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Peer Reviewed

Title: PMTCT, HAART, and childbearing in Mozambique: an institutional perspective.
Author: Agadjanian V; Hayford SR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S103-S112.
Abstract: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) units, where VCT/PMTCT/HAART have been integrated with traditional services, play a critical role in the connection between the massive HAART rollout and reproductive behavior. In this article, we use data from semi-structured interviews with MCH workers and ethnographic observations carried out in southern Mozambique to explore this role from the institutional perspective. We find that, along with logistical and workload problems, the de facto segregation of PMTCT/HAART clients within the “integrated” MCH system and the simplistic and uncompromising message discouraging further fertility and stressing condom-based contraception may pose serious challenges to a successful formulation and implementation of reproductive goals among seropositive clients. Although the recency of PMTCT/HAART services may partly explain these challenges, we argue that they are due largely to cultural miscommunication between providers and clients. We show how the cultural gap between the two is bridged by community activists and peer interactions among clients.
Language: English
Keywords:
MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SUPPORT GROUPS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | INTERVIEWS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Primary Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341906

Peer Reviewed

Title: Knowledge of HIV status, sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive need among people living with HIV in Kenya and Malawi.
Author: Anand A; Shiraishi RW; Bunnell RE; Jacobs K; Solehdin N; Abdul-Quader AS; Marum LH; Muttunga JN; Kamoto K; Aberle-Grasse JM; Diaz T
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jun 17;
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Several studies support the need for effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). DESIGN:: Cross-sectional nationally representative demographic health survey of Kenya (2003) and Malawi (2004-2005) that included HIV testing for consenting adults. METHODS:: We analyzed demographic health survey data for awareness of HIV status and sexual behaviors of PLWHAs (Kenya: 412; Malawi: 664). The analysis was adjusted (weighted) for the design of the survey and the results are nationally representative. FINDINGS:: Eighty-four percent of PLWHAs in Kenya and 86% in Malawi had sex in the past 12 months and in each country, 10% reported using condoms at last intercourse. Among sexually active PLWHAs, 86% in Kenya and 96% in Malawi reported their spouse or cohabiting partner as their most recent partner. In multivariate logistic regression models, married or cohabiting PLWHAs were significantly more likely to be sexually active and less likely to use condoms. Over 80% of PLWHAs were unaware of their HIV status. Of HIV-infected women, nearly three-quarters did not want more children either within the next 2 years or ever, but 32% in Kenya and 20% in Malawi were using contraception. INTERPRETATION:: In 2003-2005, majority of PLWHAs in Kenya and Malawi were unaware of their HIV status and were sexually active, especially married or cohabiting PLWHAs. Of HIV-infected women not wanting more children, few used contraception. HIV testing should be expanded, prevention programs should target married or cohabiting couples and family planning services should be integrated with HIV services.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AWARENESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | HIV TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Fertility | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341748

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility intentions and reproductive health care needs of people living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for integrating reproductive health and HIV care services.
Author: Cooper D; Moodley J; Zweigenthal V; Bekker LG; Shah I; Myer L
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S38-S46.
Abstract: Tailoring sexual and reproductive health services to meet the needs of people living with the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) is a growing concern but there are few insights into these issues where HIV is most prevalent. This cross-sectional study investigated the fertility intentions and associated health care needs of 459 women and men, not sampled as intimate partners of each other, living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa. An almost equal proportion of women (55%) and men (43%) living with HIV, reported not intending to have children as were open to the possibility of having children (45 and 57%, respectively). Overall, greater intentions to have children were associated with being male, having fewer children, living in an informal settlement and use of antiretroviral therapy. There were important gender differences in the determinants of future childbearing intentions, with being on HAART strongly associated with women's fertility intentions. Gender differences were also apparent in participants' key reasons for wanting children. A minority of participants had discussed their reproductive intentions and related issues with HIV health care providers. There is an urgent need for intervention models to integrate HIV care with sexual and reproduction health counseling and services that account for the diverse reproductive needs of these populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | COUNSELING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SEX FACTORS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control
Document Number: 341901

