouzier R; Kayem G; Masson C; Haddad B Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Apr;137(2):146-151. Abstract: The objective was to create a nomogram for the individual prediction of preeclampsia (PE). In a prospective population-based study that included 4777 patients, PE occurred in 2.4%. Age, body mass index, parity, previous preeclampsia (PPE), chronic hypertension, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and proteinuria at first visit, and second trimester ultrasonography and umbilical artery Doppler resistance index (UARI) data were used to develop and calibrate a nomogram based on a multivariate logistic regression model. Based on multivariate analysis, nulliparity (P = 0.002), PPE (P = 0.004), DBP (P less than 0.0001), biparietal diameter (P = 0.011), and UARI (P = 0.08) were introduced into a nomogram. Based on these variables, the nomogram had good discrimination (area under the ROC curve = 0.73, P less than 0.01) and calibration (unreliability index = -5.2 x 10/-4). This nomogram was validated by bootstrapping. Our nomogram predicts the probability of preeclampsia. After validation in an independent population, this tool could be used to plan a preventive trial. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | PREECLAMPSIA | ULTRASONICS | NULLIPARITY | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 325918 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Operationalising human rights for sexual and reproductive health: Celebrations, achievements and challenges. Author: Edouard L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008;34(1):5-7. Abstract: As far back as the 16th century, a girl from Lyon in France justified her premarital sexual activities by arguing that "Paris est au Roi et mon corps est a moi" (Paris belongs to the King and my body belongs to me). This approach fits in the long line of events demonstrating that government has no business in the bedrooms of the nation. The prominence of the women's movement led to major developments for sexual and reproductive health and rights with increasing involvement of parties as disparate as the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, professional medical associations and Amnesty International. Concerns for sexual and reproductive health, and specially the HIV epidemic, led to efforts to examine the relevance of human rights. With the special anniversaries in 2008 of numerous landmarks in the international human rights movement, it is apt to review the current status and implementation of those agreements as pertaining to sexual and reproductive health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | HUMAN RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | FAMILY PLANNING | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | PROMOTION | LEGISLATION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 323388 |
| 19. Title: Multicentric evaluation of the DiaMed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay malaria antibody test for screening of blood donors for malaria. Author: Elghouzzi MH; Senegas A; Steinmetz T; Guntz P; Barlet V Source: Vox Sanguinis. 2008 Jan;94(1):33-40. Abstract: The risk of malaria transmission by blood transfusion is critical due to extensive travel from endemic areas to non-endemic areas. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) malaria antibody test has been developed that is claimed to perform better than the immunofluorescence assay test (IFAT). The assay contains antigens to both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A multicentre study was performed to evaluate the appropriateness of replacing the IFAT by the new ELISA test. Nine French blood banks participated in this multicentre study. Two panels of samples were evaluated. The first included 4163 samples from healthy donors and was used to calculate clinical specificity of the assay. The second involved 10 995 samples, either collected retrospectively or prospectively from malaria-risk donors , was used to assess the comparative performance of the ELISA and IFAT. Discordant samples were further tested using an in-house IFAT and also tested for presence of Plasmodium DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The ELISA showed a clinical specificity of 99.02%. In the malaria-risk blood donors groups, the retrospective group showed a concordance rate of 92.6% (k = 0.90), while the prospective group showed a concordance rate of 97% (k = 0.46). After confirming the discordant sample results by an in-house IFAT, the k index increased to 0.81. None of the discordant samples was shown to contain Plasmodium DNA. The performance of the ELISA test in this study has confirmed its potential as a new screening test for use in blood banks, as an alternative to the IFAT in prevention of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | BLOOD DONORS | SCREENING | MALARIA PREVENTION | ANTIBODIES | BLOOD SUPPLY | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 325630 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Multidisciplinary prospective study of mother-to-child Chikungunya virus infections on the Island of La Reunion. Author: Gerardin P; Barau G; Michault A; Bintner M; Randrianaivo H Source: PLoS Medicine. 2008;5(3):e60. Abstract: An outbreak of chikungunya virus affected over one-third of the population of La Reunion Island between March 2005 and December 2006. In June 2005, we identified the first case of mother-to-child chikungunya virus transmission at the Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Reunion level-3 maternity department. The goal of this prospective study was to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, biological, and radiological features and outcomes of all the cases of vertically transmitted chikungunya infections recorded at our institution during this outbreak. Over 22 mo, 7,504 women delivered 7,629 viable neonates; 678 (9.0%) of these parturient women were infected (positive RT-PCR or IgM serology) during antepartum, and 61 (0.8%) in pre- or intrapartum. With the exception of three early fetal deaths, vertical transmission was exclusively observed in near-term deliveries (median duration of gestation: 38 wk, range 35-40 wk) in the context of intrapartum viremia (19 cases of vertical transmission out of 39 women with intrapartum viremia, prevalence rate 0.25%, vertical transmission rate 48.7%). Cesarean section had no protective effect on transmission. All infected neonates were asymptomatic at birth, and median onset of neonatal disease was 4 d (range 3-7 d). Pain, prostration, and fever were present in 100% of cases and thrombocytopenia in 89%. Severe illness was observed in ten cases (52.6%) and mainly consisted of encephalopathy (n = 9; 90%). These nine children had pathologic MRI findings (brain swelling, n = 9; cerebral hemorrhages, n = 2), and four evolved towards persistent disabilities. Mother-to-child chikungunya virus transmission is frequent in the context of intrapartum maternal viremia, and often leads to severe neonatal infection. Chikungunya represents a substantial risk for neonates born to viremic parturients that should be taken into account by clinicians and public health authorities in the event of a chikungunya outbreak. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SEYCHELLES | MAURITIUS | COMOROS | FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREVALENCE | MOTHERS | INFANT | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | VIRAL DISEASES | INFECTIONS | CHILDBIRTH | FEVER | BLEEDING | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325526 |
| 21. Title: Arterial thrombosis and drospirenone-containing pill (Yasmin). Is the pill to be absolutely avoided by women who smoke? [letter] Author: Girolami A; Tezza F; Allemand E; Girolami B Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2008 Oct;26(2):163-4. Abstract: Several papers and surveys have demonstrated, regardless of the oral contraceptive (OC) involved, an increased incidence of arterial thrombosis, mainly strokes and myocardial infarction (MI), in smokers on OC. Women on oral contraception who are heavy smokers have approximately a 30-fold increase in MI as compared to nonsmoking non-users. A few years ago a new progestin (Yasmin), drospirenone 3 mg, was proposed in combination with 30 lg of ethinestradiol as a "new and safe, oral contraceptive preparation". It seems safe to underscore that smokers, even moderate ones, should abstain from OC intake or, vice versa, should stop smoking while on the medication. This advise is valid for all contraceptives but seems especially so for drospirenone-containing preparations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | FRANCE | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | TOBACCO USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe, Southern | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 329653 |
| 22. Title: Vertical transmission of multidrug-resistant Q151M human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains. Author: Henry M; Thuret I; Solas C; Genot S; Colson P Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008 Mar;27(3):278-280. Abstract: We report the first case of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains harboring multiple mutations including the Q151M multinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutation. Sustained virologic success was obtained in the infant with postnatal antiretroviral therapy optimized according to genotypic drug resistance testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | INFANT | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV TRANSMISSION | DRUG RESISTANCE | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MONITORING | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | HIV | Evaluation Document Number: 324980 |
| 23. Title: A medical simulator for subcutaneous contraceptive implant insertion. Author: Jardin A; Pham MT; Mallet A; Redarce T; Dupuis O Source: Medical Engineering and Physics. 2008 Nov;30(9):1134-42. Abstract: New contraceptive methods like the subcutaneous implant offers a new kind of comfort for women with an efficiency similar to the contraceptive pill. Unfortunately the few numbers of unintended pregnancies that have been reported are generally due to a bad insertion of the implant. In order to give more security to patients, we have designed, in close collaboration with physicians, a new kind of medical simulator. This paper focuses on a device dedicated to a specific subcutaneous implant but it is worth noting that this simulator is relatively generic since it will be used for other subcutaneous techniques or other implant instruments. This simulator can be used for two purposes: one for training novice physicians in the correct manipulation and the other for physician certification which will help determine if they are capable of inserting the implant in vivo. This paper describes the approach which has led to the design of this simulator. It describes its functionalities, its several components but also methods used to analyze the manipulation of the implant insertion inside the patient. Finally first experimental results are reported and discussed. The system used in this paper makes possible to carry out training in a constraint-free context and provides the first mean of visualizing a maneuver that, until now, has been performed blindly. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | GYNECOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INSERTION | COMPLICATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Diseases Document Number: 330105 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of parity in medical abortion up to 49 days of amenorrhoea. Author: Lefebvre P; Cotte M; Monniez N; Norel G Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):404-11. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify possible risk factors for failure of medical abortion. METHOD: Retrospective study of data collected between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2005, concerning 1850 women who, for medical abortion up to 49 days of amenorrhoea, had received 600 mg oral mifepristone followed 48 h later by 400 microg oral misoprostol and, if necessary, a second oral dose of 400 microg. RESULTS: The method was effective in 97.1% of cases. Fifty four failures (2.9%) were recorded, including seven continuing pregnancies (0.4%). The global efficacy rate of this mifepristone-misoprostol regimen is among the best using similar treatment protocols. The proportion of failures augmented with parity. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that parity is a major factor influencing the success of medical abortion. A greater parity of the patients was associated with a lower efficacy of treatment. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ABORTION | RU-486 | MISOPROSTOL | RISK FACTORS | PARITY | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | AMENORRHEA | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Gonadotropins | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 331175 Notification |
| 25. Title: [Update on the progestin-only contraception] Mise au point sur la contraception progestative. Author: Madelenat P; Koskas M Source: Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction. 2008 Nov;37(7):637-60. Abstract: Despite the lack of complete data concerning their effects, the use of progestin-only contraception is increasing in France (particularly the intra-uterine device, the subdermal implantation, and microprogestins). These prescriptions include a broad range of molecules and administration of doses. In some cases, prescriptions of progestogens are made out of the marketing authorisation indications (especially for macroprogestins). For all of these reasons, an Expert Advisory Board has been set up in order to answer the 35 questions addressed by an Expert Organization Board. The choice of these questions was based on controversial or nonconsensual points usually encountered in everyday clinical practice. When possible, answers given were strongly supported by data issued from medical literature. In situations where clinical studies were lacking, the Expert Advisory Board answered in the most consensual way. All answers given by the Expert Advisory Board were subsequently submitted to the Expert Assessment Board before the latest validation of this document. The progestogen only contraception has different levels of action (local and/or central) which may vary from one drug to another. Its prescription is granted satisfactory efficacy (the macroprogestins' efficacy has never been evaluated) but requires a strict pill-taking routine (especially for the microprogestin contraception). It has never been demonstrated that the use of progestogen is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, analysis of breast cancer and progestogen studies should be carried out carefully. Even though the effects, often misunderstood, of the different progestogens on mineral bone density are likely to vary according to the molecules, in particular due to the plasma estradiol level, there is no direct argument for considering the progestin only contraception as a fracture risk factor. As for the venous thromboembolism risk, progestogens are not considered to be risk factors. The progestogen only contraception is advised in the following cases: bad tolerance of exogenous oestrogens; in order to counteract an endogenous hyperoestrogenosis; metabolic or cardiovascular contraindications to estroprogestin; hormonal fluctuations generating premenstrual dysphoria or catamenial headaches. Lastly, the progestin-only contraception should be used as a prime contraception in some particular situations (breast feeding, adenomyosis...). Language: French Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | PRESCRIPTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | THROMBOSIS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 329622 |
| 26. Title: Hepatic vascular involvement related to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and estrogen replacement therapy. Author: Perarnau JM; Bacq Y Source: Seminars In Liver Disease. 2008 Aug;28(3):315-27. Abstract: Both pregnancy and oral contraception (mainly when estrogen is included) may precipitate the development of Budd-Chiari syndrome in patients with underlying thrombophilia. By contrast, there is little evidence for such a role of pregnancy and oral contraception in women with portal vein thrombosis. In pregnant women, special modalities for anticoagulation are required, whereas the management of portal hypertension can be similar to that recommended in other diseases and settings. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may deteriorate during pregnancy and improve after delivery. Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation and hepatic peliosis are classic complications of long-term use of oral contraceptives. The impact of pregnancy or oral contraceptives on the natural history on hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia appears to be limited. Preeclampsia, a liver disease unique to pregnancy, may be complicated by life-threatening liver vascular involvement, especially when the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP syndrome) is present. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | ESTROGENS | PREECLAMPSIA | HYPERTENSION | THROMBOSIS | LIVER DYSFUNCTION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Thromboembolism | Embolism Document Number: 329647 |
| 27. Title: The population of France in 2007. Author: Pison G Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Mar;(443):1-4. Abstract: The French demographic situation is one of both continuity and change. Examining developments in 2007, Gilles Pison draws our attention to three key trends: the remarkable increase in life expectancy since 2003, year of the deadly summer heat wave, the growing popularity of heterosexual civil partnerships (PACS), and the rising proportion of babies born outside marriage, who now account for more than half of all births. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CONSENSUAL UNION | ILLEGITIMACY | FERTILITY RATE | CLIMATE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Migration | Length of Life | Mortality | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Environment Document Number: 325888 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of peers on risky sexual behaviour during adolescence. Author: Potard C; Courtois R; Rusch E Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Sep;13(3):264-70. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine to what degree the predominance of risky sexual behaviour during adolescence is the result of social influence, in particular that of peers, according to the perception of their attitudes and sexual behaviour. METHODS: Data were collected through structured and confidential individual interviews with 100 adolescents, selected randomly from among 1467 students attending one French high school. RESULTS: Although this study is of an exploratory nature, it reveals that the perception of peers is associated with a higher frequency of sexual initiation and commitment, including oral sex, but also commitment to protected sex. Sexual permissiveness of peers is associated with a higher frequency of sexual practices considered risky. The attitudes of peers with regard to contraception are associated with protective contraceptive attitudes, without a direct influence on behavioural patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The sexual norms of peers influence youths' individual attitudes and behaviours. Gender differences in sexual socialization also play a role. Both aspects must be taken into account when devising prevention programmes concerning adolescent sexuality. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Behavior | Family Planning Document Number: 329696 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Concentration and purification by magnetic separation of the erythrocytic stages of all human Plasmodium species. Author: Ribaut C; Berry A; Chevalley S; Reybier K; Morlais I Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Mar 5;7:45. Abstract: Parasite concentration methods facilitate molecular, biochemical and immunological research on the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium. In this paper, an adaptation of magnetic MACS columns for the purification of human Plasmodium species is presented. This method was useful for the concentration/purification of either schizonts or gametocytes. The magnetic removal of non-parasitized red blood cells (in vivo and in vitro) using magnetic columns (MACS) was evaluated. This easy-to-use technique enriched schizonts and gametocytes from Plasmodium falciparum in vitro cultures with a very high degree of purity. In addition, all haemozoin-containing stages (schizonts and/or gametocytes) from the peripheral blood of infected patients could be concentrated using this method. This method is particularly useful for the concentration of non-falciparum species, which do not grow in culture and are otherwise difficult to obtain in large amounts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | MALARIA | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PARASITES | IN VITRO | BLOOD | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Hemic System | Physiology Document Number: 325184 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: France: High and stable fertility. Author: Toulemon L; Pailhe A; Rossier C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(16):503-556. Abstract: The current total fertility rate in France is around 1.9 children per woman. This is a relatively high level by current European standards and makes France an outlier, despite the fact that its other demographic trends, especially conjugal behaviour, and social and economic trends are not very different from other Western European countries. France can serve as a counterfactual test case for some of the hypotheses advanced to explain the current low level of fertility in most European countries (delay in fertility, decline in marriage, increased birth control, greater economic uncertainty). France's fertility level can be partly explained by its active family policy introduced after the Second World War, and adapted in the 1980s to accommodate women's entry into the labour force. This policy is the result of a battle, fuelled by pro-natalism, between the conservative supporters of family values and the promoters of state-supported individual equality. French family policy thus encompasses a wide range of measures based on varying ideological backgrounds, and it is difficult to classify in comparison to the more precisely focused family policies of other European welfare states. The active family policy seems to have created especially positive attitudes towards two- or three child families in France. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | YOUTH | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | ABORTION | POPULATION FORECAST | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology Document Number: 327724 Notification |
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