1.  Title: Traditional gender values and adolescent fertility expectations in Ethiopia. Author: Lindstrom DP; Hogan DP; Hadley C; Hailemariam A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [8] p. Abstract: In this paper we examine the influence of traditional gender values, education, family and peer relations, and community context on young people's family size expectations in a sample of Ethiopian youth. In particular, we test whether the influence of traditional gender values on family size expectations varies by level of education and by the prevalence of traditional gender values among other youth in the community. We use survey data for 2,172 never married adolescents age 13-17 collected by the Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (JLFSY). The JLFSY study area includes a regional city, three outlying rural towns, and surrounding rural communities in the coffee growing region of southwestern Ethiopia. Preliminary analyses indicate that the influence of traditional gender values on expected family size is highly conditioned by the level of schooling and the community context. Education reduces the influence of traditional values, whereas living in a community where traditional values are widespread magnifies the influence of individual values. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | FEMALE ROLE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | MARRIAGE | ATTITUDES | VALUE ORIENTATION | EDUCATION | GENDER ISSUES | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 317715 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Births, debts and mirages: The impact of the higher education contribution scheme (HECS) and other factors on Australian fertility expectations. Author: Yu P; Kippen R; Chapman B Source: Journal of Population Research. 2007;24(1):73-90. Abstract: This paper uses survey data to examine the effect of the income-contingent charge mechanism, the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), and other demographic and attitudinal variables on fertility expectations in Australia over the recent past. HECS requires former Australian students to fund some of the costs of higher education through the repayment of interest-free loans made by the Australian government. Its defining characteristic is that repayments only occur when and if students' future incomes exceed a particular level. Since its introduction in 1989, media and other populist commentary has suggested that HECS has had unanticipated effects on behaviour. Most recently, attention has focused on the effects of HECS on fertility, with some arguing that university graduates are delaying births, and having fewer children, because of their HECS debts. This paper demonstrates that the introduction of HECS has had no discernible impact on Australian fertility rates, nor on the number of children that people expect to have. However, education, age and a number of attitudinal factors are associated with significant differences in fertility expectations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | EDUCATION | FEES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | RELIGION | ATTITUDES | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Research Methodology | Schools | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323894 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Role of family type in the idealization of a larger number of children by husbands in Pakistan. Author: Avan BI; Akhund S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Mar;38(2):203-220. Abstract: This study focuses on determining the number of children considered ideal by Pakistani husbands and identifying the factors associated with this, with a special emphasis on family type. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among married males residing in four areas of Khairpur district. An equal number of study participants were selected systematically from each field site to achieve the required sample size of 500. Interviews were conducted by trained fieldworkers using a structured questionnaire to obtain information on background socioeconomic characteristics, family structure and reproductive health knowledge and practices, in particular family planning. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the hypothesis that family type has an independent association with husbands' idealization of a larger number of children. The mean ideal number of children perceived by husbands was four. Living in an extended family (AOR=1.81; 95%CI: 1.11, 3.35) and being illiterate (AOR=2.13, 95%CI; 1.33, 3.42) are significantly associated with idealization of a larger number of children by the husband, while adjusting for socioeconomic status, family structure and family planning information. Understanding the dynamics of family type and its effects on husbands' opinions regarding ideal number of children can help strengthen population control efforts in Pakistan. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | FATHERS | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ILLITERATES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 297990 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe. Author: Goldstein J; Lutz W; Testa MR Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2003 Dec;22(5-6):479-496. Abstract: Period fertility started to drop significantly below replacement in most Western European countries during the 1970s and 1980s, while most fertility surveys, value studies and opinion polls have found that the number of children considered ideal for society or for one’s own family has remained above two children per woman. These surveys have led to the expectation that, sooner or later, period fertility would recover in Europe. The most recent data from the Eurobarometer 2001 survey, however, suggest that in the German-speaking parts of Europe the average ideal family sizes given by younger men and women have fallen as low as 1.7 children. This paper examines the consistency and the credibility of these new findings, which – if they are indeed indications of a new trend – may alter the current discussion about future fertility trends in Europe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics Document Number: 191283 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Missing the target? Correspondence of fertility intentions and behavior in the U.S. Author: Quesnel-Vallée A; Morgan SP Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2003 Dec;22(5-6):497-525. Abstract: Building on a framework suggested by Bongaarts (2001) and using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we describe the correspondence between intended family size and observed fertility for the 1957 to 1961 birth cohorts of U.S. women and men. Over an 18-year period (1982–2000), we show that while aggregate intentions are quite stable, discrepancies are very common at the individual level. Women and men were more likely to err in predicting number of additional births in the period 1982–2000 than to hit their target number. A very strong predictor of over- and underachieving fertility is initial intended parity. Those who intended more than two children tended to have fewer children than intended, while those who intended fewer than two children tended to have more children than intended. In addition and consistent with life course arguments, those unmarried in 1982, childless in 1982, and (for women) still in school in 1982 were most likely to underachieve their 2000 intended parity (i.e., have fewer children than intended). We conclude by reflecting on how the circumstances that allow discrepancies between intentions and behavior to almost “balance” in the U.S. may cumulate differently elsewhere to produce much lower fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESPONDENTS | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | DECISION MAKING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior Document Number: 191284 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Did the economic crisis cause the fertility decline in Russia: evidence from the 1994 microcensus. Author: Kharkova TL; Andreev EM Source: European Journal of Population. 2000 Sep;16(3):211-33. Abstract: Between 1989 and 1993, the total fertility rate in Russia dropped from 2.01 to 1.38, a fall of unprecedented size in peacetime. The more common explanation asserts that the fertility decrease is the population's response to the socioeconomic crisis occurring in the country. The alternative hypothesis states that the fertility decrease is just a continuation of the long-term trend, while the crisis has accelerated this process. On the basis of individual data obtained in the 1994 microcensus, which involved 5% of Russia's population, this paper attempts to find arguments for and against each of the two hypotheses. The analysis is based on questionnaires of 798,000 women born between 1959 and 1975. Three indicators of fertility are investigated: frequency of birth in 1993, expected number of children, and desired number of children. These indicators are linked to 28 background characteristics, including marital status, number of children ever born, ethnicity, level of education, housing condition, and income level. The data do not reveal essential fertility differentiation by economic status, which would be present of the first hypothesis were right. At the same time, a clear connection is found between the frequency of births in 1993 and such sociocultural markers as living in town or countryside, ethnicity, and the desired number of children. In addition, 1993 fertility actually conforms to women's opinions about the number of children they intend to have. These results can cast doubt on the hypothesis that the economic crisis is the main and only cause of the recent fertility decrease in Russia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | ECONOMIC RECESSION | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Economic Conditions | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 154743 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Expected and actual family size in Greece: 1983-1997. Author: Symeonidou H Source: European Journal of Population / Revue Europeenne de Demographie. 2000 Dec;16(4):335-52. Abstract: On the basis of data collected in the 1997 fertility study in the Greater Athens area, in which a sub-sample of women previously interviewed in the 1983 National Fertility Survey were interviewed again, the validity of aggregate and individual fertility intentions is evaluated. The main finding is that fertility intentions slightly overestimate ultimate family size. Moreover, higher expectations are associated with higher `transition rates' towards having children and to shorter birth intervals for all parties. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | EMPLOYMENT | WOMEN | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 157919 |
| 8. Title: Third birth intentions and uncertainty in Canada. Author: Wu Z; Wang H Source: SOCIAL BIOLOGY. 1998 Spring-Summer;45(1-2):96-112. Abstract: Data from the 1995 Canadian General Society Survey (GSS-95) were used to study the intention to have a third child among a sample of 252 men and 253 women who already have 2 children. As in many industrial societies, a large part of Canadian fertility decline is attributable to the decline in third-birth rates. Moreover, the third birth is important in and of itself and represents the dividing line between below and above replacement-level fertility. Social norms against childlessness and 1-child families have also been persistent throughout most of the century, with census data showing the 2-child family to have been the most common family size in North America in recent decades. Respondents were chosen based upon a national probability sample of 4835 men and 5914 women aged 15 years and older, excluding residents of the Yukon and Northwest Territories, and full-time institutionalized residents. 15% of the men and women surveyed intended to have a third child, and almost 20% of the respondents were uncertain of their fertility intentions. Survey responses indicate that the same factors which predict intentions also predict uncertainty, and the effects of those predictors are highly similar. Intentions and uncertainty generally declined with age, but increased with regular church attendance, remarriage, and being Catholic. The sex of previous children had almost no impact upon third-birth intentions or uncertainty. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | BIRTHS EXPECTED | CURRENTLY MARRIED | CONSENSUAL UNION | MEN | WOMEN | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality Document Number: 136258 |
| 9. Title: [Women are less uncertain about their number of children] Vrouwen zijn minder onzeker over hun kindertal. Author: de Graaf A Source: MAANDSTATISTIEK VAN DE BEVOLKING. 1995 Jan;43(1):14-20. Abstract: In the update of the Netherlands Population Forecasts of 1994 assumptions were partly based on data of the Netherlands Fertility Surveys. The fertility surveys of 1982, 1988, and 1993 contained information on birth expectations of women born during 1950-1974. The data showed that women born in the 1950s accurately estimated their ultimate number of children 10 years prior (i.e., an average family size of 2.0 children). Women who were born in 1950 had an average of 1.5 children by the time they had reached their thirties. The 1992 study of about 15,000 students 12-20 years old showed that 60% of boys and 55% of girls preferred 2 children. 1/3 of girls wanted 3 or more children. The 1993 Family Formation Survey (OG'93) interviewed 45,000 women and 37,000 men born during 1950-74. According to the 1993 data women born in the 1960s and in the early 1970s expected an average completed family size of 2.1 children: 0.1-0.2 children more than the expectations expressed in 1988. In the 1993 Netherlands Population Forecasts the average family size was 1.8 children for women born in the 1970s. The 1993 prognosis showed that the birth cohort of 1955-59 expected to have a total of 2.0 children and the younger generations expected 2.1 children. According to the Netherlands Fertility Survey of 1993 women were more certain of the extra number of children expected than 5 years before. On the one hand women had fewer doubts about staying childless and on the other hand they were more certain about the exact number of additional children. 1994 data also indicated that 73% of the less educated women born in 1950-54 had their first child before age 28, compared to only 29% of women who were better educated. Based on these findings it was decided not to change the long-term fertility assumptions in the 1994 population forecasts: a stable figure of 1.8 children for women born in the 1970s. Language: Dutch Keywords: NETHERLANDS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 108889 |
| 10. Title: Assessing the impact of the quality of family planning services on fulfillment of reproductive intentions in Peru. Author: Mensch B; Arends-Kuenning M; Jain A; Garate MR Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, California, April 6-8, 1995. [2], 53 p. Abstract: A comparison of findings of three data sets from Peru--the 1991-92 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), a 1994 follow-up of a subsample of DHS respondents, and a 1992 Situation Analysis--enabled identification of factors that most influence women's ability to achieve their reproductive goals. The surveys were conducted in two areas: Lima and Nor Oriental del Maranon. Of the 1096 women re-interviewed in 1994, 268 had given birth to 295 babies since the 1991-92 survey. For 82.2% of these births, respondents had indicated in the original survey that an additional birth was desired; the remaining 18.8% were unwanted or unplanned pregnancies or births. 30.6% of women in the rural Nor Oriental sample compared to 23.6% of those in urban Nor Oriental and only 12.0% of those in Lima had an unplanned or unwanted birth or pregnancy. 82.1% of the failure to meet reproductive goals in rural Nor Oriental was attributable to no method use or failure of a traditional method compared to 34.3% in Lima and 59.4% in urban Nor Oriental. From the Situation Analysis, a quality index was developed for each cluster; assessed were method availability, provider unbiased, provider nonrestrictive, information provided, provider training, cleanliness, privacy, and reproductive and other health services. Only 6.6% of women in clusters with high quality family planning services had an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy or birth compared to 14.4% of those in low quality clusters. When individual demographic characteristics were included in the regression analysis, quality of family planning program care remained a highly significant predictor of achievement of reproductive goals; the only other significant variable was age over 40 years. These findings highlight the feasibility of interventions aimed at improving the quality of family planning service delivery points. Language: English Keywords: PERU | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 105004 |
| 11. Title: Age at menarche among adolescent females in Zambia: implication for family formation. Author: Pillai VK Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY OF THE FAMILY. 1995 Autumn;25(2):33-8. Abstract: This study examines the relationships between age at menarche and two fertility related variables, expected age at marriage and expected number of children. The random sample consists of 525 secondary school-going females in the age range 13-21 years from the Copperbelt and Lusaka Central Provinces in Zambia. It was found that the age of menarche ranged from 10 to 18 years with a mean of 14.2 + 1.4 (mean + SD) years. The association between age at menarche and expected age at marriage was found to be weak but positive. Furthermore, the association of age at menarche with expected number of children was found to be weak but in the negative direction. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MENARCHE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Menstruation | Reproduction | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 114273 |
| 12. Title: Population forecasts and fertility surveys. Author: Netherlands. Central Bureau of Statistics Source: In: Netherlands official statistics. Population statistics, [compiled by] Netherlands. Central Bureau of Statistics. Voorburg / Heerlen, Netherlands, Central Bureau of Statistics, 1993. :140-2. (Reprint 5) Abstract: The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics carried out fertility surveys in 1974, 1977, 1982, and 1988. The 1982 survey asked all 18-37 year old married and unmarried women how many more children they expected to have. In the 1985 follow-up survey, the children born during 1982-1985 were registered and the expectations on additional children were asked again. Expectations in 1985 turned out to be consistent with the actual behavior for 86% of the women. Four out of five did not expect to have another child in the first 3 years. Of these women, 92% did not have a child. Of the women who had expected to have a child, 63% had had one. The expectation of having an additional child was most reliable for younger women who already had a child and had been married for less than 5 years. For older women and for non-married women, the expectation of having a child was quite unreliable. The expectation of having 2 (additional) children was most stable; 57% of those who expected two children in 1982 gave the same answer in 1985. The expectation of 3 (additional) children was maintained by only 41%. The results of this analysis are promising for the use of short-term birth expectations in population forecasts. The youngest women in the survey (women 18-22 years old in 1982) will ultimately have a possible minimum variant of 16 children on average. For the older women, minimum variants of 1.8 (cohorts 1955-1959) and 1.9 (cohorts 1950-1954) were calculated. In the 1982-1985 period, more women got married (almost a third of them) than could be expected on the basis of the 1982 answers. On the basis of the 1982 data, it was estimated that 68% of the youngest women would get married at some time compared to 78% three years later. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | BIRTHS EXPECTED | CURRENTLY MARRIED | UNMARRIED | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | WOMEN | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Population Characteristics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 093954 |
| 13. Title: Current Population Survey, June 1992: fertility and birth expectations [MRDF]. Author: United States. Bureau of the Census Source: Washington, D.C., United States, Bureau of the Census, 1993. Abstract: "Data are provided on labor force activity for the week prior to the [June 1992] survey. Comprehensive data are available on the employment status, occupation, and industry of persons 15 years old and over. Also shown are personal characteristics such as age, sex, race, marital status, veteran status, household relationship, educational background, and Hispanic origin. In addition, data pertaining to fertility and birth expectations are included in the file. Date of first marriage is asked of all ever married women 15-44 years old. Questions determining the number of live born children and date of birth of youngest and oldest children are asked of women 15-44 years old. Questions concerning expectations of having children are asked of women 18-39 years old." The geographical focus is on the United States. The file structure is rectangular and the size is 159,339 logical records with a length of 420 characters. Options include 6250 bpi, ASCII, or EBCDIC, labeled or unlabeled. The files are also available on IBM compatible tape cartridges. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | DATA FILES | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | INDUSTRY | FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MARITAL STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics | Cultural Background | Nuptiality Document Number: 240344 |
| 14. Title: Differences in fertility of Catholics and Protestants are related to timing and prevalence of marriage. Author: Althaus F Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1992 Sep-Oct;24(5):234-5. Abstract: The statistics on fertility of Catholics and Protestants are examined for timing and prevalence of marriage by region. Religious differences among racial and ethnic groups are small, except among non-Hispanic white women. White Protestants have 1.91 lifetime births, while white Catholics have 1.64 lifetime births, Jews 1.54, and women with no religious affiliation 1.12. Differences are smallest in the Midwest and largest in the Northeast. When marriage patterns are adjusted for, the differences are apparent only in the Northeast. These trends are based on combined data from the 1982 and 1988 National Survey of Family Growth on 9065 non-Hispanic whites, 5807 non-Hispanic blacks, and 1138 Hispanics. Blacks had 1.52 mean number of children ever born (CEB) for Protestants, 1.41 for Catholics, and 1.34 for women with no religious affiliation. Hispanics had 1.58 mean number of CEB among Protestants and 1.52 among Catholics. There were significant differences between white Protestants (1.31) and Catholics (1.08), Jews (1.07), or women with no affiliation (.83). A detailed analysis was conducted among whites on total fertility rate (TFR), mean CEB, and total births expected. TFR for total whites was 1.76 lifetime births/women. The highest TFR was among Mormons (3.09), followed by Protestants (1.99). Protestant rates were higher than Catholic rates throughout the nation. The differences amounted to .06 in the Midwest, .24 in the West, .40 in the South, and .47 in the Northeast. TFR was not associated with frequency of communion among Catholics. TFR among Protestants varied for attendance at weekly services; differences were greatest in the Northeast (.81), followed by the West (.75) and the Midwest (.67). TFR for Protestant church attenders was higher at 2.24. CEB was higher among Protestants; significant differences with Catholics appeared in the Northeast and South. In multiple classification analysis of marital duration, there were no differences between Catholics and Protestants. Controls for age reduced differences in the West and Midwest. Expectations of births were higher in Catholics. Differences in CEB, but not TFR, can be explained by socioeconomic status. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DATA AGGREGATION | CATHOLICISM | PROTESTANTISM | MULTIREGIONAL ANALYSIS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FERTILITY | BIRTH RATE | MARRIAGE | WHITES | BLACKS | HISPANICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Christianity | Religion | Fertility Rate | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nuptiality | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics Document Number: 077988 |
| 15. Title: [Socio-demographic interests of the population during the transition to a market economy] Sotsial'no-demograficheskie interesy naseleniya pri perekhode k rynku. Author: Bodrova V Source: VESTNIK STATISTIKI. 1992;(3):13-7. Abstract: These are the results of a 1971 survey on reproductive behavior in the former Soviet Union. The survey covered 3,152 women aged 16 or over living in rural or urban areas. Questions were included on ideal, desired, and expected number of children. The results indicate that low fertility expectations characterize the majority of the population and that current political and economic problems are likely to push expected fertility even lower. Significant differences between rural and urban populations and among regions are identified. (ANNOTATION) Language: Russian Keywords: USSR | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics Document Number: 237553 |
| 16. Title: Change in fertility intentions: the role of expectation-experience discrepancies [tables] Author: Davidson AR; Kalmuss DS; Cushman LF Source: [Unpublished] 1992. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Denver, Colorado, April 30 - May 2, 1992. [4] p. Abstract: Researchers from the Center for Population and Family Health in New York City looked at differences in expectations and experiences in influencing changes in intended family size among 501 women of childbearing age. 72% of the women did not change their expected family size between pregnancy and 12 months postpartum. Expected family size decreases among 15% of the women and increased among 13%. The 2 strongest determinants of change in intended family size between pregnancy and 12 months postpartum were family size intention at pregnancy and parenting experiences (p<.001). Marital duration was negatively associated with this change (p<.091). 3 other determinants which were also negatively associated with this change included parenting expectations, difficult child temperament, and pregnancy problems (p<.05). Of the 61 women who increased their intended family size between pregnancy and 12 months postpartum, 43 (73%) stated parenting was more positive than expected and/or they had an easy infant as their main reason for changing intended family size. The table did not specify the other reasons of the remaining women. Of the 77 women who wanted a smaller family size than originally believed, the main reason for the change for 27 (35%) women was parenting was more difficult than expected and/or they had a difficult infant. 26 (34%) claimed financial reasons. 24 (31%) women gave various other reasons for wanting a smaller family size than originally believed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | TABLES AND CHARTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | CHILD REARING | SEX PREFERENCE | MARRIAGE DURATION | AGE FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INCOME | CHANGES | MEN | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproduction | Diseases | Behavior | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Change Document Number: 072893 |
| 17. Title: Using birth expectations information in national population forecasts. Author: Van de Giessen H Source: In: National population forecasting in industrialized countries. A survey carried out by the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, the Bureau of the Census (United States Department of Commerce), and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, edited by Nico Keilman and Harri Cruijsen. Amsterdam, Netherlands, Swets and Zeitlinger, 1992. :223-41. (NIDI CBGS Publications 24) Abstract: A number of industrialized countries use birth expectations to forecast fertility. Most of these countries do so in a qualitative or indirect way. Only a few (Australia, Austria, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands) make adjustments for partial non-response and/or overestimation. The reliability and stability of birth expectations in the Netherlands was examined based on the 1982 Netherlands Fertility Survey, when non-married women were also interviewed. Comparison between the expectations of married and non-married women in the 1982 and 1988 surveys shows that the average expectations of married women are very stable. Non-married women revised their expectations downward a little. The largest overestimation of future fertility was found among the oldest group (28-32 years of age) of never-married women. For all women taken together, the expectations are fairly stable for this short period. The history of adjusting birth expectations and using them for population forecasts in the Netherlands actually started with the 1982 Netherlands Fertility Survey. Already the 1977 survey (only married women), for example, pointed clearly to a further decline in the total number of children per woman per cohort. It was considered unlikely that the youngest women in the 1982 Netherlands Fertility Survey would really have 2.4 (high variant) or even 2.0 (low variant) children. In order to obtain a more accurate idea of the average number of children, 3 adjustment methods were developed. The Method of Limiting Factors uses much additional survey data on birth expectations and for the assessment of the values of the adjustment factors. The Inverse Snowball Method and the Partial Adjustment Forecasting Model methods differ from the 1st one in that they derive the data from 2 survey rounds. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL STUDIES | POPULATION FORECAST | BIRTH RATE | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY SURVEYS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Rate Document Number: 100450 |
| 18. Title: Current Population Survey, June 1990: fertility, birth expectations, and marital history [MRDF]. Author: United States. Bureau of the Census Source: Washington, D.C., United States, Bureau of the Census, 1991. Abstract: This file provides data for the United States on "labor force activity for the week prior to the survey. Comprehensive data are available on the employment status, occupation, and industry of persons 15 years old and over. Also shown are personal characteristics such as age, sex, race, marital status, veteran status, household relationship, educational background, and Hispanic origin. In addition, data pertaining to date of first marriage, fertility, birth expectations, and marital history are included in the file. Date of first marriage is asked of all ever married women 18-44 years old. Questions determining the number of live born children and date of birth of youngest and oldest children are asked of women 18-44 years old. Questions concerning expectations of having children are asked of women 18-39 years old." The file structure is rectangular and contains 164,200 logical records, each with a length of 552 characters. "Tapes are priced at [U.S.] $1.25 per megabyte (MB)....This file has 91 MB; therefore, the price is $175. Options include 6250 or 1600 bpi; ASCII or EBCDIC, labeled or unlabeled. The files are also available on tape cartridges (IBM 3480 compatible) for the same price." Accompanying documentation is provided. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | DATA FILES | HOUSEHOLDS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HISPANICS | MARRIAGE | PARITY | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | INDUSTRY | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Information Processing | Information | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Sex Factors Document Number: 234831 |
| 19. Title: Fertility of American women: June 1990. Author: Bachu A Source: CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS. SERIES P-20. 1991 Oct;(454):i-iv, 1-69. Abstract: In the U.S. during the period between 1960-1964, 52.2% of all single 15-34 year old women who were carrying their 1st child married before delivery whereas only 26.6% did in the period between 1985-1989. During 1960-1964, 30.75% of all black women who had conceived their 1st child before marriage married before the child was delivered, but by 1985-1989, this percentage fell to 8%. The corresponding percentages for white women were 61-34%. In 1985-1989, 23% of all Hispanic women who premaritally conceived their 1st child married before the child was born. The greatest rise in fertility in the 1980s occurred among women in their 30s. For example, between 1980-1990, it climbed from 60-80. 4 births/1000 women for women 30-34 years old. It rose from 26.9-37.3 for 35-39 year old women. Further 53.1% of 18-44 year old mothers with infants were working in the period in June 1990 while only 38% were working in June 1980. The overall fertility rate for all 15-44 year old women in June 1990 stood at 67. Hispanic women had significantly higher fertility rate (93.2) than non-Hispanic women 65.2, and Asian or Pacific Islander women 58.1. Even though more women married >1 time during their life, most experience their 1st birth before or during their 1st marriage (28.5 and 64.3 respectively). In June 1990, for all women between 18-34 years old, the lifetime expected births was 2273/1000 women. Based on the results of the 1990 census, the US Census Bureau concluded that a considerable fall in the preference of unmarried couples to marry before the birth of a child just to refrain from having an out of wedlock birth contributed to the increase in premarital births in the U.S. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TABLES AND CHARTS | CENSUS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | WHITES | BLACKS | HISPANICS | ASIANS | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Size | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics Document Number: 070623 |
| 20. Title: Patterns of contraceptive use in the United States: the importance of religious factors. Author: Goldscheider C; Mosher WD Source: STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING. 1991 Mar-Apr;22(2):102-15. Abstract: "Previous research has shown that the major religious communities in the U.S. have all shifted their expected family size downward but significant differences in contraceptive use styles continue to characterize Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and those of no religious affiliation. This paper examines data from Cycle IV of the National Survey of Family Growth (1988) to extend the time period covered by previous research by comparing the emerging contraceptive use patterns and fertility expectations among women in the late 1980s with earlier cohorts from previous national studies, beginning in the 1960s. The categories of religious affiliation are extended to include specific religious denominations...and include measures of religiosity....These data are examined for blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 56, No. 3, Fall 1990, pp. 426-7). (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RELIGION | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | COHORT ANALYSIS | BLACKS | HISPANICS | WHITES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Studies | Social Change Document Number: 233922 |
| 21. Title: Late expectations: childbearing patterns of American women for the 1990's. Author: O'Connell M Source: CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS, SERIES P-23: SPECIAL STUDIES. 1991 Oct;(176):1-18. Abstract: "This paper will examine the changes in the timing of entry into motherhood among post World War II birth cohorts of women and the childbearing patterns of women after age 30 [in the United States]. The principal data source used in this paper will be the Census Bureau's fertility and birth expectations survey from the Current Population Survey (CPS)....A brief summary of the origins and evolving problems associated with using birth expectations data as a method to predict future fertility swings will first be examined. Next, the usefulness of expectations data as a predictor of the future will be discussed in the context of historical patterns of childbearing....Finally, this paper will examine which socioeconomic groups of women are most likely to be characterized by delays in childbearing and their current prospects for having their first birth at later ages." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | BIRTHS EXPECTED | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION FORECAST | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FIRST BIRTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics | Estimation Techniques | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Pregnancy History Document Number: 235125 |
| 22. Title: The impact of parental divorce on young women's demographic behaviour. Author: van Hoorn WD; de Graaf A Source: Voorburg, Netherlands, Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, Department of Population Statistics, 1991. 8, [8] p. Abstract: "In this paper the influence of parental divorce on the demographic behaviour of young women is studied together with a few relevant 'social' characteristics (religious affiliation, education and residence). Data of the 1988 Netherlands Fertility Survey are used. In this survey 6,000 women aged 18-37 years were interviewed...." Aspects considered include age at leaving home, age at first union, cohabitation, marriage, divorce, and expected family size. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | DIVORCE | PARENTS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE AGE | CONSENSUAL UNION | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | AGE FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | WOMEN | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Nuptiality | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Marriage | Family Size | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 236117 |
| 23. Title: [The effect of female labor-force participation on the number of children] De invloed van werken van de vrouw op het aantal kinderen. Author: van Hoorn WD Source: MAANDSTATISTIEK VAN DE BEVOLKING. 1991 Oct;39(10):17-26. Abstract: The impact of female labor force participation on fertility in the Netherlands is analyzed. The focus is on the difficulties of conducting such an analysis in the absence of panel data. Data are from the 1988 Netherlands Fertility Survey and concern women aged 18-37. The results suggest that there is a significant negative effect of work on expected and actual family size at all ages. (SUMMARY IN ENG) (ANNOTATION) Language: Dutch Keywords: NETHERLANDS | LABOR FORCE | FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | AGE FACTORS | WOMEN | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics Document Number: 234822 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: A causal approach to the study of fertility and familism. Author: Krishnan V Source: SOCIAL BIOLOGY. 1990 Spring-Summer;37(1-2):59-68. Abstract: This paper tests, within the framework of LISREL, the causal structures of fertility using data from the 1973-74 Growth of Alberta Family Study (GAFS) of women ages 18-44 who are currently married or living common- law. Differential fertility among the 2 groups of women classified by nativity are also examined. The women's background characteristics (age, religiosity, and education) are viewed as exogenous variables. The endogenous variables are familism and expected family size; familism is designated as an intermediate variable in the model, linking demographic and socioeconomic (including cultural) factors to fertility. The results indicate that familism acts as an important variable explaining fertility, particularly among foreign-born women. The study confirms and extends earlier research findings that religiosity and education influence couples' fertility, the former in a positive manner and the latter in a negative one. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | THEORETICAL MODELS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | AGE FACTORS | HOUSING | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | WOMEN | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics Document Number: 064511 |
| 25. Title: The effect of children from a man's prior marriage on the birth expectations of his current wife. Author: O'Keeffe JE Source: [Unpublished] 1990. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Toronto, Canada, May 3-5, 1990. 35, 15 p. Abstract: The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Cycle III (1982) is the instrument for this study of the relationship between men's prior marriage and fertility in the second marriage. Out of a national sample of 7969 US women 15 - 44 years old, 308 women were selected who were currently in a second marriage. Small sample size restricts racial comparisons. Measures include: the total number of children expected as generated from parity at time of interview and the number of births expected (dependent variable), and children expected in the remarriage as generated from the cumulated remarriage fertility plus remarriage births expected. Men's prior marriage data are available as regular child support payments. Bivariate and logistic regressions were used to determine the association between husband's and wife's characteristics and remarital birth expectations. The analysis revealed that the wife remarried at a later age, had more children at remarriage, and had more children who were older and were significantly associated with remarital fertility. Payment of child support was not significantly associated. Husband's age was a greater predictor than husband's children from a prior marriage. Using the Hosmer approach to best fit of the equation, the best predictors with 77% accuracy which determine remarriage births are husband's and wife's age at current marriage, wife's parity at remarriage, and the age of her youngest child at remarriage. This contradicts earlier findings. The hypothesis that husband's prior marriage and birth expectations of his current wife is considered spurious. The characteristics of the women in second marriage explain most of the difference. The importance of the husband's age as equally significant to the wife's was important. Questions about what is represented by prior marital status, whether its a proxy for children or husband's age, remain. Age may also reflect biological as well as life cycles consideration in thinking about another a birth. Contrary to earlier findings, the wife's parity had a predictive effect in the proposed model, except for those women having 3 or more children. The age of the youngest child supports earlier findings on its predictive strength. THe delineation of variables were somewhat different in prior contrary findings. THe sample included Cycle I data which was 10 years prior and in the baby boom. The sample population excluded older women and women unable to bear children. This bias prevented generalizability to the entire population of remarriage women 15 to 44 years of age, and supported the author's findings. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | REMARRIAGE | MARITAL FERTILITY | TIME FACTORS | BIRTHS EXPECTED | MULTIPLE MARRIAGES | PARITY | MARRIAGE AGE | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | AGE FACTORS | MEN | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics Document Number: 062222 |
| 26. Title: Starting a second family: the effect of children from a husband's prior marriage and the payment of child support on birth expectations in women's first and second marriages. Author: O'Keeffe JE Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International, 1990. xv, 249 p. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988. Abstract: US census data on fertility indicate that women whose husbands have been previously married have lower fertility than women whose husbands were not previously married, It has been suggested that men with a prior marriage may be reluctant to start a 2nd family because of obligations to children from their prior marriage, However, not all remarrying men have children, few absent fathers pay child support, and the majority of children have little contact with their non-custodial fathers following a divorce. Therefore, it is not clear why children from a prior marriage would have a negative effect on the fertility of a man's current wife.. Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III (1982), this study examines the relationship between birth expectations and husbands; characteristics: prior marital status, age at current marriage, children, and the payment of child support. For 1st married women, children from a husband's marriage have no effect on the marital birth expectations of women who had a premarital birth, Catholic women, women married prior to 1965, and couples who were relatively older at current marriage (wife 26+ and husband 30+). Only for couples who were relatively younger when they married did children from a husband's prior marriage have a negative effect on birth expectations. HOwever, the effect was not large, and the small sample size precluded a multivariate analysis. For women in 2nd marriages, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the negative relationship between a husband's prior marital status and birth expectations is spurious. Once a husband's age is controlled, his children from a prior marriage and child support payments have no effect on the birth expectations of his current wife. The results indicate that a husband's prior marital status is probably a proxy for his age at current marriage, Factors that are important in predicting childbearing in women's 2nd marriages are: 1) the husband's and wife's age at current marriage, 2) the wife's parity at remarriage, 3) the age of her youngest child at remarriage, and 4) her earnings. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | REMARRIAGE | FERTILITY | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | MARRIAGE AGE | PARITY | INCOME | AGE FACTORS | CHILD | FERTILITY SURVEYS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Measurements | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth Document Number: 202002 |
| 27. Title: An investigation of mechanisms explaining excess female mortality during infancy and childhood in Bangladesh: evidence from the World Fertility Survey data. Author: Partin MR Source: Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1990. 33 p. (CDE Working Paper 90-125) Abstract: Bangladesh as a country with male child preference is also one with excessive rates of female mortality. A piecewise hazard model was used to determine whether sex differences in mortality are due to gender biased allocation of food, principally a longer breast-feeding time to weaning for males as a result of maternal choice. The model controls for factor's associated with early mortality and the effect of mortality on weaning. The data originate from the Bangladesh Fertility Survey. this retrospective data was limited to 5 years from the survey date and the discrete time variable at age of weaning is grouped into intervals of 0, 1-9, 10-15, 16-20, 21-27, 28-32, 33+ surrounding the heaped duration of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months. Support for sex bias in breast-feeding patterns is not evidenced. It is suggested that single recall errors or differential recall errors can bias the results. An analysis of surviving children within 5 years of survey date using a life table approach produces estimates of increased breast feeding for females (31.4 months vs. 30.87 months for males). This lack of sex bias contradicts the claims of others. To counteract the effect of increased levels of feeding intensity, infants only were analyzed and the results were insignificant. Bias allocation of food is not evidenced in breast-feeding patterns. An analysis of the survival status of the preceding child suggests that there is an effect of shared resistance to disease among siblings. Mother's education differences showed a wider gender gap where a mother was moderately educated; sex differences in mortality will converge when resources are plentiful. The policy implication is that health-related resources must be increased and families convinced of future availability in order to see longterm changes in the mortality differential between sexes. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | SEX FACTORS | SONS | BREASTFEEDING | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | WOMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Characteristics | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Family Size Document Number: 066822 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility intentions and subsequent behavior: a longitudinal study in rural India. Author: Vlassoff C Source: STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING. 1990 Jul-Aug;21(4):216-25. Abstract: The question of how accurately family size desires, as stated by people responding to fertility surveys, predict subsequent family planning (FP) and fertility behavior is studied for a rural area in India with regard to numbers of children desired, sex preferences, and contraceptive choices in 1975 and actual outcome in 1987. Total village population was 2096, 997 males (48%) and 1099 females (52%) in 1975. In 1987, there were 1286 males and 1278 females for a total of 2564. By 1987, the % of household heads who were primarily farmers had declined. Significant increases took place in educational status for both men and women. The village is 14 km. from the district capital and in 1975 it could be reached only by crossing a river on foot or in a boat. By 1987, communications had improved markedly. A bridge was built. Buses, rickshaws, cars, and motorcycles traveled the village road. In 1975, Indian couples were vigorously encouraged to limit childbearing. Virtually all village women were in favor of FP, especially sterilization. Nevertheless, the mean parity of sterilized women was high--5.2 live births. In 1975, the child spacing idea was not very popular. In 1987, a strong FP program also existed. Data on cultural factors, contraceptive knowledge, practices and attitudes were gathered from 349 currently married women aged 15-49, or 98.6% of all village women eligible in 1975. In 1975-76, 103 women had not yet gone above the number of children they wanted; had stated definite intentions regarding future fertility and contraceptive use, and were not sterilized. 94 were reinterviewed in 1987. An average of 3 children was preferred for 1975 respondents--2 boys and 1 girl. The average desired number of children varied very little across age categories, from 3.3 children in the 15-24 age group to 3.6 children in the 35-49 age group. Most older women already had families larger that their ideal. Status of sterilization use and intentions in 1975 is shown in tabular forms. The average age of the women who were reinterviewed in 1987 was 23 years in 1975-76 and 35 in 1987. Fertility in the 15-24 age group was markedly lower than the 2 older groups. Women age 27-36 in 1987 had borne slightly more children than desired, but they had fewer surviving children than their ideal. overall, women stopped childbearing when they reached their desired number of sons. Only a significant change in women's status will bring about widespread compliance with the official 2-child norm. (author's modified) Language: English Keywords: FERTILITY SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | INDIA | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | WOMEN'S STATUS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | KAP SURVEYS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FEMALE STERILIZATION | RESEARCH REPORT | CHANGES | WOMEN | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Relationships | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sterilization, Sexual | Social Change Document Number: 062624 |
| 29. Title: Fertility of American women: June 1988. Author: United States. Bureau of the Census Source: Washington, D.C., Bureau of the Census, 1989 May. iv, 71 p. (Current Population Reports, Series P-20: Population Characteristics No. 436) Abstract: Fertility trends among women in the United States in 1988 are analyzed using data from the June 1988 supplement to the Current Population Survey. The data are presented by age, birth order, marital status, labor force participation, and ethnic group. Data are also included on birth expectations. (ANNOTATION) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | TABLES AND CHARTS | FERTILITY | AGE FACTORS | BIRTH ORDER | MARITAL STATUS | LABOR FORCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | STATISTICS | Developed Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nuptiality | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Family Size | Research Methodology Document Number: 229914 |
| 30. Title: Demographic change and economic development in Hungary since the Second World War. Author: Andorka R Source: In: Demographic change and economic development, edited by Alois Wenig and Klaus F. Zimmermann. Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, Springer-Verlag, 1989. :183-201. (Studies in Contemporary Economics) Abstract: The modernization of the Hungarian economy and society resulted in the acceptance of the 2-children norm by all classes of society. As a consequence, the level of fertility is lower than that necessary for simple replacement. From the population policy measures introduced in the last decades, the restriction of induced abortions had no effect on cohort fertility, but the financial assistance given to families with children had a moderate impact, at least stopping the decline of fertility and also slightly increasing the desired and planned number of children of young couples. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | FERTILITY CHANGES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION POLICY | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Policy | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 201935 |
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