1.  Title: Emergency contraception: have we come full circle? [editorial] Author: Coeytaux F; Wells ES; Westley E Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):1-3. Abstract: Two decades ago, Dr. Felicia Stewart, then serving as Medical Director of the Planned Parenthood affiliate in Sacramento, CA, began her campaign to let out of the closet "America's best-kept secret" - emergency contraception (EC). The method had been suppressed because many providers thought the method was "not effective enough" or would lead women to use it "too much" (in place of using other more effective methods). Advocates disagreed, believing that EC could help some women prevent pregnancy, that women could learn to use the method appropriately, and that women had the right to this important option. When Dr. Stewart and other women's health advocates pushed to move EC "from secret to shelf," they had women's needs in mind - in particular the need for a method that, unlike others, could be used after sex and one that was safe enough to provide without the barrier of a medical interface. The success of this 20-year effort is evident in the many dedicated EC products now available worldwide, the increase in women's awareness and use of EC, and, in the United States, the full-on direct to consumer marketing of EC by a pharmaceutical company, not to mention the popularity of the method among women. Today, in the midst of this forward trajectory of increased access and awareness, we have encountered a curve ball that has us circling back to where we started. Recent analyses suggesting that EC is not as effective in reducing unwanted pregnancy rates at a population level as we once hoped seem to have put the brakes on funding and have revived the original arguments that EC is "not effective enough" to be promoted as an option and that women are "abusing" it, using it repeatedly instead of using other more effective methods. Some in the field have also again voiced concerns that by providing it directly to women we are missing opportunities to provide women with a full range of reproductive health services. Our response to this recent round of questioning is that EC still fills a unique and important role in the mix of available contraceptive methods, that it is effective enough to be promoted as a contraceptive option and that women's use of the method does not constitute a problem (in terms of lower effectiveness) but rather contributes in a positive way to every woman's significant challenge of how to avoid unplanned pregnancies over her lengthy fertile years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341588 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring emergency contraception knowledge, prescription practices, and barriers to prescription for adolescents in the emergency department. Author: Goyal M; Zhao H; Mollen C Source: Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):765-70. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the proportion of emergency medicine physicians who had prescribed emergency contraception pills to adolescents, to identify potential barriers to emergency contraception pill prescription for adolescents, and to assess physician knowledge of emergency contraception pills. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, anonymous, Internet-based survey of members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Emergency Medicine was conducted. Providers were included in analysis if they were attending physicians caring for children (<22 years of age) in the emergency department setting >30% of the time. Survey questions included demographics, emergency contraception pill prescription rates for adolescents, attitudes toward emergency contraception pills for adolescents, and emergency contraception pill knowledge questions. RESULTS: A total of 1005 Section of Emergency Medicine members were contacted; 424 (42%) responded, and 133 did not meet inclusion criteria. Of the 291 eligible respondents, 282 had complete surveys. Eighty-five percent of the respondents stated that they had prescribed emergency contraception pills to adolescents, 71% within the previous year. Of those, 81% prescribed emergency contraception pills <5 times. The 5 most frequently cited barriers were concern for lack of follow-up (72%), time constraints (40%), lack of clinical resources (33%), discouraging regular contraceptive use (29%), and concern about birth defects (27%). Thirty-nine percent of respondents identified >/=5 barriers to emergency contraception pill prescriptions for adolescents. Forty-three percent incorrectly answered >50% of the questions. Physicians were more likely to report prescribing emergency contraception pills if they had answered >3 of the knowledge-based questions correctly and were less likely to report prescribing if they identified >5 barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Although a large proportion of emergency department physicians reported prescribing emergency contraception pills to adolescents, the pills were prescribed infrequently. Factors associated with nonprescription were decreased knowledge of emergency contraception pills and identifying >5 barriers. Identification of these potential barriers and education regarding emergency contraception pills may ultimately improve adolescent access to emergency contraception pills in the emergency department. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PRESCRIPTIONS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330466 |
| 3. Title: Emergency contraception: the state of the art. Author: von Hertzen H; Godfrey EM Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2009;18 Suppl 1:28-31. Abstract: Emergency contraception, otherwise known as post-coital contraception, is part of the continuum of contraceptive methods that women and couples can use for pregnancy prevention. Although emergency contraception should not be used as a regular, plan-ahead contraceptive method, it gives a woman one last-ditch effort to prevent unwanted pregnancy. This paper reviews the history of emergency contraception, the need for further studies, and results of studies conducted at the World Health Organization. Various methods used for emergency contraception are discussed, as well as their efficacies and side effects. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330740 |
| 4. Title: Emergency contraception moves behind the counter [editorial] Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2005 Mar 29;172(7):845. Abstract: Health Canada’s reclassification of the levonorgestrel “morning-after pill” as a nonprescription drug, thus permitting pharmacists to dispense this postcoital oral contraceptive directly to women who need it, when they need it, is welcome news. Less welcome is the “behind the counter” classification of levonorgestrel 0.75 mg (Plan B) by the provinces, which makes consultation with a pharmacist mandatory for any woman seeking to avoid an unintended pregnancy in this way. Health Canada has supported this policy on the grounds that “pharmacists are well-positioned to play a major role in … providing counselling about contraceptive options.” Not necessarily. Although pharmacists have front-line contact with patients and are equipped with professional guidelines for provision of emergency contraception, they are not ideally positioned for a counselling role in their typical practice settings. Few pharmacies offer the privacy necessary for such a conversation. This mundane fact, together with the professional fees attached to the consultation, represents a needless barrier to access. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | PHARMACISTS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | LEVONORGESTREL | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 285881 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Nonprescription status for emergency contraception. Author: Sibbald B Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2005 Mar 29;172(7):861-862. Abstract: Emergency contraception is slated to become available without a prescription in Canada by early April, but obtaining levonorgestrel (Plan B) will still require a consultation with a pharmacist (see Editorial, page 845). Proponents say the move is a good “first step,” but are already looking to further increasing availability by having the drug available over the counter. Ready availability of levonorgestrel is essential because the drug must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse (efficacy is greatest if taken within 24 hours). When a prescription is required accessibility can be problematic, especially on weekends and holidays. After posting in Canada Gazette II, which is slated for early April, levonorgestrel (0.75 mg dosage) will be legally removed from Schedule F and available without a prescription. Provincial and territorial governments, which determine where a drug is sold, have decided levonorgestrel should be available behind the counter from pharmacists. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | LEVONORGESTREL | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 285882 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of making emergency contraception available without a physician's prescription: a population-based study. Author: Soon JA; Levine M; Osmond BL; Ensom MH; Fielding DW Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2005 Mar 29;172(7):878-883. Abstract: Timely access to emergency contraception has the potential to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and subsequent abortions. A public health policy initiative in British Columbia beginning in December 2000 allowed pharmacists to provide emergency contraceptives (ECs) without a prescription. We sought to determine changes in EC use after the policy was introduced and to analyze EC use with data generated by the policy. All Ovral, Preven and Plan B EC prescriptions from Jan. 1, 1996, to Dec. 31, 2003, were identified through the BC PharmaNet and Medical Services Plan administrative databases and the data analyzed to determine changes between 1996 and 2002. Changes over time were determined in the frequency of EC provision, choice of EC agent, frequency of EC use by age group, repeat use and geographic distribution of EC prescription for the pre- and post-policy periods. Anonymized patient-specific data from treatment consent forms were used to describe the reason for EC use, interval between unprotected intercourse and EC prescription, proportion prescribed for immediate or future use, referrals for regular birth control and STD screening and concomitant antiemetic use. Consent data also provided the time in the menstrual cycle that the EC was requested. The number of EC prescriptions increased from a prepolicy mean of 8805 (99% confidence interval 7823–9787) in the years 1996 to 2000 to a post-policy total in 2002 of 17 794. Physicians prescribed the levonorgestrel regimen (Plan B) less frequently than did pharmacists. The frequency of EC use was highest among women aged 20–24 years across all study years, and all age groups demonstrated a post-policy increase in use. On average, 2.1% of the women received an EC 3 or more times a year over the period of the study. More women in urban regions received ECs than women in more rural areas of the province. Analysis of pharmacist treatment consent forms used in 2001 and 2002 showed that 56.2% of women receiving an EC reported using a method of birth control that had failed, 55.7% of pharmacist-provided ECs were obtained within 24 hours after unprotected intercourse, 1.1% of ECs were obtained for future use, antiemetics were provided to 57.7% of women receiving the Yuzpe regimen (Ovral, Preven) and to 20.5% of women receiving levonorgestrel, and women tended to seek ECs when unprotected intercourse occurred at the time of highest risk of pregnancy in their menstrual cycle. Women in greatest financial need obtained ECs more frequently from physicians than from pharmacists. The policy change that granted pharmacists authority to provide ECs to women without a physician’s prescription did not simply expand EC availability but was associated with an overall increase in EC use in the province. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PRESCRIPTIONS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Population Characteristics | Health Document Number: 285883 |
| 7. Title: Condom use as a means of HIV / AIDS prevention and fertility control among the Krobos of Ghana. Author: Teye JK Source: Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography. 2005 Mar;59(2):65-73. Abstract: Prior to the 1980s, family planning programs in Ghana mainly focused on fertility reduction through the use of contraceptives in general. Since the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s, family planning programmes have only emphasized condom use, for the dual purpose of HIV prevention and fertility reduction. There are speculations that such campaigns will not only increase the use of contraceptives in general but increasingly lead to a shift from the use of hormonal methods to the condom. For such speculations to be realized, the two purposes of using condoms must be compatible. Unfortunately, this issue has not been fully explored. Using data collected on a sample of 110 respondents, this article analyses the compatibility between condom use for fertility reduction and HIV prevention with special reference to the people of Krobo Odumase, in Ghana. The study reveals that there are sometimes conflicts between fertility motives and condom use for HIV prevention. Age, gender and marital status are strong variables that shape such fertility motives, which in turn influence the propensity to use condoms. The study also shows that certain gendered cultural practices, such as yosedofiermi, disempower women in negotiating for condom use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | AGE FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 291775 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Clinicians change practice when it comes to EC. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Jan;25(1):9-11. Abstract: Your next patient is a young woman who has pressed for an appointment Monday morning after her boyfriend's condom broke on Sunday night. Your formulary calls for use of progestin-only emergency contraception pills (ECPs). What is your next step? Clinicians who prescribe progestin-only EC are moving to administering a single dose (1.5 mg) of the drug following research conducted by the Geneva-based World Health Organization (WHO) that indicates a single dose of levonorgestrel to be as effective in reducing the risk of pregnancy as two 0.75 mg doses taken 12 hours apart. A Nigerian study corroborated the finding that a single 1.5 mg dose of levonorgestrel is effective and safe. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PHYSICIANS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | DRUGS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 186475 |
9.  Title: FDA delays its decision on the sale of emergency contraception. Author: Boonstra H Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2004 Mar;7(1):[2] p.. Abstract: One week before it was slated to make its decision whether to grant over-the-counter status to the emergency contraceptive known as Plan B, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on February 13 announced that it would delay that decision for up to 90 days. The delay came as a surprise to those who had expected the FDA would follow the recommendations of its expert advisory panel, which met in December 2003 and voted overwhelmingly in favor of making the method available without a prescription. The 28-member panel was unanimous in finding that the drug is safe for use without a prescription. The FDA action came amid pressure from social conservatives, who have urged the administration to reject the recommendation of its advisory panel and keep the postcoital contraceptive pill prescription-only. While not contesting the drug's safety or its effectiveness when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, they now argue that wider access will put young people at greater risk of sexually transmitted infections. On January 9, 2004, 49 members of Congress, led by Rep. Dave Weldon (R-FL), sent a letter to President Bush focusing on adolescent use: "We are very concerned that no data is available to suggest what impact this decision will have on the sexual behavior of adolescents and the subsequent impact on adolescent sexual health. We are concerned that adolescent exposure to sexually transmitted infection will increase because of the availability of [Plan B] over-the-counter. This availability may ultimately result in significant increases in cancer, infertility, and HIV/AIDS." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | POLICYMAKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | USFDA | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PRESCRIPTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 191800 |
| 10. Title: Interventions for emergency contraception. Author: Cheng L; Gulmezoglu AM; Piaggio G; Ezcurra E; Van Look PF Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004 Jul;(3):[125] p.. Art. No.: CD001324.pub2 Abstract: This systematic review aimed to determine which emergency contraceptive method following unprotected sexual intercourse is the most effective, safe and convenient for use in pregnancy prevention. A total of 15 trials retrieved through electronic searches and searches of unpublished trials were included in the review. These trials were randomized or quasi-randomized studies including women attending services for emergency contraception following a single act of unprotected sexual intercourse. Majority (8/15) were conducted in China, and most comparisons between different interventions included one or two trials although some trials were appropriately sized with power calculations. Overall, the findings indicate that levonorgestrel and mifepristone seem to offer the highest efficacy with an acceptable side-effect profile. Mifepristone may cause delays in the onset of subsequent menses, inducing anxiety; however, this seems to be dose-related, and low doses can minimize this side-effect without compromising effectiveness. Future studies should compare the effectiveness of mifepristone with levonorgestrel. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | LEVONORGESTREL | RU-486 | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 158260 |
| 11. Title: Emergency contraception: the journey so far [letter] Author: Gupta S Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 Jan;111:91. Abstract: I wish to correct certain errors and inaccuracies in the review on Emergency Contraception: the Journey so far. The statement that the combined oestrogen-progestogen method is marketed in the UK as PC4 is incorrect as from September 2002, when the manufacturers withdrew PC4 in the UK. The statement that there is no licensed levonorgestrel-only product in the UK is supported by a 4 year old reference. Progestogen-only contraception has been licensed and marketed in the UK as levonelle-2 since February 2000, and a consumer version--levonelle, was licensed in February 2001 for provision by pharmacists to women aged 16 and over. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 186581 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: A Phase I comparative postcoital testing study of three concentrations of C31G. Author: Mauck CK; Creinin MD; Barnhart KT; Ballagh SA; Archer DF Source: Contraception. 2004;70:227-231. Abstract: C31G is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that shows contraceptive properties in vitro. This postcoital testing study evaluated the ability of three C31G concentrations, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.7%, administered as a 3.5-mL dose of a vaginal gel to prevent sperm from entering mid-cycle cervical mucus. Irritation of the genitalia and acceptability were also assessed. At baseline, a mid-cycle cervical mucus test and a postcoital test were performed within 24 h of each other without use of any study products to establish normal mid-cycle cervical mucus and sperm penetration. Subjects then completed up to three test cycles using one of the three concentrations of study product during intercourse. Twenty-two of the 61 women enrolled completed a baseline cycle and at least one test cycle. An average of 14.6 progressively motile sperm per high power field was seen at baseline. This was reduced to 0.3 after use of 0.5% C31G, 0.5 after use of 1.0% C31G, and 0.4 after use of 1.7% C31G. There was no significant difference between test products (p = 1.000) but each test product was significantly different from baseline (p < 0.002). Very little genital irritation was observed. There were more reports of leakage and messiness with increasing C31G concentration. This study suggests that all three concentrations of C31G are likely to give reasonable results in a contraceptive effectiveness trial. Based on the results of this and other trials, the 1.0% concentration has been selected for further development, including Phase III trials of contraceptive effectiveness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CERVICAL MUCUS | ANTIBIOTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | SPERM TRANSPORT INHIBITION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | VAGINAL GEL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Contraception | Family Planning | Inhibition of Fertilization | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Menstruation | Reproduction | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 273572 |
| 13. Title: [The best contraception is survival of the infants] Den beste prevensjon er barns overlevelse. Author: Rostad B Source: Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 2004 Feb 19;124(4):519-520. Abstract: There is indeed an explanation for the "population problem" and the great number of children in poor countries. Fertility is not something we may or should fight like a disease. The best contraceptive is the survival of children, believes Staffan Bergstrom, who has gained insight into the pathology of poverty through his research and clinical activity. He calls for an "ectoscopic" approach to the questions of global health-the ability to see as far as the actual and dramatic combination of cause and effect. (excerpt) Language: Norwegian Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | INFANT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | CHILD SURVIVAL | POPULATION CONTROL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Document Number: 277849 |
| 14. Title: Emergency contraception: the journey so far [letter] Author: Swarbrick R Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 Jan;111:91-92. Abstract: I read with interest the recent review article on emergency contraception. I was concerned about the statement that an IUD could be inserted between 5 and 7 days postcoitally for contraception. It is thought to exert its effect by interfering with fertilisation and possibly implantation and hence both UK and WHO guidelines recommend use up to 120 hours postcoitally. Use of an IUD after this time, when implantation may have taken place, is outside its licence for emergency contraception and its would be as an abortifactent. For use in these circumstances 3 anyone requiring evidence-based guidance on emergency contraception, I would refer them to the recently published FFPHRC guidelines. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ABORTION | IUD | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 186582 Notification |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: In Brazil, women who lack knowledge about fertility control are those most likely to become sterilized. [En Brasil, las mujeres que carecen de conocimientos sobre control de la fecundidad tienen mayor probabilidad de ser esterilizadas] Author: Tamkins T Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2004 Jun;30(2):102. Abstract: Brazilian women who have had three or more live births are significantly more likely than those of lower parity to be sterilized and are significantly less likely to know of four or more contraceptive methods, according to a crosssectional survey of women aged 30–49 in Sao Paulo state. They also began childbearing earlier and have a lower monthly income than women with fewer children. Taken together, the researchers suggest, these findings suggest that Brazil’s high sterilization rate may reflect, in part, high fertility in a group of women who initiate childbearing early in life and lack the knowledge to plan and control their fertility. To identify factors that contribute to high use of sterilization among Brazilian women— 50% of those aged 35 and older in 1996 had been sterilized—researchers obtained information on social and demographic characteristics and reproductive history from a random sample of women aged 30–49 in Campinas, Sao Paulo state, in 1996. For the analysis, 236 women who had been sterilized for at least five years were matched to 236 nonsterilized women of similar age (within two years) who lived in the same census tract. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: De acuerdo con un estudio transversal de mujeres de 30 a 49 años del estado de San Pablo, las brasileñas que han tenido tres o más partos con nacidos vivos tienen una probabilidad mucho mayor que las de baja paridad de ser esterilizadas y es mucho menos probable que conozcan cuatro o más métodos anticonceptivos. Además, comenzaron a tener niños a una edad más temprana y tienen ingresos mensuales más bajos que las mujeres con menos hijos. Los investigadores sugieren que estos resultados, en conjunto, indicarían que el elevado índice de esterilización podría reflejar, en parte, la alta fecundidad en un grupo de mujeres que comenzaron a tener hijos a edad temprana y que carecen de conocimientos para planificar y controlar su fecundidad. Los investigadores obtuvieron información sobre las características sociodemográficas y los antecedentes reproductivos de una muestra aleatorizada de mujeres de 30 a 49 años en Campinas, estado de San Pablo, en 1996 a fin de identificar los factores que contribuyen a las elevadas tasas de esterilización entre las mujeres brasileñas (el 50% de las mujeres que en 1996 tenían 35 o más años habían sido esterilizadas). Para el análisis, se compararon 236 mujeres que habían estado esterilizadas durante un mínimo de cinco años con el mismo número de mujeres no esterilizadas de edades similares (dos años de margen) que vivían en el mismo segmento censal. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | FEMALE STERILIZATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 290336 |
| 16. Title: Postcoital intervention: From fear of pregnancy to rape crisis. Author: Tonti-Filippini N; Walsh M Source: National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly. 2004 Summer;4(2):275-288. Abstract: In the practice of family medicine, women requesting what they usually call "the morning-after pill" often confront Catholic and pro-life physicians. This usually follows a broken or slipped condom or natural (unprotected) intercourse. The requests for postcoital intervention have arisen from concerted efforts to promote to young woman the need to have postcoital hormonal intervention or "emergency contraception," as it is often called in such circumstances, to prevent pregnancy. Postcoital intervention is even made available without medical prescription in some jurisdictions, despite there being significant, relatively common medical contraindications and drug interactions. A longer-standing problem has been the problem of rape crisis. Catholic rape crisis centers meeting the needs of women with dignity and compassion would seem to be an appropriate calling for Catholic health-care services. Yet in developed countries, there are few, if any, Catholic rape crisis centers. The obvious reason for Catholics to have withdrawn from that field is the lack of development of a morally acceptable alternative way of dealing with the risk of pregnancy following rape, in societies in which abortifacience is the recommended solution. Seemingly, Catholics and Catholic institutions wanting to abide by Church teaching have been frightened from the field. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | RAPE | PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | RELIGION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | INHIBITION OF FERTILIZATION | SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY TESTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322980 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: The association between HIV and fertility in a cohort study in rural Tanzania. Author: Hunter SC; Isingo R; Boerma JT; Urassa M; Mwaluko GM Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2003 Apr;35(2):189-199. Abstract: Recent studies in sub-Saharan Africa have shown that fertility is reduced among HIV-infected women compared with uninfected women. The size and pattern of this fertility reduction has important implications for antenatal clinic-based surveillance of the epidemic and also for estimates and projections of the demographic impact of the epidemic. This paper examines the association between HIV and fertility in Kisesa, a rural area in Tanzania, where HIV prevalence among adults is about 6% and gradually increasing. The analysis is based on data obtained through a demographic surveillance system in Kisesa during 1994–98 and two large sero-surveys of all residents in 1994–95 and 1996–97. The HIV-associated fertility reduction among women was investigated by estimating fertility rates by HIV status and prevalence rates by fertility status. A substantial reduction (29%) was observed in fertility among HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women. The fertility reduction was most pronounced during the terminal stages of infection, but no clear association with duration of infection was observed. Use of modern contraception was higher among HIV-infected women. However, both among contracepting and noncontracepting women, a substantial reduction in fertility was seen among HIV-infected women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | RURAL AREAS | ADULTS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Family Planning Document Number: 179095 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: New contraceptive methods. Author: Plourd DM; Rayburn WF Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2003 Sep;48(9):665-671. Abstract: Objective: To provide an update on the current trend toward increasing use of emergency postcoital contraception, continuous (or "extended-use") oral contraceptives (OCs) and longer-acting contraceptive delivery systems. Data sources: This review is based largely upon patient care-oriented clinical experience data, including some original work submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration by the primary investigators of these novel methods, supplemented, when appropriate, with basic pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic information. Methods of study selection: This review is a distillation based on an exhaustive literature search of each of the following topics: emergency postcoital contraception, continuous (extended-use) oral contraception, the weekly patch, the monthly vaginal ring and the monthly injectable. The issue of OC formulations recently begun to be marketed in this country was excluded since they have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. Results: Emergency postcoital contraception is highly effective, though not as effective as available proactive methods of hormonal contraception. Of the popular regimens available, all have similar efficacy; those without estrogen are associated with less nausea and vomiting. The prophylactic administration of an antiemetic 1 hour prior to the first contraceptive dose can mitigate this adverse side effect. Continuous (or "extended" use) of OCs has become increasingly popular. This can decrease or eliminate menstruation as well as several menstruation related complaints (e.g., dysmenorrhea, menstrual migraines and premenstrual symptoms). Despite the fact that combination OC regimens offer highly reliable contraception as well as several noncontraceptive health benefits, they are limited by the issue of daily compliance. To address this limitation, several longer-acting delivery systems were recently developed. The weekly patch, monthly vaginal ring and monthly injectable have efficacy and side effect profiles similar to those of comparable OC formulations. They offer the advantages of longer action and lower and more steady steroid levels and are free of the challenges associated with daily compliance. Conclusion: We need to continue to develop new and highly effective means of contraception that offer women ease of use and minimal side effects, hence leading to successful and effective use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 277716 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Postcoital contraception in Turkey. Author: Sogukpinar N; Turkistanli EC; Saydam BK Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 Feb;80(2):159-164. Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this article is to determine the knowledge status of women concerning postcoital contraception when they turn to curettage in order to terminate an undesired pregnancy. Methods: This defining study has been carried out at a maternity hospital in Izmir on pregnant women admitted for curettage. We interviewed 150 pregnant cases using an improbability sampling method. Results: We discovered that 48.7% of women had avoided pregnancy before curettage by withdrawal before ejaculation. When we investigated the method used after uncontrolled coitus, 27.3% of cases reported vaginal douche while 12.7% indicated curettage. After having an unprotected coitus or failure in contraceptive methods 99.3% of the women indicated they would report to health institutes to utilize postcoital methods if they were familiar with them. Conclusions: Postcoital contraception may be a solution for undesired pregnancies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 175096 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Does an effect of marriage duration on pre-transition fertility signal parity-dependent control? An empirical test in nineteenth-century Leuven, Belgium. Author: Van Bavel J Source: Population Studies. 2003 Mar;57(1):55-62. Abstract: It has been demonstrated for many pre-industrial populations that the age at marriage, or marriage duration, influences age-specific marital fertility but the reason for this remains unclear. Among the several mechanisms that may be responsible, the following are often cited: secondary sterility or increased subfecundity associated with parity; declining coital frequency; the age difference between the spouses; and, importantly, parity-dependent fertility control. If the latter mechanism were partly responsible for the marriage-duration effect in pre-transition populations, it would contradict the concept of the modern fertility transition as the evolution (or revolution) from parity-independent to parity-dependent fertility. The study presented in this paper investigates the relative importance of these alternative explanations. The application of multivariate Poisson regression to the fertility data from two birth cohorts in the Belgian city of Leuven shows that a linearly declining or even concave age-specific fertility pattern, disaggregated by age at marriage, does not imply parity-dependent fertility limitation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | THEORETICAL MODELS | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARRIAGE DURATION | NATURAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | COITAL FREQUENCY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 177941 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Of interception, postcoital contraception and the morning after. Twenty five years ago: then and now. Author: Edouard L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2002 Apr;28(2):105. Abstract: This commentary offers a brief history of postcoital contraceptives, including hormonal methods such as the Yuzpe regime and the IUD. The postcoital effects of stilboestrol were discovered as early as the 1930s, but societal attitudes were not conducive to further development until the 70s. During that period, various combinations or doses of compounds such as stilboestrol, ethinylestradiol, and norgestrel were beginning to be used in “morning after pills,” an early name for emergency contraception. However, postcoital contraception has often been misconstrued as being an abortifacient, even though the WHO has stated that emergency contraceptive pills do not interrupt pregnancy and thus are no form of abortion. Finally, it is noted that access to these pills has improved in both the US and the UK through over-the-counter sales, school-based clinics, and advice telephone lines. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | NORGESTREL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin Document Number: 168230 |
| 22. Title: Intrauterine and barrier contraception. A practical review of recent developments. Author: Masters T; Everett S Source: Current Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 Feb;12(1):28-34. Abstract: This article will examine some of the recent developments in intrauterine contraceptive technology and barrier methods and how these have affected the efficacy and acceptability of these methods. It will also look at the role of barrier methods in reducing sexually transmitted infection and address concerns about pelvic infection and the use of intrauterine contraception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FEMALE CONDOMS | IUD | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Spermicidal Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 175491 |
| 23. Title: Extent of fertility control in India. Author: Sulaja S Source: Janasamkhya. 2002;:21-32. Abstract: Sen Index of fertility control proposed by Suchindran (1994) with a measure of dispersion (Gini Coefficient) and without Gini Coefficient by Mathew (2000) are applied to the major states of India for measuring the extent of fertility control. The results showed that a uniform pattern of rate of change in the extent of fertility control cannot be seen in the country. National level policies widened the regional imbalances. There is a need for intensifying the reasons for low fertility transition observed in certain regions and then adopt suitable measures accordingly. Once this is done, pace of fertility control can be maintained identical throughout the nation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION GROWTH | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Document Number: 194479 |
| 24. Title: Boost knowledge of emergency contraception. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2001 Oct;22(10):120-1. Abstract: The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals has started a new phase of its "Train the Trainer" emergency contraception (EC) program for health care providers in August 2001. Originally, the program featured a formal training session for a clinical faculty representing 44 states. Launched in 1999, the program has revised its teaching curriculum and supporting materials to include new advances and recent data. In addition, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has revised its recommendations to physicians regarding the safety and efficacy of prescription EC. In relation, a survey of health care providers who participated in an EC education project showed gaps in their knowledge regarding medications, side effects, and mode of action. As a professor and director of research of the Center for the Study of Women in Society at the University of Oregon, Marie Harvey, stresses that provider education is an important part in the continued success of EC. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH EDUCATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 160956 |
| 25. Title: EC on the Internet: programs go on-line. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 Jun;22(6):67-8. Abstract: In response to the innovative programs of two Planned Parenthood affiliates, women in Georgia and Illinois can obtain on-line medical assessments for emergency contraception prescriptions. This on-line assessment, called the EC4U service, breaks down the geographic barriers often faced by women who do not have ready access to EC providers' offices. Once the assessments are reviewed, Planned Parenthood providers call in prescriptions to women's chosen pharmacies with a medical assessment cost of $40 for each program, payable by credit card. Planned Parenthood--Chicago Area has started its comprehensive marketing program for the EC4U program by advertising with posters and pamphlets and an e-mail campaign to promote events around emergency contraception and offer information about the programs. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | ILLINOIS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PRESCRIPTIONS | PROGRAMS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Organization and Administration Document Number: 157192 |
| 26. Title: ECs make pediatricians squirm. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 Mar-Apr;33(2):51. Abstract: While 79% of pediatricians surveyed in New York State said that they counsel teenagers about contraception during routine visits, only 17% discuss emergency contraceptive pills with these patients. Three-quarters of the 233 respondents were unable to identify any approved emergency pill regimen, and the same proportion did not know the timing of use. Some 68% of doctors described themselves as uncomfortable prescribing emergency contraception; reported levels of comfort were the same regardless of the physician's age, gender or practice setting. The most common reason cited for not prescribing emergency contraception, mentioned by 70% of respondents, was lack of familiarity with it; other reasons were a fear that the pills could cause birth defects if the woman was already pregnant (17%), moral or religious grounds (12%) and the misperception that the method did not have government approval or was not effective (6%). 1 in 5 respondents thought that providing emergency contraceptive pills would increase teenagers' risk-taking behavior, one-third believed that repeated use poses health risks and one-half would limit the number of times they prescribed the method to any one patient. The researchers stress that pediatricians "need to be knowledgeable" about emergency contraception "so that they can discuss it with their patients and prescribe it when indicated". (full text) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | COUNSELING | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 156652 |
| 27. Title: Emergency contraception -- direct from the pharmacist. [Contraception d'urgence - venant tout droit de la pharmacie] Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 Jan;22(1):1-3. Abstract: Efforts are under way to broaden access to emergency contraceptive pills in a number of areas in North America through a variety of methods, including direct pharmacist provision through collaborative agreements with health care providers. The Program for Appropriate Technology in Health is just one of more than 20 members of the Consortium for Emergency Contraception (EC), an international working group whose focus is to make EC a standard part of reproductive health care across the globe. In the US alone, nine states are eyeing expanded EC access through the ‘EC Does It’ project. The project is aimed at creating and sustaining a favorable public policy environment in support of greater access to EC, as well as reforming policies that restrict such access. Meanwhile, in British Columbia, more than 800 pharmacists already have trained in EC provision. Prescriptive authority allowing pharmacists to independently prescribe medication is a first of its kind in Canada. French Abstract: Des efforts sont en cours pour élargir l'accès aux pilules contraceptives d'urgence dans plusieurs régions en Amérique du Nord à travers une variété de méthodes incluant l'approvisionnement direct des pharmacies à travers des accords coopératifs avec les fournisseurs des soins de santé. Le Programme pour la Technologie Appropriée en Santé est membre du Consortium pour la Contraception d'Urgence (CU), qui compte plus de 20 membres, un groupe de travail international dont le centre d'intérêt est de faire de la CU une partie standardisée des soins de la santé de la reproduction à travers le Monde. Aux seuls USA, neuf États visent l'accès étendu à la CU à travers le projet "la CU le fait". Le projet vise à créer et à soutenir un environnement de politique publique favorable à l'appui du plus grand accès à la CU, ainsi qu'à réformer les politiques qui restreignent un tel accès. En Colombie Britannique, plus de 800 pharmaciens sont déjà formés dans la provision de la CU. L'autorité de prescription qui permet aux pharmaciens de prescrire librement le médicament est une première en son genre au Canada. Language: English Keywords: NORTH AMERICA | PHARMACISTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities Document Number: 154151 |
| 28. Title: Emergency contraception : going over the counter? [Contraception d'urgence : bientôt en vente libre ?] Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 Feb;22(2):17-8. Abstract: The Reproductive Health Technologies Project hopes to file a citizen's petition for moving emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) to over-the-counter status. The movement was supported by the American Medical Association (AMA) in asking the US government to consider the resolution. The endorsement of the AMA for making ECPs available without prescription is clearly significant and should help the public and policy-makers understand just how safe ECPs really are. Since ECPs are more effective the sooner they are taken after an unprotected sex, providing ECPs over the counter could help women maximize their effectiveness. The Women's Capital Corporation, which markets Plan B, the progestin-only dedicated ECP, is developing an application to take the drug over the counter. French Abstract: Le Projet des Technologies de la Santé Reproductive s'active à déposer une pétition publique en vue de mettre en vente libre les pilules contraceptives d'urgence (PCU). Le mouvement a été soutenu par l'Association Médicale Américaine (AMA) pour demander au gouvernement Américain de considérer la résolution. L'engagement de l'AMA à rendre disponibles les PCU, sans prescription, est clairement significatif et devrait aider le public et les décideurs à comprendre combien les PCU sont réellement sures. Cela, dans la mesure où les PCU sont plus efficaces quand elles sont prises juste après un rapport sexuel sans protection, et la vente libre des PCU pourrait aider les femmes à maximiser leur protection. La Women's Capital Corporation qui commercialise Plan B, La PCU à la seule progestérone, développe une application pour la vente libre du produit. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 155163 |
| 29. Title: Emergency contraception, safety net institutions on APHA agenda. Source: NATION'S HEALTH. 2001 Apr;:2. Abstract: The American Public Health Association (APHA) has joined the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy and more than 60 other organizations in petitioning the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to make the emergency contraceptive pill available without a prescription. Proponents argue that such availability would reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies that end in abortion. Because they inhibit ovulation, fertilization, or implantation, emergency contraceptives are not abortifacients. The FDA has approved two emergency contraceptive regimens for use in the US. Because they must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex, requiring a prescription can prevent a woman's access to them. Also, the APHA signed on to a joint letter to President Bush asking for a fiscal 2002 budget proposal to restore Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program benefits for immigrant children and pregnant women who are legally in the US. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | USFDA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | IMMIGRANTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 156410 |
| 30. Title: GPs and pharmacists agree about emergency contraception. Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2001 Apr;27(2):113. Abstract: The decision to make the emergency contraception (EC) available without prescription to girls aged 16 and over has received a cautious welcome by both general practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists, according to new findings released by Taylor Nelson Sofres Healthcare. Over half of the UK's GPs (53%) and almost 6 out of 10 pharmacists (57%) are in favor of the introduction. Both parties feel that the benefits outweigh any concerns there may be about availability. Pharmacists in favor feel that it will help to prevent unwanted pregnancies, particularly as pharmacies are more accessible and immediate than GPs' surgeries. Among those pharmacists who disagree, some are concerned that proper consultations and close monitoring of patients will not be implemented throughout the pharmacy, and that pharmacists should have more training. Echoing this, some 43% of GPs feel that pharmacists are not sufficiently trained to supply EC. The main concern of both parties is that the real issues of teenage pregnancies still need to be addressed. (full text) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PHARMACISTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 158776 |
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