1.  Peer Reviewed Title: DOES FAMINE HAVE A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON COHORT MORTALITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE 1959-1961 GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAMINE IN CHINA. Author: Song S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 23;41:469-491. Abstract: SummaryUsing retrospective individual mortality records of three cohorts of newborns (1954-1958, 1959-1962 and 1963-1967) from a large national fertility survey conducted in 1988 in China, this paper examines the effect of being conceived or born during the 1959-1961 Great Leap Forward Famine on postnatal mortality. The results show strong evidence of a short-term (period) effect of the famine, caused directly by starvation or severe malnutrition during the period of the famine. After controlling for period mortality fluctuation, however, the famine-born cohort does not show higher mortality than either the pre-famine or the post-famine cohort. Aggregate-level cross-temporal comparisons using published cohort population counts from China's 1982 Census, 1990 Census, 1995 micro-Census, 2000 Census and 2005 micro-Census lead to the same conclusion. The relevance of these new findings for the 'fetal origins' hypothesis and the selection effect hypothesis is discussed. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMINE | LONGTERM EFFECTS | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CENSUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Time Factors | Population Statistics Document Number: 341482 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: How fertility and union stability interact in shaping new family patterns in Italy and Spain. Author: Coppola L; Di Cesare M Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar 18;18(4):117-144. Abstract: In this paper we investigate the relationship between fertility decisions and union dissolution in Italy and Spain. We ask whether these processes affect each other directly and whether they are simultaneously influenced by the same unobserved characteristics. The analysis is based on the 1996 Fertility and Family Survey for Italy and Spain. Results show that the direct effect between processes is significant in both countries: as expected, childbearing decreases the risk of union dissolution, and union dissolution decreases the risk of further childbearing. Individual unobserved characteristics simultaneously shape both processes in Italy, where individuals who have a higher risk of having children also have a lower risk of dissolving their union (and vice versa). In contrast, this result does not hold in Spain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COUPLES | SEPARATION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE DURATION | CHILDBIRTH | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 325515 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: The intergenerational transmission of divorce in cross-national perspective: results from the Fertility and Family Surveys. Author: Dronkers J; Harkonen J Source: Population Studies. 2008 Nov;62(3):273-88. Abstract: We used data on women's first marriages from the Fertility and Family Surveys to analyse the intergenerational transmission of divorce across 18 countries and to seek explanations in macro-level characteristics for the cross-national variation. Our results show that women whose parents divorced have a significantly higher risk of divorce in 17 countries. There is some cross-national variation. When compared with the USA, the association is stronger in six countries. This variation is negatively associated with the proportion of women in each cohort who experienced the divorce of their parents and with the national level of women's participation in the labour force during childhood. We conclude that differences in the contexts in which children of divorce learn marital and interpersonal behaviour affect the strength of the intergenerational transmission of divorce. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | DIVORCE | TRANSMISSION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 330018 |
| 4. Title: Only poverty reduction will curtail population growth [editorial] Author: Nuwagaba N Source: African Health Sciences. 2008 Mar;8(1):4-5. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION | POVERTY | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | PREVALENCE | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD SURVIVAL | TRAINING PROGRAMS | ADVOCACY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Microeconomic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Education | Communication | Women's Status Document Number: 323092 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Reply to the note by Neuman "Is fertility indeed related to religiosity?" Author: Adsera A Source: Population Studies. 2007 Jul;61(2):225-230. Abstract: Neuman uses the rich information on religion contained in the International Social Survey Programme 1998: Religion II (ISSP 98) to estimate fertility equations similar to those in my paper. She concludes that current religiosity is not related to the number of children a woman has and that my findings are due to a misspecification of the religiosity measure. In this reply I argue that her results rely on the use of a group of women already selected for their attachment to the Catholic Church. I include new analyses with the ISSP 98 data-set to show that the positive relation between attendance at mass and fertility holds in a sample that includes those who have ever been baptized regardless of the background of their spouses. Further, I explore an alternative measure of religiosity in the ISSP 98. Finally I make some clarifications of the findings in the paper and their relevance to the explanation of recent fertility changes in Spain. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | PERIOD ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COUPLES | RELIGION | FERTILITY | MARRIAGE | CATHOLICISM | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Christianity | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 317441 |
