1.  Peer Reviewed Title: The path to replacement fertility in Egypt: Acceptance, preference, and achievement. Author: El-Zeini LO Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Sep;39(3):161-176. Abstract: This study draws upon data from the 2004 Slow Fertility Transition survey, a follow-up to the 2003 Egypt Interim Demographic and Health Survey, to investigate obstacles to achieving replacement fertility. To account for the likelihood of embracing the two-child ideal, the analysis adopts a framework with the acronym APA: Acceptance of the two-child ideal, Preference for that ideal, and Achievement of that preference. The framework posits a hierarchy among the three and hypothesizes that each depends on a set of factors, including gender stratification, economic expectations, perception of the costs and benefits of having children, and the costs of fertility regulation. The results indicate that son preference and the perceived low cost of childrearing are major obstacles to the acceptance of the two-child family. Son preference, other discriminatory gender attitudes, optimistic economic expectations, and fear of contraceptive side effects are associated with a low preference for and ambivalence about having only two children. Given a decisive preference, lower socioeconomic status and strong son preference are the major obstacles to the achievement of the two-child ideal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CHILD WORTH | PERCEPTION | SEX PREFERENCE | FEMALE ROLE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Value Orientation | Social Behavior | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 328153 |
2.  Title: Spousal agreement on reproductive preferences in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Gebreselassie T Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 May. 44 p. (DHS Analytical Studies No. 10) Abstract: This study investigates spousal agreement on reproductive preferences (fertility preferences and ideal number of children) in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis uses matched couples' data from 14 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) carried out between 1999 and 2004. Additionally, pooled data from the 14 countries are used to explore the aggregate effect of different levels of polygyny (high and low) on spousal agreement on reproductive preferences. Agreement between partners/spouses to have another child ranges from 36 percent in Namibia to 90 percent in Chad. The multivariate analysis indicates that in many countries agreement on having another child is less likely if the woman has some formal education. Additionally, in most countries, the results show that wife's age and the number of living children are consistent predictors of spousal agreement on having another child. Economic status has an important role in 7 of the 14 countries; couples living in wealthier households are less likely to agree to have another child than those in poorer households. Agreement between partners/spouses on the ideal number of children ranges from 13 percent in Chad to 32 percent in Kenya. Overall, a larger proportion of husbands than wives consider a higher number of children to be the ideal. However, the multivariate analysis indicates that, in most countries, the odds of spousal agreement on the ideal number of children are increased if the wife has formal education. The study also looks at the aggregate effect of high and low levels of polygyny on spousal agreement on fertility preferences and ideal number of children. The findings from the multivariate analysis indicates that, regardless of level of polygyny, the most important factors influencing the likelihood that both partners want another child are wife's education, wife's age, number of living children, and household wealth status. However, in countries with high levels of polygyny, type of marriage, difference in spouses' education, and infecundity can havea significant negative impact on agreement to have another child. In all 14 countries, wife's education has a positive impact on spousal agreement on the ideal number of children, regardless of level of polygyny. However, if the husband's level of education exceeds that of his wife, the wife is working for cash, or the household is not poor, the likelihood of spousal agreement on ideal number of children is greater only in the high polygyny group. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | COUPLES | POLYGYNY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Family Size | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327806 |
| 3. Title: Fertility concern in Finland and Russia: Economic thinking and ideal family size in the rhetoric of population polices. Author: Isola AM Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:63-84. Abstract: This article deals with fertility concern in Russian and Finnish population policies. The article points out that some commonly known discourses are persistently used as arguments in fertility-related population policies. In Finland, these include, for instance, discourses on "ageing nation" and "economic competitiveness". Russian policymakers use a "crisis discourse" that consists of three sub-discourses: "demographic crisis", "reproductive health in crisis" and "family crisis". The Russian government implements pronatalist population policies, whereas Finnish authorities hesitate to use the term "population policy" because of its emphasis on reproductive rights on the one hand, and the negative associations of population policy on the other. Russia has both population and family programs, as well as a new law with a specifically pronatalist emphasis. Conversely, Finland uses family policy as a tool of population policy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POPULATION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | HOME ECONOMICS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | PUBLIC OPINION | PERCEPTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PRONATALIST POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Planning | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Health | Human Rights Document Number: 326069 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Sweden: Combining childbearing and gender equality. Author: Olah LS; Bernhardt EM Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(28):1105-1144. Abstract: Sweden is the forerunner of the Second Demographic Transition. Fertility trends have fluctuated greatly since the 1960s, and the 1990s showed both European-highest and lowest-ever-in-Sweden levels, while the cohort pattern has been relatively stable. Period fluctuations have been accompanied by a postponement of entering committed partnerships and parenthood as well as an increasing instability of family relationships. The awareness and the availability of effective contraceptives have been extensive since the mid-1970s, the year the liberal abortion law was introduced. Post-modern values are dominant in this highly secularized society, but ideal family size is among the highest in the European Union, and childlessness has remained at a relatively low level. Ethnic diversification has increased over time, with about one-fifth of the population having a 'foreign background' in the early 2000s. The level of female labor-force participation is the highest in Europe (although mothers of preschoolers often work part-time), and young women are just as highly educated as men. Family policies, based on the principle of equality across social groups and gender, seem to play an important role in keeping fertility relatively high. In combination with other factors, family policies also play a role in the fluctuations of fertility rates, as eligibility to parental-leave and benefits as well as the availability of public childcare are linked to parents' labor-force attachment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY POLICY | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 327674 Notification |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Consistency and predictive ability of fertility preference indicators: longitudinal evidence from rural India. Author: Roy TK; Sinha RK; Koenig M; Mohanty SK; Patel SK Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Sep;34(3):138-145. Abstract: Ideal family size and desire for an additional child are the two most commonly used fertility preference indicators. However, little is known about the consistency over time of responses to each measure, the consistency between the two indicators or the predictive value of these indicators in India. METHOD: Longitudinal data from the 1998-1999 National Family Health Survey and a follow-up survey conducted four years later were analyzed to determine the consistency of responses to the two fertility preference indicators (both over time and between indicators) and to determine whether baseline responses were associated with subsequent fertility, unwanted births and contraceptive use. RESULTS: Responses on the measure of ideal family size were consistent at the two time points for 53% of nonsterilized women. Eighty-two percent of women who explicitly said in 1998 that they did not desire more children responded identically in 2002, although about half of these women had given birth in the intervening period. The indicators were associated with each other: Among women with at least one son, 79% of those who had attained or surpassed their ideal family size said they wanted to stop childbearing, compared with 18% of those who had not. Both indicators predicted future fertility, unwanted births and contraceptive use, particularly among women who had a son. CONCLUSION: Both indicators are useful in understanding future fertility behavior. As the prevalence of son preference declines in India, the predictive ability of the indicators is likely to improve. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | SEX PREFERENCE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 322521 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Czech Republic: A rapid transformation of fertility and family behaviour after the collapse of state socialism. Author: Sobotka T; St'astna A; Zeman K; Hamplová D; Kantorová V Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(14):403-454. Abstract: Following the swift demise of the state-socialist regime in 1989, a profound transformation of family and fertility patterns has taken place in the Czech Republic. Family formation has been postponed and period fertility rates have fallen to very low levels, especially among young adults. Unmarried cohabitation has become relatively widespread and marriages have been progressively delayed or even foregone. These rapid shifts in family-related behaviour were primarily driven by a period change and resulted in a sharp discontinuity in cohort patterns of union formation and childbearing. We argue that the rapid change in family-related behaviour after 1990 was driven by a fundamental shift in the constraints and incentives for childbearing, which was conducive to later and more carefully planned family formation. The rapidity of observed changes can be explained as the outcome of a simultaneous occurrence of several factors, especially the expansion of higher education, the emergence of new opportunities competing with family life, increasing job competition, rising economic uncertainty in young adulthood, and changing partnership behaviour. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CZECH REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY POLICY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 327722 Notification |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Russian Federation: From the first to second demographic transition. Author: Zakharov S Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(24):907-972. Abstract: The demographic transition in Russia was accelerated by several social cataclysms during the "Soviet type" modernization. Frequent changes in the timing of births and marriages engendered a mass "abortion culture". Contraceptive devices of poor quality were produced on a limited scale. The Soviet regime promulgated pronatalism and considered contraception to contradict this ideology. There have been two waves of government policy interventions. In the 1930s and 1940s restrictive and propaganda measures prevailed. These failed to yield serious effects. In the 1980s, policies aimed at lessening the tension between full-time employment and maternal roles. These generated shifts in birth timing, namely shorter birth intervals and earlier second and third births, however increase in completed cohort fertility was minimal. A third wave started in 2007. Preoccupied with continuous depopulation, authorities intend to boost births by substantially increasing benefits. The mid-1990s was a turning point in the change of fertility and nuptiality models. The 1970s birth cohorts marry and become parents later. They delay first and second births and increasingly begin partnerships with cohabitation. Contraception is replacing abortion. New attitudes and perceptions about family, partnership, childbearing, and family planning are emerging. A major transformation typical for developed countries, the Second Demographic Transition, is underway. Nevertheless, many neo-traditional features of fertility and nuptiality remain. These distinguish Russia from most European countries and will persist in the near future. Completed fertility, however, hardly differs from the average European level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIAL CHANGE | FAMILY POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | ABORTION | CONSENSUAL UNION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Nuptiality | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327672 Notification |
| 8. Title: The future population of India. A long-range demographic view. Author: Population Foundation of India; Population Reference Bureau [PRB] Source: New Delhi, India, Population Foundation of India, 2007 Aug. 15 p. Abstract: India's population passed the one billion mark in 2000 and, this year, celebrated its 60th year as an independent country. Its population is likely to pass China's as the world's largest within 20 years. All of this leads quite naturally to the question: how large might the population of the world's largest democracy become? This is the question that the Population Foundation of India and its partner, the Population Reference Bureau, have addressed to project India's population for the long term. In this publication, two scenarios of India's future population are offered. Both assume that fertility will decline continuously to the point where couples average two children each, the goal of India's National Population Policy 2000. The scenarios differ in one respect: one assumes that states with higher current fertility will decline to the "replacement level" of 2.1 children, a common assumption in projections. The second assumes that the decline will continue to 1.85 children, near the level observed in states such as Kerala. The first scenario results in an India of two billion population while the second falls short of that mark and results in eventual population decline. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | POPULATION PROJECTION | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MIGRATION | MORTALITY | POPULATION GROWTH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Length of Life Document Number: 320374 |
| 9. Title: Are individuals' family size preferences stable? Evidence from West German panel data. Author: Heiland F; Prskawetz A; Sanderson WC Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [35] p. Abstract: Using West German panel data constructed from the 1988 and 1994/95 wave of the DJI Familiensurvey, we analyze the stability and determinants of individuals' total desired fertility. We find considerable variation of total desired fertility across respondents and across interviews. In particular, up to 50% of individuals report a different total desired fertility across survey waves. Multivariate analysis confirms the importance of background factors including growing up with both parents, having more siblings, and being Catholic for preference formation. Consistent with the idea that life course experiences provide new information regarding the expected costs and benefits of different family sizes, the influence of background factors on fertility preferences is strong early in life and weakens as subsequent life course experiences including childbirth take effect. Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, we estimate that an additional child may increase a person's desired family size by 0.14 children. Overall, however, the life course experiences investigated here show little systematic association with individuals' total desired fertility, raising the concern that instruments of desired fertility may be quite noisy and hence of limited use in predicting individual fertility behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FEES | IMPACT | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 317297 |
| 10. Title: The transition to lower fertility in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: evidence from recent surveys. Author: Khawaja M; Assaf S Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [30] p. Abstract: Fertility began to decline, especially in the West Bank. The decline stalled in Gaza during Intifada II. The decline was achieved by manipulation of nuptiality rather than marital fertility (little change in contraceptive use). High desire for children persists, but less and less want more children. There is considerable unwanted pregnancy (50%) and high unmet needs for family planning (1/4th of women). These data indicate that the fertility decline may accelerate in the future. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: WEST BANK | GAZA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | HOUSEHOLDS | MARRIAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics Document Number: 317731 |
| 11. Title: Birth-spacing patterns in Huaning County, Yunnan Province, PRC: Is the adoption of a small family norm sustainable? Author: Lofstedt P; Ghilagaber G; Johansson A Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2007;35(3):257-264. Abstract: China's family planning programs have emphasized delayed marriage and longer spacing between births. Since 1970, the fertility has declined from 6 to 1.8 births and the mean age at first marriage has gone up but the recommended spacing intervals have not been fully realized. Despite the fertility decline it is being debated among scholars whether China has completed a sustainable demographic transition or not, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the timing and patterns of marriage and childbearing in relation to successive family planning policies. A cluster random sample of 1,336 women aged 15-64 at the time of the survey (2000) was selected in one rural county in Yunnan province. Life-table techniques were used to analyze the cumulative proportion of women marrying and having a certain number of births. Cox's hazard regression model was used to estimate the effects of various covariates on the "hazard" for a woman to have a second birth. Our findings demonstrate how childbearing patterns have changed in the direction of delayed marriage, a decreased interval between first marriage and first child, and significantly longer spacing between the first and second child. This transformation of childbearing patterns corresponds well with the requirements of the policies. Considering the characteristics of Yunnan, it seems likely that the changing fertility behavior has been more influenced by a strictly enforced family planning policy than by societal changes leading to the adoption of a new, smaller family norm. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | ANTINATALIST POLICY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | BIRTH RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 313551 |
| 12. Title: New empirical evidence on the Low Fertility Trap Hypothesis. Author: Lutz W; Skirbekk V; Testa MR Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [4] p. Abstract: It has recently been suggested by Lutz and Skirbekk (2005) and by Lutz, Skirbekk and Testa (forthcoming) that there may be self-reinforcing mechansisms of social change that could lead to a downward spiral in the level of fertility in countries that fall below a possible threshold level (see McDonald 2006 who assumes that such a threshold cold be at around a TFR of 1.5). The idea has been called the "Low Fertility Trap Hypothesis" (LFTH) because of the unvoluntary nature of such a possibly irreversible demographic regime change. The attached paper describes and discussed in quite some detail the assumed three mechanisms: negative demographic momentum, declines in ideal family size as a consequence of low actual fertility in the generation before, and declining relative income of young couples. The paper wants to discuss some new empirical evidence that is relevant for further testing of the hypothesis. In particular we want to analyze the brand new results from the Eurobarometer 2006 which asked many of the same questions as the 2001 Eurobarometer on which Goldstein et al (2003) and the above cited writings on LFTH were based. In addition, we want to present new empirical information on the changing relative income of young adults versus their parents generation with data from the Luxembourg Income Study. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | GENERATIONS | DEMOGRAPHY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | INCOME | WAGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Fertility Changes Document Number: 317391 |
| 13. Title: Unmet need for family planning in Rwanda and Madagascar: an analysis report for the repositioning of family planning initiatives. Author: Nyangara F; Hart C; Speizer I; Moreland S Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Apr. 38 p. (WP-07-93USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-239) Abstract: This report was commissioned by USAID/Africa Bureau to examine differentials across five groups of currently married women in two select countries (Rwanda and Madagascar) with need or no need for modern contraception, including: unmet need to space (UNS); unmet need to limit (UNL); met need to space (MNS); met need to limit (MNL); and nonusers with no need (NN). Both Rwanda and Madagascar have relatively high total fertility rates (TFR), 5.8 and 5.2, respectively; similar desired ideal numbers of children, 4.8 and 4.9, respectively; and high percentages of women who want to limit births. However, their contraceptive prevalence rates are significantly different (13% in Rwanda and 27% in Madagascar, which is twice as high as Rwanda's rate). Recent data from the two countries provide an opportunity to examine the reasons why the use of contraception is lower in Rwanda compared to Madagascar, despite the similarities in TFR and comparable demand for children (number of children desired). The analysis explores whether the reported country differentials in contraceptive use can be attributed to country differences or to other factors that distinguish the family planning need types (UNS, UNL, MNS, MNL, and NN groups) in the two countries, and determine the significant predictors for each when controlling for other confounding factors. This information provides important evidence to guide program and policy decisions on the repositioning of family planning initiatives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CURRENTLY MARRIED | USAID | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | BIRTH SPACING | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics Document Number: 318687 |
| 14. Title: [Reasons to promote emergency contraception in Costa Rica] Razones para promover anticoncepcion de emergencia en Costa Rica. Author: Orlich Castelan C; Carvajal Alvarez J Source: Revista Medica de Costa Rica y Centroamerica. 2007 Jan-Mar;64(578):11-13. Abstract: In spite of the fact that Costa Rica is one of the countries with major prevalence in the use of contraceptive methods and that the ideal number of sons and daughters decrease from 4.6 in 1980 to 2.7 hi 1999, the percentage of unwanted pregnancies has been stable among 42.3 % and 41.4 % in 1992 and 1999 respectively. This situation happens for many reasons; being one of them the incorrect and not systematical use of the contraceptives methods, which diminishes their efficiency. The 60 % of the women use some methods that need a correct and systematical use: the condom, the pills and the natural methods. Besides, we must take into account the cases in which women are forced to have sexual relations. Considering this panorama, the emergency contraception (EC) is a procedure that helps to prevent unwanted pregnancies and abortions. It is the only procedure that prevents the pregnancies after the sexual relation. The EC acts before the fertilization, because of it the EC is not an abortive procedure. (author's) Language: Spanish Keywords: COSTA RICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 308806 |
| 15. Title: Madagascar naturellement: Birth control is my environmental priority. Author: Ravalomanana M Source: In: Environmental Change and Security Program report. Issue 12 2006-2007, [compiled by] Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Environmental Change and Security Program. Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2007. :8-11. Abstract: At the recent marriage of my daughter, I altered the traditional wish of the father at Malagasy weddings, which is for the couple to have 14 children: seven sons and seven daughters. Instead, I wished the couple "to have a healthy life together and three children." I have also tried to change the way everyone in my country thinks about raising families because I have a strong personal commitment to balancing population growth with sustainable natural resources. In my first four years as president, I have developed a far-reaching plan to free Madagascar from a cycle of poverty that harms the people and destroys the island's rich biodiversity. My dream, which I call "Madagascar Naturellement," is that we can build a strong economy, invest in our people, and maintain the nation's precious natural treasures. Family planning lies at the heart of all of these efforts. And here is how it all comes together. My country's strengths outnumber its weaknesses and we believe in our ability to succeed. Potentially, we are a rich country. We have important natural resources, a favorable climate, strong cultural values, hard-working farmers, and opportunities in agriculture, livestock, fisheries, mining, and wood. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | POVERTY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Environment Document Number: 324687 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Rethinking historical reproductive change: insights from longitudinal data for a Spanish town. Author: Reher DS; Sanz-Gimeno A Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Dec;33(4):703-727. Abstract: THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION is a central feature of recent human history. A source of profound social and economic change wherever it has occurred, it can be considered one of the cornerstones of modern society. This process of social and reproductive change gave rise to an explanatory framework that is one of the classic theories in population studies. The starting point of this framework is demographic transition theory. More broadly, the issue of reproductive change in the past has attracted the interest of some of the finest thinkers in the field of population studies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | LITERATURE REVIEW | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CHILD SURVIVAL | MORTALITY DECLINE | BIRTH INTERVALS | PARITY | MARRIAGE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Fertility Measurements | Nuptiality Document Number: 323067 |
| 17. Title: Becoming a parent in a post-Communist society: an analysis of ideational factors. Author: Speder Z; Kapitany B Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 31 p. Abstract: The move from an early fertility to a "new", late fertility model is characteristic for each postcommunist societies including the Hungarian one, and is the basic reason for low period fertility. The offered approaches explaining the changes, such as the second demographic transition theory, the economic crisis hypothesis, the disorderliness approach, can be located in a space stretching between structural and cultural explanations. Using two waves of an ongoing follow-up survey, we will be able to show "selection" effects of cultural factors on childbearing behaviour and at the same time control for some structural factors. The effects of religiosity, child related norms (ideal age and ideal number of children), individualism- and anomie-scale, and optimism are analysed in our models. Using parallel logistic regression models for male and female on the one side, and first and further births on the other side, we could show and compare influences of ideational factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | PARENTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CULTURE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | VALUE ORIENTATION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Political Factors | Religion | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size Document Number: 317363 |
| 18. Title: Is son preference emerging among the Nayars of Kerala in south India? Author: Sudha S; Khanna S; Rajan SI; Srivastava R Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :267-294. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: Theories suggesting why gender inequality may widen during socioeconomic development, and the role of kinship organization in this process, include the 'gender and development' approach (review in Razavi and Miller, 1995). This approach argues that conventional socioeconomic development worsens pre-existing inequalities unless they are deliberately addressed during the planning process. In particular, gender inequality in the family and household emerges as an unintended consequence. Specifically, Blumberg (2004) has argued that women's position in agrarian societies diminishes when social organization separates the spheres of women and men; socioeconomic change enhances productive roles of men but not women, and kinship organization is male-centric. Critical variables influencing gender equality include women's control over resources and involvement in the production process, contextualized within kinship systems determining whether women can inherit and how near female natal kin they reside. Our research therefore examines whether socioeconomic changes that enhance the productive roles of men more than women, and the rise of male-centred kinship and systems and dowry custom where matrilineal and matrilocal systems used to exist, will be associated with the emergence of son preference among the Nayars of Kerala. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | SONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CASTE | MATRIARCHY | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | INHERITANCE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Marriage | Nuptiality | Ownership | Family Size Document Number: 308904 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Period and cohort dynamics in fertility norms at the onset of the demographic transition in Kenya 1978-1998. Author: White RG; Hall C; Wolff B Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 May;39(3):443-454. Abstract: A characteristic of African pre-transitional fertility regimes is large ideal family size. This has been used to support claims of cultural entrenchment of high fertility. Yet in Kenya fertility rates have fallen. In this paper this fall is explored in relation to trends in fertility norms and attitudes using four sequential cross-sectional surveys spanning the fertility transition in Kenya (1978, 1984, 1989 and 1998). The most rapid fall in the reported ideal family size occurred between 1984 and 1989, whilst the most rapid fall in the total fertility rate occurred 5 to 10 years later, between 1989 and 1998. Thus these data, spanning the fertility transition in Kenya, support the traditional demographic model that demand for fertility limitation drives fertility decline. These data also suggest that the decline in fertility norms over time was partly a period effect, as the reported ideal family size was seen to fall simultaneously in all age cohorts, and partly a cohort effect, as older age cohorts reporting higher ideal family sizes were replaced by younger cohorts reporting lower ideal family sizes. These data also suggest that a new fertility norm of four children may have developed by 1989 and continued until 1998. This is consistent with, and perhaps could have been used to predict, the stall in the Kenyan fertility decline after 1998. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate Document Number: 313239 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Role of family type in the idealization of a larger number of children by husbands in Pakistan. Author: Avan BI; Akhund S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Mar;38(2):203-220. Abstract: This study focuses on determining the number of children considered ideal by Pakistani husbands and identifying the factors associated with this, with a special emphasis on family type. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among married males residing in four areas of Khairpur district. An equal number of study participants were selected systematically from each field site to achieve the required sample size of 500. Interviews were conducted by trained fieldworkers using a structured questionnaire to obtain information on background socioeconomic characteristics, family structure and reproductive health knowledge and practices, in particular family planning. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the hypothesis that family type has an independent association with husbands' idealization of a larger number of children. The mean ideal number of children perceived by husbands was four. Living in an extended family (AOR=1.81; 95%CI: 1.11, 3.35) and being illiterate (AOR=2.13, 95%CI; 1.33, 3.42) are significantly associated with idealization of a larger number of children by the husband, while adjusting for socioeconomic status, family structure and family planning information. Understanding the dynamics of family type and its effects on husbands' opinions regarding ideal number of children can help strengthen population control efforts in Pakistan. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | FATHERS | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ILLITERATES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 297990 |
| 21. Title: [Ideal number of children and regret after tubal ligation in a cohort of women] Numero ideal de filhos e arrependimento pos-laqueadura. Author: de Carvalho LE; Cecatti JG; Osis MJ; de Sousa MH Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2006 Sep-Oct;52(5):293-297. Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between the ideal number of children (INC) and post tubal ligation regret. A nested case-control study was carried out with a total of 3878 women interviewed. Of these 1012 had been surgically sterilized at the time of the interview of the original study and as such comprise the sample of this study. These are constituted by women who stated that they would not undergo tubal ligation again and who regretted the procedure (103 - 10.8%) if they were to face the same circumstances. The Ideal Number of Children INC was divided into two groups according to the relationship with the number of live births (LB): INC > LB and INC < LB. The proportion of women who regretted was calculated and the risk of regret estimated according to the relation INC/LB by means of Odds Ratios with the respective 95% confidence interval. Then the analysis was stratified according to control variables. Two multiple logistic regression models were developed in order to identify the independent risk factors associated with regret among women with INC > LB. The independent risk factors identified for post tubal ligation regret are INC > LB (OR=12.7), for performance of tubal ligation with the intention of just waiting some time before having more children (OR=8.0) and for having had more than two deliveries at the time of sterilization (OR=2.,4). Results suggest that a previous evaluation of the INC could help identify women with a higher risk for post ligation regret. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | TUBAL LIGATION | REGRET | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | RISK FACTORS | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology Document Number: 316294 |
| 22. Title: Community awareness of and attitudes toward long-acting and permanent contraception in Guinea. Author: Escandon I; Diallo M; Mack N; Toure B; Bunce A Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2006 Sep. [33] p. (ACQUIRE Evaluation and Research Studies E & R Study No. 7USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: Maternal, infant, and under-five mortality rates in Guinea are some of the highest in the world. Use of contraception, one way to improve these statistics, is quite low (contraceptive prevalence rate of 4.2%). To increase the access to and availability of contraception in Guinea, particularly of longacting and permanent contraception, the ACQUIRE Project has conducted a study to learn about community awareness of and attitudes toward long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) of contraception. Of particular interest was the intrauterine device (IUD), an extremely effective long- and short-acting method that has a high satisfaction rate among users and is economical from a programmatic standpoint. Results from this study are being used to develop a communications strategy and messages for educating communities about family planning in general and the IUD in particular. More specific study objectives included the following: 1. To assess community knowledge about LAPMs, in particular the IUD; 2. To learn about community attitudes toward spacing and limiting of childbearing and toward LAPMs; 3. To identify potential barriers (individual, institutional, or social) that women and men may face in choosing LAPMs; and 4. To determine the types of messages and strategies that could be used to increase awareness and use of LAPMs in the study communities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | COMMUNITY | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | BIRTH SPACING | DECISION MAKING | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | IUD | LEADERSHIP | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315780 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Singapore's family values: do they explain low fertility? Author: Pereira AA Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006 Apr;21(1):65-84. Abstract: It is fairly clear that several influential individuals and senior policymakers in Singapore believe that the society's family values have been eroded, and this erosion has been a key factor in causing the decline in marriage and fertility rates. The cause of the erosion, according to the State, is "economic development", and the more recent process of globalization. This study will therefore focus on examining Singapore's family values at the turn of the millennium. More specifically, it intends to analyse and explain whether Singaporeans actually value the family (as an institution), marriage, parenthood, motherhood, childbearing, and other issues regarding the family. It posits that if Singaporeans hold pro-family views, it can be concluded that Singapore's family values are strong, and vice versa. Towards this end, this study therefore intends to identify and account for Singapore's family values at the beginning of the new millennium. Since the Government of Singapore assumes that "younger" Singaporeans appear to be facing a greater risk of value erosion (as a consequence of modernization, industrialization or globalization), it is also worth examining whether there is a difference in value system between "younger" and "older" Singaporeans. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SINGAPORE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | NUCLEAR FAMILY | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MODERNIZATION | MARRIAGE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | PERCEPTION | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY POLICY | Developed Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Nuptiality | Family Size | Population Characteristics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 301997 |
| 24. Title: Romania and the second demographic transition. Author: Rotariu T Source: International Journal of Sociology. 2006 Spring;36(1):10-27. Abstract: This article examines the "second demographic transition" theory in light of changes in the Romanian demographic structure over the past fifty years. The author shows that the birth-death rate imbalance, currently manifested in many countries including Romania, does not necessarily follow from changes in the value system surrounding the family and relationships among its members, nor is it necessarily associated with other behavioral changes such as higher levels of cohabitation, increased divorce rates, and more single mothers, as the theory posits. Findings indicate that for Romanian women, as for many of their counterparts in Western countries, the classic model of the "bourgeois family," which centers on the child, is still the dominant one. Nonetheless, despite rather "traditional" attitudes toward family and children, which have remained pretty stable over the years, since 1989 Romania has experienced a dramatic decline in total fertility rate (TFR), and currently has one of the lowest fertility levels in the world. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ROMANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | VALUE ORIENTATION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | MORTALITY DECLINE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CONSENSUAL UNION | DIVORCE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Mortality | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 320637 |
| 25. Title: The influence of childbearing regional contexts on ideal family size in Europe. Author: Testa MR; Grilli L Source: Population-E. 2006 Jan-Apr;61(1-2):109-138. Abstract: It is widely agreed that understanding young people's preferences for ideal family size may shed light on future fertility levels. In the current context of low fertility across Europe, Maria Rita TESTA and Leonardo GRILLI look at the question in reverse. Using data from the 2001 Eurobarometer survey covering the 72 regions and 15 countries making up the European Union at that time, they reveal a strong association between young people's reported ideal family size and the fertility behaviours observed in the previous generation. Does this reflect the transmission of family norms, or a broader social learning process? Or could this be a durable cross-generational contextual effect which, after influencing the fertility of earlier cohorts, is now shaping the preferences of young people? As the authors themselves acknowledge, their data are unable to answer these questions. But with regard to the diffusion of fertility behaviour, their results offer a significant contribution in a challenging area ofresearch. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | YOUTH | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | BABY BOOM | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 308395 |
| 26. Title: Women's status in the Indian society. Author: Bajpai UN Source: Health for the Millions. 2005 Apr-May;:25-32. Abstract: Indian women have contributed significantly since the beginning of civilization. The moral values and dedications towards the humanity from the old age till the present era Sita, Anusuiya, Ahilya. Laxmibai, Mirabai, Razia Sultan, Sarojini Naidu, Indira Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi, Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Bedi, Medha Patkar amongst many others are remarkable. The history repeats lots of revolutions through the dedicated efforts of great women in India and one has to be proud of it. The social values dramatically decreased for various reasons. Currently women are always been into a trauma in all the sectors of society. The position varies from religion to religion, society, environment and the culture of the specific country. It stars from the birth of a baby girl, her education, profession, married life and social status as well. Around the Globe women's problems are some way or the other similar to some extent. It has been seen many times that woman also deprives another woman from her basic rights, responsibilities and welfare. Sometimes a woman is limited to her house taking care of households, children and having meager rights and at the other end even in the developed countries, key responsibilities are taken over by men depriving women from their basic rights. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER RELATIONS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S GROUPS | EDUCATION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 285094 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Unmet fertility expectations and the perception of fertility problems in a Malawian village. Author: Barden-O'Fallon J Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2005;9(2):14-25. Abstract: This study analyses in-depth interviews with 15 women and 11 men living in a rural Malawian village to know how fertility problems are identified and interpreted in a context of high fertility demand. Results of the analysis show that although ideal family size may be falling, expectations to quickly achieve pregnancies remain high. Individual and social expectations about childbearing inform the perception of fertility problems if more than a few months pass without a noticeable pregnancy. Such problems are usually attributed to women, especially if the male partner has proven his fertility with another spouse/sexual partner. Community education on variation in the time to conception is needed, as is an understanding of how perceived infertility, regardless of actual waiting time to pregnancy, can lead to treatment seeking and risky sexual behaviour. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | INFERTILITY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Education | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 298908 |
| 28. Title: Demographic study of Gujjars of Delhi: VI. Factors affecting fertility, infant mortality and use of BCM. Author: Dabral S; Malik SL Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(2):85-92. Abstract: Association between various bio-social factors that affect fertility, infant mortality and use of birth control methods was examined among Gujjars of Delhi. The data were collected from 558 households on ever-married women in the age group 15-49 years. Among Gujjars, women's age has the most significant effect on fertility and family planning acceptance; while fertility influences infant mortality the most. Women's education is also an important determinant of these variables. Stepwise multivariate analysis reflects that older women tend to have higher fertility, followed by higher ideal no. of children. Also, fertility further increases with higher infant mortality (that is the next factor affecting it). It is expected that lowering of infant mortality may help in reducing fertility. Among older woman infant mortality is higher. Usage of family planning methods among older women is lower as compared to women who were younger at the time of field survey. There is a decline in usage of BCM with the increase in surviving children, however if the women has higher desire for sons and higher ideal number of children then their acceptance and use decline further. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT MORTALITY | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Mortality | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 304642 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes towards family planning in the Southeast Anatolian Project (SEAP) region of turkey. Author: Ozcirpici B; Ozgur S; Sahinoz S; Bozkurt AI; Sahinoz T Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2005;31(2):121-122. Abstract: The objective was to determine attitudes towards family size and last pregnancies in order to improve family planning services in the Southeast Anatolian Project (SEAP) region. A questionnaire survey in the nine SEAP regional provinces was carried out under the auspices of the ‘SEAP Public Health Project’ from 2001 to 2002. The participants comprised 1756 women and 661 men from 1126 households. For men and women aged 15 years and over the median ideal number of children was three. The rate of unintended last pregnancies (43.1%) in the present study was very high compared to the national average of 18.8%. Some 30.1% of the last pregnancies were unwanted by either partner. The number of pregnancies and children in this region is approximately twice as high as the ideal number. Families in the region are having more children than they want. Basic education must be given to women, particularly non-Turkish speakers, to improve their knowledge and use of family planning. Family planning education for men in rural areas also needs special attention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | BIRTH RATE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 286970 |
| 30. Title: Why is fertility in Korea lower than in Japan? Author: Suzuki T Source: Journal of Population Problems / Jinko Mondai Kenkyu. 2005;61(2):23-39. Abstract: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in the Republic of Korea showed a sudden fall from 1.47 in 2000 to 1.17 in 2002. Although TFR slightly recovered to 1.19 in 2003, it was still lower than Taiwan (1.24) and Japan (1.29) in the same year. This paper investigates why TFR in Korea since 2001 has been lower than in Japan. It is shown that the tempo-adjusted TFR in Korea in 2002 was still higher than in Japan. This means that one reason of lower fertility in Korea is faster delay in childbearing age. More useful insight can be obtained from a decomposition of nuptiality and marital fertility. A comparison between actual and hypothetical TFRs reveals that approximately 60% of the TFR decline between 1999 and 2002 in Korea was caused by nuptiality decline. However, it is shown that the recent Japan-Korea difference is due not to nuptiality but to marital fertility. According to the 2003 National Fertility and Family Health Survey in Korea, there was an increase in contraception practice since 2000. The ideal number of children did not change in this period. The proportion of high school graduates proceeding to college rose dramatically in the 1990s in Korea while the proportion was stagnated in Japan, suggesting higher cost of childrearing in Korea. The labor participation rate of women in 30s in Korea is lower than in Japan, and the gap has been widening. It is likely that the uncertainty of labor market condition constrained marital fertility in Korea more tightly than in Japan. The Korean government publicized several pro-natal policies in 2004. However, the prerequisite to the recovery of fertility seems to be an acquirement of Western European cultural pattern of weak family ties, extramarital births, early independence of youths, etc. Since such a cultural change is more difficult to occur in Eastern Asia than in Southern Europe, lowest-low fertility in Asia could be severer and last longer than in Europe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | JAPAN | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | NUPTIALITY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PRONATALIST POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | |