1.  Title: Population and the food supply. Author: Population Council Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. [2] p. Abstract: This fact sheet contains a bulleted list of the information presented in the Bongaarts' essay "Food and population: The return of Malthus?". Some of the issues commented on are: 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | ENERGY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327695 |
| 2. Title: Impact of urban agriculture on water reuse and related activities on the rural population of the coastal settlements of Ondo State, Nigeria. Author: Akegbejo-Samsons Y Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008 Sep;8(1):48-62. Abstract: Throughout the globe, agriculture is increasingly a part of city landscapes. Rising demands for water to supply agriculture, industry and cities are leading to competition over the allocation of limited water resources. It has been observed that coastal wetland settlements are usually worse hit by discharge and effluents of upper-stream water uses. This paper discusses the practice of urban agriculture (UA) and fishing, which is a predominant coastal activity in the coastal settlements of Ondo state of Nigeria. It highlights the problems and prospects of urban agriculture on the local economies of the study areas. Results from this study show that UA was a preferred complement to rural agricultural practice. It was observed that UA complemented supplies from rural agriculture, whereby arable crops and regular village menu items are produced along side perennial crops. Products like tomatoes, okra, African garden-eggs and peppers are produced to complement those produced from rural agriculture. Increasing coastal poverty was found to have assumed a staggering phenomenon in over 64% of the visited coastal cities. Community food security at the household level in the study area has forced the community to be involved in the following UA activities: (a) arable farming within open spaces and court yards; (b) vegetable production; (c) paddy rice production especially in cities like Mahin, Idiogba, that are located close to canals and lagoons; (d) cassava and yam production in upland coastal cities such as Igbokoda and Igbekebo. The results show that as successful as urban agriculture seems to be, incomes from fishing and other aquacultural activities was higher than rural and urban agriculture. Successful local water recycling has not been practicable in the study area and as a result the same quality of water is used for human, animal and agricultural purposes. Specifically, over 80% of household water demand is from canals, rivers and streams in these study areas. This was found to have a serious health implication. In monetary terms, incomes from fishing were found to be higher than that from urban agriculture by over 65%, however fishers still prefer to combine UA with fishing for reason of food intake (feeding the family with staple food varieties). Sustainable management of the coastal areas for overall productivity is advocated. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | WATER SUPPLY | RECYCLING | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | FISHING | FOOD SUPPLY | PUBLIC HEALTH | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Waste Management | Macroeconomic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Health | Economic Development Document Number: 322519 |
| 3. Title: Agriculture in the time of HIV / AIDS: a report on the situation in sub-Saharan Africa prepared for NORAD. Author: Bie SW Source: Aas, Norway, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, 2008 Feb. [35] p. (Noragric Report No. 42) Abstract: This report attempts to see agriculture through an HIV/AIDS lens, but also HIV/AIDS through an agriculture lens. Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa consists of many farming systems, many of them representing subsistence farming, some bordering on smaller commercial farming enterprises. Some of them are close to markets, some of them are remote. They are all run by people, rural people, who face many challenges. HIV/AIDS is among the most serious ones. Rural people are naturally risk-averse. With limited capital reserves they cannot afford to take serious economic risks. Yet they are faced with risks that are ultimately interwoven with both their finances and their personal lives. The spread of HIV and subsequent AIDS-induced diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have over the last 20-30 years been closely related to the decline of both food security and the structural support to the primary rural industries (particularly agriculture) there. Poor nutritional status (rampant malnutrition and undernutrition in most age groups) and a heavy general disease burden (malaria, venereal diseases, parasitic infections) predispose for HIV infection. Mycotoxins in staple foods (particularly aflotoxin) may further weaken the human immune system. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 325640 |
| 4. Title: Food and population: The return of Malthus? Commentary. Author: Bongaarts J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008 Jul 11. [2] p. Abstract: This commentary sparked by the recent sharp rise in global food prices touches on 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | NEOMALTHUSIANISM | FOOD SUPPLY | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | POPULATION GROWTH | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327694 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Are the goals set by the Millennium Declaration and the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development within reach by 2015? Author: Concepcion MB Source: Asia Pacific Population Journal. Aug;23(2):3-9. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | FOOD SUPPLY | FOOD SECURITY | MALNUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 331304 |