Title: Fertility preferences, condom use, and concerns among HIV-positive women in serodiscordant relationships in the era of antiretroviral therapy.
Author: Ezeanochie M; Olagbuji B; Ande A; Oboro V
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Aug 8;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess preferences and concerns about infecting partner or child among HIV-positive women undergoing antiretroviral therapy and whose partners are HIV-negative. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study conducted in Nigeria, 55 HIV-positive women undergoing antiretroviral therapy and married to seronegative men answered an anonymous questionnaire regarding whether they preferred to conceive naturally or by means of an assisted reproductive technique (ART). RESULTS: Compared with older women (mean age 33.6+/-5.1years), younger women (mean age, 29.8+/-3.9years) were significantly more likely to choose natural conception than ART (P=0.02). Moreover, whereas 23 respondents (48.9%) reported consistent condom use, 11 (23.4%) reported never using condoms after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. There was a significant difference in the consistent use of condoms between those who preferred natural conception and those who preferred ART (56.8% vs 20%, P=0.049). CONCLUSION: With improving immunologic and clinical status once antiretroviral therapy is initiated, HIV-positive women wishing to become pregnant may engage in risky sexual practices. This trend needs to be addressed because of its consequences for public health.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONDOM USE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | QUESTIONNAIRES | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV | Reproduction | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342492

Peer Reviewed

Title: Perceptions of HIV and fertility among adolescents in Soweto, South Africa: stigma and social barriers continue to hinder progress.
Author: Forrest JI; Kaida A; Dietrich J; Miller CL; Hogg RS; Gray G
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13 Suppl 1:55-61.
Abstract: The scale up of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV has raised new concerns relating to fertility desires and outcomes. Among these concerns is social stigma surrounding HIV and childbearing. High rates of infection and patterns of high fertility make adolescents a crucial demographic to qualify perceptions of HIV and fertility. We conducted two focus groups (n = 11 males, n = 8 females) with participants ascertained from an HIV adolescent community advisory board in Soweto, South Africa. Adolescents raised concern over re-infection by HIV positive couples attempting to conceive. They also used this concern to justify their attitudes that HIV positive couples should adopt when faced with the desire to have children. Lastly, participants spoke of a need to revise adolescent sexual and reproductive health services to make them more youth-friendly where users could avoid stigma generated by community healthcare workers. This study adds to the growing literature that calls for an evaluation of adolescent HIV educational programs and a healthcare worker intervention that specifically targets stigma surrounding HIV and childbearing.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PERCEPTION | STIGMA | ATTITUDES | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342355

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154.
Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 341898

Title: The relationship of family size and composition to fertility desires, contraceptive adoption and method choice in South Asia.
Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):29-38.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Many countries in South Asia, including Nepal, India and Bangladesh, demonstrate a strong cultural preference for sons, which may influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data from married, nonpregnant women aged 15-49 who had at least one child were used to examine the relationship of parity and number of sons to reproductive outcomes in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Outcomes of interest were desire for another child, contraceptive use and type of contraceptive (modern vs. traditional, temporary vs. permanent). Odds ratios and relative risk ratios were calculated using binary and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In general, desire for another child decreased and contraceptive use increased as the number of children and number of sons increased. These associations were more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. For example, compared with women who had three daughters and no sons, the odds of contraceptive use among women with two sons and one daughter were 4.8 in Nepal, 3.5 in India and 2.0 in Bangladesh. Within India, the associations of parity and number of sons with reproductive outcomes were generally stronger in northern states than in South India or West Bengal. CONCLUSIONS: Son preference remains widespread in all three countries and has a major influence on reproductive behavior. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SONS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 315243

Peer Reviewed

Title: The WHOMEN's Scale (Women's HAART Optimism Monitoring and EvaluatioN Scale v.1) and the association with fertility intentions and sexual behaviours among HIV-positive women in Uganda.
Author: Kaida A; Lima VD; Andia I; Kabakyenga J; Mbabazi P; Emenyonu N; Patterson TL; Hogg RS; Rangsberg DR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S72-S81.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to develop a reliable HAART optimism scale among HIV-positive women in Uganda and to test the scale's validity against measures of fertility intentions, sexual activity, and unprotected sexual intercourse. We used cross-sectional survey data of 540 women (18-50 years) attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic in Uganda. Women were asked how much they agreed or disagreed with 23 statements about HAART. Data were subjected to a principal components and factor analyses. Subsequently, we tested the association between the scale and fertility intentions and sexual behaviour using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Factor analysis yielded three factors, one of which was an eight-item HAART optimism scale with moderately high internal consistency (a = 0.70). Women who reported that they intended to have (more) children had significantly higher HAART optimism scores (median = 13.5 [IQR: 12-16]) than women who did not intend to have (more) children (median = 10.5 [IQR: 8-12]; P < 0.0001). Similarly, women who were sexually active and who reported practicing unprotected sexual intercourse had significantly higher HAART optimism scores than women who were sexually abstinent or who practiced protected sexual intercourse. Our reliable and valid scale, termed the Women's HAART Optimism Monitoring and EvaluatioN scale (WHOMEN's scale), may be valuable to broader studies investigating the role of HAART optimism on reproductive intentions and sexual behaviours of HIV-positive women in high HIV prevalence settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SEX BEHAVIOR | QUESTIONNAIRES | VALIDITY | HIV TRANSMISSION | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PERCEPTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Measurement | Transmission | Infections | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341903

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among sex workers in Madagascar.
Author: Khan MR; Turner AN; Pettifor A; Van Damme K; Rabenja NL; Ravelomanana N; Swezey T; Williams D; Jamieson D; Behets F
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):221-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to investigate past and future pregnancy preferences and contraceptive need among Malagasy sex workers. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data on pregnancy and contraceptive use collected during the baseline visit of a randomized, prospective formative trial which assessed diaphragm and microbicide acceptability among sex workers. To be eligible, women could not be pregnant or planning pregnancy for the next 2 months. RESULTS: Women (N=192) from four cities (Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toamasina) reported a median of 10 sex acts per week. Fifty-two percent reported a prior unwanted pregnancy, 45% at least one induced abortion and 86% that preventing future pregnancy was moderately to very important. During the last sex act, 24% used a hormonal method, 36% used a male condom, 2% used a traditional method and 38% used no method. Nearly 30% of participants reported that pregnancy prevention was moderately or very important but used no contraception at last sex; these women were categorized as having "unmet need" for contraception. In multivariable binomial regression analyses, factors associated with unmet need included low knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness [age- and site-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-3.0] and low self-efficacy to negotiate condom use (age- and site-adjusted PR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: Among these women, prior unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion were common and preventing future pregnancy was important, yet gaps in contraceptive use were substantial. Contraceptive knowledge and self-efficacy should be improved to promote contraceptive use by sex workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330055 Notification

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased fertility desire, but not pregnancy or live birth, among HIV+ women in an early HIV treatment program in rural Uganda.
Author: Maier M; Andia I; Emenyonu N; Guzman D; Kaida A; Pepper L; Hogg R; Bangsberg DR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S28-S37.
Abstract: To assess the association between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and fertility history and desire among HIV positive Ugandan women, we conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-positive Ugandan women aged 18-50 years who attended an HIV clinic at Mbarara University in western Uganda between November 1, 2005 and June 6, 2006. Of 538 women approached, 501 were enrolled. ART use was associated with increased odds of fertility desire (AOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.38-6.28), and decreased odds of pregnancy (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33-0.95) and live birth (AOR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13-0.66). ART was associated with an increase in fertility desire, but was not associated with an increase in fertility. Additional studies will be needed to determine if this greater fertility desire among ART-treated women leads to an increase in fertility as ART use expands.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | PREGNANCY HISTORY | BIRTH HISTORY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | HIV | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 341892

11.

12.

Title: Tradeoffs and sexual conflict over women's fertility preferences in Mpimbwe.
Author: Mulder MB
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):478-87.
Abstract: There are two principle evolutionary models for why women reduce their fertility, which can be used to explain the modern demographic transition. The first derives from optimality theory (specifically the "quantity-quality" tradeoff hypothesis), and the second from models of biased cultural transmission ("prestige bias" and "kin influence" hypotheses). Data on family planning preferences collected in 1996 and 1998 in a rural African village (in Mpimbwe, Tanzania) are used to test predictions derived from each hypothesis and show that both "quantity-quality" tradeoffs and biased cultural transmission underlie Pimbwe women's decisions. Reproductive decisions, however, are not made in a vacuum. Men and women's ideal family sizes often differ, and sexual conflict is particularly likely to affect a woman's success in limiting her family size. Pimbwe women's reproductive output between the initial family planning survey in 1996 and the most recent demographic survey (2006) is analyzed in relation to both the woman's preferences to limit her family and her exposure to husbands and husbands' kin. Despite wide differences in desired family sizes between men and women the extent of sexual conflict in this population is restricted to husbands and wives, and affects not a woman's use or planned use of modern contraception but her success in employing such methods effectively. There is also some evidence that a woman's mother and her kin assist in the use and effective use of modern methods, offering a prevailing force to the high-fertility objectives of the husband.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY SIZE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception
Document Number: 342951

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Women living with HIV in South Africa and their concerns about fertility.
Author: Nduna M; Farlane L
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S62-S65.
Abstract: Health and quality of life benefits accrued from the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are commendable, but the social milieu continues to pose challenges for women's decision making around having children. This paper qualitatively explored women's questions and concerns around living with HIV, being on HAART and pregnancy. Women of reproductive age were recruited from Eastern Cape and Gauteng Provinces, South Africa. Information on women's fertility desires and pregnancy planning was collected through participatory workshop, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews. Three main themes emerged. Women living with HIV require information on the impact of HIV on pregnancy outcomes and vice versa. Women who are young, lost a child, not consistently using contraception or who have not been seriously ill have positive reproductive aspirations. Ambivalent attitudes of health care workers towards pregnancy impacts women's fertility aspirations. Unbiased pre-conceptual communication should form part of HIV treatment and care services, despite expressed pregnancy intentions.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PREGNANCY | DECISION MAKING | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ATTITUDES | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Reproduction | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 341902

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Analysis why nulliparous women over age 33 wish to use contraception.
Author: Proudfoot S; Wellings K; Glasier A
Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):98-104.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In industrialized countries, the average age of first childbirth is increasing and more women are having no children. An understanding of the reasons for delay might provide strategies aimed at reversing this trend. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire survey of 234 nulliparous women aged 34 and over attending a family planning clinic in Scotland in 2006 for contraception to determine fertility intentions; awareness of fertility decline with age; and factors influencing the decision to delay childbearing. RESULTS: One hundred and sixteen women (49.6%) definitely/possibly wanted children; 118 women (50.4%) did not. Of those wanting children, 71% were concerned or very concerned about their future fertility. Most were realistic about the time it may take to conceive. Seventy-four percent of women who definitely/may want children gave reasons to do with their relationship/s as the most common reason for delay. The second most common reason was having other distractions in life. Only 34% of those wanting children, and 15% of those who did not, reported that work/training issues caused the delay. CONCLUSION: Most women were aware of the risks of delaying childbirth; however, the most common reason for delay concerned lack of the 'right' partner, something which does not lend itself to intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | NULLIPARITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 329613

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility intentions of HIV-1 infected and uninfected women in Malawi: a longitudinal study.
Author: Taulo F; Berry M; Tsui A; Makanani B; Kafulafula G; Li Q; Nkhoma C; Kumwenda JJ; Kumwenda N; Taha TE
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S20-S27.
Abstract: This study aimed to determine changes in fertility intentions of HIV-1 infected and uninfected reproductive age women in Blantyre, Malawi. Participants were asked about their fertility intentions at baseline and at 3-month visits for 1 year. Time-to-event statistical models were used to determine factors associated with changes in fertility intentions. Overall, 842 HIV uninfected and 844 HIV infected women were enrolled. The hazard of changing from wanting no more children at baseline to wanting more children at follow-up was 61% lower among HIV infected women compared to HIV uninfected women (P\0.01) after adjusting for other factors, while HIV infected women were *3 times more likely to change to wanting no more children. The overall pregnancy rate after 12 months was 14.9 per 100 person-years and did not differ among 102 HIV uninfected and 100 infected women who became pregnant. HIV infection is a significant predictor of fertility intentions over time.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | STIGMA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341891

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of HIV status and perceived status on fertility desires in rural Malawi.
Author: Yeatman SE
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S12-S19.
Abstract: Surprisingly little is known about how or if knowledge of one's HIV status influences the desire to have children in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper takes advantage of a unique situation in rural Malawi where no one knew their HIV status prior to testing being introduced as part of an ongoing panel study. Using a sample of men and women (n = 1,380) who were interviewed in 2001 and 2006, we examine how HIV positive and negative test results impact respondents' desires to continue childbearing. We then consider how prior perceptions of one's status influence this effect. Respondents who received a positive test result reduced their childbearing desires. When selfassessed likelihood of infection was considered, however, only those who were surprised by their test result altered their fertility preferences, a finding which held true for both positive and negative results. The implications of the results and potential applications to other HIV/AIDS research are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | HIV TESTING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | PERCEPTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341890

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18.

19.

Title: Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey 2006.
Author: Azerbaijan. State Statistical Committee; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Baku, Azerbaijan, State Statistical Committee, 2008 May. [400] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 8,444 women age 15-49 and 2,558 men age 15-59. Following discussions with USAID and UNICEF regarding support for a new survey to obtain precise data on infant and child mortality, the 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey (AzDHS) was carried out from July to November 2006. The survey was implemented by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and UNICEF, with Macro International Inc. providing technical assistance, and participation by the Ministry of Health. The 2006 Azerbaijan Demographic and Health Survey provides recent estimates of infant and child mortality, and these estimates are about half those of the 2000 MICS and the 2001 RHSA. In addition to mortality data, the objectives of the 2006 AzDHS were to collect national- and regional-level data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, adult health, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey obtained detailed information on these topics from women of reproductive age and, for certain topics, from men as well. Data are presented by region when sample size permits. The survey findings provide estimates for a variety of demographic indicators. The 2006 AzDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health of and health services for the people of Azerbaijan. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
AZERBAIJAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | WATER SUPPLY | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD NUTRITION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Fertility Control, Postconception | Health | Mortality | Nutrition | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Women's Status | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 331495 Notification

20.

21.

Title: Family planning counseling in community home-based care programs.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2008]. [2] p. (Research Briefs on Family Planning Service Delivery)
Abstract: The clients of community home-based health care (CHBC) programs have more complex reproductive health needs than previously thought, according to the results of a recent USAID-supported study in Kenya. Working with Pathfinder International, scientists from Family Health International sought to understand the contraceptive and reproductive health needs of clients and caregivers associated with the Community-Based HIV / AIDS Care, Support, and Prevention (COPHIA) project. The scientists interviewed 171 clients and 183 caregivers (as well as 86 providers) of CBHC regarding their sexual behavior, contraceptive practices, and pregnancy experiences. The results offer insight into the need for comprehensive reproductive health services among CHBC clients, whose family planning issues are often overlooked. The need has special urgency, because community stigma can make the consequences of pregnancy -- intended or unintended -- more dire for CHBC clients than for other women. The study uncovered fiercely negative attitudes not only among community members generally but also among caregivers toward women with HIV who want to have children. Many caregivers resist requests by their clients for advice on how to conceive and deliver babies without infection. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HOME CARE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | NEEDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Care and Support | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331698

22.

Title: Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Pakistan. National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Islamabad, Pakistan, National Institute of Population Studies, 2008 Jun. [400] p.
Abstract: The 2006-07 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey is the fifth in a series of demographic surveys conducted by the National Institute of Population Studies since 1990. However, the PDHS 2006-07 is the second survey conducted as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. The survey was conducted under the aegis of the Ministry of Population Welfare and implemented by the National Institute of Population Studies. The 2006-07 PDHS supplements and complements the information collected through the censuses and demographic surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. It updates the available information on population and health issues, and provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating health and population programmes in Pakistan. The results of the survey assist in the monitoring of the progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 2006-07 PDHS includes topics related to fertility levels and determinants, family planning, fertility preferences, infant, child and maternal mortality and their causes, maternal and child health, immunization and nutritional status of mothers and children, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and malaria. The 2006-07 PDHS also includes direct estimation of maternal mortality and its causes at the national level for the first time in Pakistan. The survey provides all other estimates for national, provincial and urban-rural domains. This being the fifth survey of its kind, there is considerable trend information on reproductive health, fertility and family planning over the past one and a half decades. The primary purpose of the 2006-07 PDHS is to furnish policymakers and planners with detailed information on fertility, family planning, infant, child and adult mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MARRIAGE AGE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | NUTRITION | MALARIA | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 327805

23.

Title: Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Swaziland. Central Statistical Office; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Mbabane, Swaziland, Central Statistical Office, 2008 May. [506] p.
Abstract: This detailed report presents the major findings of the 2006-07 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (2006-07 SDHS). The 2006-07 SDHS is the first survey of its kind to be undertaken in Swaziland. It was a nationwide survey aimed at generating estimates at the country level, regional level, and for urban and rural areas. The survey was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and implemented by the Central Statistical Office. Fieldwork was carried out between July 2006 and March 2007. The primary objective of the 2006-07 SDHS was to collect up-to-date information for policymakers, planners, researchers, and programme managers that would provide guidance in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population and health programmes in Swaziland. Specifically, the 2006-07 SDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood and maternal mortality, care and protection of youth, and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, it collected information on malaria, the use of mosquito nets, and the prevalence of HIV in the population age two years and above. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AWARENESS | BREASTFEEDING | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HIV | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | MALARIA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Parasitic Diseases
Document Number: 327506

24.

Title: Meeting the reproductive health needs of women with HIV.
Author: Aradhya KW
Source: Mera. 2008 Nov;:iii-v.
Abstract: During the past decade, HIV counseling and testing services have expanded in both urban and rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, even becoming routine in some medical settings. With this expansion, more women who are infected with HIV are becoming aware of their status. As more HIV-infected women learn of their status, they will be able to make informed choices about their reproductive health -- including whether to have children and how to prevent further transmission of the virus.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | NEEDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 341514

25.

Title: Fertility behavior in Armenia and Moldova: the decline during the post-Soviet transition and current preferences.
Author: Billingsley S
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 45 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 45)
Abstract: In the context of a fertility decline across the countries of the former Eastern bloc, this paper analyzes the fertility decline in Armenia and Moldova using 2005 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. Easterlin's (1976) hypothesis about the negative impact on fertility of reducing living standards is contrasted with Becker's (1981) theory of opportunity costs. If Easterlin's hypothesis is true, we would expect to see women with lower resources suppress fertility because of the hardships brought on by the economic transition, especially for those with fewer marketable skills. Conversely, if Becker's theory is correct, opportunity costs would lead women with the highest earning potential to suppress their fertility. Specifically, the extent of parity declines is analyzed during the transition from Communism, with special attention given to identifying women for whom parity declines are greater. The conditions under which women currently want children are also analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between economic conditions and the desire for another child or the desired timing of childbirth. Since 1986, parity progression ratios have declined more for women with vocational education than for women with higher education or secondary education only. Logistic analyses of current fertility preferences suggest that women who are employed are more likely to want a second birth in both countries, whereas the wealthiest women in Armenia have higher odds of wanting a third birth. Armenian women have higher odds of wanting to postpone the next birth if their partners are unemployed, whereas Moldovan women who are employed prefer to postpone their next childbirth.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARMENIA | MOLDOVA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STANDARD OF LIVING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | UNEMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329537

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: On the structural value of children and its implication on intended fertility in Bulgaria.
Author: Buhler C
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 24;18(20):569-610.
Abstract: Personal networks are receiving increasing recognition as structural determinants of fertility. However, the network perspective also helps to explain personal motivations for having children. Using theories of interpersonal exchange, social capital, and the value of children, it is argued in this article that children can substantively improve their parents' social networks. Individuals perceive this potential advantageous development as a structural benefit and consider this value in their reproductive decisions. This argument is empirically explored with data from Bulgaria, collected in 2002. The results document the presence of structural evaluations among subjectively perceived childrelated benefits. Moreover, structural evaluations matter for the reproductive decisionmaking of Bulgarian citizens. Women's fertility intentions are supported by the prospect that a child will bring their parents and relatives closer or will improve their security at old age. Males' intentions are closely associated with the expectation that a child will provide support when they are old. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MOTIVATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CHILD WORTH | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327505

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intimate partner violence and interference with women's efforts to avoid pregnancy in Jordan.
Author: Clark CJ; Silverman J; Khalaf IA; Ra'ad BA; Al Sha'ar ZA
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Jun;39(2):123-132.
Abstract: This study examines the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and women's experience of interference with their attempts to avoid pregnancy among 353 women surveyed at reproductive health clinics throughout Jordan. Approximately 20 percent of respondents indicated that their husbands or someone else had interfered. Among those others than husbands who were identified, mothers-in-law were the most frequently mentioned, followed by the respondents' mothers and sisters-in-law. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders in determining whether each of the three measures of intimate partner violence (physical violence, sexual violence, and controlling behaviors) was significantly associated with having an increased risk of experiencing interference, as were several sociodemographic variables: nonconsanguineous marriage, residence with in-laws, and rural residence. Physicians, nurses, and family planning counselors must be made aware of the challenges that women may face from their families when they attempt to regulate their fertility. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | EVER MARRIED | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREGNANCY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 326891

28.

Title: Population Reference Bureau. Family planning worldwide 2008 data sheet.
Author: Clifton D; Kaneda T; Ashford L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008. 15 p.
Abstract: In nearly all developing countries, the number of women of reproductive age (ages 15 to 49) will grow between 2005 and 2015 because of the large numbers of young people in these countries. In addition, the demand for contraceptives is projected to grow due to couples' desires for smaller families. As a result, the total cost of contraceptive supplies to meet couples' needs is projected to rise by nearly 50 percent (in today's U.S. dollars) in countries such as Tanzania and Nepal. The costs are certain to grow throughout the developing world, placing pressure on governments to increase their family planning budgets, raise additional donor funds, obtain better prices for commodities, and/or shift a greater share of costs to users. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Contraception | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 325417

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility-limiting behavior and contraceptive choice among men in Nepal.
Author: Dahal GP; Padmadas SS; Hinde PR
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Mar;34(1):6-14.
Abstract: Contraceptive choices among men who want no more children have been little explored in South Asia, particularly in Nepal, where fertility rates have remained high over the last few decades. Using the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey couple data set, multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted for 1,041 married men aged 20 or older who had at least one living child and wanted no more children. Regression models examined relationships between selected characteristics and men's reported contraceptive use, and predicted probabilities were estimated to assess interactions between ecological zone, family composition and method choice. The primary goal was to determine whether the number and sex of living children influenced contraceptive use. Twenty-four percent of men who wanted no more children were not using any contraceptive method at the time of the survey, 30% reported that their wives were sterilized, 12% had had a vasectomy, 7% were using condoms and 27% used other temporary methods. The probability of relying on permanent methods was highest among men who had at least two living sons and lowest among those who had only daughters, while the probability of using no method was highest among those who had only daughters. In Nepal, men who report a desire to have no more children are likely to choose permanent methods only after they have two living sons. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | SONS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 326103

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Motives for parenthood among couples attending a level 3 infertility clinic in the public health sector in South Africa.
Author: Dyer S; Mokoena N; Maritz J; van der Spuy Z
Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(2):352-357.
Abstract: Most African countries are pronatalistic with high total fertility rates and a low prevalence of voluntary childlessness. At present, limited data exist relating to the reasons why men and women desire children. This study explores parenthood motives among infertile couples from an urban community in South Africa. The parenthood-motivation list, an instrument developed in the Netherlands for the assessment of parenthood motives and strength of desire for a child, was administrated to 50 couples (100 participants) who presented to an infertility clinic in a tertiary referral centre. The instrument discerns six parenthood motives comprising happiness, well-being, identity, parenthood, continuity and social control. The majority of participants endorsed most of the motives. The categories happiness and parenthood were the most frequent motives. Women endorsed more motives simultaneously when compared with men. The categories happiness, well-being and social control correlated positively with strengthof desire for a child. Most men and women expressed a strong desire for a child. Men and women desired children for many reasons and with similar intensity. This diversity and intensity of parenthood motives appears to be a reflection of the value of children in our communities and further our understanding of the implications of involuntary childlessness. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | INFERTILITY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MOTIVATION | CHILD WORTH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325389