| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Marital and reproductive behavior in Italy after 1995: bridging the gap with Western Europe? Author: Castiglioni M; Dalla Zuanna G Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):1-26. Abstract: Despite a delay of 20-25 years, when it comes to cohabitation, Italy has now begun to resemble other Western countries. In addition, the increase in legal separations has accelerated since 1995, although their number still remains far from that observed in countries such as the USA, the UK, and France. Finally, Italy's fertility decline has come to a halt: the cohort of women born in the early 1970s will likely have the same TFR as those born in the mid-1960s (around 1.55). Moreover, in the Centre-North areas, period TFR rose from 1.1 in 1995 to 1.35 children per woman 10 years later. The territorial diffusion of cohabitation, legal separation, out-of-wedlock births, and fertility recovery overlaps closely with that of the decline in births during the first half of the twentieth century. A similar geographical pattern has been observed for the diffusion of school enrolment, industrialization, secularization, and (during the last 20 years) foreign immigration. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEPARATION | MARRIAGE | FERTILITY CHANGES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331294 |
2.  Title: Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07. Author: Swaziland. Central Statistical Office; Macro International. MEASURE DHS Source: Mbabane, Swaziland, Central Statistical Office, 2008 May. [506] p. Abstract: This detailed report presents the major findings of the 2006-07 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (2006-07 SDHS). The 2006-07 SDHS is the first survey of its kind to be undertaken in Swaziland. It was a nationwide survey aimed at generating estimates at the country level, regional level, and for urban and rural areas. The survey was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and implemented by the Central Statistical Office. Fieldwork was carried out between July 2006 and March 2007. The primary objective of the 2006-07 SDHS was to collect up-to-date information for policymakers, planners, researchers, and programme managers that would provide guidance in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population and health programmes in Swaziland. Specifically, the 2006-07 SDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood and maternal mortality, care and protection of youth, and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, it collected information on malaria, the use of mosquito nets, and the prevalence of HIV in the population age two years and above. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AWARENESS | BREASTFEEDING | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HIV | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | MALARIA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Parasitic Diseases Document Number: 327506 |
| 3. Title: World fertility patterns 2007. [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Jan. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/269) Abstract: The last decades of the twentieth century witnessed a major transformation in world fertility: total fertility fell from an average of 4.5 children per woman in 1970-1975 to 2.6 children per woman in 2000-2005. This change was driven mostly by developing countries whose fertility dropped by nearly half (from 5.4 to 2.9 children per woman) with the decline being less marked among the least developed countries where fertility remains high (their average fertility declined from 6.6 children per woman in 1970-1975 to 5.0 in 2000-2005). This chart presents some of the data available to assess the change in fertility taking place in the countries of the world. For each of the 195 countries or areas with at least 100,000 inhabitants in 2007, it displays available unadjusted data on total fertility, age-specific fertility and the mean age at childbearing for two points in time: the first as close as possible to 1970 and the second as close as possible to 2005. Data on total fertility for the world as a whole, the development groups and major areas are estimates referring to 1970-1975 and 2000-2005 derived from the 2006 Revision of World Population Prospects. The chart thus presents regional estimates of fertility change and part of the basic data underlying those estimates. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | UN | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326616 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Population policy implementation in Nigeria, 1988-2003. Author: Adegbola O Source: Population Review. 2008;47(1):[48] p. Abstract: The first Nigerian Population Policy was written in 1988 to reduce population growth as a collaboration between the Federal Ministry of Health and the World Bank. Whether this policy was successful is in contention. Some schools of thought argue that it was unsuccessful due to cultural, religious and financial factors in play. However, a positive demographic change was noticed statistically after the policy was implemented. Achievement of policy goals was limited due to flaws in the implementation strategy adopted for the National Population Program as well as due to a cultural aversion to family planning in Northern Nigeria, among other factors. The success of the policy was greatest in Southern Nigeria where social advancement also played an integral role. This paper shows that the attitudes towards population growth differ between these two very important regions of one country. This paper also addresses, in great detail, the obstacles to the implementation of the 1988 policy, and analyzes why the policy was successful in a part of the country, but not in another. With a new Population Policy having been implemented in 2006, identifying the problems of the 1988 program implementation has limited value unless the learned lessons result in a greater determination by the upper echelons of government, the bureaucracy and the political class in the nation to reprogram efforts for the future. While the Federal Government has recently instituted reform agenda that cover economic, social and administrative reforms, the population sector, together with the political governance that will address the role of population size in allocation of resources and power, needs to be included in the reform agenda. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | OBSTACLES | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | FERTILITY CHANGES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 327571 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproduction in upheaval: Ethnic-specific fertility responses to societal turbulence in Kazakhstan. Author: Agadjanian V; Dommaraju P; Glick JE Source: Population Studies. 2008 Jul;62(2):211-233. Abstract: This study contributes to the literature on demographic adjustments to societal crises by examining ethnic-specific probabilities of having first, second, and third marital births in late-twentieth-century Kazakhstan. Discrete-time logit models, employing data from the 1995 and 1999 Kazakhstan Demographic and Health Surveys, are fitted. The results show that the probability of a first birth responded to societal cataclysms of the post-Soviet transition, but this response was most manifest and enduring in the ethnic group that had been most demographically advanced and that also found itself most politically and economically vulnerable. While ethnic differences in the probabilities of second and third births were generally more pronounced than in the probability of first birth, the pace of their post-Soviet decline was relatively uniform across all ethnic groups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KAZAKHSTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | ETHNIC GROUPS | FIRST BIRTH | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Birth Intervals Document Number: 327527 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Migration, fertility, and aging in stable populations. Author: Alho JM Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):641-650. Abstract: Fertility is below replacement level in all European countries, and population growth is expected to decline in the coming decades. Increasing life expectancy will accentuate concomitant aging of the population. Migration has been seen as a possible means to decelerate aging. In this article, I introduce a stable, open-population model in which cohort net migration is proportional to births. In this case, the migration-fertility trade-off can be studied with particular ease. I show that although migration can increase the growth rate, which tends to make the age distribution younger, it also has an opposite effect because of its typical age pattern. I capture the effect of the age pattern of net migration in a migration-survivor function. The effect of net migration on growth is quantified with data from 17 European countries. I show that some countries already have a level of migration that will lead to stationarity. For other countries with asymptotically declining population, migration still provides opportunities for slowing down aging of the population as a whole. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | MIGRATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | AGE FACTORS | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327986 |
| 7. Title: Fertility transitions in developing countries: Progress or stagnation? Author: Bongaarts J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 7) Abstract: Over the past quarter century fertility has declined rapidly in many developing countries. Projections typically assume that this trend will continue until the replacement level is reached. However, recent evidence suggests that ongoing fertility declines may have slowed or stalled in a number of countries in transition. This study examines the pace of fertility change in developing countries that have multiple DHS surveys to determine whether ongoing transitions are decelerating or stalling. The main findings are that in sub-Saharan African countries, the average pace of decline in fertility is lower around 2000 than in the mid-1990s, and more than half the countries in transition in this region have stalled. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 325415 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility transitions in developing countries: Progress or stagnation? Author: Bongaarts J Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Jun;39(2):105-110. Abstract: Over the past quarter-century, fertility has declined rapidly in many developing countries. Projections typically assume that this trend will continue until replacement level is reached. Recent evidence suggests, however, that ongoing fertility declines may have slowed or stalled in a number of countries in transition. This study examines the pace of fertility change in developing countries that have multiple Demographic and Health Surveys to determine whether ongoing transitions are decelerating or stalling. The main findings are that in sub-Saharan African countries, the average pace of decline in fertility was lower around 2000 than in the mid-1990s and that more than half the countries in transition in this region have stalled. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Document Number: 326905 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards smaller family size in Egypt, Morocco and Turkey: Overall change over time or socio-economic compositional effect? Author: D'Addato AV; Vignoli D; Yavuz S Source: Population Review. 2008;47(1):[14] p. Abstract: The whole region of the South and East Mediterranean exhibits a profound fertility transition with marked differences in the pace of fertility declines among the countries. The authors choose three representative countries: Egypt, Morocco and Turkey. Determinants of the propensity towards smaller family size are investigated as scrutinizing the development in the pattern of third births, which represents the critical step in the transitional process for these countries. The authors are particularly interested in verifying whether the decline of higher-order births is significantly driven by an overall societal change over time or by compositional change over different socio-economic segments of the female population. Evidence is found that overall societal changes have mainly driven the decline in large family size, though, to a much lesser extent, compositional changes are important too. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | MOROCCO | TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL CHANGE | BIRTH LIMITING | BIRTH SPACING | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Document Number: 327572 |
| 10. Title: Population and development issues of Viet Nam. Author: Dang Nguyen Anh Source: Vietnam Population News. 2008 Nov-Dec;49:2-5. Abstract: As the fertility rate of Viet Nam keeps declining, the population is having changes in terms of size, structure and distribution. Viet Nam is moving from a young to old population country within the next 15 - 20 years. This will pose new challenges to chare and social security to the elderly. With an aim to sustain the replacement level fertility the population and family planning work is of great importance. Communication, counselling and provision of reproductive health services including family planning and STI, HIV, AIDS services, particularly to young persons, newly-wed couples, migrants and labourers should be strengthened together with continuation of contraceptive method mix and channels. Budget allocation should give priority to areas with high-fertility level and rapid population growth. In areas with a large number of migrants, a support fund is needed to meet migrants' needs. Apart from the above issues, international migration, climate and environment change and consequences in Viet Nam have not paid with due concern and comprehensive study. In the context of low fertility level, new and complicated population issues will emerge. Determinant factors affecting the country's population processes must be well understood and interpreted. At present, there has no a comprehensive population register for policy making, planning and management. Applied and operation research on population based on good data and methodologies should be carried out to formulate effective population policies. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | POPULATION SIZE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY RATE | MIGRATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 331299 |
| 11. Title: Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Author: de Sherbinin A; VanWey LK; McSweeney K; Aggarwal R; Babbieri A Source: Global Environmental Change. 2008 Feb;18(1):38-53. Abstract: This paper reviews and synthesizes findings from scholarly work on linkages among rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Using the livelihood approach as an organizing framework, we examine evidence on the multiple pathways linking environmental variables and the following demographic variables: fertility, migration, morbidity and mortality, and lifecycles. Although the review draws on studies from the entire developing world, we find the majority of microlevel studies have been conducted in either marginal (mountainous or arid) or frontier environments, especially Amazonia. Though the linkages are mediated by many complex and often context-specific factors, there is strong evidence that dependence on natural resources intensifies when households lose human and social capital through adult morbidity and mortality, and qualified evidence for the influence of environmental factors on household decision-making regarding fertility and migration. Two decades of research on lifecycles and land cover change at the farm level have yielded a number of insights about how households make use of different land-use and natural resource management strategies at different stages. A thread running throughout the review is the importance of managing risk through livelihood diversification, ensuring future income security, and culture-specific norms regarding appropriate and desirable activities and demographic responses. Recommendations for future research are provided. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | LIVELIHOOD | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENT | FERTILITY CHANGES | MIGRATION | MORBIDITY | MORTALITY | NATURAL RESOURCES | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Resources | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Diseases Document Number: 325787 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Spain: Short on children and short on family policies. Author: Delgado M; Meil G; Zamora Lopez F Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(27):1059-1104. Abstract: Spain's total fertility rate has more than halved since 1975, when it was 2.8, to the present 1.3 (the lowest rate on record, 1.2, was reached in 1995). At the same time, the mean age at first childbirth has grown continually, seriously hindering any sustained recovery of fertility. Cohort fertility, in turn, has declined uninterruptedly since the 1941 cohort, and according to all estimates, this will drop to 1.6 for women born in the 1960s. A downturn in nuptiality, which has not been offset by a rise in consensual unions, along with the prevalence of contraceptives and abortion, have contributed substantially to falling fertility. Underlying this decrease is the profound cultural, social, and economic change that has raised the perceived costs of leaving the parental home and having children. The lack of any explicit family policy or transfers to compensate for such costs has reinforced that perception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION | PREVALENCE | SOCIAL CHANGE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY POLICY | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327673 Notification |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Global demographic convergence? A reconsideration of changing intercountry inequality in fertility. Author: Dorius SF Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Sep;34(3):519-537. Abstract: This research challenges the notion that the second half of the twentieth century was a period of global demographic convergence. To be sure, fertility rates fell substantially during the period, but with considerable un-evenness. The declines in total fertility across population-weighted countries were sufficiently disproportionate that intercountry fertility inequality, estimated using standard measures of inequality, did not begin to decline until at least 1995. Regression analysis also shows that only very recently did lagging countries begin to catch up with countries that began the transition to low fertility earlier. Contrary to findings on changing intercountry health inequality, sub-Saharan Africa has had a greater impact on changes in fertility inequality than China. The trend in fertility inequality, where convergence is a relatively new phenomenon, stands in contrast to trends in inequality in other domains, such as income, education, and health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 328099 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility declines have stalled in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Doskoch P Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Sep;34(3):149-150. Abstract: During the past four decades, the total fertility rate (TFR) in the developing world has fallen by about half, from around six births per woman to about three. However, a new analysis suggests that in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, the transition from high to low fertility has stalled. In two-thirds of countries in the region, there was no meaningful change in the TFR during the interval between the two most recent Demographic and Health Surveys. In contrast, fertility has continued to decline in Latin America, Asia and North Africa. The study used data from 40 developing countries for which multiple Demographic and Health Surveys have been conducted since 1991. The key measures of interest were the TFR in the three years before a given survey, and the absolute rate of fertility decline per year between surveys. On average, the most recent survey for the 40 countries (22 in Sub-Saharan Africa, 11 in Asia and North Africa and seven in Latin America) was conducted in 2003, and the previous survey in 1997. For 29 of the countries, data from three surveys were available; on average, these surveys were conducted in 1992, 1998 and 2004. The former Soviet republics were omitted from the study because of their "unique demographic and political history," and Eritrea because the results of its 1999 survey were affected by the country's war with Ethiopia. In addition, surveys conducted in 1999 in the Dominican Republic and Nigeria were omitted because of a small sample size and underreporting of events, respectively; however, surveys conducted in other years were used for those countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Document Number: 322644 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 1: Fertility in Europe: Diverse, delayed and below replacement. Author: Frejka T; Sobotka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(3):15-46. Abstract: Early in the 21st century, three-quarters of Europe's population lived in countries with fertility considerably below replacement. This general conclusion is arrived at irrespective of whether period or cohort fertility measures are used. In Western and Northern Europe, fertility quantum was slightly below replacement. In Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, fertility quantum as measured by the period total fertility rate (TFR) and its tempo-adjusted version was markedly below replacement; in many countries it was around 1.5, and in some populations it was as low as 1.3 to 1.4 births per woman. Throughout Europe, a historic transformation of childbearing patterns characterised by a pronounced delay of entry into parenthood has been taking place. This secular trend towards later childbearing has greatly contributed to the decline and fluctuations in period fertility rates. Delayed births were being recuperated, especially among childless women, but the extent of recuperation differs by country andregion. All in all, despite a recent upward trend in the period TFR, European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest point since the Second World War. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 327713 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 3: Birth regulation in Europe: Completing the contraceptive revolution. Author: Frejka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(5):73-84. Abstract: Early in the 21st century modern contraception -- primarily hormonal methods, advanced IUDs, sterilization and condoms -- has become the main instrument of birth regulation in Northern and Western Europe and gaining ground in Southern Europe and the formerly state socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Legal induced abortion use, which was highly prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe, has been declining since the demise of authoritarian regimes around 1990. Nonetheless, abortions are still used in countries of the former Soviet Union and the Balkans, where the "abortion culture" had been deeply ingrained. Liberal abortion legislation, modern induced abortion technology, and modern contraceptives, have enhanced women's health, been instrumental in childbearing postponement, have been a factor in changing partnership relations, and in the evolution of values regarding sexuality, reproduction, and childbearing, but they have not been a principal cause of contemporary low fertility. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is emerging and having a slight positive impact on fertility in some countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | FERTILITY CHANGES | Developed Countries | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327715 Notification |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Summary and general conclusions: Childbearing trends and policies in Europe. Author: Frejka T; Sobotka T; Toulemon L; Hoem JM Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(2):5-14. Abstract: European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest level since the Second World War. This study explores contemporary childbearing trends and policies in Europe, and gives detailed attention to the past two or three decades. We felt motivated to undertake this project because in many European countries, as well as for the European Union as a whole, the overall fertility level and its consequences are of grave concern and draw attention on the political stage. Our account focuses somewhat more on the previously state socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, where available knowledge about the impact on childbearing of the momentous political and economic transition that started in 1989 remains relatively scarce. As family formation and childbearing behaviour are inherent components of societal life, they were influenced and modified by the various political, economic, and social changes that took place in Europe during the past 60 years. There were also profound changes in norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes regarding family and childbearing, and these exerted additional effects on fertility and family trends. To identify such effects, this study pays much attention to the influence of social and family policies on fertility, to the influence of political and economic changes on fertility and family trends, and to the diverse ways changes in values, norms, and attitudes relate to the transformation in family-related behaviour in Europe. In the present chapter, we outline main issues discussed in the subsequent overview chapters, and summarize the main findings of the entire study. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Policy Document Number: 327712 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Twenty years' demographic change in sedentes and migrants of an international migrant-sending community in Tonga. Author: Fukuyama S; Watanabe C; Umezaki M; Ohtsuka R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:1-11. Abstract: In the Kingdom of Tonga, migration to overseas developed countries has prevailed. To elucidate the effects of migration on population dynamics, an interview survey was conducted in the migrant-sending community of Kolovai, in the outer region of Tongatapu Island. All births, deaths, marriages and in- and out-migrations that took place between 1983 and 2002 were recorded for all members of the 'Kolovai population', consisting of persons who had lived in this community for at least a one-year period during this 20 years. The 'Kolovai population' members, numbering 1184 (564 males and 620 females), were divided into three groups based on residence at the end of each year, i.e. Kolovai (called KK), other places in Tonga (KT) or overseas countries (KO). The KK population decreased from 774 in 1982 to 570 in 2002, owing mostly to an increase of 167 persons as the natural balance and a decrease of 324 persons as the balance of international migration. Comparison of total fertility rate (TFR) between KK and KO women revealed that the mean TFR of the former decreased from 3.460 in the earlier 10-year period (1983-1992) to 2.240 in the later 10-year period (1993-2002), while that of the latter was more than 3.5 in both 10-year periods. This difference was largely due to the decrease in the proportion married among KK women. If the current trends of international migration and fertility continue, the population of Kolovai will be reduced and its age composition will become cylinder-shaped in the near future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TONGA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | FERTILITY CHANGES | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 327010 |
| 19. Title: Fertility changes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Garenne MM Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Sep. 43 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Comparative Reports No. 18) Abstract: This report provides an overview of major fertility trends in sub-Saharan Africa in the second half of the 20th century. It also presents the proximate determinants (factors that have a direct mechanical effect on fertility levels) and the socioeconomic correlates of these trends. Cohort and period fertility trends were constructed using World Fertility Survey (WFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data sets for 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Cohort trends were derived from WFS and DHS data for some of the factors that affected fertility change: infertility, age at first marriage, education level, proportion Muslim, proportion Christian, proportion living in a polygynous union, and nutritional status. Period trends were derived for urbanization and income per capita from other sources. Cohort fertility was higher among women born in 1950 than in those born in 1930 but tended to decline in women born in later years. Changes in cohort fertility levels were small, on average. The mean number of children ever born to a woman by age 40 increased from 5.9 in women born in 1930 to 6.2 in women born in 1950 and decreased to 5.6 in women born in 1970. In most cases, the increase in cohort fertility was apparently due to a decline in infertility and, to a lesser extent, decreasing age at first marriage, which was associated with the spread of monotheist religions in the first half of the 20th century. Nutritional status did not have any identifiable impact on cohort fertility. Like cohort fertility, period fertility tended to rise from 1950 to 1975 and then fall until 2000 or later. On average, for the countries investigated, the total fertility rate at age 40 increased from 5.3 children per woman in 1950 to 6.2 in 1975, then declined to 4.9 in 2000. The decline in period fertility appeared to be due primarily to increasing contraceptive use and, to a lesser extent, rising age at first marriage and increasing urbanization. A regression model of the explanatory variables indicated that 37 percent of the decline was attributable to increased contraceptive use, 24 percent to decreased age at first marriage, and 16 percent to increased urbanization. These three variables correlated with level of education and, to a lesser extent, income per capita. The dynamics of the fertility decline were different in urban and rural areas. On average for the countries investigated, the trends in urban and rural areas started to split in approximately 1960. The date of onset of the fertility decline varied greatly by region and country, ranging from the early 1960s in the first urban areas to the late 1990s in the last rural areas. A few rural communities had not started the transition at the time covered by the last available survey. The speed of the fertility decline, approximately 1 child per decade, also varied markedly among countries, from 1.5 children per decade to less than 0.5 children per decade. In addition, a stall in fertility decline occurred in six of the countries investigated (Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar [urban areas], Nigeria, Rwanda-rural, Tanzania [rural areas]); in five of these countries, this stall occurred in 1995-2005. The pattern of the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa did not appear to be very different from that of many other countries in the world. However, the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa seems to have been somewhat more influenced by changing nuptiality patterns than elsewhere, and its relationship with socioeconomic correlates was somewhat less influenced by income levels and trends than other countries. The appendices present a detailed analysis of fertility trends by country, with information on trends in urban and rural areas, premarital and marital fertility, and periods of monotonic changes. Key Words: Fertility transition, fertility decline, fertility increase, fertility stall, infertility, contraception, age at marriage, proximate determinants, socioeconomic correlates, sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY CHANGES | INFERTILITY | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGION | POLYGYNY | NUTRITION INDEXES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Comparative Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 329999 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change. Author: Gjonca A; Aassve A; Mencarini L Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(11):261-292. Special Collection 7: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe. Abstract: For a very long time, Albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in Europe: in 2002 the total fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman was the highest in Europe. Although this current level is high, the country has experienced a rapid fertility reduction during the last 50 years: a TFR decline from 7 to 2.2. This reduction has occurred in the absence of modern contraception and abortion, which indicates the significance of investments in the social agenda during the communist regime that produced policies with indirect effects on fertility. Most significant of these were policies focused on education, in particular on female education. Social and demographic settings for a further fertility reduction in Albania have been present since 1990. Contraception and abortion have been legalized and available since the early 1990s, but knowledge of their use is still not widespread in the country, largely due to the interplay between traditional and modern norms of Albanian society. This chapter points out that future fertility levels will be determined not only by new policies that might be introduced, but predominantly by the balance of this interplay. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POPULATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327530 |
| 21. Title: Determinants of family size in a Gulf Arab state: a comparison between two areas. Author: Hamadeh RR; Al-Roomi K; Masuadi E Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 2008 Sep;128(5):226-32. Abstract: AIMS: The rapid economic transition in the Gulf Arab countries has resulted in marked changes in fertility and marriage patterns and a decrease in the number of children per family. Yet little is known about the determinants of family size in urban and less urban areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 450 Kuwaiti women aged 20-60 years who attended health care centres in Al Asima and Al Jahra governorates. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interview which included variables on socio-demographic characteristics, family size, actual and ideal spacing, marriage related variables, health conditions and utilization of health services. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors that affect family size. RESULTS: The socio-economic indicators were significantly better in Al Asima, the capital, than in Al Jahra, a less urbanized area. On average, family size for the total sample was 5.97 +/- 0.114 with a larger size (6.27 +/- 0.242) in Al Jahra than in Al Asima (5.80 +/- 0.118) but without a significant difference. Al Jahra women reported a larger number of deliveries and past pregnancies but a lower usage of contraceptive measures. The total fertility rate was 3.65 in Al Asima, 3.84 in Al Jahra and 3.71 births per woman in the total population. Family size was inversely related to the educational level of women and their husbands. Currently employed women had a smaller family size (5.22 +/- 0.119) than the unemployed (6.81 +/- 0.187); p < 0.0005. Health problems in the interviewee or her husband played a minor role in the decision to have more children. Families where the husband was the decision-maker on the number of children had a significantly larger family size (6.91 +/- 0.451) than families where the couple both participated in the decision (5.83 +/- 0.129; p = 0.032). The duration of marriage, ideal number of children, age of women at last delivery, number of rooms and the crowding index had significant positive effects on family size, whereas age at first delivery, duration between two consecutive pregnancies and history of past abortions were inversely related to family size in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although women in the less urbanized areas in the Gulf Arab populations are more disadvantaged with respect to socio-economic characteristics than women in the more urbanized areas, there were no significant differences in family size in these contrasting communities. The impact of socio-demographic characteristics on family size was minor compared to factors related to fertility and the husband's desire to have more children. Fertility and family planning policies should consider these issues in order to promote more effective programmes. Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | RESPONDENTS | FAMILY SIZE | BIRTH SPACING | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY CHANGES | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Marriage | Nuptiality | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 328680 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes? Author: Kotowska I; Jozwiak J; Matysiak A; Baranowska A Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(22):795-854. Abstract: This article opens with a review of the main trends in family-related behaviour, i.e. fertility decline and changes in fertility patterns, a decreasing propensity to marry, postponement of marriage, and a slowly increasing frequency of divorces and separations. The analysis takes into account urban and rural differences. We then aim to identify the main determinants of family changes within the general conceptual framework of the Second Democratic Transition (SDT) in Poland. However, contrary to mainstream interpretations of the SDT, the main emphasis of this study is on the structural components of change, which need to be reformulated to account for processes specific to the transition to a market economy. The focus is, therefore, on labour market developments and family policy, and to a lesser extent on ideational change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | ILLEGITIMACY | CONSENSUAL UNION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | LABOR FORCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD CARE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 327729 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Bulgaria: Ethnic differentials in rapidly declining fertility. Author: Koytcheva E; Philipov D Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(13):361-402. Abstract: This chapter provides a detailed description of the fertility changes in Bulgaria during recent decades and discusses possible reasons and consequences. It also gives an overview of the steps that the government has undertaken to offset the considerable decline in fertility. Before the fall of communism, fertility trends in Bulgaria were stable and characterized by a nearly universal entry into parenthood, dominance of a two-child family model, an early start and early end of childbearing, stable mean ages at entry into childbearing and marriage, and low percentages of non-marital births. During the 1990s and in the first years of the new century, we observe a marked, rapid change in fertility behaviour. Together with the severe decline in overall fertility rates, demographic data reveal a significant postponement of entry into motherhood and marriage, a decline of the two-child family model, and an emergence of new family forms. Most research attributes these changes to the particular political and social situation in Bulgaria since 1989. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | DIVORCE | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATION | PUBLIC OPINION | FAMILY POLICY | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | GOVERNMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Pronatalist Policy | Population Policy Document Number: 327721 Notification |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Romania: Childbearing metamorphosis within a changing context. Author: Muresan C; Haragus PT; Haragus M; Schroder C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(23):855-906. Abstract: In 1989, the socialist regime in Romania collapsed and the state's coercive pro-natalist policy ended. Since then, fertility has gone through major changes, namely, a massive reduction in fertility and important structural changes: birth postponement, an end to universal childbearing, and the emergence of non-marital births. Family formation has been postponed, but a pattern of early marriage still persists compared to other European countries. Although unmarried cohabitation is rising, it is rarely seen as an alternative to marriage. Modern contraceptive methods are being used increasingly, but traditional contraceptive methods continue to be widespread. Abortion, which was relegalized in 1989 and made available after two decades of prohibition, has been practiced extensively ever since, especially after first birth. Romanians in 2004 continue to have a universal preference for parenting. However, the preference for the two-child family has declined and the desire for a larger family has become the exception. The transformation of the socialist regime into a democratic society with a market economy generated a socio-economic crisis, and the majority of social benefits have therefore been oriented towards alleviating poverty. Other social policies, including those affecting the family, were redefined. However, fewer funds were made available than for those geared to promote economic development or reduce poverty and, as a consequence, their impact on childbearing has been small. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ROMANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH INTERVALS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 327662 Notification |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Sweden: Combining childbearing and gender equality. Author: Olah LS; Bernhardt EM Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(28):1105-1144. Abstract: Sweden is the forerunner of the Second Demographic Transition. Fertility trends have fluctuated greatly since the 1960s, and the 1990s showed both European-highest and lowest-ever-in-Sweden levels, while the cohort pattern has been relatively stable. Period fluctuations have been accompanied by a postponement of entering committed partnerships and parenthood as well as an increasing instability of family relationships. The awareness and the availability of effective contraceptives have been extensive since the mid-1970s, the year the liberal abortion law was introduced. Post-modern values are dominant in this highly secularized society, but ideal family size is among the highest in the European Union, and childlessness has remained at a relatively low level. Ethnic diversification has increased over time, with about one-fifth of the population having a 'foreign background' in the early 2000s. The level of female labor-force participation is the highest in Europe (although mothers of preschoolers often work part-time), and young women are just as highly educated as men. Family policies, based on the principle of equality across social groups and gender, seem to play an important role in keeping fertility relatively high. In combination with other factors, family policies also play a role in the fluctuations of fertility rates, as eligibility to parental-leave and benefits as well as the availability of public childcare are linked to parents' labor-force attachment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY POLICY | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 327674 Notification |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Intergenerational fertility among Hispanic women: New evidence of immigrant assimilation. Author: Parrado EA; Morgan SP Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):651-671. Abstract: In recent decades, rapid growth of the U.S. Hispanic population has raised concerns about immigrant adaptation, including fertility. Empirical research suggests that Hispanics, especially Mexicans, might not be following the historical European pattern of rapid intergenerational fertility decline (and convergence toward native levels). If confirmed, continued high Hispanic fertility could indicate a broader lack of assimilation into mainstream American society. In this paper, we reexamine the issue of Hispanic and Mexican fertility using an approach that combines biological and immigrant generations to more closely approximate a comparison of immigrant women with those of their daughters' and granddaughters' generation. Contrary to cross-sectional results, our new analyses show that Hispanic and Mexican fertility is converging with that of whites, and that it is similarly responsive to period conditions and to women's level of education. In addition, we employ a mathematical simulation to illustrate the conditions under which cross-sectional analyses can produce misleading results. Finally, we discuss the import of the fertility convergence we document for debates about immigrant assimilation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | FERTILITY RATE | GENERATIONS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | ACCULTURATION | WOMEN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change Document Number: 327988 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Slovakia: Fertility between tradition and modernity. Author: Potancokova M; Vano B; Pilinska V; Jurcova D Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(25):973-1018. Abstract: In the last 60 years, Slovakia has experienced comparatively high and most recently very low fertility, long periods of stable fertility alternating with periods of changes, periods of substantial as well as lesser state interventions. Fertility was above replacement in 1990 and declined to the lowest-low levels during the period of transformation. Postponement of life course transitions -leaving the parental home, marrying and becoming a parent -became widespread among younger cohorts after 1990. High unemployment of young adults, increasing economy-driven migration and problems to gain a stable job contribute to this phenomenon. Reproductive behavior is changing, yet Slovak society remains culturally conservative. The dominant form of partnership is marriage, although extra-marital childbearing is rising. Cohabitation is spreading mainly as a prelude to marriage but is not widely approved. Population measures have a long tradition, although 15 years after regime change their nature is very different than that of the state socialist era. Considerable attention was and is being paid to population problems, however, the government has not designed and implemented a comprehensive system of family and population policies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SLOVAKIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327550 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploratory analysis of spatial patterns in Brazil's fertility transition. Author: Schmertmann CP; Potter JE; Cavenaghi SM Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2008 Feb;27(1):1-15. Abstract: We use census data to investigate fertility change across more than 500 Brazilian microregions during 1970-2000, before and after controlling for local covariates. We use semivariograms to analyze spatial patterns, in order to investigate the importance of diffusion or social interaction in the spread of fertility transition across a map. Our analysis shows that spatial patterns in Brazilian fertility change are strongly related to spatial patterns in measurable local conditions such as electrification, child mortality, and female education. Differences in local conditions are particularly good at explaining spatial correlations at distances greater than 500km. At shorter distances, there remains some unexplained spatial correlation in fertility change that could be attributed to diffusion or social interaction. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL CHANGE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 323787 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences. Author: Sigle-Rushton W Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502. Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327723 Notification |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility trends by social status. Author: Skirbekk V Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar;18(5):145-180. Abstract: This article discusses how fertility relates to social status with the use of a new dataset, several times larger than the ones used so far. The status-fertility relation is investigated over several centuries, across world regions and by the type of status-measure. The study reveals that as fertility declines, there is a general shift from a positive to a negative or neutral status-fertility relation. Those with high income/wealth or high occupation/social class switch from having relatively many to fewer or the same number of children as others. Education, however, depresses fertility for as long as this relation is observed (from early in the 20th century). (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325783 |
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