1.  Title: The use of home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food to treat malnutrition in a rural area during a food crisis. Author: Amthor RE; Cole SM; Manary MJ Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009 Mar;109(3):464-7. Abstract: When the international community declared a famine in Malawi in January of 2006, emergency food aid reached only populations with pre-existing health care services. To treat the widespread childhood malnutrition in Machinga district, a rural area lacking health care facilities, in February 2006 five outpatient therapeutic programs were implemented that utilized home-based therapy and ready-to-use therapeutic food. Children with severe malnutrition, defined as the presence of edema and/or a weight-for-height less than 70% of the reference standard, were enrolled in the program. Two senior clinical nurses trained village health aides in each of the five communities. Children visited the health aides biweekly. During the visits, health aides collected demographic and anthropometric information and distributed a 2-week supply of ready-to-use therapeutic food, providing 175 kcal/kg/d. Treatment continued for 8 weeks; children were discharged before 8 weeks if they reached a weight-for-height more than 100% of the reference standard, or required admission to the hospital due to systemic infection or recurrence of edema. Of the 826 children enrolled, 775 (93.7%) recovered, 13 (1.8%) remained malnourished, 30 (3.6%) defaulted, and 8 (0.9%) died. Mean weight gained was 2.7+/-3.7 g/kg/d, height gained 0.3+/-0.9 mm/d, and mid-upper arm circumference gained 0.2+/-0.3 mm/d. Home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food administered by village health aides is an effective approach to treating malnutrition during food crises in areas lacking health services. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | FAMINE | FOOD SECURITY | NUTRITION DISORDERS | ANTHROPOMETRY | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | HOME CARE | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 330803 |
| 2. Title: The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis. Author: Hampshire K; Casiday R; Kilpatrick K; Panter-Brick C Source: Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51. Abstract: In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security. Language: English Keywords: NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | DECENTRALIZATION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD CARE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Political Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing Document Number: 331289 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: DOES FAMINE HAVE A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON COHORT MORTALITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE 1959-1961 GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAMINE IN CHINA. Author: Song S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 23;41:469-491. Abstract: SummaryUsing retrospective individual mortality records of three cohorts of newborns (1954-1958, 1959-1962 and 1963-1967) from a large national fertility survey conducted in 1988 in China, this paper examines the effect of being conceived or born during the 1959-1961 Great Leap Forward Famine on postnatal mortality. The results show strong evidence of a short-term (period) effect of the famine, caused directly by starvation or severe malnutrition during the period of the famine. After controlling for period mortality fluctuation, however, the famine-born cohort does not show higher mortality than either the pre-famine or the post-famine cohort. Aggregate-level cross-temporal comparisons using published cohort population counts from China's 1982 Census, 1990 Census, 1995 micro-Census, 2000 Census and 2005 micro-Census lead to the same conclusion. The relevance of these new findings for the 'fetal origins' hypothesis and the selection effect hypothesis is discussed. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMINE | LONGTERM EFFECTS | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CENSUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Time Factors | Population Statistics Document Number: 341482 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Young adult and middle age mortality in Butajira demographic surveillance site, Ethiopia: lifestyle, gender and household economy. Author: Fantahun M; Berhane Y; Hogberg U; Wall S; Byass P Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jul 31;8(268):268. Abstract: Public health research characterising the course of life through the middle age in developing societies is scarce. The aim of this study is to explore patterns of adult (15-64 years) mortality in an Ethiopian population over time, by gender, urban or rural lifestyle, causes of death and in relation to household economic status and decision-making. The study was conducted in Butajira Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) in south-central Ethiopia among adults 15-64 years old. Cohort analysis of surveillance data was conducted for the years 1987-2004 complemented by a prospective case-referent (case control) study over two years. Rate ratios were computed to assess the relationships between mortality and background variables using a Poisson regression model. In the case-referent component, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were used to assess the effect of certain risk factors that were not included in the surveillance system. A total of 367 940 person years were observed in a period of 18 years,in which 2 860 deaths occurred. One hundred sixty two cases and 486 matched for age, sex and place of residence controls were included in the case referent (case control) study. Only a modest downward trend in adult mortality was seen over the 18 year period. Rural lifestyle carried a significant survival disadvantage [mortality rate ratio 1.62 (95% CI 1.44 to 1.82), adjusted for gender, period and age group], while the overall effects of gender were negligible. Communicable disease mortality was appreciably higher in rural areas [rate ratio 2.05 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.44), adjusted for gender, age group and period]. Higher mortality was associated with a lack of literacy in a household, poor economic status and lack of women's decision making. A complex pattern of adult mortality prevails, still influenced by war, famine and communicable diseases. Individual factors such as a lack of education, low economic status and social disadvantage all contribute to increased risks of mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADULTS | MORTALITY CHANGES | RISK FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | FAMINE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 327973 |
| 5. Title: Gender, famine and HIV / AIDS: Rethinking new variant famine in Malawi. Author: Gibbs A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):9-17. Abstract: Although making a large and rapid impact on our understandings of the interactions between famine and HIV/AIDS, the new variant famine hypothesis has had little critical scrutiny. This paper uses a case study of the Malawian food crisis of 2001/2002 to contribute to understandings of new variant famine (NVF). The critical approach argues that a consideration for gender - the socially constructed relationship between men and women - needs to be central to understanding the interactions between HIV/AIDS and famine, which the NVF hypothesis seeks to explain. Evidence from the Malawian crisis is highly suggestive, although not conclusive, that NVF is best understood as mediated by gender inequalities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | HOUSEHOLDS | FOOD SECURITY | GENDER ISSUES | BEHAVIOR | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | AGRICULTURE | FAMINE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 327156 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility decline driven by poverty: the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Gurmu E; Mace R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jan;:[20] p. Abstract: Demographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis Ababa (TFR=1.9) where contraceptive prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility. Detailed socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 2976 women of reproductive age (i.e. 15-49 years) residing in Addis Ababa were collected during the first quarter of 2003 using an event history calendar and individual women questionnaire. Controlling for the confounding effects of maternal birth cohort, education, marital status and accessible income level, the poor (those who have access to less than a dollar per day or 250 birr a month) were observed to elongate the timing of having first and second births, while relatively better-off women were found to have shorter birth intervals. Results were also the same among the ever-married women only model. More than 50% of women currently in their 20s are also predicted to fail to reproduce as most of the unmarried men and women are 'retreating from marriage' due to economic stress. Qualitative information collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews also supports the statistical findings that poverty is at the root of this collapse in fertility. Whilst across countries wealth and fertility have been negatively correlated, this study shows that within one uniform population the relationship is clearly positive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FOCUS GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EVER MARRIED | POVERTY | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMINE | DROUGHT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Water Supply Document Number: 308629 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Brazil's progress in achieving the millennium development goals. Author: Rondo PH Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;54(4):217-9. Abstract: The Government of Brazil has been attaching great importance to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals-(MDGs). Three National Monitoring Reports have been produced, based on detailed official data of these goals, as a partnership between the Brazilian Government and the agencies comprising the United Nations System in the country. The Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), both linked to the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management, were responsible for the selection and analysis of the indicators used, coordination of the thematic groups and consolidation of the final text of the reports. In this article, particularly, we will focus on the 1st MDG. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | POVERTY | FAMINE | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | AGRICULTURE | NUTRITION INDEXES | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Planning | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Economic Development Document Number: 328403 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Food crisis in Cambodia. Source: Lancet. 2007 Mar 31;369(9567):1056. Abstract: Cambodia is facing a food crisis. Since October, 2006, a drop in donations has forced the UN World Food Programme (WFP) to progressively reduce the number of people it can provide food assistance to in the country, which includes 70 000 people with HIV/AIDS and 18 000 people with tuberculosis. Food is important for everyone, but it can help HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis patients in several direct and indirect ways. Optimum nutrition in a digestible form can help maintain health and prevent weight loss in HIV/AIDS patients, who are at increased risk of malnutrition because of a loss of appetite, eating difficulties, malabsorption of micronutrients, and an increased metabolic rate. Food may also help mitigate the side-effects of taking drugs on an empty stomach, thereby improving adherence to treatment. According to the WFP, food aid can be an incentive for tuberculosis patients to attend health-care centres for treatment. And food, combined with medical treatment, might help improve survival of HIV/AIDSpatients. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOOD SUPPLY | FAMINE | FOREIGN AID | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | NUTRITION | METABOLIC EFFECTS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Infections | Health | Physiology | Biology | HIV Document Number: 314832 |
| 9. Title: Civil war, crop failure, and child stunting. Author: Akresh R; Verwimp P; Bundervoet T Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 33 p. Abstract: Economic shocks at birth have lasting impacts on children's health several years after the shock. We calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. We exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. We find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively impacted with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively impacted by crop failure with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviations lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | AGRICULTURE | WAR | FAMINE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | NUTRITION INDEXES | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Biology | Nutrition Document Number: 318548 |
| 10. Title: The long-term health and economic consequences of the 1959 -- 1961 famine in China. Author: Chen Y; Zhou LA Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2007 Jul 1;26(4):659-681. Abstract: This paper, using a difference-in-differences method, tries to quantify the long-term effects of China's 1959-1961 famine on the health and economic status of the survivors. We find that the great famine caused serious health and economic consequences for the survivors, especially for those in early childhood during the famine. Our estimates show that on average, in the absence of the famine, individuals of the 1959 birth cohort would have otherwise grown 3.03 cm taller in adulthood. The famine also greatly impacted the labor supply and earnings of the survivors with famine exposure during their early childhood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | FAMINE | IMPACT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PUBLIC HEALTH | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Communication | Health | Measurement Document Number: 317055 |
| 11. Title: Emergence of the Indian National Family Planning Program. Author: Harkavy O; Roy K Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :301-323. Abstract: In comparison with neighboring Pakistan and other developing countries, India's rate of population growth was not particularly high. Its overall annual rate of population increase was about 2.2 percent in 1961 and 2.5 percent in 1971, with substantial differences from region to region. Relatively high mortality, together with a high prevalence of widowhood and a cultural taboo on remarriage by widows, prevented extremely high levels of population growth. Nonetheless, more than a million people were added to India's population each month. Furthermore, 2.4 percent of the world's area, which contained about 15 percent of the world's population, accounted for a population density of 300 or more people per square kilometer. Govind Narain, Secretary of the Ministry of Health's Family Planning and Urban Development Department in the late 1960s, expressed the prevailing government outlook: "The high growth rate of this large population . . . poses tremendous socio-economic problems not only for the maintenance of minimal standards of living but also for raising them. Already a vast development by way of large increases in agricultural and industrial production has been neutralized by population growth. . . . The manifold expansion of employment, housing, educational and other facilities has been almost entirely swallowed by the fast growing population". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PRESSURE | MALTHUSIANISM | FAMINE | FOOD SUPPLY | INCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEASUREMENT | SOCIAL SCIENCES | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Theory | Demography | Science | Contraception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 321993 |
| 12. Title: Local institutions and social policy for children. Opportunities and constraints of participatory service delivery. Author: Jones N; Lyytikainen M; Mukherjee M; Reddy MG Source: [Oxford, England], University of Oxford, Young Lives, 2007 May. [39] p. Abstract: If India is to reach the Millennium Development Goals to reduce child mortality, eradicate hunger, and promote gender equality, innovative policy solutions are urgently needed as economic growth and overall poverty reduction alone will not be enough. This paper evaluates an attempt in Andhra Pradesh to improve the outreach, quality and accountability of educational, health and Early Childhood Development services by involving parents closely in their monitoring and management. Participatory Education Committees and Mothers' Committees were established in the context of a growing consensus in national and international policy circles that decentralization and community participation are critical for improved coverage, responsiveness and quality of public services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PARTICIPATION | GOALS | CHILD MORTALITY | FAMINE | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | CAPACITY BUILDING | NEEDS | INCENTIVES | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | QUALITY CONTROL | DECENTRALIZATION | MONITORING | EVALUATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Planning | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Diseases Document Number: 321123 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: [Evaluation of public policies to promote food security and the fight against hunger, 1995-2002. 3 - The Brazilian National Program to Control Vitamin A Deficiency] Avaliacao de politicas publicas de seguranca alimentar e combate a fome no periodo 1995-2002. 3 – O Programa Nacional de Controle da Deficiencia de Vitamina A. Author: Martins MC; Santos LM; dos Santos SM; Araujo MD; Lima AM Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Sep;23(9):2081-2093. Abstract: Vitamin A supplements have been distributed during National Immunization Days since 1983, and Brazil has been a pioneer in this kind of strategy. The current study evaluated the National Program from 1995 to 2002, from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research, interviews with health services managers, and a case study in 44 municipalities in Bahia State, resulting in 1,344 household interviews. In relation to structure, from 1998 on the program operated without a normative instrument due to the extinction of the National Institute of Nutrition. Improvements in the processes of vitamin supply procurement and distribution had a positive impact on coverage, reaching 3.5 million capsules in 2002 (72% coverage). For the 2,546 children studied in Bahia, vitamin A distribution was irregular, with annual coverage varying from 8% to 26%. Program managers reported time constraints and insufficient human resources, consistent with the hypothesis that this type of strategy does not help inform the population about the importance of vitamin A. These findings point to the need for systematic linkage between different levels of government in order to fully implement and monitor the program. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FAMINE | VITAMIN A | POLICY | FOOD SECURITY | HEALTH SERVICES | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | HUMAN RESOURCES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Programs | Economic Factors Document Number: 307965 |
| 14. Title: Mortality as a determinant and a consequence of poverty and hunger: policy implications. Author: Pool I Source: Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. 22 p. (CICRED Policy Paper No. 4) Abstract: Poverty and mortality are inseparable - one cannot consider poverty without addressing issues of health. Equally well, it is impossible to understand health without taking into account levels of nutrition and its attendant factors: malnutrition and extreme hunger; over-nutrition, obesity and diabetes; and the broader political-economic, environmental and agronomic questions of food and water security. This was a very important conclusion emerging from most of the papers, and, as we will show later, this has implications for the formulation and implementation of the MDGs because in their case poverty and hunger, on the one hand, have been thematically separated from health, on the other hand, they are two aspects of health specifically identified in the MDGs (child and maternal health). The connectedness comes from the fact that hunger and malnutrition are key determinants of a high prevalence of ill-health, but equally well it can be argued that nutrition (whether mal-nutrition and low caloric intake or over-nutrition and obesity, particularly because of reliance on a poorly balanced diet) and poverty are inseparable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | POVERTY | POLICY | FAMINE | POPULATION GROWTH | MORTALITY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FAMILY LIFE | MALNUTRITION | MEASUREMENT | GOALS | CHILD MORTALITY | HIV PREVENTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | EDUCATION | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Population | Family and Household | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Research Methodology | Planning | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Primary Health Care | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Women's Status Document Number: 322991 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Microfinance programs and better health: Prospects for sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Pronyk PM; Hargreaves JR; Morduch J Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007 Oct 24-31;298(16):1925-1927. Abstract: Although social gradients in morbidity and mortality from scrofula, rickets, and scarlet fever were noticed in England as early as 1845, current understanding of the relationship between poverty and ill health is still evolving. A detailed examination of the social determinants of health is the current focus of a World Health Organization Commission, and a global agenda that addresses the overlapping vulnerabilities of poverty, social exclusion, and health recently has been articulated in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) framework. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the area of the world at greatest risk of failing to meet any MDG targets. Some experts suggest that conditions of extreme deprivation characterizing much of the region create "poverty traps" that limit access to proven interventions and constrain potential gains in employment, income, food, shelter, and education, carrying dire immediate and longer-term health consequences. The interdependence of poverty, health, and development might seem obvious, but cross-sectoral experience on how and where to intervene remains limited. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FAMINE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Biology | Economic Development | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases | Women's Status | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321796 |
| 16. Title: Global monitoring report 2007. Millennium Development Goals: confronting the challenges of gender equality and fragile states. Author: Sundberg M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. [265] p. Abstract: Broad-based global economic growth in 2006, and more generally since 2000, provides grounds for optimism about progress in advancing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For low-income countries, real per capita income growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia has been stronger in the period since 2000 than at any time since the 1960s, and stronger than at any time since transition in Europe and Central Asian countries. Based on this strong growth performance, the estimated number of extremely poor people (living on $1 per day) fell by 135 million between 1999 and 2004. Although still uneven, progress with poverty reduction is evident across all regions. Sub-Saharan Africa reduced the share of people living in extreme poverty by 4.7 percentage points over five years to 41 percent, although high population growth left the same absolute number of poor, at nearly 300 million. South Asia, Latin America, and East Asia all appear to be roughly on track to halve extreme poverty by 2015 from 1990 levels. Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa have largely eliminated extreme poverty. There are also hopeful signs that international development efforts may be gaining momentum, and new innovations in resource mobilization for development are taking shape. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | POVERTY | NUTRITION | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EDUCATION | DISEASE PREVENTION | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | DEMOCRACY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MONITORING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FAMINE | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Evaluation | Food Supply | Programs Document Number: 318643 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Wasting emergency aid in Africa. Author: Wakabi W Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2007 Jan 16;176(2):161-162. Abstract: Aid organization CARE International says with 120 million Africans living "on the edge of emergency" due to hunger, donor agencies need to review their response to these emergencies, or billions of dollars of aid monies will continue being squandered. In a report issued in October, CARE projected the world will have spent $309 billion fighting emergencies in Africa by 2020 but asserted that $247 billion, spent differently, could successfully halve hunger on the continent by 2015. CARE spokesman Amber Meikle argued in an interview with CMAJ that by funnelling monies into programs that help people recover from emergencies, "we could put a stop to the emergencies altogether." The report contends that the solution lies in increased funding for, and more emphasis on, long-term development projects that help people recover from emergencies and prevent them from arising again. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | SUMMARY REPORT | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | FAMINE | Developing Countries | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 315240 |
| 18. Title: A global famine [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2006 Mar 18;367(9514):876. Abstract: Starvation is the biggest killer in the world and contributes significantly to the 10.9 million deaths annually among children aged younger than 5 years. The first Millennium Development Goal aims to halve the prevalence of hunger by 2015. Although the overall proportion of malnutrition has decreased since 1990, progress has been uneven, favouring more developed regions. The proportional reduction of malnutrition from 38% to 36% in least-developed nations has been more than offset by growth in population. Furthermore, the rate of proportional reduction has slowed in recent years to little more than 1% annually. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | FAMINE | MALNUTRITION | FOREIGN AID | DROUGHT | FOOD SUPPLY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Water Supply | Population Document Number: 298746 |
| 19. Title: A matter of survival: the North Korean government's control of food and the risk of hunger. Author: Human Rights Watch Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2006 May. 35 p. (Human Rights Watch Vol. 18, No. 3(C)) Also available in Korean Abstract: Human Rights Watch consulted a variety of sources for insights into North Korea's food situation, taking into account the sources' expertise, experience, and access to North Korea. Human Rights Watch interviewed North Koreans who resettled in South Korea, economists, food experts, and officials from aid agencies and the South Korean government. It also reviewed documents from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), WFP, and other reports by U.N. agencies, South Korean researchers, and international analysts. Human Rights Watch does not have access to people inside North Korea who could give firsthand accounts of current developments. This, of course, is because it is North Korean government policy to keep conditions inside the country secret from the rest of the world, even when information would lead to desperately needed assistance. Human Rights Watch did, however, interview North Koreans in South Korea who described their personal experiences before, during, and after the famine of the 1990s. Except for one North Korean interviewee who is well known for his work as a human rights activist, only the last names of interviewees are used in this report to protect their families in North Korea. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | SUMMARY REPORT | FOOD SUPPLY | FAMINE | FOREIGN AID | HUMAN RIGHTS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Natural Resources | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 305456 |
| 20. Title: Progress for children: a report card on nutrition. Number 4. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2006 May. 33 p. Abstract: When nutrition falls short, damage is done to individuals and to society. When pregnant women are not adequately nourished, their babies are born at low weights, putting their survival at risk. When girls are undernourished, their future ability to bear healthy children is threatened. Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies can lead to developmental delays throughout childhood and adolescence, making individuals less productive as adults. This report card - the fourth in a UNICEF series that monitors progress for children towards the MDGs - measures the world's performance on nutrition, taking the prevalence of underweight among children under five as its primary indicator. The global community promised to cut the proportion of underweight children by half between 1990 and 2015, but we are still not on track to reach that target. We can make swift advances in a short time. The world has seen great progress with proven strategies, such as the promotion of breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation and the global campaign to iodize salt, all of which are critical interventions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | LATIN AMERICA | AFRICA | CARIBBEAN | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | TABLES AND CHARTS | CHILD | CHILD SURVIVAL | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | FAMINE | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | Developing Countries | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 311215 |
| 21. Title: Community-based therapeutic care (CTC). A field manual. Author: Bahwere P; Binns P; Collins S; Dent N; Guerrero S Source: Oxford, England, Valid International, CTC Research and Development Program, 2006. [246] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00046-00) Abstract: Severe malnutrition has traditionally been managed in inpatient facilities. However, in several large-scale humanitarian crises in the 1990's, it became evident that the traditional therapeutic feeding centre (TFC) model of inpatient care was unable to provide an effective response. For example, during the famine in south Sudan in 1998, only a small proportion of acutely malnourished people were treated in NGO-run TFCs. Access was a considerable obstacle, and coverage was very limited. People who did reach a TFC were congregated together, exposing them to the risk of cross infection and to additional security risks. Furthermore, the opportunity costs to the family of having to stay in the centre were high. Carers, usually mothers, had to stay in centres for several weeks leaving their other children and family members at home and rendering them unable to engage in daily activities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | WOMEN | CHILD | FAMINE | NUTRITION DISORDERS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | METABOLIC EFFECTS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | MALNUTRITION | TREATMENT | HOME CARE | SCREENING | DEATH RATE | PROGRAM DESIGN | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases | Biology | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Care and Support | Examinations and Diagnoses | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 310056 |
| 22. Title: Risking death for survival: peasant responses to hunger and HIV / AIDS in Malawi. Author: Bryceson DF; Fonseca J Source: World Development. 2006;34(8):1654-1666. Abstract: Malawi registers the eighth highest HIV/AIDS prevalence in the world. The rural population's increasing HIV prevalence is analyzed in relation to the impact of the country's 2001--02 famine. Villagers are assessing survival risks on the basis of perceptions of relative manageability. A sense of powerlessness concerning their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS leads to concentration on the more immediate concern of trying to ensure their day-to-day staple food needs. Changing rural land and labor patterns are militating for more transaction-based rural livelihoods, some involving high-risk sexual encounters, as a means of alleviating hunger. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RURAL POPULATION | SEX WORKERS | FAMINE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 310213 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal famine, de novo mutations, and schizophrenia. Author: McClellan JM; Susser E; King MC Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006 Aug 2;296(5):582-584. Abstract: Schizophrenia is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that likely stems from multiple genetic and environmental factors. Identifying molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia offers the promise of improved treatment and prevention strategies. Finding culprit mutations and the genes that harbor them is therefore one of the great challenges of human genomics. Studying populations who survived in utero exposure to maternal starvation may reveal clues regarding the genetic bases of schizophrenia. For example, epidemiological investigations of 2 famines in the 20th century -- the Nazi-induced 1944-1945 Dutch Hunger Winter and the Chinese famine of 1959-1961 following the failure of the Great Leap Forward -- demonstrated an increased risk for schizophrenia among offspring conceived in famine conditions. A possible molecular basis for this risk may be the occurrence of new mutations in genes critical for brain development. Furthermore, folate deficiency, which could occur in famine, may be a mediator of this risk by impairing capacity for DNA repair. Once identified, disease-causing de novo mutations in exposed individuals may be informative for the larger population of individuals with schizophrenia. A gene that harbors one disease-associated mutation likely harbors other different mutations associated with the illness in other cases. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | NETHERLANDS | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | PREGNANT WOMEN | MENTAL DISORDERS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | FAMINE | MALNUTRITION | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Transmission | Infections Document Number: 306260 |
| 24. Title: [What to do to avoid death by starvation? Domestic dynamics and childhood feeding practices in a rural area of extreme poverty in Mexico] ¿Que se hace para no morir de hambre? Dinamicas domesticas y alimentacion en la ninez en un area rural de extrema pobreza de Mexico. Author: Pelcastre-Villafuerte B; Riquer-Fernandez F; de Leon-Reyes V; Reyes-Morales H; Gutierrez-Trujillo G Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2006 Nov-Dec;48(6):490-497. Abstract: The objective was to describe and compare household dynamics in terms of structure, beliefs and nutrition-related behavior in the homes of malnourished and well-nourished children less than five years of age. The authors carried out a qualitative ethnographic study using participant observation, and in depth interviews. Interviews were conducted with the child's caretaker or key informants, prior oral informed consent. Child care and childhood feeding practices at home and in the community were the focus of observations. The study included two periods of field work conducted in 2001, in three rural municipalities from the Río Balsas region, in Guerrero state, Mexico. The study's ethical and methodological aspects were approved by the National Research Commission of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. Households were differentially characterized by number of members, composition, type of relationship, source of income, and interactions among household members and with the community. Monoparental structures, in an early stage of the household cycle, give rise to conditions that render the child prone to malnutrition. Extended family structure represented more favorable household dynamics. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Caracterizar y comparar, en términos de estructura, creencias y comportamiento en torno a la alimentación, la dinámica doméstica de hogares de niños y niñas menores de cinco años con y sin desnutrición. Estudio cualitativo con un diseño etnográfico basado en observación participante y entrevistas a profundidad a responsables del cuidado de menores e informantes clave bajo consentimiento informado verbal. El foco de observación fue el conjunto de prácticas relacionadas con el cuidado de los menores, con énfasis en las relacionadas con su alimentación, tanto al interior de los hogares como en la comunidad. Se realizaron dos estancias de campo, durante 2001, en tres comunidades rurales del Río Balsas, en el estado de Guerrero, México. Estructuras monoparentales, en etapa temprana del ciclo doméstico, generan condiciones que pueden propiciar la presencia de desnutrición de menores de cinco años. Las familias extensas representan, por su propia estructura, dinámicas domésticas más favorables. El problema de la desnutrición en ambientes de extrema pobreza resulta decisivamente influido por las estrategias nutricionales y las dinámicas sociales generadas en el interior de las familias. (del autor) Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD | FAMINE | NUTRITION | DIET | MALNUTRITION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 315766 |
| 25. Title: The Millennium Development Goals: progress in Asia and the Pacific 2006. Author: Smit J; Gennari P; Noman O; Chatterjee S Source: Bangkok, Thailand, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP], 2006. [52] p. Abstract: This report is the latest update on the progress towards MDGs in Asia and the Pacific. By zooming in on specific indicators, the report highlights the region's achievements and exposes issues on which much work remains to be done. It provides estimates of populations affected by social and economic poverty in the Asia-Pacific region and compares it to the two other major developing regions, sub-Saharan-Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Asia-Pacific countries continue to make progress towards the MDGs, but on present trends many are likely to miss some vital targets, including those for infant mortality, HIV prevalence and access to water and sanitation in urban areas. Even more worryingly, some countries are at risk of failing to reach even two-thirds of the targets. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | FAMINE | EDUCATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | BIRTH WEIGHT | CHILD HEALTH | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV | HUMAN RIGHTS | Developing Countries | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 319568 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Crisis in Niger - outpatient care for severe acute malnutrition. [Crise au Niger - Soins ambulatoires pour la malnutrition aiguë sévère] Author: Tectonidis M Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Jan 19;354(3):224-227. Abstract: In July 2005, an international aid agency was preparing to distribute supplementary food rations at a therapeutic feeding center near Maradi, Niger. Fearing that few people would show up, aid workers spread the word in nearby villages. This modicum of mobilization led to a near riot, as hundreds of women crowded in, all desperate to obtain food. Such a scene, which would have been unheard of in previous years, underscores the extent to which last year's emergency differed from Niger's long-term problems in feeding its population. Government authorities and United Nations officials maintain that the nutritional emergency was caused by drought and an infestation of locusts in 2004. Although these events affected vulnerable people, both were localized and accounted for a loss of only 11 percent of Niger's total cereal production for 2004. (excerpt) French Abstract: En juillet 2005, une organisation d'aide internationale se préparait à distribuer des rations alimentaires supplémentaires dans un centre d'alimentation thérapeutique près de Maradi, au Niger. Craignant que peu de gens ne se présentent, les coopérants avaient fait passer le mot dans les villages avoisinants. Malgré le peu de moyens utilisés pour trouver des participants, une émeute avait néanmoins failli éclater lorsque des centaines de femmes prêtes à tout pour obtenir de la nourriture avaient convergé sur le centre. Une telle scène, impensable les années précédentes, montre à quel point la situation d'urgence de l'année dernière diffère des problèmes à long terme auxquels est confronté le Niger pour nourrir sa population. Les autorités gouvernementales et les responsables des Nations Unies affirment que l'urgence nutritionnelle a été causée par la sécheresse et une infestation de sauterelles en 2004. Bien que ces évènements aient affectés les personnes vulnérables, ils étaient tous les deux localisés et ne sont à l'origine que de 11 % de la perte de la production totale de céréales en 2004. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: NIGER | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | EMERGENCY SERVICES | FOREIGN AID | CHILD NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | PARTICIPATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Primary Health Care | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 297037 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: "Worst drought in a decade" leaves Kenya crippled. Author: Wakabi W Source: Lancet. 2006 Mar 18;367(9514):891-892. Abstract: In Kenya's northeastern region of Mandera, desperate pastoralists have started sharing some of their meals with livestock in a bid to save the few animals that have not yet died due to drought. Grazing fields and homesteads are littered with carcasses of goats, sheep, cattle, donkeys, and camels, as the severe drought enters its fourth month. "Animal carcasses are everywhere. The smell of rotting animals followed us", says an emergency relief team from Food for the Hungry, which visited the area at the end of February. "People are very depressed and discouraged" but they continue to fight for their survival. Some bring their animals close to the homesteads to be fed by hand, while many others walk up to 15 km to find grass, roots, and tree fruits to feed their animals, says the humanitarian agency. George Otieno, a government drought management officer, says about 20% of children younger than 5 years old in the area are malnourished, mainly because they cannot get milk. The famine has claimed more than 40 human lives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | CRITIQUE | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | DROUGHT | FAMINE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ANIMALS | FOREIGN AID | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Water Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Food Supply | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 298753 |
| 28. Title: Women's autonomy, status, and nutrition in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. Author: Hindin MJ Source: In: A focus on gender: collected papers on gender using DHS data, edited by Sunita Kishor. Calverton, Maryland, ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS, 2005 Aug. :93-116. Abstract: There are several countries in southern Africa that have been experiencing both a food crisis and an HIV epidemic. According to UNAIDS, in 2002 an estimated 14.4 million people were at risk of starvation in Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This food crisis, which has been evolving since the 1992 southern African drought, has also been associated with "alarmingly high prevalence rates" of HIV. In the past, households in these nations were able to cope with food crises through producing food, earning cash from food produced, and relying on trading and bartering; however, HIV/AIDS, according to UNAIDS, has led to an erosion of coping mechanisms with food shortages. I hypothesize that in these highly constrained settings, women with low autonomy and status will be less likely to obtain adequate food resources and will then be more likely to experience undernutrition or chronic energy deficiency (CED). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | NUTRITION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | FAMINE | HIV INFECTIONS | NUTRITION INDEXES | ANTHROPOMETRY | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior Document Number: 322301 |
| 29. Title: A leadership strategy for reducing hunger and malnutrition in Africa: the agriculture-nutrition advantage. Author: Johnson-Welch C; MacQuarrie K; Bunch S Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2005. [32] p. Abstract: The world has set a goal to cut hunger in half by 2015 as part of the U.N. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To achieve this goal, current efforts must be expanded greatly. The urgency is nowhere more critical than in sub-Saharan Africa, where a crisis of hunger and poverty is being compounded by HIV and AIDS. In this region, more and more people lack access to the food they need to lead full and productive lives. To address the hunger problem, the Agriculture-Nutrition Advantage project was implemented over a three-year period, from 2001 to 2004, with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The strategy of the project was to cultivate a network of leaders and advocates in sub-Saharan Africa who would promote an approach to combating hunger that is effective but rarely used in practice: linking agriculture and nutrition, while also accounting for gender. The decision to promote this approach was based on the premise that agriculture and nutrition communities are missing opportunities to reduce poverty, hunger, and malnutrition by failing to combine scarce resources, act collaboratively, and incorporate gender analysis throughout their work. Because hunger and malnutrition have multiple causes -- each addressed by technical specialists and institutions from different sectors that rarely work together -- the project sought to bridge sectoral gaps. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | LEADERSHIP | WOMEN | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | ADVOCACY | PROGRAMS | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Communication Document Number: 303648 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: As Niger's emergency eases, another crisis looms. [Niger : la situation d'urgence ne s'apaise que pour faire place à une autre crise] Author: Kapp C Source: Lancet. 2005 Sep 24;366(9491):1065-1066. Abstract: The influx of international aid into Niger and the pending harvest has eased the plight of 3 million people at risk of starvation. But as the crisis recedes in the Sahel region, the UN has sounded the alarm about the deadly combination of drought, poverty, and HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. The UN estimates that up to 10 million people in Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and Zambia will need assistance during the next 6 months. Aid groups such as CARE International warn that the scale and complexity of the southern African crisis will dwarf that of the Sahel. Zimbabwe is particularly at risk because of the accelerating economic and agricultural collapse, compounded by President Robert Mugabe’s recent clampdown on shack dwellers and street traders, which left some 700 000 people without a home or a job. The UN forecasts that up to 4 million people may need aid but has been unable to launch an appeal for funds because the government refuses to acknowledge the emergency. (excerpt) French Abstract: L'afflux d'aide internationale au Niger et la récolte imminente ont amélioré le sort des 3 millions de personnes exposées à la famine. Tandis que la crise s'apaise dans la région sahélienne, les Nations Unies tirent encore une fois la sonnette d'alarme, l'Afrique du Sud se préparant à affronter un mélange létal de sécheresse, de pauvreté et d'épidémie de VIH/SIDA. L'organisation estime en effet que jusqu'à 10 millions de personnes auront besoin d'aide durant les 6 mois à venir au Lesotho, au Malawi, en Mozambique, au Swaziland, au Zimbabwe et en Zambie. Les organismes d'aide tels que CARE International prédisent que la crise d'Afrique du Sud surpassera celle du Sahel en taille et en complexité. Le Zimbabwe est particulièrement exposé du fait de l'effondrement croissant de ses structures économiques et des efforts récemment engagés par le Président Robert Mugabe pour éliminer les bidonvilles et les marchands forains, politique qui a laissé plus de 700 000 personnes sans abri ni travail. Les Nations Unies prévoient que quelque 4 millions de personnes pourront avoir besoin d'aide mais elles n'ont pas été en mesure de lancer des appels de fonds car le gouvernement de Mugabe refuse d'admettre cet état d'urgence. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | NIGER | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REFUGEES | FOREIGN AID | UN | DROUGHT | HIV INFECTIONS | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Water Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Food Supply | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 290772 |
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