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Title: Integrating multiple gender strategies to improve HIV and AIDS interventions: a compendium of programs in Africa.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. AIDS Support and Technical Resources [AIDSTAR-One]
Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2009 May. [220] p. (USAID Contract No. GHH-I-00-07-00059-00)
Abstract: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) AIDSTAR-One project created this compendium of selected HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa that integrate multiple gender strategies. Featured programs address at least two of the following gender strategies: 1) reducing violence and sexual coercion; 2) addressing male norms and behaviors; 3) increasing women's legal protection; and 4) increasing women's access to income and productive resources. The compendium describes each of the 31 selected programs, and synthesizes trends and findings to provide initial insights on using multiple gender strategies in HIV programming, including how strategies are employed together, where gaps exist, and what lessons and experiences are common across programs. Though not meant to be exhaustive, the compendium represents the depth and breadth of current HIV programming that includes multiple gender strategies. Overall, we found that many innovative programs exist in sub-Saharan Africa and that implementers are successfully integrating multiple gender approaches into HIV programs. Program implementers report numerous benefits of combining gender strategies, including ensuring project salience and relevance, extending project reach, and reflecting the multiple, interrelated needs of beneficiaries. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | TREATMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM DESIGN | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors
Document Number: 331479

Title: Laboratory logistics handbook: A guide to designing and managing laboratory logistics systems.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jun. 83 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: The importance of quality laboratory services is indisputable. The expansion of programs for human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria requires strong and supportive laboratory services. For antiretroviral therapy (ART) in particular, there has been a growing recognition of this importance, given the number of laboratory tests required to effectively diagnose and monitor AIDS treatment. The need to improve laboratory services for all of these disease programs provides an opportunity to strengthen laboratories in health systems overall so they can accommodate the needs of the communities they serve. This document describes the function and organization of laboratory services and the commodities needed for laboratory services, and it discusses supply chain considerations for management of laboratory commodities.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | MANUAL | LABORATORY | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | STANDARDS | QUALITY CONTROL | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | HEALTH POLICY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331659

Title: Building support for orphans and vulnerable children.
Author: Population Council
Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:[1] p.
Abstract: We provide solid scientific evidence about programs targeting orphans and vulnerable children to help governments and communities provide better care for these children in need. The Council�s studies apply innovative research techniques to address complex issues about providing care and services to children affected by HIV. The Council�s evaluation of the RAPIDS intervention has highlighted the effectiveness of program activities and valuable lessons for program managers and providers. A mid-term evaluation in 2007 showed important progress, such as more help with school books, uniform fees, and transportation and improvements in school attendance among vulnerable children. Results from the 2009 data collection promise to provide further guidance to program managers on how to ensure the greatest impact with available resources. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | INFORMATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331493

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Ghana.
Author: Akitobi E; Leahy E; Nerquaye-Tetteh J
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 30 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Ghana. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331428

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7.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Maternal healthcare financing: Gujarat's Chiranjeevi Scheme and its beneficiaries.
Author: Bhat R; Mavalankar DV; Singh PV; Singh N
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):249-58.
Abstract: Maternal mortality is an important public-health issue in India, specifically in Gujarat. Contributing factors are the Government's inability to operationalize the First Referral Units and to provide an adequate level of skilled birth attendants, especially to the poor. In response, the Gujarat state has developed a unique public-private partnership called the Chiranjeevi Scheme. This scheme focuses on institutional delivery, specifically emergency obstetric care for the poor. The objective of the study was to explore the targeting of the scheme, its coverage, and socioeconomic profile of the beneficiaries and to assess financial protection offered by the scheme, if any, in Dahod, one of the initial pilot districts of Gujarat. A household-level survey of beneficiaries (n=262) and non-users (n=394) indicated that the scheme is well-targeted to the poor but many poor people do not use the services. The beneficiaries saved more than Rs 3000 (US$ 75) in delivery-related expenses and were generally satisfied with the scheme. The study provided insights on how to improve the scheme further. Such a financing scheme could be replicated in other states and countries to address the cost barrier, especially in areas where high numbers of private specialists are available.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | OBSTETRICS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services Evaluation
Document Number: 341931

Peer Reviewed

Title: Community-based environmental management for malaria control: evidence from a small-scale intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Author: Castro MC; Tsuruta A; Kanamori S; Kannady K; Mkude S
Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:57.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Historically, environmental management has brought important achievements in malaria control and overall improvements of health conditions. Currently, however, implementation is often considered not to be cost-effective. A community-based environmental management for malaria control was conducted in Dar es Salaam between 2005 and 2007. After community sensitization, two drains were cleaned followed by maintenance. This paper assessed the impact of the intervention on community awareness, prevalence of malaria infection, and Anopheles larval presence in drains. METHODS: A survey was conducted in neighbourhoods adjacent to cleaned drains; for comparison, neighbourhoods adjacent to two drains treated with larvicides and two drains under no intervention were also surveyed. Data routinely collected by the Urban Malaria Control Programme were also used. Diverse impacts were evaluated through comparison of means, odds ratios (OR), logistic regression, and time trends calculated by moving averages. RESULTS: Individual awareness of health risks and intervention goals were significantly higher among sensitized neighbourhoods. A reduction in the odds of malaria infection during the post-cleaning period in intervention neighbourhoods was observed when compared to the pre-cleaning period (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.05-0.3, p < 0.001). During the post-cleaning period, a higher risk of infection (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.4, p = 0.0069) was observed in neighbourhoods under no intervention compared to intervention ones. Eighteen months after the initial cleaning, one of the drains was still clean due to continued maintenance efforts (it contained no waste materials and the water was flowing at normal velocity). A three-month moving average of the percentage of water habitats in that drain containing pupae and/or Anopheles larvae indicated a decline in larval density. In the other drain, lack of proper resources and local commitment limited success. CONCLUSION: Although environmental management was historically coordinated by authoritarian/colonial regimes or by industries/corporations, its successful implementation as part of an integrated vector management framework for malaria control under democratic governments can be possible if four conditions are observed: political will and commitment, community sensitization and participation, provision of financial resources for initial cleaning and structural repairs, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Such effort not only is expected to reduce malaria transmission, but has the potential to empower communities, improve health and environmental conditions, and ultimately contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA PREVENTION | VECTOR CONTROL | INTERVENTIONS | SANITATION | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341983

Title: Sustainable community management of urban water and sanitation schemes (a training manual).
Author: Castro V; Msuya N; Makoye C
Source: Nairobi, Kenya, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program - Africa, 2009 Jan. 52 p.
Abstract: The aim of this capacity building programme is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The manual was originally developed in collaboration with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority's (DAWASA) Community Water Supply and Sanitation Program (CWSSP); but some of the material is applicable to other urban communities who may need to improve their management practices and increase the likelihood of a sustainable operation. The material included in this manual is intended to provide a trainer with the tools and information to build management capacity in the target communities. Although the manual is geared for trainers, it has also been designed to serve as a reference tool for communities who may wish to review the material on an on-going basis. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | MANUAL | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PROCEDURES | COMMUNICATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Programs | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331414

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh state of India to inform resource allocation.
Author: Dandona L; Kumar SG; Kumar GA; Dandona R
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 14;23(2):233-42.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct composite economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions to inform efficient utilization of resources in India. METHODS: We obtained output and economic cost data for the 2005-2006 fiscal year from a representative sample of 128 public-funded HIV prevention programmes of 14 types in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Using data from various sources, we developed a model to estimate the number of HIV infections averted. We estimated the additional HIV infections that could be averted if each intervention reached optimal coverage and the associated cost. RESULTS: In a year, 9688 HIV infections were averted by public-funded HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh. Scaling-up interventions to the optimal level would require US$38.8 million annually, 2.8 times the US$13.8 million economic cost in 2005-2006. This could increase the number of HIV infections averted by 2.4-fold, if with higher resources there were many-fold increases in the proportional allocation for programmes for migrant labourers, men who have sex with men and voluntary counselling and testing, and reduction of the high proportion for mass media campaigns to one-third of the 2005-2006 proportion of resource utilization. If the proportions of resource allocation for interventions remained similar to 2005-2006, the higher resources would avert 54% of the additional avertable HIV infections. CONCLUSION: The recent four-fold increase in public funding for HIV/AIDS control in India should be adequate to scale-up HIV prevention interventions to an optimal level in Andhra Pradesh, but the prevention would be suboptimal if additional investments were not preferentially directed to some particular interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FUNDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation
Document Number: 330502

11.

Title: Money into health.
Author: Eichler R; Levine R
Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls, [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :3-9.
Abstract: This book addresses one set of approaches to using money and other material goods to affect the actions of those who are delivering and receiving health services. More specifically, it is about how to use particular types of incentives -- those that reward or penalize specific types of results -- to motivate health-related behaviors. Performance incentives are defined as the transfer of money or material goods conditional on taking a measurable action or achieving a predetermined performance target. In the conceptualization we use, performance incentives include those that operate at the level of the health facilities (or networks of facilities), the individual provider, the household decisionmakers, and the patients. In other words, we look at incentives on both the demand and the supply sides, at both individual and collective levels. In our framework, we do not include the conditional payments that donor agencies offer to national governments, such as additional grant monies if and when particularpolicy decisions are made. We look solely at the interface between provider and patient. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALARIA PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Economic Factors | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331460

12.

Title: Systematic analysis of research underfunding in maternal and perinatal health.
Author: Fisk NM; Atun R
Source: BJOG. 2009 Feb;116(3):347-56.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little published evidence supports the widely held contention that research in pregnancy is underfunded compared with other disease areas. OBJECTIVES: To assess absolute and relative government and charitable funding for maternal and perinatal research in the UK and internationally. SEARCH STRATEGY, SELECTION CRITERIA, DATA COLLECTION, AND ANALYSIS: Major research funding bodies and alliances were identified from an Internet search and discussions with opinion leaders/senior investigators. Websites and annual reports were reviewed for details of strategy, research spend, grants awarded, and allocation to maternal and/or perinatal disease using generic and disease-specific search terms. MAIN RESULTS: Within the imprecision in the data sets, < or =1% of health research spend in the UK was on maternal/perinatal health. Other countries fared better with 1-4% investment, although nonexclusive categorisation may render this an overestimate. In low-resource settings, government funders focused on infectious disease but not maternal and perinatal health despite high relative disease burden, while global philanthropy concentrated on service provision rather than research. Although research expenditure has been deemed as appropriate for 'reproductive health' disease burden in the UK, there are no data on the equity of maternal/perinatal research spend against disease burden, which globally may justify a manyfold increase. AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review of research expenditure and priorities from national and international funding bodies suggests relative underinvestment in maternal/perinatal health. Contributing factors include the low political priority given to women's health, the challenging nature of clinical research in pregnancy, and research capacity dearth as a consequence of chronic underinvestment.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CHILDBIRTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY | GRANTS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | EXPENDITURES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Pregnancy Outcomes | Reproduction | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology
Document Number: 331089

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: International family-planning budgets in the "new US" era.
Author: Gillespie D; Maguire ES; Neuse M; Sinding SW; Speidel JJ
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1505-7.
Abstract: Anticipating major shifts in the political complexion of Washington as a result of the 2008 Presidential election, we, as five former directors of the US Agency for International Development's (USAID) population and reproductive health programme, recently issued a report as part of an effort to increase USAID's stagnant family-planning budget. Our evidence-based report, Making the case for international family planning, recommends an increase from the present level of US$457 million to $1.2 billion in 2010, with modest further annual increases thereafter. With dramatic political shift in Washington, we are optimistic that our message will resonate well in the new policy environment. We have no illusions about the treacherous political terrain of reproductive health in the USA. However, we are much encouraged by President Obama's commitment to bring science back into the service of public policy, his efforts to find common ground in the national debate about abortion, and his and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's determination to make international development cooperation and women's rights far more prominent features of US foreign policy. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | POLITICAL FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIAL SCIENCES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Government Agencies | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Health | Science | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341020

14.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Mexico.
Author: Indacochea CM
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 36 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders.This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Mexico. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331429

15.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Nicaragua.
Author: Indacochea CM; Leahy E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 36 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Nicaragua. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NICARAGUA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ADVOCACY | PROMOTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Marketing
Document Number: 331430

16.

Title: Abuse of HIV/AIDS-relief funds in Mozambique.
Author: Johnson P
Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Sep;9(9):523-4.
Abstract: This letter discusses the increase in corruption in Mozambique with the millions of dollars in funds from US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. It explains that the corruption results in identity theft of HIV-positive people for their benefits, prevention programme funds being pocketed, as well as an inaccurate picture of progress in HIV/AIDS prevention results.
Language: English
Keywords:
MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | HIV PREVENTION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | EVALUATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342724

17.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Tanzania.
Author: Leahy E; Druce N; Akitobi E; Hardee K; Vogel CG
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 32 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders.This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Tanzania. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing
Document Number: 331431

18.

Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Uganda.
Author: Leahy E; Akitobi E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 34 p.
Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Uganda. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | INFORMATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing
Document Number: 331432

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP): the path towards a true partnership.
Author: Matee MI; Manyando C; Ndumbe PM; Corrah T; Jaoko WG; Kitua AY; Ambene HP; Ndounga M; Zijenah L; Ofori-Adjei D; Agwale S; Shongwe S; Nyirenda T; Makanga M
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 20;9(1):249.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) was founded in 2003 by the European Parliament and Council. It is a partnership of 14 European Union (EU) member states, Norway, Switzerland, and Developing Countries, formed to fund acceleration of new clinical trial interventions to fight the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria and tuberculosis (TB) in the sub-Saharan African region. EDCTP seeks to be synergistic with other funding bodies supporting research on these diseases. METHODS: EDCTP promotes collaborative research supported by multiple funding agencies and harnesses networking expertise across different African and European countries. EDCTP is different from other similar initiatives. The organisation of EDCTP blends important aspects of partnership that includes ownership, sustainability and responds to demand-driven research. The Developing Countries Coordinating Committee (DCCC); a team of independent scientists and representatives of regional health bodies from sub-Saharan Africa provides advice to the partnership. Thus EDCTP reflects a true partnership and the active involvement and contribution of these African scientists ensures joint ownership of the EDCTP programme with European counterparts. RESULTS: The following have been the major achievements of the EDCTP initiative since its formation in 2003; i) increase in the number of participating African countries from two to 26 in 2008 ii) the cumulative amount of funds spent on EDCTP projects has reached E 150 m, iii) the cumulative number of clinical trials approved has reached 40 and iv) there has been a significant increase number and diversity in capacity building activities. CONCLUSION: While we recognise that EDCTP faced enormous challenges in its first few years of existence, the strong involvement of African scientists and its new initiatives such as unconditional funding to regional networks of excellence in sub-Saharan Africa is envisaged to lead to a sustainable programme. Current data shows that the number of projects supported by EDCTP is increasing. DCCC proposes that this success story of true partnership should be used as model by partners involved in the fight against other infectious diseases of public health importance in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MALARIA | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CAPACITY BUILDING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342291

20.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Improving maternal survival in South Asia--what can we learn from case studies?
Author: McPake B; Koblinsky M
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):93-107.
Abstract: Technical interventions for maternal healthcare are implemented through a dynamic social process. Peoples' behaviours--whether they be planners, managers, providers, or potential users--influence the outcomes. Given the complexity and unpredictability inherent in such dynamic processes, the proposed cause-and-effect relationships in any one context cannot be directly transferred to another. While this is true of all health services, its importance is magnified in maternal healthcare because of the need to involve multiple levels of the health system, multiple types of care providers from the highly skilled specialist to community-level volunteers, and multiple technical interventions, without the ability to measure significant change in the outcome, the maternal mortality ratio. Patterns can be followed however, in terms of outcomes in response to interventions. From these case studies of implementation of maternal health programmes across five states of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, some patterns stand out and seem to apply virtually everywhere (e.g., failure of systems to post staff in difficult areas) while others require more data to understand the observed patterns (e.g., response to financial incentives for improving maternal health systems; instituting available accessible safe blood). The patterns formed can provide guidance to programme managers as to what aspects of the process to track and micro-manage, to policy-makers as to what features of a context may particularly influence impacts of alternative maternal health strategies, and to governments more broadly as to the factors shaping dynamic responses that might themselves warrant intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | CHILDBIRTH | BLOOD SUPPLY | HUMAN RESOURCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INCENTIVES | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH POLICY | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341940

21.
Title: Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries--Africa.
Author: Naicker S; Plange-Rhule J; Tutt RC; Eastwood JB
Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2009 Spring;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-60-4.
Abstract: The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals. There are 57 countries with a critical shortage of healthcare workers, a deficit of 2.4 million doctors and nurses. Africa has 2.3 healthcare workers per 1000 population, compared with the Americas, which have 24.8 healthcare workers per 1000 population. Only 1.3% of the world's health workers care for people who experience 25% of the global disease burden. The consequences for some countries resulting from loss of health workers are increasingly recognized and are now being widely aired in the public media. The health services of a continent already facing daunting challenges to the delivery of minimum standards of health care are now also being potentially overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS. There is a need for concerted political will and funding support that will allow them to do what is necessary. It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 341994

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Tracking official development assistance for reproductive health in conflict-affected countries.
Author: Patel P; Roberts B; Guy S; Lee-Jones L; Conteh L
Source: Plos Medicine. 2009 Jun;6(6):1-13.
Abstract: Background: Reproductive health needs are particularly acute in countries affected by armed conflict. Reliable information on aid investment for reproductive health in these countries is essential for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of aid. The purpose of this study was to analyse official development assistance (ODA) for reproductive health activities in conflict-affected countries from 2003 to 2006. Methods and Findings: The Creditor Reporting System and the Financial Tracking System databases were the chosen data sources for the study. ODA disbursement for reproductive health activities to 18 conflict-affected countries was analysed for 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. An average of US$20.8 billion in total ODA was disbursed annually to the 18 conflict-affected countries between 2003 and 2006, of which US$509.3 million (2.4%) was allocated to reproductive health. This represents an annual average of US$1.30 disbursed per capita in the 18 sampled countries for reproductive health activities. Non-conflict affected least-developed countries received 53.3% more ODA for reproductive health activities than conflict-affected least developed countries, despite the latter generally having greater reproductive health needs. ODA disbursed for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment increased by 119.4% from 2003 to 2006. The ODA disbursed for other direct reproductive health activities declined by 35.9% over the same period. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of inequity in disbursement of reproductive health ODA between conflict-affected countries and non-conflict-affected countries, and between different reproductive health activities. These findings and the study's recommendations seek to support initiatives to make aid financing more responsive to need in the context of armed conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WAR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFORMATION | RELIABILITY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 340201

23.

Title: Smart finance solutions: Examples of innovative financial mechanisms for water and sanitation.
Author: Singeling M; Claasen F; Casella D; van Daalen T; Fonseca C
Source: Amsterdam, Netherlands, KIT Publishers, 2009. 72 p.
Abstract: This booklet gives examples of how different financial mechanisms are being used to finance water, sanitation projects and small local businesses that contribute to reaching MDG-7. The first chapter describes different financing mechanisms being applied at household / community (micro-) and at intermediate institutional (meso-) level. It gives examples of how these mechanisms are being used to finance water and sanitation projects or small / medium enterprises. It also provides the reader with some useful links for further reading. The second part describes which business models can be used to obtain different financial mechanisms and gives an overview of how to write a successful business plan or project proposal. It also includes a list of organisations that finance water and sanitation projects / businesses. The booklet is designed as a source of inspiration, rather than a manual. It provides links to further, more in-depth information. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | NETHERLANDS | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PLANNING | MANAGEMENT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331418

24.

Title: Afghanistan: Paying NGOs for performance in a postconflict setting.
Author: Sondorp E; Palmer N; Strong L; Wali A
Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls, [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :139-164.
Abstract: Large-scale contracting of nongovernmental organizations can deliver essential services to the population, even in a postconflict setting with weak service delivery capacity. Government stewardship of the health sector can be enhanced with services delivered by contracted nongovernmental organizations. Results suggest that nongovernmental organizations that are paid based partly on results perform better than those that are paid for expenditures on inputs, although this evidence is far from conclusive.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | HEALTH SERVICES | EXPENDITURES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MONITORING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation
Document Number: 331455

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: International health policy and stagnating maternal mortality: is there a causal link?
Author: Unger JP; Van Dessel P; Sen K; De Paepe P
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):91-104.
Abstract: This paper examines why progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 on maternal health appears to have stagnated in much of the global south. We contend that besides the widely recognised existence of weak health systems, including weak services, low staffing levels, managerial weaknesses, and lack of infrastructure and information, this stagnation relates to the inability of most countries to meet two essential conditions: to develop access to publicly funded, comprehensive health care, and to provide the not-for-profit sector with needed political, technical and financial support. This paper offers a critical perspective on the past 15 years of international health policies as a possible cofactor of high maternal mortality, because of their emphasis on disease control in public health services at the expense of access to comprehensive health care, and failures of contracting out and public�private partnerships in health care. Health care delivery cannot be an issue both of trade and of right. Without policies to make health systems in the global south more publicly-oriented and accountable, the current standards of maternal and child health care are likely to remain poor, and maternal deaths will continue to affect women and their families at an intolerably high level.
Spanish Abstract: En este art�culo se examinan las razones por las que los avances hacia el Objetivo 5 de Desarrollo del Milenio respecto a la salud materna parecen haberse estancado en gran parte del sur global. Arg�imos que adem�s de la existencia, ampliamente conocida de sistemas de salud d�biles, con servicios deficientes, n�mero reducido de personal, debilidades administrativas y falta de infraestructura e informaci�n, este estancamiento est� relacionado con la incapacidad de la mayor�a de los pa�ses para satisfacer dos condiciones esenciales: crear acceso a servicios de atenci�n integral de la salud financiados por el sector p�blico y brindar al sector sin fines de lucro el apoyo pol�tico, t�cnico y financiero que necesita. Este art�culo ofrece un punto de vista cr�tico sobre los �ltimos 15 a�os de pol�ticas internacionales de salud como un posible cofactor de las altas tasas de mortalidad materna, debido a su �nfasis en el control de enfermedades en servicios de salud p�blica a expensas del acceso a la atenci�n integral de la salud, as� como a los fracasos de subcontrataci�n y alianzas entre los sectores p�blico y privado de salud. La prestaci�n de atenci�n de salud no puede ser un asunto tanto de comercio como de derecho. Sin pol�ticas para lograr que los sistemas de salud del sur est�n m�s orientados hacia el p�blico y sean m�s responsables, los niveles actuales de atenci�n materno-infantil probablemente continuar�n siendo deficientes, y las muertes maternas continuar�n afectando intolerablemente a las mujeres y sus familias.
French Abstract: Pourquoi les progr�s vers l'OMD 5 relatif � la sant� maternelle semblent-ils stagner dans la plupart des pays du Sud ? Les auteurs de l'article avancent qu'en plus des faiblesses largement reconnues des syst�mes de sant�, notamment les d�ficiences des services, l'insuffisante dotation en personnel, les lacunes de la gestion, ainsi que le manque d'infrastructure et d'information, cette stagnation est due � l'incapacit� de la plupart des pays � rencontrer deux conditions essentielles : �largir l'acc�s � des soins de sant� globaux et financ�s par l'�tat, et doter le secteur non lucratif d'un soutien politique, technique et financier cruellement n�cessaire. L'article propose une perspective critique sur les politiques sanitaires internationales des 15 derni�res ann�es comme corr�lat possible de la mortalit� maternelle �lev�e, en raison de l'accent que ces politiques placent sur la lutte contre les maladies dans les services de sant� publique, aux d�pens de l'acc�s � des soins de sant� globaux, et le manque de recours aux services ext�rieurs et aux partenariats public-priv� dans la sant�. Les soins de sant� ne peuvent relever � la fois du commerce et du droit � la sant�. Sans politiques qui orienteront les syst�mes de sant� du Sud vers une logique sociale et les rendront plus comptables de leurs activit�s, les normes actuelles des soins de sant� maternelle et infantile risquent de rester m�diocres, et les d�c�s maternels continueront de toucher les femmes et leurs familles � un niveau intol�rable.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | POLITICAL FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PRIVATE SECTOR | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 342018

26.

27.

Title: Analysis of the operational policy barriers to financing and procuring contraceptives in Malawi.
Author: Constella Futures. Health Policy Initiative; John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Washington, D.C., Health Policy Initiative, Constella Futures, 2008 Jun. :viii, 23 p.. viii, 23 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: Contraceptive security exists when every person can choose, obtain, and use high-quality contraceptives whenever they need them. Two of the most important factors in achieving contraceptive security are adequate financing and efficient contraceptive procurement mechanisms. The USAID | Health Policy Initiative and USAID | DELIVER Project are working together to develop a methodology for identifying operational policy barriers in the financing and procurement of family planning (FP) products. The goal is to help national governments, donors, and other key stakeholders improve the policy environment for contraceptive security. This report presents the findings from a pilot study the two projects conducted in Malawi to test this methodology.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PILOT PROJECTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PRIVATE SECTOR | USAID | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | DECENTRALIZATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Contraceptive Usage | Program Sustainability
Document Number: 308944

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessment of the health system and policy environment as a critical complement to tracking intervention coverage for maternal, newborn, and child health.
Author: Countdown Working Group on Health Policy and Health Systems
Source: Lancet. 2008 Apr 12;371(9620):1284-1293.
Abstract: In 2008, the Countdown to 2015 initiative identified 68 priority countries for action on maternal, newborn, and child health. Much attention was paid to monitoring country-level progress in achieving high and equitable coverage with interventions effective in reducing mortality of mothers, newborn infants, and children up to 5 years of age. To have a broader understanding of the environment in which health services are delivered and health outcomes are produced is essential to increase intervention coverage. Programmes to address MNCH rely on health systems to generate information needed for effective decisions and to achieve the expected outcomes. Governance and leadership are needed throughout the process not only to create policies and implement them but also to assure quality and efficiency of care, to finance health services sufficiently and in an equitable way, and to manage the health workforce. We present a systematic approach to assess the wider health system and policy environment neededto achieve positive outcomes for maternal, newborn, and child health. We report on results from 13 indicators and show gaps in policy adoption as well as weaknesses in other health system building blocks. We identify areas for future action in measurement of key indicators and their use to support decision making. We hope that this information will provide an additional dimension to the discussions on feasible and sustainable solutions to accelerate progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5, both at the global level but most importantly in individual countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | EXPENDITURES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs
Document Number: 326155

29.
Title: Global Fund financing of condoms and contraceptive security. Policy brief.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, [2008]. 5 p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: This brief summarizes publicly available data on the amount of Global Fund financing that has been made available for the procurement of condoms in recent years, and outlines opportunities to strengthen reproductive health commodity security through the use of Global Fund financing.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | CONDOMS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Programs | Organization and Administration | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 327297

30.

Title: Global Fund in Rwanda agrees to finance contraceptives. Policy update.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, [2008]. [2] p.
Abstract: In Rwanda, integration of family planning and HIV services is a national priority. In a significant step for both contraceptive security and HIV prevention in Rwanda, local Global Fund stakeholders have decided to fund contraceptives by providing a three-year commitment worth more than US$2.4 million from Round 7 Funds. Global Fund financing has been used in the past to finance condoms in a number of countries, but Rwanda is believed to be the first country to fund contraceptives as part of its efforts to fight HIV and AIDS. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331612


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