6.  Peer Reviewed Title: Gender bias in the food insecurity experience of Ethiopian adolescents. Author: Hadley C; Lindstrom D; Tessema F; Belachew T Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Jan;66(2):427-438. Abstract: Food insecurity is a pressing public health concern in many developing countries. Despite widespread interest in the sociocultural determinants of food insecurity, little is known about whether youths living in food insecure households experience food insecurity. The buffering hypothesis reviewed here assumes that, to the extent possible, adult members of households will buffer younger household members from the ill effects of food insecurity. A variant of the buffering hypothesis argues that only certain members of the households will enjoy the benefits of buffering. We hypothesize that within the context of Ethiopia, where girls have historically experienced discrimination, buffering is preferentially aimed at boys, especially as the household experiences greater levels of food stress. These hypotheses are tested using data from a population-based study of 2084 adolescents living in southwestern Ethiopia. Results indicate that boys and girls were equally likely to be living in severely food insecure households. Despite no differences in their households' food insecurity status, girls were more likely than boys to report being food insecure themselves. This gender difference was the largest in severely food insecure households. This same pattern was observed when comparing male-female sibling pairs living in the same household. These results are among the first to show that household level measures of food insecurity predict adolescent experiences of food insecurity, and that in the Ethiopian socio-cultural context, the relationship between household level food insecurity and adolescent food insecurity varies by gender. We also show that adolescent food insecurity is strongly associated with measures of general health and well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | HOUSEHOLDS | SIBLINGS | FOOD SUPPLY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX FACTORS | CHILD WORTH | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 322352 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Wild foods and household food security responses to AIDS: evidence from South Africa. Author: Kaschula SA Source: Population and Environment. 2008 May;29(3-5):162-185. Abstract: Wild foods may offer unique benefits to households afflicted by AIDS, providing a nutritious and freely available food source at minimal labour and financial costs. This article presents the results of food security assessments in two rural South African sites. Detailed household dietary recalls from 227 households, combined with qualitative work, explored the association of household AIDS proxies (recent morbidity, mortality and orphan fostering) with household food security and dietary composition. The study found that AIDS-proxy households were significantly more food insecure, and households fostering orphans were both poorer and more food insecure. Wild foods were evident in 40.3%of the 48 h recalls, with significantly greater likelihood of use in households with fostering paternal orphans, and/or with at least one AIDS proxy. Only paternal orphans were significantly associated with likelihood of using wild foods when controlling for household socio-economic status. Qualitative data suggests that households afflicted by AIDS might curtail their use of wild foods due to household labour shortages and stigma. This is unfortunate, as regressions indicate that households using wild foods may be more economically resilient. This may be particularly important for households registering AIDS proxies, due to a demonstrated negative correlation between accumulated household AIDS proxies and household income. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | FOOD SECURITY | FOOD SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | DIET | POVERTY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327914 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring the role of economic empowerment in HIV prevention. Author: Kim J; Pronyk P; Barnett T; Watts C Source: AIDS. 2008 Dec;22 Suppl 4:S57-71. Abstract: It has been argued that women's economic vulnerability and dependence on men increases their vulnerability to HIV by constraining their ability to negotiate the conditions, including sexual abstinence, condom use and multiple partnerships, which shape their risk of infection. In the face of escalating infection rates among women, and particularly young women, many have pointed to the potential importance of economic empowerment strategies for HIV prevention responses. Global evidence suggests that the relationship between poverty and HIV risk is complex, and that poverty on its own cannot be viewed simplistically as a driver of the HIV epidemic. Rather, its role appears to be multidimensional and to interact with a range of other factors, including mobility, social and economic inequalities and social capital, which converge in a particularly potent way for young women living in southern Africa. To date, there have been few interventions that have explicitly attempted to combine economic empowerment with the goal of HIV prevention, and even fewer that have been rigorously evaluated. This paper explores how programmes such as microfinance, livelihood training and efforts to safeguard women's food security and access to property have begun to incorporate an HIV prevention focus. Although such circumscribed interventions, by themselves, are unlikely to lead to significant impacts on a national or regional scale, they are useful for testing cross-sectoral partnership models, generating practical lessons and providing a metaphor for what might be possible in promoting women's economic empowerment more broadly. Despite numerous calls to 'mainstream AIDS' in economic development, cross-sectoral responses have not been widely taken up by government or other stakeholders. We suggest potential reasons for limited progress to date and conclude by presenting programme and policy recommendations for further exploring and harnessing linkages between economic empowerment and HIV prevention in Southern Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | THEORETICAL MODELS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | POVERTY | TRAINING PROGRAMS | FOOD SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 330382 |
| 9. Title: Only children of the head of household benefit from increased household food diversity in northern Ghana. Author: Leroy JL; Razak AA; Habicht JP Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2008 Nov;138(11):2258-63. Abstract: In many societies, foods are preferentially channeled to certain members of the household. We studied whether being the child of a powerful household member (head of household or first wife in a polygynous family) was associated with greater child stature in Northern Ghana and how this association varied with differences in household food availability. We used a sample of 464 children between 9 and 36 mo of age in extended households in rural Northern Ghana. Child stature was regressed on household food availability, the status of the child's father (head of household or other male), the status of the child's mother (marital order in a polygynous marriage), and the interaction terms between household food availability and parental status. The models were controlled for child age, sex, maternal height, parity, household size, and potential intra-community clustering. Household dietary diversity was associated with child stature (P < 0.05), but this association was limited to children of the head of household. For children of other males, there was no quantifiable association between household dietary diversity and child stature. Children of monogamous mothers were taller than children of second wives (P < 0.05). Our findings show that studies of intra-household allocation need to investigate beyond gender differences. Other structural household factors need to be considered in designing interventions, because they affect impact and even lead to increased intra-household inequality. Our results are relevant for Northern Ghana and as well as for similar settings elsewhere in the world. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | CHILDREN | DIET | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | CHILD WORTH | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | BODY HEIGHT | PARITY | FAMILY SIZE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 329367 |
| 10. Title: [Infant-juvenile malnutrition in Fo-Boure (Benin): Anthropometric data and management of malnourished children] Malnutrition infantojuvenile a Fo-Boure (Benin): donnees anthropometriques et Author: Milcent K; Stoffel V; Chague F; Barthelme B; Roubertou C Source: Archives de Pediatrie. 2008 Aug;15(8):1289-95. Abstract: Acute malnutrition or emaciation in childhood is defined by a low ratio weight/height. In Benin, 8% of the children are concerned. In the north of Benin, the situation is alarming. The aim of this survey is to specify: (1) the characteristics of infantile malnutrition in rural area in the north of Benin and (2) the management of the malnourished children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A descriptive survey was conducted in a paediatric dispensary. Anthropometric data of children from 0 to 60 months were collected. The children with severe malnutrition were admitted to a nutritional rehabilitation centre. The methods were those recommended by the World Health Organization and were adapted to the local resources. RESULTS: The anthropometric data of 239 children were analyzed. The prevalence of emaciation was 33%. Thirty-eight children were admitted to the centre. Twenty-nine of the children recovered. DISCUSSION: This survey confirms the precarious situation in the north of Benin, which may be explained by socio-economic and climatic factors. It can be prevented partly by better food availability, but also by an education on mothers. The strategies must be updated according to their effectiveness in terms of public health and their local acceptability. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malnutrition in Fo-Boure is beyond the value used by WHO to define the zones where the nutritional situation requires nutritional rehabilitation centres. Language: French Keywords: BENIN | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | BODY WEIGHT | FOOD SUPPLY | MANAGEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Natural Resources | Environment | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328877 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Nutrition and public hygiene among children under five years of age in Mukuru slums of Makadara Division, Nairobi. Author: Muoki MA; Tumuti DS; Rombo GO Source: East African Medical Journal. 2008 Aug;85(8):386-97. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between sanitation and malnutrition among children below five years. DESIGN: A random sampling followed by an experimental design on microbiological analysis of food and water samples. SETTING: Mukuru slums of Makadara division in Nairobi City. SUBJECTS: Eighty food and thirty water samples from households within the study area were used. RESULTS: Poor food and personal hygiene were observed within the households in the study area. Most of the respondents did not practice hygienic methods during food handling such as washing hands and vegetables before preparation. Food especially the leftovers was served at ambient temperatures. Sneezing and coughing over food during preparation were also a common practice which exposed consumers to contamination, Garbage disposal and proper drainage were also poor deepening on the sanitation problem. Microbiological analysis of water and food revealed that food and water quality were poor due to the high coliform counts and confirmed presence of Escherichia coli (E-coli) and Salmonella spp. pathogens which are known causes of diarrhoea in children under five years of age. CONCLUSION: Poor hygienic and unsanitary practices are major causes of diarrhoea, hence malnutrition in crowded Mukuru slums of Nairobi City. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILDREN | SLUMS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | WATER SUPPLY | FOOD SUPPLY | HYGIENE | WASTE MANAGEMENT | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Nutrition | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Infections Document Number: 330590 |
| 12. Title: Population growth and natural-resources pressures in the Mekong River Basin. Author: Pech S; Sunada K Source: AMBIO. 2008 May 1;37(3):219-224. Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate policy debate over the current national focus on food self-sufficiency and a broader national and regional development agenda in the Mekong River Basin. We provide the context, empirical evidence, and an analysis of the demand (real or perceived) associated with population growth. We also present a comparison of demand forecasts with the sustainable potential of the natural-resources base of the Mekong River Basin in order to contribute to a better understanding of this immense and complex Mekong River Basin environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | MYANMAR | LAOS | THAILAND | CAMBODIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327067 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Potential impacts of iron biofortification in India. Author: Stein AJ; Meenakshi JV; Qaim M; Nestel P; Sachdev HP Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(8):1797-1808. Abstract: Iron deficiency is a widespread nutrition and health problem in developing countries, causing impairments in physical activity and cognitive development, as well as maternal mortality. Although food fortification and supplementation programmes have been effective in some countries, their overall success remains limited. Biofortification, that is, breeding food crops for higher micronutrient content, is a relatively new approach, which has been gaining international attention recently. We propose a methodology for ex ante impact assessment of iron biofortification, building on a disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) framework. This methodology is applied in an Indian context. Using a large and representative data set of household food consumption, the likely effects of iron-rich rice and wheat varieties are simulated for different target groups and regions. These varieties, which are being developed by an international public research consortium, based on conventional breeding techniques, might beready for local distribution within the next couple of years. The results indicate sizeable potential health benefits. Depending on the underlying assumptions, the disease burden associated with iron deficiency could be reduced by 19-58%. Due to the relatively low institutional cost to reach the target population, the expected cost-effectiveness of iron biofortification compares favourably with other micronutrient interventions. Nonetheless, biofortification should not be seen as a substitute for other interventions. Each approach has its particular strengths, so they complement one another. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | IRON | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | FOOD SUPPLY | NUTRITION | AGRICULTURE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325441 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Food crisis in Cambodia. Source: Lancet. 2007 Mar 31;369(9567):1056. Abstract: Cambodia is facing a food crisis. Since October, 2006, a drop in donations has forced the UN World Food Programme (WFP) to progressively reduce the number of people it can provide food assistance to in the country, which includes 70 000 people with HIV/AIDS and 18 000 people with tuberculosis. Food is important for everyone, but it can help HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis patients in several direct and indirect ways. Optimum nutrition in a digestible form can help maintain health and prevent weight loss in HIV/AIDS patients, who are at increased risk of malnutrition because of a loss of appetite, eating difficulties, malabsorption of micronutrients, and an increased metabolic rate. Food may also help mitigate the side-effects of taking drugs on an empty stomach, thereby improving adherence to treatment. According to the WFP, food aid can be an incentive for tuberculosis patients to attend health-care centres for treatment. And food, combined with medical treatment, might help improve survival of HIV/AIDSpatients. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOOD SUPPLY | FAMINE | FOREIGN AID | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | NUTRITION | METABOLIC EFFECTS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Infections | Health | Physiology | Biology | HIV Document Number: 314832 |
| 15. Title: Thirty ways to improve the health of the world's poorest people [editorial] Author: PLoS Medicine Source: PLoS Medicine. 2007 Oct;4(10):e310. Abstract: Of all the different types of health inequalities that have been documented, such as male-female, urban-rural, or the variations in health across ethnic groups, the largest health gap is between the rich and the poor. Today PLoS Medicine publishes a special collection of articles that aims to highlight the profound influence of poverty upon health and to debate the most effective mechanisms to redress health disparities between the "haves" and "have-nots." Our collection is part of the Council of Science Editors' Global Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development, involving 231 medical and scientific journals in developed and developing countries, including PLoS Biology and PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. The Global Theme Issue is being highlighted at a special media event at the United States National Institutes of Health's Fogarty International Center, introduced by National Institutes of Health director Elias Zerhouni. The Council of Science Editors has urged all participating journals to make their poverty theme issues freely available-if these journals comply, the end result should be an unprecedented, publicly accessible collection of materials. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | HEALTH | FOOD SUPPLY | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | NEEDS | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Water | Public Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 322093 |
| 16. Title: [Assessment of nutrient intake of children in a charity daycare center: Application of Dietary Reference Intake] Avaliacao da ingestao de nutrientes de criancas de uma creche filantropica: Aplicacao do Consumo Dietetico de Referencia. Author: Barbosa RM; Soares EA; Lanzillotti HS Source: Revista Brasileira de Saude Materno Infantil. 2007 Apr-Jun;7(2):159-166. Abstract: Objectives: to compare nutrients intake apparent adequacy through reference values of Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) of 35 children of a charity daycare center in two instances, when they enrolled (instance 1) and six months after (instance 2). Methods: socio-demographic assessment was performed through a questionnaire collecting information pertaining to income, school level, living conditions and basic sanitation. To assess food consumption at enrollment, dietary history was informed through an interview with the parent, family member or guardian on the usual intake of the child at home. Following a six month period the weighed food record method (in the daycare center) was performed complemented by the food intake of the child at home. Nutrient analysis such as proteins, iron, calcium and vitamin C in addition to food fibers was performed by specific software. To compare nutrients' adequacy in the two instances of the study the paired Student test (t) (p < 0.05) was used. Results: a significant improvement in the median intake for all nutrients and fiber six moths after child's attendance to the daycare center was determined. No child reached the level of fiber apparent adequacy of the ingestion at the two moments of the study, despite the significant difference. Conclusions: results suggest that daycare centers can have an important role in the improvement of lower income children nutritional status. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | CHILD CARE | CALORIC INTAKE | DIET | INCOME | SANITATION | FOOD SUPPLY | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | NUTRITION | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Health | Public Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 326710 |
| 17. Title: Integrating protection into food aid. Author: Bizzarri M Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):24-25. Abstract: The World Food Programme (WFP) does not have a specific protection mandate but its activities are increasingly shaped by awareness of the need to protect women and girls from sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). WFP operates in unpredictable situations where staff members are often confronted with human rights violations and other protection-related challenges. They need appropriate guidance and support in dealing with these challenges. Adopted in 2002, WFP's Gender Policy ensures that certain protection measures are integrated into the agency's operations such as enhancing women's control of food in relief food distributions. In 2005 we launched a country-level protection project, one part of which examined the link between protection and gender and focused specifically on SGBV including the issue of sexual exploitation and abuse and its link to HIV/AIDS. Protection and SGBV-focused research conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Colombia, Liberia, Uganda and Colombia confirmed WFP's need to continue focusing on: taking women's concerns into account; delivering food aid as close as possible to where beneficiaries are located to reduce risks during collection; keeping deliveries of food rations small in order to reduce the occurrence of attacks on refugee/ IDP camps to steal rations; providing gender sensitisation and SGBV awareness training for all WFP field staff. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REFUGEES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FOREIGN AID | FOOD SUPPLY | RAPE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | VIOLENCE | REFUGEE CAMPS | SEXUAL ABUSE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Natural Resources | Environment | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 313176 |
| 18. Title: Development-induced displacement and children's human capital. Author: Buttenheim AM; Alderman H; Friedman J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [7] p. Abstract: Development projects are estimated to forcibly displace ten million people each year worldwide, and have done so for at least the past two decades. This population, termed "resettlers" by Cernea, occupies a particularly precarious position among the displaced. Like refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), their migration is involuntary. However, their displacement is caused not by conflict or natural disaster, but by development projects or policies initiated by their own governments and often underwritten by international financial institutions. Resettlers enjoy fewer legal protections by international conventions than do refugees, and tend to command less media (and scholarly) attention than those displaced by conflict or natural disaster. The consequences of forced resettlement can be dire. Cernea's risk and reconstruction model for displaced populations identifies eight "impoverishment risks," including landlessness, food insecurity, increased morbidity, and community disarticulation. In this study we examine how these impoverishment risks negatively impact children's human capital. Using a new dataset from the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), we ask whether children in resettled households achieve lower stature and lower educational attainment than children in non-resettled households. We also evaluate the probable mechanisms linking resettlement to compromised human capital investments in children, including household food security, children's diet diversity, and time spent on activities other than schooling. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LAOS | RESEARCH REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | CHILDREN | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | HUMAN CAPITAL | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | POVERTY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | BODY HEIGHT | FOOD SUPPLY | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD NUTRITION | DIET | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Physiology | Biology | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 317875 |
| 19. Title: Transcending boundaries to improve the food security of HIV-affected households in rural Uganda: a case study. Author: Coon K; Ogden J; Odolon J; Obudi-Owor A; Otim C Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Horizons, 2007 Jul. 36 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00012-00) Also available from: http://www.icrw.org/docs/2007-hiv-food-security-uganda.pdf Abstract: This report provides a case study of a process to bring key technical sectors together with communities in a partnership for reducing food insecurity among HIV-affected households in Tororo, Uganda. Food security is the ability of individuals to consume sufficient quantity and quality of food to meet their daily needs. Food security depends on the availability of food, physical and economic access to it, and the physiological utilization of nutrients. Although knowledge and technologies exist in Uganda to better enable households to be food secure, agricultural sector programs are not promoting them as effectively as they could. Likewise, programs exist in the health and social welfare sectors to support HIV-affected households, but these do not generally incorporate the kinds of nutritional and agricultural know-how required to meet affected households' food security needs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | TRAINING PROGRAMS | WORKSHOPS | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320355 |
| 20. Title: Seasonal food insecurity and perceived social support in rural Tanzania. Author: Hadley C; Mulder MB; Fitzherbert E Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2007;10(6):544-551. Abstract: The objectives were to examine whether the occurrence of seasonal food insecurity was related to ethnicity, household wealth and perceived social support, and to assess whether social support was more efficacious in protecting against food insecurity in wealthier households. Secondary objectives were to assess the association between past food insecurity, current dietary intake and perceived health. A sample of 208 randomly selected mothers from two ethnic groups living in the same villages in rural Tanzania participated in a cross-sectional survey. Food insecurity was highly prevalent in this area, particularly among the poorer ethnic group. Half of ethnically Sukuma households fell into the most food-secure category, compared with only 20% of ethnically Pimbwe households. Among both groups, measures of household wealth and social support were strongly associated with food security. Interestingly, social support appeared to be more effective among the wealthier ethnic group/community. Past food insecurity was also related to current indicators of dietary intake and women's self-perceptions of health. Greater social support is associated with food security, suggesting that it may protect against the occurrence of seasonal food insecurity. Social support also interacts with wealth to offer greater protection against food insecurity, suggesting that increasing wealth at the community level may influence food insecurity through both direct and indirect means. Seasonal food insecurity also appears to have lasting effects that likely create and reinforce poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | RURAL POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEASONAL VARIATION | FOOD SUPPLY | PERCEPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | DIET | SELF-PERCEPTION | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Environment | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Document Number: 321038 |
| 21. Title: Emergence of the Indian National Family Planning Program. Author: Harkavy O; Roy K Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :301-323. Abstract: In comparison with neighboring Pakistan and other developing countries, India's rate of population growth was not particularly high. Its overall annual rate of population increase was about 2.2 percent in 1961 and 2.5 percent in 1971, with substantial differences from region to region. Relatively high mortality, together with a high prevalence of widowhood and a cultural taboo on remarriage by widows, prevented extremely high levels of population growth. Nonetheless, more than a million people were added to India's population each month. Furthermore, 2.4 percent of the world's area, which contained about 15 percent of the world's population, accounted for a population density of 300 or more people per square kilometer. Govind Narain, Secretary of the Ministry of Health's Family Planning and Urban Development Department in the late 1960s, expressed the prevailing government outlook: "The high growth rate of this large population . . . poses tremendous socio-economic problems not only for the maintenance of minimal standards of living but also for raising them. Already a vast development by way of large increases in agricultural and industrial production has been neutralized by population growth. . . . The manifold expansion of employment, housing, educational and other facilities has been almost entirely swallowed by the fast growing population". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PRESSURE | MALTHUSIANISM | FAMINE | FOOD SUPPLY | INCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEASUREMENT | SOCIAL SCIENCES | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Theory | Demography | Science | Contraception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 321993 |
| 22. Title: Food insecurity is highly prevalent and predicts underweight but not overweight in adults and school children from Bogota, Colombia. Author: Isanaka S; Mora-Plazas M; Lopez-Arana S; Baylin A; Villamor E Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2007 Nov;137(12):2747-2755. Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the sociodemographic and dietary correlates of household and child food insecurity in Bogota, Colombia and to examine whether food insecurity is a risk factor for underweight or overweight in this population. We analyzed data from 2359 families with 2526 children 5-12 y of age who completed a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2006. The survey was representative of low- and middle-income families who had children enrolled in the public primary school system of Bogota. We used a 16-item food insecurity scale, modified from the United States Household Food Security Survey Module, assessed children's dietary intake with a FFQ, and measured their height and weight. Mothers' anthropometry was obtained through self-report. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CI from binomial regression models. Household food insecurity with hunger and child food insecurity were each positively associated with maternal age, parity, and single parent status and inversely related to mean household income and number of home assets. Animal protein and snack food intake were inversely related to child food insecurity. In multivariate analyses, food-insecure children were 3 times more likely to be underweight than food-secure children (95% CI = 1.6, 5.4; P = 0.0007). Hunger in the household was significantly associated with maternal underweight. Food insecurity was not related to child stunting, child overweight, or maternal overweight. The prevalence of food insecurity in Bogota is high and related to poverty. Food insecurity does not necessarily predict overweight in countries undergoing the nutrition transition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: COLOMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | ADULTS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | BODY WEIGHT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | DIET | NUTRITION INDEXES | ANTHROPOMETRY | PROTEINS | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Measurement Document Number: 322674 |
| 23. Title: Health, poverty and human development: A review and further analysis of effects of poverty on health: Clinical manifestations and management of a patient of malnutrition in Khartoum, Sudan. Author: John NA; Tigani A Source: Sudanese Journal of Public Health. 2007 Oct;2(4):207-211. Abstract: Health-damaging effects of economic poverty can lead to, exacerbate and perpetuate poverty. Because the health sector generally has little or no control over many of the most powerful influences on health, such as education, food supply, housing, environmental hazards, and work conditions, it faces the practical challenge of identifying how, alone and in coordination with other sectors, it can most effectively work to interrupt the vicious cycle of poverty-ill-health-poverty. In order to review and further analyze the effect of poverty on health we had a detailed case study to evaluate and asses the clinical manifestations and management profile in a patient of malnutrition in Khartoum, Sudan with relevance to his socio-economic status. We also took into account his past history of frequent illness and poor food intake. Malnutrition, which is mainly attributed to poverty and lower socio-economic group is one of the global causes of child mortality and a major concern in developing countries like Sudan. Effective government policy for combating such situations, more participation by international agencies and more health education and public awareness regarding immunization and nutrition will help to reduce the incidence and mortality of malnutrition in Sudan. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CASE STUDIES | MALNUTRITION | POVERTY | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATION | FOOD SUPPLY | MANAGEMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 322080 |
| 24. Title: Food insecurity and subsequent weight gain in women. Author: Jones SJ; Frongillo EA Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2007;10(2):145-151. Abstract: Cross-sectional data indicate that a relationship between household food insecurity and overweight exists among women in the USA. Cross-sectional data cannot determine if food insecurity leads to overweight as some have hypothesised. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of food insecurity with subsequent weight gain in women using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Panel data from the 1999 and 2001 PSID, a nationally representative sample of households, were analysed using multivariate regression procedures. Average weight gain among all women (n = 5595) was 1.1 kg on average over the two years. There were no significant differences in the percentages of women who gained a clinically significant amount (2.3 kg) by food insecurity status. Overweight women who were on a weight-gain trajectory during the 2-year period gained less if they were food-insecure. This relationship was not observed among healthy-weight or obese women. Overall, food insecurity does not appear to be strongly associated with subsequent weight gain in women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | MALNUTRITION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 321029 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Culture, changing livelihoods, and HIV / AIDS discourse: reframing the institutionalization of fish-for-sex exchange in the Zambian Kafue Flats. Author: Merten S; Haller T Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2007 Jan-Feb;9(1):69-83. Abstract: Discussions about the cultural dimensions of the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa persist. Drawing on data on fish-for-sex deals between local Ila or Tonga women and immigrant fishermen in the Zambian Kafue Flats, we argue against the notion that traditional institutions governing extra-marital sexual relationships are responsible for the spread of HIV/AIDS. We argue that fish-for-sex exchanges are based not on tradition, but on the economic opportunities provided by the fish trade in conditions of poverty and changing livelihoods. Stigmatization of women involved in fish-for-sex deals is, however, on the increase, since they are accused of spreading the disease in their community. Women's inability to follow the sexual prescriptions conveyed by HIV prevention programmes produces shame and moral distress, associated with the fear of social exclusion. In this situation, lubambo, a former customary regulation of extramarital sexual relations among the Ila, may provide women with legitimacy for sexual transactions. Additionally, customary marriage arrangements institutionally secure their access to fish. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | FISHING | FOOD SECURITY | FOOD SUPPLY | HIV PREVENTION | STIGMA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315249 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Population-based survey methods to quantify associations between human rights violations and health outcomes among internally displaced persons in eastern Burma. Author: Mullany LC; Richards AK; Lee CI; Suwanvanichkij V; Maung C Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Oct;61(10):908-914. Abstract: Case reports of human rights violations have focused on individuals' experiences. Population-based quantification of associations between rights indicators and health outcomes is rare and has not been documented in eastern Burma. We describe the association between mortality and morbidity and the household-level experience of human rights violations among internally displaced persons in eastern Burma. Mobile health workers in conflict zones of eastern Burma conducted 1834 retrospective household surveys in 2004. Workers recorded data on vital events, mid-upper arm circumference of young children, malaria parasitaemia status of respondents and household experience of various human rights violations during the previous 12 months. Under-5 mortality was 218 (95% confidence interval 135 to 301) per 1000 live births. Almost one-third of households reported forced labour (32.6%). Forced displacement (8.9% of households) was associated with increased child mortality (odds ratio = 2.80), child malnutrition(odds ratio = 3.22) and landmine injury (odds ratio = 3.89). Theft or destruction of the food supply (reported by 25.2% of households) was associated with increased crude mortality (odds ratio = 1.58), malaria parasitaemia (odds ratio = 1.82), child malnutrition (odds ratio = 1.94) and landmine injury (odds ratio = 4.55). Multiple rights violations (14.4% of households) increased the risk of child (incidence rate ratio = 2.18) and crude (incidence rate ratio = 1.75) mortality and the odds of landmine injury (odds ratio = 19.8). Child mortality risk was increased more than fivefold (incidence rate ratio = 5.23) among families reporting three or more rights violations. Widespread human rights violations in conflict zones in eastern Burma are associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Population-level associations can be quantified using standard epidemiological methods. This approach requires further validation and refinement elsewhere. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | VIOLENCE | FOOD SUPPLY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Behavior | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 320398 |
| 27. Title: Listening to youth: the experiences of young people in northern Uganda. Contribution to Machel 10-year strategic review. Author: Robinson JP; Young J Source: New York, New York, Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2007 Jun. [38] p. Abstract: In May 2007, the Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children (Women's Commission) visited northern Uganda to meet young people and gather their opinions and ideas with respect to the five themes of the Machel Study 10-year Strategic Review: consequences of the conflict; coping strategies; participation in decision-making; peace and reconciliation; and recommendations for the local, national and international community. The following report is based on focus groups with more than 200 young women and men, and interviews with representatives from the Government of Uganda, UN agencies and international and local non-governmental organizations in the Gulu and Kitgum districts. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | YOUTH | REFUGEES | WOMEN | CHILD | WAR | PEACEKEEPING | PARTICIPATION | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATION | INCOME | SEXUAL ABUSE | FOOD SUPPLY | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migrants | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 319347 |
| 28. Title: Journey to the motherland: Assessing capacity for the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission in South Africa. Author: Rose MA; Schaal MG; Doherty A Source: Home Health Care Management and Practice. 2007 Dec;20(1):50-57. Abstract: Strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV have successfully affected pediatric HIV infections in many developed countries, but not as dramatically in developing countries. This article presents the findings and perspectives of a team of public health nurses who visited and assessed capacity of selected antenatal clinics across South Africa to successfully implement and evaluate HIV prevention of maternal-to-child transmission programs conducted for a private nongovernmental organization. Through development and implementation of a needs-assessment tool, the clinics were systematically assessed by observation and interviews. Consistently, three additional areas of concern, other than HIV, were reported by the people interviewed. These concerns were hunger, poverty, and the need for home-based care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | NURSES AND NURSING | ANTENATAL CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | POVERTY | HOME CARE | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Care and Support | Nutrition Disorders | Natural Resources | Environment | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322432 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: [Evaluation of Brazilian public policies to promote food security and fight hunger, 1995-2002. 2 – the Workers’ Nutrition Program] Avaliacao de politicas publicas de seguranca alimentar e combate a fome no período 1995-2002. 2 – Programa de Alimentacao do Trabalhador. Author: Santos LM; Araujo MD; Martins MC; Veloso IS; Assuncao MP Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Aug;23(8):1931-1945. Abstract: This study evaluated the Workers' Nutrition Program in Brazil from 1995 to 2002, from a structure- process-results perspective. The methodology involved documental research and a case study in 45 municipalities in the State of Bahia, resulting in 2,389 household interviews. In relation to structure, we analyzed the program's normative evolution until 2002. As for nutritional recommendations, the program shifted from insufficient calorie supply in the 1980s to a positive association between overweight and employment in companies adopting the Workers' Nutrition Program. In Bahia, overall program coverage was insufficient among the 5,120 adults 20 years or older who were interviewed. A significant difference was observed in access to food benefits among workers in the interior of the State (6.1%) as compared to the State capital, Salvador (26.1%). However, targeting was adequate: all workers benefiting from the program in the interior and 92.4% of those in Salvador earned less than five times the minimum wage (approximately U$950/month). It is necessary to improve the program's coverage in the target population in order to raise workers' awareness about their rights and the actions developed by the program. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | HEALTH POLICY | FOOD SUPPLY | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | MALNUTRITION | OBESITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WAGES | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Program Evaluation | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 320427 |
| 30. Title: Economic vulnerability, beer and HIV / AIDS: The struggle to sustain farmer livelihoods and indigenous sorghum varieties in eastern Uganda. Author: Scurrah-Ehrhart C Source: Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 2007 Mar;28(1):71-89. Abstract: Drawing on a case study from eastern Uganda, this paper describes how social and environmental factors combine to affect the sustainability of both sorghum landraces and the farmers who depend on it for food and income security. It delineates how changing regional patterns of agricultural production and consumption, institutional neglect, economic hardship, natural resource degradation and a labour supply crisis precipitated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, may be conspiring to place sorghum landraces at risk of extinction and, thus, undermine already precarious livelihoods. The paper therefore challenges the common assumption that marginalized rural women - by virtue of having diverse varieties and species under their care - can be expected to conserve that diversity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FOOD SUPPLY | INCOME | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Environment | Natural Resources | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 318108 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |