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Title: Births: preliminary data for 2007.
Author: Hamilton BE; Martin JA; Ventura SJ
Source: National Vital Statistics Reports. 2009 Mar 18;57(12):1-23.
Abstract: Objectives-This report presents preliminary data for 2007 on births in the United States. U.S. data on births are shown by age, live-birth order, race, and Hispanic origin of mother. Data on marital status, cesarean delivery, preterm births, and low birthweight are also presented. Methods-Data in this report are based on 98.7 percent of births for 2007. The records are weighted to independent control counts of all births received in state vital statistics offices in 2007. Comparisons are made with 2006 data. Results-The preliminary estimate of births in 2007 rose 1 percent to 4,317,119, the highest number of births ever registered for the United States. The general fertility rate increased by 1 percent in 2007, to 69.5 births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, the highest level since 1990. Increases occurred within all race and Hispanic origin groups and for nearly all age groups. The birth rate for U.S. teenagers 15-19 years rose again in 2007 by about 1 percent, to 42.5 births per 1,000. The birth rate for teenagers 15-17 and 18-19 years each increased by 1 percent in 2007, to 22.2 and 73.9 per 1,000, respectively. The rate for the youngest group, 10-14 years, was unchanged. Birth rates also increased for women in their twenties, thirties, and early forties between 2006 and 2007. The 2007 total fertility rate increased to 2,122.5 births per 1,000 women. All measures of childbearing by unmarried women rose to historic levels in 2007, with the number of births, birth rate, and proportion of births to unmarried women increasing 3 to 5 percent. The cesarean delivery rate rose 2 percent in 2007, to 31.8 percent, marking the 11th consecutive year of increase and another record high for the United States. The rate of preterm births (infants delivered at less than 37 weeks of gestation) decreased 1 percent in 2007, to 12.7 percent, with the decline predominately among infants born late preterm (at 34-36 weeks). The rate of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) also declined slightly in 2007, to 8.2 percent.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | VITAL STATISTICS | BIRTH RATE | INFANT HEALTH | FERTILITY RATE | MATERNAL HEALTH | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Health | Health
Document Number: 341885

4.
Title: Fertility development in the Baltic countries since 1990: a transformation in the context of long-term trends.
Author: Katus K; Puur A; Sakkeus L; Poldma A
Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2009;44:7-32.
Abstract: The article addresses the transformation of fertility patterns in the Baltic countries since the turn of the 1990s, in the context of long-term trends. The purpose of the study is to compare the change in fertility level, parity distribution, timing of childbearing, and the connection between marriage and childbearing in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and analyze the position of the Baltic countries in a broader European perspective. Our results indicate a salient role of tempo effects in the sharp decline of period fertility measures that occurred in the region in the 1990s. Tempo-adjusted measures indicate moderately low fertility levels of 1.6-1.7 children per woman in the region. In the recent years, fertility levels have been rising in all three countries with recuperation being more vigorous in Estonia and less so in Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia also appear more advanced in terms of the spread of childbearing among cohabiting couples, with the proportion of non-marital births comparable to Scandinavian countries. The article discusses the factors underlying the observed similarities and dissimilarities in fertility patterns, pointing to the plausible demographic path dependence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ESTONIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | AGE FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 331310

5.
Title: Induced abortions: still important reproduction loss in the Czech Republic?
Author: Kocourkova J; Fait T
Source: Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 2009 Mar;30(1):111-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of study was to evaluate the importance of induced abortions for reproduction medicine in Czech Republic. DESIGN: Demographic analysis of data published by EUROSTAT and Czech statistical office. SETTING: Department of Demography and Geodemography Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague. RESULTS: Widespread use of the liberal abortion law in socialist countries contributed to the decline of fertility rates only to the replacement level. In the Czech Republic total fertility rate dropped below 1.3 in 1995 and it did not increase above 1.5 children per woman till 2007. The increased use of modern contraceptive methods that results in a sharp decline in fertility and in a significant decrease of induced abortions can be documented. The total abortion rate fell from 1.54 abortions per a woman in 1990 to 0.34 in 2007. The proportion of women aged 15-49 years who were prescribed oral contraception increased from 4 percent in 1990 to 48 percent in 2007. An induced abortion is still used largely as a way to avoid birth of additional children by women who already have the number of children they want. This is in sharp contrast with the situation in the majority of Western European countries in which abortion is used mainly by teen-age girls whose attempts to avoid pregnancy have failed. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other demographic characteristics which classify the Czech Republic to Eastern Europe, the level of induced abortion rate is comparable with the levels observed in some Western European countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECH REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | MEDICINE | ABORTION | FERTILITY RATE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341822 Notification

6.
Title: Demographics of infertility.
Author: Ledger WL
Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:11-4.
Abstract: The demographic composition of many developed countries threatens their economies and global influence. On the one hand, the increased cost of living and of raising children discourages couples from starting families until later in life while, on the other hand, improved living standards have increased life expectancy. Together, these have resulted in a low total fertility rate and a net increase in the elderly population. The financial and employment protection incentives offered by governments have had relatively little impact on this demographic trend, and a multi-level approach is needed. Governments are, therefore, considering alternatives as part of a so-called 'population policy mix'. One option is to promote access to assisted reproductive technology for infertile couples. The prevalence of infertility has increased, in part because of general health issues, such as obesity and the rise in sexually transmitted diseases, and also because women are postponing having their first child. Improving accessibility to assisted reproductive technology will relieve the burden of infertility on these couples and may contribute to effectively challenging the problem of low total fertility rates in many developed countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHICS | FERTILITY RATE | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | POLICY | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Political Factors
Document Number: 342603

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Peer Reviewed

Title: WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS.
Author: Meisenberg G
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 27;41:519-535.
Abstract: SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with 'less developed' nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the average per capita income would decline by 0.79% per year.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | INTELLIGENCE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Mortality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341480

Title: Rising U.S. teen fertility.
Author: Saenz R; Conde E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [3] p.
Abstract: The United States has higher fertility rates among teenage girls compared with other developed countries of the world. For example, girls ages 15 to 19 have fertility rates more than five times higher than their counterparts in developed countries such as France, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Nonetheless, the fertility rate of girls ages 15 to 19 declined consecutively over the period from 1991 to 2005. During this time, the fertility rate of the age group dropped by one-third, from 61.8 births per 1,000 girls ages 15 to 19 in 1991 to 40.5 in 2005. However, the latest data for 2006 may point to a reversal of this trend, with the fertility rate inching upward to 41.9. This trend is of great concern because adolescent pregnancy has been associated with unemployment, poverty, repeated pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, infant mortality, high risk pregnancy, and lower educational achievement. Furthermore, teenage pregnancy is a primary indicator of adult poverty among women.
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | ITALY | JAPAN | SLOVENIA | SWITZERLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | UNEMPLOYMENT | POVERTY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INFANT MORTALITY | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Southern | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Mortality | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 331480

10.

11.

Title: 2008 world population data sheet.
Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB]
Source: Washington, D.C., PRB, 2008. 16 p.
Abstract: This wall chart, the 2008 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau, includes demographic data and estimates for the countries and regions of the world. In addition, it summarizes and compares the latest population estimates, projections, and other key indicators for all geopolitical entities with populations of 150,00 or more. As world population has risen from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6.7 billion in 2008, the proportion living in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded from 68 percent to more than 80 percent. India and China, with a billion-plus each in 2008, make up about 37 percent of the total. Projections for 2050 show this shift to developing countries continuing. Highlighted in this wall chart is naternal mortality in developing countries, the shift in population density from rural to urban areas, and mother's education and children's nutritional status. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FERTILITY RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD NUTRITION | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Research Methodology | Mortality | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 328154

12.

13.

Title: Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Swaziland. Central Statistical Office; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Mbabane, Swaziland, Central Statistical Office, 2008 May. [506] p.
Abstract: This detailed report presents the major findings of the 2006-07 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (2006-07 SDHS). The 2006-07 SDHS is the first survey of its kind to be undertaken in Swaziland. It was a nationwide survey aimed at generating estimates at the country level, regional level, and for urban and rural areas. The survey was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and implemented by the Central Statistical Office. Fieldwork was carried out between July 2006 and March 2007. The primary objective of the 2006-07 SDHS was to collect up-to-date information for policymakers, planners, researchers, and programme managers that would provide guidance in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population and health programmes in Swaziland. Specifically, the 2006-07 SDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood and maternal mortality, care and protection of youth, and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, it collected information on malaria, the use of mosquito nets, and the prevalence of HIV in the population age two years and above. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AWARENESS | BREASTFEEDING | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HIV | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | MALARIA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Parasitic Diseases
Document Number: 327506

14.

Title: Fact sheet: Family planning in Europe and Eurasia, 2008.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, 2008. [2] p.
Abstract: Modern family planning contributes to improved maternal and child health in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (E&E) and empowers women and families in decisions regarding family size and birth timing. Maternal mortality in Eastern Europe is estimated to be twice as high as that in Western Europe and complications from abortions, especially those performed under unsafe conditions, are among the leading causes of maternal death. Births that occur too early or close together also compromise a mother's and infant's chances of survival. Modern family planning addresses many of these negative health consequences by enabling women to better time and space their pregnancies. In many countries across the E&E region, however, access to modern family planning services and contraceptive methods is limited and relatively expensive. As a result, many women rely on traditional methods of family planning and abortion to regulate their fertility. USAID increases access to family planning by implementing programs that provide a broad range family planning services and commodities, build capacity among health care professionals, conduct mass media campaigns, and strengthen family planning services through operations research. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, EASTERN | ASIA, CENTRAL | ASIA, SOUTHWESTERN | RUSSIA | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | NEEDS | FERTILITY RATE | ABORTION RATE | Europe | Developing Countries | Asia | Asia, Northern | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331623 Notification

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differentials of fertility in North and South Gondar zones, northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Author: Alene GD; Worku A
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:397.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethiopia is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa with an estimated population of 77.1 million in mid-2007. Uncontrolled fertility has adversely influenced the socio-economic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. It is one of the largest and poorest countries that, even in the midst of crisis, has maintained high levels of fertility. This study was aimed at investigating the most important factors influencing fertility behavior in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study which included 2424 women aged 25 years and above was undertaken in the Amhara region of Northwest Ethiopia. The study subjects were grouped into high fertile and low fertile categories. There were 1011 and 1413 women in the high and low fertile groups, respectively. A multi-stage cluster sampling stratified by place of residence was employed to select the required study subjects. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Among the 25 variables considered in this study, only 9 of them were found significantly and independently associated with the level of fertility. Women with at least secondary education were at a lower risk of high fertility with OR = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.21 to 0.64) compared to those with no formal education. However, women with primary education did not show any significant difference when compared with the same baseline group. Age at first marriage was inversely associated with the number of children ever born alive. Place of residence, household expenditure, number of children who have died, attitude towards using contraceptives, women's knowledge on the safe period, and current marital status were the other variables that showed significant associations with the level of fertility. CONCLUSION: Female education beyond the primary level, reduced infant and child mortality, delayed marriage and correct knowledge on the safe period during the menstrual cycle were amongst the main factors that had a bearing on high fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality
Document Number: 329771

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Abortion index and mortality of offspring among women of different age, caste and population groups of north Indian Muslims.
Author: Ara G; Siddique YH; Beg T; Afzal M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):431-443.
Abstract: The Muslims of Aligarh city are predominantly Sunnis, although there are also a considerable number of Shias. Among the Sunnis, approximately a quarter belong to Syed, Sheikh, Moghal and Pathan groups, and three-quarters belong to various lower biradaris. In the present study, 304 women attending the Primary Health Centre of the J. N. Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, were surveyed and the following recorded among Muslim women of high-rank (Ashraf) and low-rank (Ajlaf) castes: incidence of marriage, age of the mother at the time of marriage, present age of the mother, abortions, still births, prereproductive mortality and overall mortality. The Ashraf are comprised of the Sheikh, Syed and Pathan, whereas the Ajlafs have Qureshi, Saifi and Ansari biradaris. Maternal age was scored as above and below 45 years in each biradari. Significant effects of maternal age were seen on mortality of offspring, whereas populations did not show consistent differences, except when Ashrafs and Ajlafs were considered separately. The results show higher mortality and abortions for various groups. This may be due to various biological and socio-cultural factors, including hidden inbreeding in the remote past. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | ISLAM | WOMEN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | ABORTION RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | DEATH RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 325518 Notification

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Methods used in the 1982, 1993, and 2004 birth cohort studies from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and a description of the socioeconomic conditions of participants' families.
Author: Barros AJ; Santos IS; Matijasevich A; Araujo CL; Gigante DP; Menezes AM; Horta BL; Tomasi E; Victora CG; Barros FC
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S371-80.
Abstract: Three birth cohorts are currently being followed in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in order to assess changes in birth conditions, growth, development, morbidity, and infant mortality, as well as the influence of pre- and perinatal factors on the subsequent morbidity of participants in their adult lives. We provide a description of the methodology used for the cohort studies that began in 1982, 1993, and 2004 in Pelotas, and a description of the economic conditions of the families involved. For the three cohorts, similar strategies were used to recruit babies born to mothers living in the municipality's urban area. These included daily visits to maternity hospitals where births were identified, mothers interviewed, and newborns examined. Over this time frame, there has been a significant reduction in the number of births due to declining fertility rates amongst the target population. Salaries (measured as a multiple of the minimum wage) were stable across cohorts, but quality of life indicators--such as the availability of piped water, flushing toilets and refrigerators--showed clear improvements. Mothers' levels of education improved markedly. Important changes in the demographic profile of risk factors and health outcomes are being recorded by the Pelotas cohorts.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PARTICIPATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MORBIDITY | INFANT MORTALITY | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Social Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Diseases | Mortality
Document Number: 330457

18.

Title: Fertility transitions in developing countries: Progress or stagnation?
Author: Bongaarts J
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 7)
Abstract: Over the past quarter century fertility has declined rapidly in many developing countries. Projections typically assume that this trend will continue until the replacement level is reached. However, recent evidence suggests that ongoing fertility declines may have slowed or stalled in a number of countries in transition. This study examines the pace of fertility change in developing countries that have multiple DHS surveys to determine whether ongoing transitions are decelerating or stalling. The main findings are that in sub-Saharan African countries, the average pace of decline in fertility is lower around 2000 than in the mid-1990s, and more than half the countries in transition in this region have stalled. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 325415

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: An assessment of China's fertility level using the variable-r method.
Author: Cai Y
Source: Demography. 2008 May;45(2):271-281.
Abstract: The fertility level in China is a matter of uncertainty and controversy. This paper applies Preston and Coale's (1982) variable-r method to assess the fertility level in China. By using data from China's 1990 and 2000 censuses as well as annual population change surveys, the variable-r method confirms that Chinese fertility has reached a level well below replacement. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | FERTILITY RATE | UNDERCOUNT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 327034

20.

Title: Fertility choices and management for HIV-positive women.
Author: Coll O; Lopez M; Hernandez S
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2008 Mar;3(2):186-192.
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly important to address the issue of reproductive counseling and management of HIV-infected individuals during their reproductive years. Sexual and reproductive health-related needs and aspirations are similar to those of uninfected individuals but some differences require specific attention, which are discussed in this review. Hormonal contraception should be used with caution in women on antiretroviral treatment. Its impact on both HIV infectivity and disease progression is still controversial. An intrauterine device can be considered for pregnancy prevention and pregnancy termination should be offered in safe conditions. HIV-infected women have a lower spontaneous fertility rate, which may persist after assisted reproduction. Data on safety of antiretroviral treatment during conception are reassuring. No clear association can be found between exposure to antiretrovirals and fetal abnormalities. Secondary prevention remains crucial and condom use remains a key method. Different topics related to fertility choices among HIV-infected patients should be addressed. Family planning methods and termination of pregnancy have specific aspects among infected individuals. When needed, medically assisted reproduction may be required and antiretroviral treatment should be adapted before conception. Secondary prevention has a key role in reducing newly acquired infections. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY RATE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Evaluation
Document Number: 325392

21.
Title: Population and development issues of Viet Nam.
Author: Dang Nguyen Anh
Source: Vietnam Population News. 2008 Nov-Dec;49:2-5.
Abstract: As the fertility rate of Viet Nam keeps declining, the population is having changes in terms of size, structure and distribution. Viet Nam is moving from a young to old population country within the next 15 - 20 years. This will pose new challenges to chare and social security to the elderly. With an aim to sustain the replacement level fertility the population and family planning work is of great importance. Communication, counselling and provision of reproductive health services including family planning and STI, HIV, AIDS services, particularly to young persons, newly-wed couples, migrants and labourers should be strengthened together with continuation of contraceptive method mix and channels. Budget allocation should give priority to areas with high-fertility level and rapid population growth. In areas with a large number of migrants, a support fund is needed to meet migrants' needs. Apart from the above issues, international migration, climate and environment change and consequences in Viet Nam have not paid with due concern and comprehensive study. In the context of low fertility level, new and complicated population issues will emerge. Determinant factors affecting the country's population processes must be well understood and interpreted. At present, there has no a comprehensive population register for policy making, planning and management. Applied and operation research on population based on good data and methodologies should be carried out to formulate effective population policies.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | POPULATION SIZE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY RATE | MIGRATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 331299

22.
Title: [Analysis of the epidemiologic patterns of HIV transmission in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province]
Author: Duan S; Guo HY; Pang L; Yuan JH; Jia MH; Xiang LF; Ye RH; Yang YC; Lu JY; Luo W; Sun JP
Source: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008 Dec;42(12):866-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To uncover the transmission patterns of the HIV epidemic in Dehong prefecture. METHODS: The reviewed case reports, data of sentinel surveillance, testing and special survey were analyzed by SAS 8.0 program. The transmission patterns were modeled by utilizing data including sizes of the whole population and the high risk groups, high risk behavior data from 1989 to 2007, and the population index such as sex ratio and fertility rate. RESULTS: In 2005, case reports showed the proportion of people infected with HIV through sexual contact was 39.1%, and 46.9% in 2006. Among 1636 cases reported between January 1 to September 20, 2007, the proportion of people infected with HIV through sexual contact was 52%. From 1989 to 2007, the proportion of HIV infection among drug users was declining, while HIV infection through sexual contact was rising after standardizing the population tested/surveyed. The Asian Epidemic Model has shown that the proportions of incident HIV infections through sexual transmissions were 50.6%, 52.3% and 52.7% respectively from 2005 to 2007. Correspondingly, the proportions of incident cases by injecting drug user were 48.9%, 47.2% and 46.7% respectively during this period. Moreover, the Workbook method has shown that, among adults living with HIV in 2007, 50.3% were infected through injecting drugs and 48.4% through unsafe sexual activity. CONCLUSION: The rapid rise in HIV infections through injecting drug in Dehong prefecture has been initially curbed. HIV epidemic has already witnessed a change from predominantly through drug injecting-related activity to an almost equally fuelled epidemic by sexual and drug-related transmission.
Language: Chinese
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY RATE | SEX RATIO | HIV TESTING | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | CHANGES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Drug Use and Abuse | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341966

23.

Title: Environmental contaminants and human infertility: Hypothesis or cause for concern?
Author: Foster WG; Neal MS; Han MS; Dominguez MM
Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 2008;11 Pt B:162-176.
Abstract: Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the crude human birth rate (live births per 1000 population) declined, indicating reduced fertility and suggesting a potential decline in fecundity (the potential to conceive). Detection of environmental contaminants in human tissues, together with reports of a global decline in semen quality, further fueled speculation that human infertility rates are increasing and environmental toxicants are potentially important causal agents associated with this change. However, there is little compelling evidence to suggest that infertility rates amongst the general population have changed over time. Moreover, recent studies suggest a rise in the fertility rates. While several studies documented increased time to pregnancy (TTP) in exposed study populations, other investigators were not able to replicate these findings. Nevertheless, studies involving occupational exposure together with results from animal experiments lend support to the conclusion that environmental contaminants potentially adversely affect fertility. Consequently, the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants on human fertility remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that environmental contaminant exposure was associated with enhanced risk of infertility, data concerning trends in fertility and infertility rates were examined to assess the impact of exposure of developing gametes to environmental contaminants. The relationship between exposure and reproductive outcomes was then examined to illustrate the range of adverse effects for reproductive toxicants with data sets of divergent depth and reliability. Data showed that only a weak association between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse effects on human fertility exists. However, it is postulated that evidence of chemical exposure and potential health consequences of these exposures highlight the need for further research in this area. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | INFERTILITY | RISK FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FERTILITY RATE | FECUNDITY | GERM CELLS | PESTICIDES | ORGANIC CHEMICALS | TOXICITY | TOBACCO USE | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproduction | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Ingredients and Chemicals | Behavior
Document Number: 326262

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Overview Chapter 1: Fertility in Europe: Diverse, delayed and below replacement.
Author: Frejka T; Sobotka T
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(3):15-46.
Abstract: Early in the 21st century, three-quarters of Europe's population lived in countries with fertility considerably below replacement. This general conclusion is arrived at irrespective of whether period or cohort fertility measures are used. In Western and Northern Europe, fertility quantum was slightly below replacement. In Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, fertility quantum as measured by the period total fertility rate (TFR) and its tempo-adjusted version was markedly below replacement; in many countries it was around 1.5, and in some populations it was as low as 1.3 to 1.4 births per woman. Throughout Europe, a historic transformation of childbearing patterns characterised by a pronounced delay of entry into parenthood has been taking place. This secular trend towards later childbearing has greatly contributed to the decline and fluctuations in period fertility rates. Delayed births were being recuperated, especially among childless women, but the extent of recuperation differs by country andregion. All in all, despite a recent upward trend in the period TFR, European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest point since the Second World War. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 327713

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Summary and general conclusions: Childbearing trends and policies in Europe.
Author: Frejka T; Sobotka T; Toulemon L; Hoem JM
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(2):5-14.
Abstract: European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest level since the Second World War. This study explores contemporary childbearing trends and policies in Europe, and gives detailed attention to the past two or three decades. We felt motivated to undertake this project because in many European countries, as well as for the European Union as a whole, the overall fertility level and its consequences are of grave concern and draw attention on the political stage. Our account focuses somewhat more on the previously state socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, where available knowledge about the impact on childbearing of the momentous political and economic transition that started in 1989 remains relatively scarce. As family formation and childbearing behaviour are inherent components of societal life, they were influenced and modified by the various political, economic, and social changes that took place in Europe during the past 60 years. There were also profound changes in norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes regarding family and childbearing, and these exerted additional effects on fertility and family trends. To identify such effects, this study pays much attention to the influence of social and family policies on fertility, to the influence of political and economic changes on fertility and family trends, and to the diverse ways changes in values, norms, and attitudes relate to the transformation in family-related behaviour in Europe. In the present chapter, we outline main issues discussed in the subsequent overview chapters, and summarize the main findings of the entire study. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Policy
Document Number: 327712

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dramatic fertility transition in Mongolia and its determinants: the demise of the pronatalist state.
Author: Gereltuya A
Source: Asia Pacific Population Journal. Aug;23(2):81-99.
Abstract: The move from a centrally controlled economy to a market-driven economy has had strong political implications for family planning and fertility in Mongolia. Under socialist rule, Mongolia had a strong pronatalist population policy under which those families having children were provided with generous benefits. The changes made to these policies have had a considerable impact on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. In the mid-1970s, the country started to experience a dramatic decrease in the level of fertility, which intensified when the country moved towards a market economy. The country experienced a drop in its total fertility rate (TFR) from 7.2 children per woman (of reproductive age) in 1975 to about 3 children in 1995, and it has remained constant at about 2.3 children since that time. Relatively few studies have been carried out on fertility changes in Mongolia with explanations about their causes, primarily owing to a lack of data sources. The aim of this paper is to examine fertility changes in Mongolia with respect to the changes in population policies and changes in the proximate determinants of fertility that have occurred since the mid-1970s.
Language: English
Keywords:
MONGOLIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION POLICY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION LAW | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 331309 Notification

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility effects of abortion and birth control pill access for minors.
Author: Guldi M
Source: Demography. 2008 Nov;45(4):817-27.
Abstract: This article empirically assesses whether age-restricted access to abortion and the birth control pill influence minors' fertility in the United States. There is not a strong consensus in previous literature regarding the relationship between laws restricting minors' access to abortion and minors' birth rates. This is the first study to recognize that state laws in place prior to the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision enabled minors to legally consent to surgical treatment-including abortion-in some states but not in others, and to construct abortion access variables reflecting this. In this article, age-specific policy variables measure either a minor's legal ability to obtain an abortion or to obtain the birth control pill without parental involvement. I find fairly strong evidence that young women's birth rates dropped as a result of abortion access as well as evidence that birth control pill access led to a drop in birth rates among whites.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | WHITES | BIRTH RATE | ABORTION RATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FERTILITY RATE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 330141 Notification

28.

Title: Tracking trends in low fertility countries: An uptick in Europe?
Author: Haub C
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. [3] p.
Abstract: PRB has made a major update to its table of total fertility rates (TFRs) in countries with low or very low fertility rates. The newest tabulations suggest that fertility may be rising in some countries. But does this signal a more general trend? Carl Haub, PRB's senior demographer, analyzed the data.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH RATE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | POPULATION PROJECTION | CHANGES | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331484

29.

Title: Fertility rates following vasectomy reversal: importance of age of the female partner.
Author: Hinz S; Rais-Bahrami S; Kempkensteffen C; Weiske WH; Schrader M; Magheli A
Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2008;81(4):416-20.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Literature regarding the influence of maternal age on pregnancy rates with male partners who have undergone vasectomy reversal is sparse. With the tendency towards delayed childbirth, the increased use of vasectomy as means of family planning, and advances in reproductive techniques, this issue is very important for patient counseling. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of maternal age on pregnancy rates following vasectomy reversal. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 212 patients who underwent vasectomy reversal by a single surgeon (W.H.W.). Patient characteristics of the male and the female partner were evaluated using the Fisher exact test and predictors of pregnancy were identified using multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the male patients was 40.4 years and the mean age of their female partners was 31.3 years. The postoperative vas patency rate was 93.4%, which resulted in a pregnancy rate of 72.2%. In univariate and multivariable analysis, the age of the female partner (p = 0.014 univariate and p = 0.010 multivariable) and Silber score (p = 0.028 univariate and p = 0.024 multivariable) were predictive of pregnancy following vasectomy reversal with age of the female partner >40 years being associated with lower pregnancy rates compared to those or=40 years is an independent predictor of a lower rate of pregnancy following vasectomy reversal but still compared favorably to published pregnancy rates following intracytoplasmatic sperm injection in patients aged 40 years and older. Therefore, vasectomy reversal should be the treatment of choice for patients with advanced maternal age desiring reinstated fertility following vasectomy.
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | VASECTOMY | VAS REANASTOMOSIS | FERTILITY RATE | MATERNAL AGE | AGE FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Sterilization Reversal | Reversible Sterilization | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341438

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Overview Chapter 8: The impact of public policies on European fertility.
Author: Hoem JM
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(10):249-260.
Abstract: This chapter outlines the positions in the current debate about the possibility of using public policies to influence fertility. We note the polarization between, on the one hand, those who view public policies as obvious means for lifting the currently low fertility levels in Europe, in line with the role of economic policies in a modern society; and, on the other hand, those who feel that family policies are inefficient, and perhaps even unnecessary. We place the contributions of the national chapters of this book in this framework and describe the formidable methodological difficulties that face those who seek to investigate policy impacts on fertility behavior. While properly conducted empirical investigations have overcome such problems and have clearly demonstrated policy effects in specific circumstances, we conclude that, in general, national fertility is possibly best seen as a systemic outcome that depends more on broader attributes, such as the degree of family-friendliness of a society, and less on the presence and detailed construction of monetary benefits. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY RATE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | GOVERNMENT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | Developed Countries | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 327720


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