| 6. Title: Young women and childbearing in Africa: the new skepticism. Author: Casterline JB; Chalasani S Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 3 p. Abstract: This paper examines the fertility of young women in sub-Saharan Africa using recent DHS surveys. We consider desired fertility, achieved fertility, and the intersection of the two, in particular unwanted fertility. A starting-point for this research is the following estimates of the incidence of unwanted first births: Ethiopia (2000) 11%; Ghana (2003) 18%; Kenya (2003) 20%; Malawi (2000) 17%; Namibia (2000) 30%; Nigeria (2003) 8%; Uganda (2000-01) 10%; Zambia (2001-02) 24%. These are stunning figures for any contemporary non-Western society, and especially African societies with their deeply-rooted aversion to childlessness. And, indeed, most of the young women who declare their first birth unwanted also express a desire to have a child in the future, and their average ideal number of children that exceeds 3.0. Hence it would be an error to take the figures above as an expression of a lifetime goal to remain childless. It is, nevertheless, remarkable that such high percentages of young women are prepared to say that their first birth was "unwanted". Equivalent levels are not observed in previous surveys in Africa; this is a radical departure from the past. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | FIRST BIRTH | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | Africa | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Pregnancy History | Fertility Changes Document Number: 317713 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility issues: the perceptions and experiences of young men recently diagnosed and treated for cancer. Author: Chapple A; Salinas M; Ziebland S; McPherson A; Macfarlane A Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Jan;40(1):69-75. Abstract: The purpose was to explore fertility issues for young men who had been diagnosed and treated for cancer and to examine communication problems surrounding these fertility issues. Narrative interviews were conducted with 21 young men previously treated for cancer in the United Kingdom. Eighteen talked about fertility issues at some length. A qualitative interpretive approach was taken, combining thematic analysis with constant comparison. Communication about sperm storage was sometimes difficult and embarrassing. Young men wanted the opportunity to bank their sperm but decisions were often rushed. Some would have appreciated counseling and were unprepared for the process of sperm banking and criticized facilities. Uncertainty about fertility status caused worries for the future. More still needs to be done to help young men with cancer to address issues of fertility. All adolescents and young men treated for cancer should be offered sperm banking if their fertility may be affected. They should be offered counseling at every stage by professionals who feel comfortable talking about the subject. Interactive, educational CD-ROMs or websites may be useful. Physical facilities for sperm banking should be improved. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MEN | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | PERCEPTION | FERTILITY | CANCER | SPERM BANKS | DECISION MAKING | COUNSELING | STRESS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Neoplasms | Diseases | Artificial Insemination | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 310591 |
| 8. Title: Continuing fertility decline in South Korea. Author: Choe MK; Kim SK Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [2] p. Abstract: The total fertility rate in South Korea reached the replacement level in 1983 and continued to decline to lowest low level in 2001 (TFR=1.30). The latest estimate of the total fertility for 2004 is 1.08. Studies on fertility behavior up to year 2000 indicate that the major factor associated with declining total fertility rate is the trend toward later marriage and less marriage. Singulate mean age at marriage among men increased from 27.3 in 1980 to 32.0 in 2005, and among women, it increased from 24.1 in 1980 to 28.8 in 2005. While age at first marriage is increasing the proportion of children being born to never married women remained at below 2% level. This trend, with very small proportion of women having more than two children have resulted in continuing decline of total fertility rate in the past 20 years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HOME ECONOMICS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | ATTITUDES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Changes | Birth Intervals | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317361 |
| 9. Title: Varying effect of fertility determinants among migrant and indigenous females in the transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana. Author: Codjoe SN Source: Human Geography. 2007 Mar;89(1):23-37. Abstract: The transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana, located between the richly endowed south and the impoverished north, has attracted seasonal and permanent farm migrants, mainly from northern Ghana, who now live side by side with the indigenous people. While migrants have higher numbers of Muslims, indigenous people are mainly Christians. Although the majority of the migrants live in migrant quarters with less favourable socio-economic conditions, they are more successful farmers and therefore wealthier. The objectives are to examine the varying effect of fertility determinants among migrants and indigenous females. This paper uses data collected in 2002 among 194 females aged 15 to 49 years. Multiple regression models are used to assess fertility determinants. Results show that although migrant households were wealthier, migrant females were more traditional. They had more children living in fostercare, and a lower proportion of them approved of men participating in household activities. In addition, they were less well educated, recorded higher infant mortality, gave birth earlier and used less contraception. Furthermore, while a female's migration status is statistically significant so far as non-proximate determinants of fertility are concerned, the same variable is not significant with respect to proximate determinants. In addition, a married female migrant would on average have almost one more child compared to her indigenous counterpart, and migrant females who had experienced the loss of a child would on average have 2.5 more children compared to their indigenous counterparts. Finally, more affluent migrant females have 0.08 fewer children compared to their indigenous counterpart. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 317572 |
| 10. Title: The path to replacement fertility in Egypt: acceptance, preference, and achievement. Author: El-Zeini LO Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: This paper uses data from the 2004 Stalled Fertility Transition survey; a follow-up to the 2003 Egypt Interim DHS, to investigate obstacles to achieving replacement fertility. The analysis adopts a framework with the acronym APA: Acceptance of a two-child ideal, Preference for that ideal, and Achievement of preference, positing a hierarchy among the three and hypothesizing that each depends on a set of factors, including gender stratification, economic expectations, perception of children's costs and benefits, and the costs of fertility regulation. The results indicate that son preference, discriminative gender attitudes, and perceived low cost of childrearing compared to benefit of children are major obstacles to the acceptance of the two-child family. Given acceptance, son preference, optimistic economic expectations, and fear of contraceptive side effects are associated with low preference for two children and with ambivalence. Given a decisive preference, women from better socioeconomic strata, women who perceive themselves to be in control of their reproduction and women with weaker son preference are more likely to achieve the ideal of two children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | GENDER ISSUES | CHILD WORTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 317263 |
| 11. Title: Does economic growth reduce fertility? Rural India 1971-1999. Author: Foster AD; Rosenzweig MR Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [40] p. Abstract: In this paper, we use a newly available panel data set that constitutes a representative sample of rural India over the period 1971-1999 to examine the role of economic change as a source of fertility decline. We first develop a simple dynamic model of fertility choice that incorporates the possibility of cost-of-time effects, a quantity-quality tradeoff, and increased access to health and family planning services. This model is the used to structure the empirical analysis of fertility decision-making. A key feature of the empirical analysis is that it controls for household level fixed effects by linking households from different rounds of the survey. The results eliminating the family fixed effect provide strong support for the importance of increases in the value of time of women and of technical change-induced investments in child schooling that accompany economic growth in accounting for fertility decline, with little role for parental schooling. In particular, we find that aggregate wage changes, dominated by increases in the value of female wages, explain 39% of the decline in fertility over the 1982-1999 period. In combination, changes in agricultural productivity and agricultural wage rates explain fully 80% of the decline. Health centers are found to have had a significant effect on fertility but the aggregate increases in the diffusion of health centers in villages only explains 3.4% of the fall. In summary, our results suggest that the process of economic growth has had a major impact on fertility in India over the last two decades and that, given sustained economic growth that continues to raise wages and increase returns to human capital, the fall in fertility in India will persist for the foreseeable future. A demographic revolution now appears to have at least in part resulted from, rather than just accompanied, the green revolution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | RURAL POPULATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FERTILITY DECLINE | WAGES | WOMEN'S STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Fertility Changes | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 317366 |
| 12. Title: Globalization, policy intervention, and reproduction: below replacement fertility in China. Author: Gu B; Zheng Z; Wang F; Cai Y Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 25 p. Abstract: We suggest in this paper that China's low fertility not only has profound implications for the demographic future of the world, but also presents an important and unique opportunity to study the underlying forces of emerging global low fertility. The Chinese case is theoretically interesting because of the co-presence of three important forces, two of which are commonly cited as explanations for below replacement fertility. These are structural changes that resulted in economic pressure and constraints imposed on young people, and ideational changes showcased by a more individualistic orientation that places marriage and childbearing at a lower priority than work and self-fulfillment in one's life. Both forces, as we argue in the following, need to be examined under the broad context of the recent wave of globalization. At the forefront of a fledging global economy, and as one of the most dynamic economies in the world in the last two decades, China has clearly felt the impact of globalization andits associated forces affecting human reproduction. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | POPULATION | GOVERNMENT | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | ONE CHILD POLICY | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Decrease | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317256 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex ratio and time to pregnancy: analysis of four large European population surveys. Author: Joffe M; Bennett J; Best N; Jensen TK Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):524-528. Abstract: The objective was to test whether the secondary sex ratio (proportion of male births) is associated with time to pregnancy, a marker of fertility. Design: Analysis of four large population surveys. Setting: Denmark and the United Kingdom. Participants: 49 506 pregnancies. Main outcome measure: Secondary sex ratio. No association was found between the sex ratio and time to pregnancy and no discernible trend was found for sex ratio with time to pregnancy, either within individual datasets or in the pooled analysis. The odds ratios were 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.90 to 1.04) for contraceptive failures, 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) for time to pregnancy of 2-4 months, 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) for 5-10 months, 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03) for 11 months or more, and 0.88 (0.74 to 1.06) for fertility treatment, with 0-1 months as the reference category. No association was found between the secondary sex ratio and time to pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEX RATIO | FERTILITY | TIME FACTORS | SUBFECUNDITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Europe, Western | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Fecundity | Reproduction Document Number: 308472 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: First union formation in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Patterns across countries and gender. Author: Katus K; Puur A; Poldma A; Sakkeus L Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Nov 16;17(10):247-300. Abstract: This article examines the changes in first union formation in the Baltic countries between the late 1960s and early 1990s, in the context of societal and family-level gender relations. The analyses are conducted using microdata from the European Family and Fertility Surveys program. Our results indicate that in Estonia and Latvia the shift from direct marriage to cohabitation started well before the fall of socialist regime. Event-history models provide support for a hypothesised association between union formation and gender systems, with Lithuania showing more traditional features in both respects, possibly due to long-standing cultural differences between the countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ESTONIA | LATVIA | LITHUANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | GENDER RELATIONS | MARRIAGE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | NUPTIALITY | FAMILY RESEARCH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGION | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 322409 |
| 15. Title: Declining fertility: Intentions, attitudes and aspirations. Author: Mitchell D; Gray E Source: Journal of Sociology. 2007;43(1):23-44. Abstract: The decline in fertility rates across Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations has been the subject of considerable debate over the past decade. The sudden decline in fertility following the post-war baby boom is viewed by some as a return to long-run trends, while others attribute the fall to decline in government financial support for families and changing social attitudes, career and lifestyle aspirations. This article explores a range of attitudes and aspirations reported by a group of childless respondents to the Negotiating the Life Course survey to establish whether these attitudes/aspirations vary with their stated fertility expectations. Using responses to 20 questions that cover gender role attitudes, the importance of children, and career and lifestyle aspirations, we find some significant differences between those who do and those who do not want to have a child. We further investigate respondents' fertility expectations three years on, and find that fertility expectations are not stable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ATTITUDES | ASPIRATIONS | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | LIFE STYLE | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | GENDER ISSUES | CHILD WORTH | Developed Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Pronatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 319662 |
| 16. Title: Teenage fertility rates falling in South Africa [letter] Author: Moultrie TA; McGrath N Source: South African Medical Journal. 2007 Jun;97(6):442-443. Abstract: This letter to the editor disputes current media suggestion that a link exists between the launch of the Child Support Grant (CSG) and a rise in teenage fertility. The authors cite two reports with findings to the contrary and 2001 DHS data showing a decline in teenage fertility. The authors state "the fixation on teenage pregnancy and the CSG offers an unnecessary and counterproductive diversion from the real issues surrounding teenage fertility and pregnancy and that the debate also detracts attention from efforts to increase the proportion of eligible children who successfully access the grant, allowing it to fulfil its intended purpose, one of the positive associations of which is with increased school enrolment." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY SURVEYS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328011 |
| 17. Title: Is there a deadline for parenthood? An example from Poland. Author: Mynarska M Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: The postponement of childbearing is occurring across Europe and the USA, but the paths of this trend differ profoundly from country to country. In Poland, as in other Central and Eastern European countries, most women have their first child at a relatively young age. This paper asks about the role of age norms in sustaining the pattern of early motherhood. We investigate young adults' perceptions of age in relation to their fertility choices. We find that age is indeed a salient dimension that structures and regulates individual childbearing plans. The qualitative approach of our study allows for gaining insights into how age norms are explained, argued about and sanctioned. We also reconstruct the mechanisms of the normative influence of age limits (deadlines) on fertility behavior. Thus, the study not only improves our understanding of the timing of childbearing but also contributes to the general discussion on age norms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | MATERNAL AGE | VALUE ORIENTATION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY HISTORY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317362 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Reasons for unprotected intercourse: analysis of the PRAMS survey. Author: Nettleman MD; Chung H; Brewer J; Ayoola A; Reed PL Source: Contraception. 2007 May;75(5):361-366. Abstract: This study was conducted to identify reasons why women had unprotected intercourse that led to an unintended pregnancy. As part of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey, women with a recent unintended viable pregnancy were asked after the birth why they had not used birth control. Of 7856 respondents, 33% felt they could not get pregnant at the time of conception, 30% did not really mind if they got pregnant, 22% stated their partner did not want to use contraception, 16% cited side effects, 10% felt they or their partner were sterile, 10% cited access problems and 18% selected "other." Latent class analysis showed seven patterns of response, each identifying strongly with a single reason. Almost half of women with viable unintended pregnancies ending in a birth felt they could not/would not get pregnant at the time of conception. Most women identified with a single reason for having unprotected intercourse. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RISK FACTORS | MOTIVATION | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | BELIEFS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Biology | Psychological Factors | Reproduction | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 315384 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Is fertility indeed related to religiosity? A note on: "Marital fertility and religion in Spain, 1985 and 1999", Population Studies 60 (2): 205-221 by Alicia Adsera. Author: Neuman S Source: Population Studies. 2007 Jul;2(219-224) Abstract: In a paper published in this journal, Adsera (2006) presents an empirical study of the link between religiosity and fertility in Spain. She examines differences in fertility between practising and non-practising Catholics, and between religions, thus contributing to the literature on these two complementary lines of research. Adsera uses two Spanish Fertility Surveys (SFS)*administrated in 1985 and in 1999, both of which include rich information on fertility, though quite limited data on religiosity. The purpose of this note is to question the validity of some of the central findings, on the grounds that they rest on a misspecification of the core variable of religiosity and that the composition of the sample is problematic. I show that a replication of Adsera's regression models, using a more appropriate database, yields different results. (In the second part of her study Adsera analyses the interrelationship between religiosity and the spacing of births. My comment does not refer to this topic.)(excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CRITIQUE | PERIOD ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COUPLES | RELIGION | FERTILITY | MARRIAGE | CATHOLICISM | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Christianity | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 317440 |
| 20. Title: The institutional context of fertility in Madhya Pradesh, India. Author: Ranjan A; Deolalikar AB Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):55-71. Abstract: In this paper, we attempt to analyse factors affecting fertility in Madhya Pradesh through an institutional perspective, factors that operate at the level of the family and the society. The institutional factors of fertility have largely been a sidelined aspect of fertility research in India. Fertility control efforts in India have generally followed a techno-medical approach which is supply dominated and service-provider oriented. It rarely takes into the account the factors that operate at the level of the family and the society in shaping reproductive behaviour. At present, there is little empirical evidence and understanding of the role of these factors in fertility decision making, especially in the context of Madhya Pradesh. It is generally argued that with social and economic transition, the impact of institutional factors on fertility decision making process can be minimised if not eliminated. If this is true then, in a state like Madhya Pradesh where the social and economic transition is amongst the slowest in the country, it may be hypothesized that institutional factors play a dominant role in shaping reproductive behaviour and in deciding the levels of fertility. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CULTURE | DECISION MAKING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARITAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Friends and Relatives | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 324143 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Stagnation in fertility levels in Pakistan. Author: Sathar ZA Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Aug;22(2):113-131. Abstract: Finally, at the turn of the century and after decades of stagnancy, there was definite evidence of a decline in fertility in Pakistan. Fertility in Pakistan probably began to decline in the early 1990s or even in the late 1980s. Significantly, all estimates for the 1990s for the first time fell below 6.0 births per woman to a little less than five. This is in contrast to numerous surveys that indicated that the TFR remained above six births per woman in the 1980s. Furthermore the last census held finally in 1998, indicated that the average population growth rate for the period 1981-1998 was 2.6 per cent per annum, a decline from previous intercensal rates, consistent with a decline in fertility in the 1990s. While this trend in fertility decline has continued - even touted as one of the "fastest declines in Asia" - the latest Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) indicates a stall in fertility at four children per woman. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MARRIAGE AGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | FERTILITY RATE | WOMEN'S STATUS | POPULATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Birth Rate | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326125 Notification |
| 22. Title: Reproductive Health Survey: Georgia 2005 -- final report. Author: Serbanescu F; Imnadze P; Bokhua Z; Nutsubidze N; Jackson DB; Morris L Source: Atlanta, Georgia, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Division of Reproductive Health, 2007 Mar. 447 p. (USAID Award No. HRN-P-00-97-00014-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADN-379) Abstract: The 2005 Reproductive Health Survey (RHS) is the second population based national survey of this type conducted in Georgia. A sample of 6,376 women aged 15-44 years, were interviewed. The recent survey employed a sampling design geared toward providing independent regional estimates. The overall response rate was 99%. The questionnaire covered topics related to reproductive health for all women regardless of marital status, and included additional questions on family-life education and sexual behavior for women aged 15-24 years. Preliminary findings showed that Georgian women tend to become sexually experienced at marriage (only 3% of sexually experienced women aged 15-24 years reported premarital intercourse). Georgian women initiate and complete childbearing at early ages, with the highest fertility levels reported among 20-to 24-year-olds. Fifty-two percent of women who have been pregnant in the past five years reported that their last pregnancy was mistimed or unwanted. The survey found that the induced abortion rate was 3.1 abortions per woman. Contraceptive prevalence among Georgian women in union was the lowest among any of the former Soviet republics with survey data. Only 47% of women in union reported using any method of contraception during the month preceding the interview and little more than half of them used a modern method (27% of women in union), principally the IUD (12%) and condoms (9%). Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA | SUMMARY REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | FERTILITY SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | FAMILY LIFE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | EDUCATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV | AIDS | PHYSICAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Child Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Violence | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 328276 Notification |
| 23. Title: Becoming a parent in a post-Communist society: an analysis of ideational factors. Author: Speder Z; Kapitany B Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 31 p. Abstract: The move from an early fertility to a "new", late fertility model is characteristic for each postcommunist societies including the Hungarian one, and is the basic reason for low period fertility. The offered approaches explaining the changes, such as the second demographic transition theory, the economic crisis hypothesis, the disorderliness approach, can be located in a space stretching between structural and cultural explanations. Using two waves of an ongoing follow-up survey, we will be able to show "selection" effects of cultural factors on childbearing behaviour and at the same time control for some structural factors. The effects of religiosity, child related norms (ideal age and ideal number of children), individualism- and anomie-scale, and optimism are analysed in our models. Using parallel logistic regression models for male and female on the one side, and first and further births on the other side, we could show and compare influences of ideational factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | PARENTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CULTURE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | VALUE ORIENTATION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Political Factors | Religion | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size Document Number: 317363 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Period and cohort dynamics in fertility norms at the onset of the demographic transition in Kenya 1978-1998. Author: White RG; Hall C; Wolff B Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 May;39(3):443-454. Abstract: A characteristic of African pre-transitional fertility regimes is large ideal family size. This has been used to support claims of cultural entrenchment of high fertility. Yet in Kenya fertility rates have fallen. In this paper this fall is explored in relation to trends in fertility norms and attitudes using four sequential cross-sectional surveys spanning the fertility transition in Kenya (1978, 1984, 1989 and 1998). The most rapid fall in the reported ideal family size occurred between 1984 and 1989, whilst the most rapid fall in the total fertility rate occurred 5 to 10 years later, between 1989 and 1998. Thus these data, spanning the fertility transition in Kenya, support the traditional demographic model that demand for fertility limitation drives fertility decline. These data also suggest that the decline in fertility norms over time was partly a period effect, as the reported ideal family size was seen to fall simultaneously in all age cohorts, and partly a cohort effect, as older age cohorts reporting higher ideal family sizes were replaced by younger cohorts reporting lower ideal family sizes. These data also suggest that a new fertility norm of four children may have developed by 1989 and continued until 1998. This is consistent with, and perhaps could have been used to predict, the stall in the Kenyan fertility decline after 1998. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate Document Number: 313239 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Declining fertility on the frontier: The Ecuadorian Amazon. Author: Carr DL; Pan WK; Bilsborrow RE Source: Population and Environment. 2006 Sep;28(1):17-39. Abstract: This paper examines farm and household characteristics associated with a rapid fertility decline in a forest frontier of the Ecuadorian Amazon. The Amazon basin and other rainforests in the tropics are among the last frontiers in the ongoing global fertility transition. The pace of this transition along agricultural frontiers will likely have major implications for future forest transitions, rural development, and ultimately urbanization in frontier areas. The study here is based upon data from a probability sample of 172 women who lived on the same farm in 1990 and 1999. These data are from perhaps the first region-wide longitudinal survey of fertility in an agricultural frontier. Descriptive analyses indicate that fertility has plummeted in the region, which is surprising since it had remained high and unchanging among migrant colonists up to 1990. Thus only half of the women in our sample reported having a birth during the 1990-1999 time period, and most women report in 1999 that they do not want to have any more children. Analyses, controlling for women's age, corroborate hypotheses about land-fertility relations. For example, women from households with a legal land title had fewer than half as many children as those from households without a title. Large cattle (pasture) holdings and hiring laborers to work on the farm (which may replace household labor) are both related to socio-economic status that is traditionally associated with lower fertility. Similarly, distance to the nearest community center is positively related to fertility. Factors negatively related to fertility include increasing temporary out-migration of adult men or women from the household, asset accumulation, and access to electricity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | LAND TENURE | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315985 |
| 26. Title: A dynamic model of contraceptive choice of Spanish couples. Author: Carro JM; Mira P Source: Journal of Applied Econometrics. 2006 Nov;21(7):955-980. Abstract: We propose a simple dynamic stochastic model of sterilization and contraceptive use and we estimate its structural parameters using a sample of married couples from the 1995 Spanish Family and Fertility Survey. The estimated structural model improves on previous studies in terms of its ability to rationalize observed behaviour. Allowing for simple forms of permanent unobserved heterogeneity across couples in their ability to conceive has important implications for estimates of utility and cost parameters. Estimates of child valuation parameters imply that most Spanish couples would have two children, but significant deviations from this goal are brought about by imperfect and costly fertility control. We perform simulations to quantify the impact on fertility of the availability of sterilization and other technologies which improve fertility control. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COUPLES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Family Planning | Contraception | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 314681 |
| 27. Title: Women's schooling and men's dominance in reproductive decisions: structural and cultural influences on female bodies. Author: DeRose LF; Dodoo FN Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. [38] p. Abstract: Despite widespread agreement that championing women's education will lower fertility, little is known about the extent to which men's dominance over reproductive decisions persists even when women's education is on the rise. Using data spanning the onset of fertility transition in Ghana, we show that men's relative influence among couples with discordant reproductive goals increased significantly, while the effect of women's education on contraceptive use decreased significantly. Overall, improvements in women's schooling do not seem to have enhanced their reproductive autonomy. Instead, fertility decline has been propelled relatively more by reductions in men's reproductive goals. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | MEN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER RELATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | DECISION MAKING | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 317228 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Skewed sex ratio of births in India may be the result of sex-selective abortion. Author: Doskoch P Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2006 Jun;32(2):[2] p.. Abstract: Although determining the sex of a fetus--and terminating the pregnancy based on the test results--is illegal in India, about half a million female fetuses in the country are aborted each year because of a cultural preference for sons, according to estimates from a national survey. As a result, in 1997, only 899 girls were born in India for every 1,000 boys, and the sex ratio was even more skewed among families who had had only girls. Moreover, the proportion of births that were female was particularly low among educated women, who may be best able to afford ultrasound to identify the sex of their fetus. The findings come from an analysis of data from the Special Fertility and Mortality Survey, a 1998 survey in which the Indian government asked a nationally representative sample of ever-married women about their fertility history. Respondents also provided demographic information. The survey did not ask about respondents' use of prenatal sex determination or whether they preferred children of a particular sex. The current analysis focused on 133,738 births that occurred in 1997, including 71,666 boys and 62,072 girls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | DAUGHTERS | SEX PRESELECTION | CRIME | SEX RATIO | ABORTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | INFANTICIDE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Problems | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 309805 Notification |
| 29. Title: Intra-rural fertility determinants in Zimbabwe: A path analysis. Author: Gwebu TD Source: African Population Studies/Etude de la Population Africaine. 2006;21(1):71-91. Abstract: Studies on spatial fertility differentials in sub-Sahara Africa normally treat the rural sector as a single and uniform geographical entity. This approach, unfortunately, tends to mask differences, which may exist between components of the rural sub-sectors. This empirical study, based on both quantitative analyses and participatory methodologies, has stratified one rural district in southwestern Zimbabwe, into communal lands and resettlement schemes, in order to investigate the fertility differentials at intra-rural levels. The working hypothesis is that because the respective rural sub-areas differ in their levels of socioeconomic development, the relative impacts of the determinants of fertility should reflect these differences. Data on fertility patterns and their correlates were extracted from 1,542 married mothers, within the ages of 15-49, in the rural district. 832 of these were from the resettlement areas and 710 were selected from communal lands. Results from a descriptive bivariate model confirmed that resettlement areas have higher fertility than the communal lands. The present study utilizes path analysis, which is considered appropriate for investigating the direct and indirect causes of fertility differentials. It is shown that direct and indirect effects on fertility do not always operate uniformly between the two rural sub-sectors. On the basis of the findings, conclusions and recommendations are drawn. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | FERTILITY SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Economic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Migration Document Number: 319519 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Educational attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Author: Hoem JM; Neyer G; Andersson G Source: Demographic Research. 2006 May 12;14(16):381-404. Abstract: This is the second of two companion papers addressing the association between educational attainment and fertility for some sixty educational groups of Swedish women, defined according to field of education as well as level of education. The first paper is about childlessness and education, the present one about the mean number of children ever born. We find that ultimate fertility decreases somewhat with an increasing educational level, but its dependence on the field of education is much more impressive. In general, educational groups with relatively little childlessness also have relatively high ultimate fertility, and educational groups with much childlessness have relatively low ultimate fertility. In particular, women educated for the teaching or health-care professions have less childlessness and a higher ultimate fertility than others. Conversely, women with an education for esthetic or (non-teacher) humanist occupations have unusually high fractions childless and low ultimate fertility. Women with religious educations stand out by having very high fractions childless but quite ordinary mean ultimate fertility nevertheless; such women have very little childbearing outside of marriage. Women with research degrees have remarkably ordinary childbearing behavior; they do not forego motherhood to the extent that some theories would predict. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | OCCUPATIONS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | FERTILITY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Human Resources | Employment Status | Religion | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 304088 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |