1.  Title: Family planning and the MDGs: Saving lives, saving resources. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jun. 8 p. Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has completed and updated analyses for more than 30 countries that demonstrate the significant contribution of family planning (FP) to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Family planning helps to improve health outcomes (e.g., fewer maternal and child deaths) and reduce costs for meeting the MDGs (by reducing the size of the target populations in need of services). This case study describes the FP-MDG analysis methodology and provides examples of how the findings have been used to support advocacy and policy change. Briefs on country-specific findings are also available online. The FP-MDG analyses and briefs are flexible, evidenced-based tools that help make the case that family planning is a strong complement to -- rather than a trade-off with -- other health, development, and poverty-reduction efforts. By showing the economic benefits of investing in family planning, the FP-MDG analyses and briefs can also reach diverse audiences that might not traditionally champion FP issues. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331540 |
| 2. Title: Effects of female literacy on family size. Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7. Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 340190 |
| 3. Title: The relationship of family size and composition to fertility desires, contraceptive adoption and method choice in South Asia. Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):29-38. Abstract: CONTEXT: Many countries in South Asia, including Nepal, India and Bangladesh, demonstrate a strong cultural preference for sons, which may influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data from married, nonpregnant women aged 15-49 who had at least one child were used to examine the relationship of parity and number of sons to reproductive outcomes in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Outcomes of interest were desire for another child, contraceptive use and type of contraceptive (modern vs. traditional, temporary vs. permanent). Odds ratios and relative risk ratios were calculated using binary and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In general, desire for another child decreased and contraceptive use increased as the number of children and number of sons increased. These associations were more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. For example, compared with women who had three daughters and no sons, the odds of contraceptive use among women with two sons and one daughter were 4.8 in Nepal, 3.5 in India and 2.0 in Bangladesh. Within India, the associations of parity and number of sons with reproductive outcomes were generally stronger in northern states than in South India or West Bengal. CONCLUSIONS: Son preference remains widespread in all three countries and has a major influence on reproductive behavior. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SONS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 315243 |
4.  Title: The relationship of family size and composition to fertility desires, contraceptive adoption and method choice in South Asia. Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):29-38. Abstract: CONTEXT: Many countries in South Asia, including Nepal, India and Bangladesh, demonstrate a strong cultural preference for sons, which may influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data from married, nonpregnant women aged 15-49 who had at least one child were used to examine the relationship of parity and number of sons to reproductive outcomes in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Outcomes of interest were desire for another child, contraceptive use and type of contraceptive (modern vs. traditional, temporary vs. permanent). Odds ratios and relative risk ratios were calculated using binary and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In general, desire for another child decreased and contraceptive use increased as the number of children and number of sons increased. These associations were more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. For example, compared with women who had three daughters and no sons, the odds of contraceptive use among women with two sons and one daughter were 4.8 in Nepal, 3.5 in India and 2.0 in Bangladesh. Within India, the associations of parity and number of sons with reproductive outcomes were generally stronger in northern states than in South India or West Bengal. CONCLUSIONS: Son preference remains widespread in all three countries and has a major influence on reproductive behavior. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | NEPAL | BANGLADESH | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341316 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of biological fertility in predicting family size. Author: Joffe M; Key J; Best N; Jensen TK; Keiding N Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Aug;24(8):1999-2006. Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is plausible that a couple's ability to achieve the desired number of children is limited by biological fertility, especially if childbearing is postponed. Family size has declined and semen quality may have deteriorated in much of Europe, although studies have found an increase rather than a decrease in couple fertility. METHODS: Using four high-quality European datasets, we took the reported time to pregnancy (TTP) as the predictor variable; births reported as following contraceptive failure were an additional category. The outcome variable was final or near-final family size. Potential confounders were maternal age when unprotected sex began prior to the first birth, and maternal smoking. Desired family size was available in only one of the datasets. RESULTS: Couples with a TTP of at least 12 months tended to have smaller families, with odds ratios for the risk of not having a second child approximately 1.8, and for the risk of not having a third child approximately 1.6. Below 12 months no association was observed. Findings were generally consistent across datasets. There was also a more than 2-fold risk of not achieving the desired family size if TTP was 12 months or more for the first child. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the available data quality, family size appears to be predicted by biological fertility, even after adjustment for maternal age, if the woman was at least 20 years old when the couple's first attempt at conception started. The contribution of behavioural factors to this result also needs to be investigated. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST PREGNANCY INTERVALS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL AGE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Pregnancy Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior Document Number: 342795 |
| 6. Title: Mid-term assessment of social marketing program (2003-2008). Author: Anjum Asim Shahid Rahman Chartered Accountants Source: Islamabad, Pakistan, Anjum Asim Shahid Rahman Chartered Accountants, 2008. [156] p. Abstract: USAID is collaborating with DFID and UNFPA to support the Social Marketing program in Pakistan. This is through two programs, Greenstar Social Marketing (GS) and Key Social Marketing (KSM). USAID is providing $50 million over five years, 2003-2008, for marketing support, while DFID and UNFPA are providing $18 million to provide commodities to Greenstar Social Marketing (GS). USAID marketing support is divided between two social marketing organisations, $27m to KSM and $23m to GS. The goal of SM program is to increase contraceptive usage as measured by CYPs. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) aims to increase the modern method contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) to 35% by the end of the project, and the share provided by social marketing is expected to rise from 33% in 2003 to 45% by 2008. The two social marketing programs are now supporting 17 brands of OCs, condoms, injectables, EC and IUDs. GS markets condoms, oral contraceptives, emergency contraceptive, IUDs and 3 types of injectables. there is a need from a health perspective to more heavily promote the use of short term contraceptive methods to encourage birth spacing among married women at an earlier age. Although the SM organizations have been promoting their brands with messages which address this issue, it needs a concerted effort by GS, KSM and GoP to promote the concept of birth spacing, as opposed to long-term methods which limit family size. This should form the thrust of a generic campaign, as well as both organisations promoting their branded products. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | DECISION MAKING | INFORMATION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Size | Health Services Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Family Planning Document Number: 331609 |
| 7. Title: Fertility behavior in Armenia and Moldova: the decline during the post-Soviet transition and current preferences. Author: Billingsley S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 45 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 45) Abstract: In the context of a fertility decline across the countries of the former Eastern bloc, this paper analyzes the fertility decline in Armenia and Moldova using 2005 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. Easterlin's (1976) hypothesis about the negative impact on fertility of reducing living standards is contrasted with Becker's (1981) theory of opportunity costs. If Easterlin's hypothesis is true, we would expect to see women with lower resources suppress fertility because of the hardships brought on by the economic transition, especially for those with fewer marketable skills. Conversely, if Becker's theory is correct, opportunity costs would lead women with the highest earning potential to suppress their fertility. Specifically, the extent of parity declines is analyzed during the transition from Communism, with special attention given to identifying women for whom parity declines are greater. The conditions under which women currently want children are also analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between economic conditions and the desire for another child or the desired timing of childbirth. Since 1986, parity progression ratios have declined more for women with vocational education than for women with higher education or secondary education only. Logistic analyses of current fertility preferences suggest that women who are employed are more likely to want a second birth in both countries, whereas the wealthiest women in Armenia have higher odds of wanting a third birth. Armenian women have higher odds of wanting to postpone the next birth if their partners are unemployed, whereas Moldovan women who are employed prefer to postpone their next childbirth. Language: English Keywords: ARMENIA | MOLDOVA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STANDARD OF LIVING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | UNEMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 329537 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility-limiting behavior and contraceptive choice among men in Nepal. Author: Dahal GP; Padmadas SS; Hinde PR Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Mar;34(1):6-14. Abstract: Contraceptive choices among men who want no more children have been little explored in South Asia, particularly in Nepal, where fertility rates have remained high over the last few decades. Using the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey couple data set, multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted for 1,041 married men aged 20 or older who had at least one living child and wanted no more children. Regression models examined relationships between selected characteristics and men's reported contraceptive use, and predicted probabilities were estimated to assess interactions between ecological zone, family composition and method choice. The primary goal was to determine whether the number and sex of living children influenced contraceptive use. Twenty-four percent of men who wanted no more children were not using any contraceptive method at the time of the survey, 30% reported that their wives were sterilized, 12% had had a vasectomy, 7% were using condoms and 27% used other temporary methods. The probability of relying on permanent methods was highest among men who had at least two living sons and lowest among those who had only daughters, while the probability of using no method was highest among those who had only daughters. In Nepal, men who report a desire to have no more children are likely to choose permanent methods only after they have two living sons. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | SONS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326103 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Male fertility control -- where are the men? Author: Darroch JE Source: Contraception. 2008 Oct;78(4 Suppl 1):S7-S17. Abstract: Control over the timing and number of children continues to be a challenge for many men and women today. While some men are contraceptive users today, current method options are limited. Evidence indicates that many men would welcome more method options, to meet their own needs and goals and to provide a way for them to participate in contraception in a more collaborative way with their partner. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ATTITUDES | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | MEN | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | VASECTOMY | FAMILY PLANNING DISCONTINUERS | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Interpersonal Relations | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 328206 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Germany: Family diversity with low actual and desired fertility. Author: Dorbritz J Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(17):557-598. Abstract: Germany is a low-fertility country with a rapidly ageing population, and will remain so for the foreseeable future. There are several reasons for this trend. Germany is among the countries with the highest rates of childlessness in the world, and childlessness has become widely accepted. This is illustrated by changes in living arrangements. A broad range of living arrangements has been added to the basic model of marriage with children; namely, single living, non-marital cohabitation, lone parenthood, patchwork families and living apart together. A culture of individualism has spread in Germany which forms the basis for widespread decisions against family formation. The desired number of children has become low and family policy is considered to be a failure in terms of its influence on fertility. German family policy has had a traditional orientation centred on monetary support to families and on the promotion of the male breadwinner model. Women have been largely forced to choose between familyand work, and leave the labour market when a child is born. The still prevailing concept of family policy does not help to reduce the pressure to choose between work and family life, and thus makes it easier to decide not to have children, especially for highly educated women. A change in family policy is needed which will enable couples to choose between the breadwinner-housewife and the reconciliation model. Gradually, this change is starting to take place. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | NULLIPARITY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Gender Issues Document Number: 327725 |
| 11. Title: Family planning and life planning: Reproductive intentions among individuals seeking reproductive health care. Author: Foster DG; Biggs MA; Ralph LJ; Arons A; Brindis CD Source: Women's Health Issues. 2008 Sep-Oct;18(5):351-359. Abstract: Little research has focused on men and women's reproductive intentions before pregnancy and their perceived personal and social motivations to prevent an unintended pregnancy. To assess the reproductive intentions of low-income men and women in California, we asked individuals seeking reproductive health services about their plans for childbearing, including an ideal timeframe and perceived advantages of delay. We also asked about their health care visit to examine how contraceptive use and services relate to reproductive intentions. The majority (77%) of the 1,409 reproductive health clients surveyed wanted to have a/another child, but hoped to delay childbearing by an average of 5.4 years. The most common reasons for wanting to delay pregnancy were related to finances (24%) or education (19%), with differences by race/ethnicity and gender. We did not observe a clear relationship between the length of time the client wanted to delay pregnancy and the type of contraceptive method dispensed during the clinic visit. Individuals seeking reproductive health care perceive many personal benefits to planning and timing their pregnancies, and most will need many years of contraceptive protection to achieve their reproductive goals. Providers should work with their patients to ensure that they receive a contraceptive method that is consistent with the length of pregnancy prevention they desire. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | ADULTS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 327447 |
| 12. Title: The effect of family size and composition on fertility desires, contraceptive adoption, and method choice in South Asia. Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Mar. 26 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 40USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: We examine the influence of family size and composition on reproductive behavior in three South Asian countries - Nepal, India, and Bangladesh - that are known for strong son preference. Using data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys, we analyze whether the choice of contraceptive method adopted (modern versus traditional; temporary versus permanent) and desire for another child differ by parity and sex composition of surviving children. In addition, for India we pool data for four northern states (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh) and four southern states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) in order to capture the north-south variation within the country. We also compare West Bengal and Bangladesh to understand how son preference in these culturally similar regions affects fertility desires and contraceptive adoption. The effects of parity and sex composition on fertility desire and contraceptive use are estimated using binary and multinomial logistic regression after controlling for key socioeconomic factors, including education, work status, media exposure, household wealth status, woman's participation in household decision-making, and urban/rural residence. We find that, independent of socioeconomic factors, women with more sons have a lower desire to have another child and are more likely to use contraception than those with more daughters. These effects are more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. Within India, the effects are stronger in north India than in south India or West Bengal. However, considerable proportions of women also express a desire for at least one daughter, especially in Bangladesh after having a son. There is a clear shift towards permanent methods of contraception with an increase in the number of sons, but we find no systematic pattern in the use of traditional methods by parity or sex composition of children. We conclude that son preference remains widespread in all three countries, and it has a major influence on reproductive behavior. The preference for boys is embedded in the cultural and traditional beliefs of these countries. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women within the household. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | INDIA | BANGLADESH | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 326390 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes? Author: Kotowska I; Jozwiak J; Matysiak A; Baranowska A Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(22):795-854. Abstract: This article opens with a review of the main trends in family-related behaviour, i.e. fertility decline and changes in fertility patterns, a decreasing propensity to marry, postponement of marriage, and a slowly increasing frequency of divorces and separations. The analysis takes into account urban and rural differences. We then aim to identify the main determinants of family changes within the general conceptual framework of the Second Democratic Transition (SDT) in Poland. However, contrary to mainstream interpretations of the SDT, the main emphasis of this study is on the structural components of change, which need to be reformulated to account for processes specific to the transition to a market economy. The focus is, therefore, on labour market developments and family policy, and to a lesser extent on ideational change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | ILLEGITIMACY | CONSENSUAL UNION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | LABOR FORCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD CARE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 327729 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Husband-wife agreement, power relations and contraceptive use in Turkey. Author: Kulczycki A Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Sep;34(3):127-137. Abstract: In Turkey, contraceptive use has become more widespread, but little is known about the concurrence of spousal reports or the relative influence of communication, decision making and power differentials on method use. METHODS: Data from the 1998 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for 1,546 married couples were tested for concurrence between spousal reports on fertility and family planning variables. Multivariate regression analyses based on wives', husbands' and joint reports of current contraceptive use were used to assess the association between such use and various background, communication and interspousal variables. RESULTS: Spousal reports on most fertility and contraceptive use measures demonstrated moderate to high concordance, whereas reports of approval of family planning showed only fair concordance. After adjusting for background factors, models based on wives' and husbands' reports showed that current contraceptive use was positively associated with the number of methods known (odds ratios, 1.2 and 1.1, respectively) and perception of spousal approval (3.3 and 2.0, respectively), and in the husbands' model, with approval of either spouse or both (3.8-5.8). In the combined model, contraceptive use was positively associated with both partners approving of family planning (2.4), and negatively associated with both partners wanting more than three children and with only wives wanting three or fewer (0.4 and 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Discrepancies between spousal reports were less significant in Turkey than in most developing countries with DHS data, but the differences were not inconsequential to explaining how spousal attitudes and preferences influence contraceptive use. No evidence was found associating interspousal power differentials with method use. Further research is needed to improve the testing and modeling of such dyadic processes. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | COUPLES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | GENDER RELATIONS | DECISION MAKING | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SEX FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PERCEPTION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Gender Issues | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Family Size Document Number: 322523 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands. Author: Mills M; Mencarini L; Tanturri ML; Begall K Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Feb 29;18(1):1-26. Abstract: Fertility levels have fallen drastically in most industrialized countries. Diverse theoretical and empirical frameworks have had difficulty explaining these unprecedented low levels of fertility. More recently, however, attention has turned from classic explanations, such as women's increased labour market participation, to gender equity as the essential link to understand this phenomenon. Increases in women's labour market participation did not prompt a rise in men's domestic duties, often referred to as women's 'dual burden' or 'second shift'. Beyond the household, institutions and policies within countries facilitate or constrain the combination of women's employment with fertility. This paper provides an empirical test of gender equity theory by examining whether the unequal division of household labour leads to lower fertility intentions of women within different institutional contexts. Italy constitutes a case of low gender equity, low female labour market participation and the lowest-low fertility. The Netherlands has moderate to high gender equity, high part-time female labour market participation and comparatively higher fertility. Using data from the 2003 Italian Multipurpose Survey - Family and Social Actors and the Dutch sample from the 2004/5 European Social Survey, a series of logistic regression models test this theory. A central finding is that an unequal division of household labour only significantly impacts women's fertility intentions when they already bear a heavy load (more work hours, children), a finding that is particularly salient for working women in Italy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | WOMEN'S STATUS | EMPLOYMENT | HOUSEWORK | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Southern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 324956 |
| 16. Title: Planned fertility and family background: A quantile regression for counts analysis. Author: Miranda A Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):67-81. Abstract: This paper examines how education and family background affect the fertility plans of young individuals in Mexico. Quantile regression for count data is used for the analysis. Results indicate that education and family structure affect planned fertility only at the tails of the conditional distribution. Education reduces planned fertility only among women with relatively strong preferences towards children. An absent father reduces planned fertility mostly at the bottom of the conditional distribution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | YOUTH | ONE PARENT FAMILY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Fertility | Family Size Document Number: 322756 |
| 17. Title: Implanon sub-dermal implants: a 10-month review of acceptability in Jos, North-Central Nigeria. Author: Mutihir JT; Daru PH Source: Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008 Dec;11(4):320-3. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the acceptance of Implanon so far, the group of women accepting it, insertion complications and immediate post insertion problems, if any, and report our initial experience with the method. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective review study of all cases of Implanon acceptors between 1st May and 28th February 2007. Demographic and social factors were collated. Insertion and post-insertion complications were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 2,608 clients accepted contraceptive methods out of which 350 clients had Implanon capsules inserted within the study period (13.4%). One hundred and ninety-one (54.6%) of the acceptors desired more children, and therefore using it to space pregnancies, 154 (44.0%) would not want more children, but opted for the temporary long term method, and 5 (1.4%) were uncertain whether to have more children in the future or not. The mean age and parity of acceptors were 32.4 years and 3.6 respectively. The mean number of living children to the women was 3.4. All the women were married. About three-quarters (75.8%) of the women had secondary and tertiary education. Seventy-two (20.6%) of the women were taking a modern contraceptive method for the first time. The rest 278 (79.4%) had used one or more methods of contraception, and were only switching over to Implanon sub-dermal implants. The patients weighed between 40 and 122 kg with an average of 62.4 kg. Post-insertion complications like infection, expulsion, bruising and induration were not reported. Four women discontinued the method for varying reasons. CONCLUSION: Women are accepting the new method. Over three-quarters of the clients are switching from other methods to Implanon. The method appears to have good continuation rate and therefore a promising long term sub-dermal contraceptive method amongst our women. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | COMPLICATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 331255 |
| 18. Title: Contraceptive use among Malawian women 1992-2004. Author: Palamuleni M Source: Malawi Medical Journal. 2008 Sep;20(3):78-9. Abstract: This journal article discusses contraceptive prevalence of Malawian women of reproductive age. It declares that the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) in Malawi has increased during the 20 year period of 1984 to 2004 and a change has also occurred in the mix of methods. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | WOMEN | CHILD SURVIVAL | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341717 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The preference for an additional child among married women in Seoul, Korea. Author: Park SM; Cho SI; Jang SN; Cho YT; Chung HW Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Mar;40(2):269-281. Abstract: South Korea reported a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.08 in 2005. This is the lowest level of all nations in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Recently, the decline in the fertility rate has been a dominant phenomenon in Korea's major cities. This study investigated the relationship between social environmental factors and fertility intentions for married women in Seoul, the capital of Korea, using a sample of 2211 married women who responded to the Seoul Citizens Health and Social Indicators Survey, 2005. Here, the effects of selected social environmental characteristics on fertility intentions are explored using multivariate logistic regression models. The relationships among a woman's age, number of living children, job type, housing type, and social group participation were strong indicators of the intention to have additional children. Younger women living with fewer children generally have a higher intention to have additional children. Among women's job types, blue-collar workers have a lower preference for additional children than white-collar workers and housewives. Married women participating in social groups have a lower preference for additional children than non-participants. Women's participation in social activities appears to have various benefits, both individually and socially. However, whereas women's participation in economic activities has been linked to questions of fertility in previous studies, the relationship between fertility and social activities has been downplayed. Women's participation in social activities has increased over the past several decades, and the trend continues to grow. Therefore, women's participation in social activities must be accepted as the status quo, and compatibility between women's participation in social activities and childrearing needs to be increased. Consequently, a strong foundation for a fertility-friendly environment is needed, focusing on blue-collar workers and participation in social activities by married women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 323786 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's reproductive autonomy and barriers to contraceptive use in Pakistan. Author: Saleem A; Pasha GR Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Mar;13(1):83-89. Abstract: The objective was to determine through the log-linear model analysis technique the impact of women's reproductive autonomy, spouses' educational background and other factors on the use of contraception in Pakistan. Data from the Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey 2000 were used. In this survey a national sample of married women aged 15-49 years (n = 6579) were interviewed. A number of socio-economic, socio-demographic and women's reproductive autonomy variables were taken for the log-linear model fitting and analysis, in order to examine the impact of women's reproductive autonomy on contraceptive use and the factors affecting this latter. On the basis of partial and marginal association tests, two hierarchical log-linear models were selected. The first one concerned women's reproductive autonomy and contraceptive use, the second one analysed factors affecting contraceptive use. Standardized values of the model's parameter estimates showed that women's reproductive autonomy was significantly associated with husband-wife education attainment when they were using contraception. In the second model, contraceptive use was strongly associated with women's education, husband's desire for more children, sex preference for the next child and number of living children. An improved husband-wife educational level results in greater reproductive autonomy of the women and an increased use of contraception. The husband's desire for more children, a preference for the sex of the next child, and the woman's poor education attainment level are the main barriers to contraceptive use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CORRELATION OF DATA | THEORETICAL MODELS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX PREFERENCE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Correlation Studies | Statistical Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 324167 |
| 21. Title: Diagnostics and treatment of HIV-affected couples who wish to have children. Author: Tandler-Schneider A; Sonnenberg-Schwan U; Gingelmaier A; Meurer A; Kremer H Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2008 Dec 3;13(12):546-51. Abstract: In Germany, more than 56.000 people are currently infected with HIV, 19% of whom are women. Since 1996, the improved therapeutic options have substantially increased life expectancy so that individuals with HIV can now enjoy an almost normal life span. This has also opened up the possibility for people to develop long-term perspectives with regard to their education, career, and family planning. Since 75% of all infected individuals are of childbearing age (between 20 and 40 years old), they often desire to have children. Scientific data has shown worldwide that people with HIV do not differ from the general population on the frequency of the desire and the importance placed on having children. Specifically, this has been proven for Switzerland. In fulfilling the desire of HIV-positive individuals to have children multiple factors have to be considered, such as the course of the HIV-infection, the infection risk for the HIV-negative partner, and the risk of vertical HIV-transmission to the child. In addition, the fertility status and various socio-demographic factors, such as age and marital status, also play a role. For HIV-affected couples who desire to have children the following three variants can be recognized, each of which presents their own particular problems that have to be considered: If the man is HIV-positive, protection of the female HIV-negative partner, if the woman is HIV-positive, in addition to protection of the HIV-negative partner the infection risk for the child, and if both partners are HIV-positive, both the infection risk of the child and the avoidance of transfer of resistant viruses between partners. Each variant requires different strategies for consultation and intervention. Among HIV-affected couples desiring children there is a greater need for support in medical and psychosocial questions and often for reproductive medicine. This task needs to be addressed in an interdisciplinary setting; therefore, representatives from the above-mentioned organizations have committed themselves to formulating recommendations for medical consultation, diagnostics, and treatment of HIV-affected couples who desire to have children. These are designed to account for the individual life circumstances of people with HIV, to aid in medical and forensic decision-making, and to be used as a guideline for consultation in medical and psychosocial practices. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | COUNSELING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | FERTILITY | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Size | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Infections Document Number: 329812 |
| 22. Title: Social aspirations and choice of fertility: Why can status motive reduce per-capita growth? Author: Tournemaine F Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):49-66. Abstract: To examine the relationship between social aspirations, fertility choices and growth performances, we develop a R&D-based model in which individuals care about the number of children they bring up and their social status. In such an economy, we find that stronger status motives have a negative effect on growth. The reason is that individuals bring up fewer children, as children are an obstacle to the achievement of their social status. Introducing an endogenous choice of quality for children, we show that stronger status motives lead individuals to bring up fewer but higher quality children. In this case, social aspirations heighten the desire of parents to substitute the quantity for the quality of children because education of children fosters society's productive ability, indirectly improving parents' social status. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ECONOMIC MODEL | PARENTS | ASPIRATIONS | HUMAN CAPITAL | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | QUALITY OF LIFE | MOTIVATION | EDUCATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Size | Social Welfare Document Number: 322755 |
| 23. Title: Fertility control? Middle-aged Australian women's retrospective reports of their pregnancies. Author: Weisberg E; Bateson D; Read C; Estoesta J; Lee C Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2008 Aug;32(4):390-2. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess middle-aged Australian women's retrospective reports of how intended and wanted were their pregnancies, and the degree of happiness associated with these pregnancies. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 1000 participants in the Mid-Age cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. RESULTS: Responses from 811 women (81%) showed that, although 32% of first pregnancies were unplanned and 29% were unwanted, most women recall being happy with their pregnancies and termination rates were very low. The second pregnancy was the most planned and wanted and associated with the highest levels of happiness. CONCLUSIONS: While the majority of middle-aged women report having been happy to be pregnant, and the majority of pregnancies are described retrospectively as planned and wanted, a significant proportion of pregnancies are unwanted, unplanned or resulting from unintended contraceptive failure. IMPLICATIONS: The data support the continuing need for widely available, affordable and sensitive fertility control services. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | WANTED BIRTHS | UNWANTED BIRTHS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SATISFACTION | Developed Countries | Oceania | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 328596 |
| 24. Title: Women's knowledge, preferences, and practices of modern contraceptive methods in Woreta, Ethiopia. Author: Weldegerima B; Denekew A Source: Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2008 Sep;4(3):302-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Inadequate family planning services are problematic in Ethiopia. Understanding determinants in contraceptive methods use may be instructive in the design of interventions to improve family planning outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To assess determinants of preferences, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of modern contraception among women of reproductive age in Woreta town. METHODS: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Woreta town, South Gondar zone, Ethiopia in April 2007. A multistage sampling procedure was carried out to interview 400 women in the study area. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of respondents were aware of modern contraceptives. Among respondents, 88% knew of at least 2 methods, and 12% knew only 1 method. More than 90% of respondents reported positive attitudes toward modern contraceptive use. The major reasons for nonuse of modern contraceptive methods (MCMs) were being single and a desire for more children. Injectables were the most commonly preferred modern contraceptive (63.2%) followed by oral contraceptive pill (21.2%). Few women reported a preference for the use of condoms (9.5%) or implants (6.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Respondents reported at least modest knowledge of MCMs; however, the results suggest a need for improving accessibility and education among women in this section of Ethiopia. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | ATTITUDES | MARITAL STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Contraceptive Methods | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 329174 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Recent fertility decline in Eritrea: Is it a conflict-led transition? Author: Woldemicael G Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar 1;18(2):27-28. Abstract: During a period of military conflict towards the end of the 1990s, Eritrea experienced a remarkable decline in fertility. This decline has been a concern to many Eritreans. An important issue of concern has been whether the decline is driven primarily by the recent border conflict with Ethiopia or by changes in other factors including delay in age at marriage, improvements in child survival and the socio-cultural changes that predated the conflict. Using retrospective event histories from the 1995 and 2002 Eritrea Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS), this study provides an in-depth exploration of recent fertility change in Eritrea. The findings illustrate that although marriage delay might have played a role in the decline of first births, a decline in fertility within marriage - partly due to cessation of childbearing after families reach their desired family size - is the major contributor to the overall decline. Even though we cannot conclude that the overall fertility decline primarily is the outcome of the conflict, there is evidence that it has contributed substantially to the decline, particularly for first birth fertility. The implications of these findings for theories about fertility change in times of military conflict is that crises may not be likely to initiate a sustainable overall fertility transition, but can still prompt short-term fertility changes among certain social groups or modify an ongoing decline. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ERITREA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | WAR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST BIRTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 325020 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Russian Federation: From the first to second demographic transition. Author: Zakharov S Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(24):907-972. Abstract: The demographic transition in Russia was accelerated by several social cataclysms during the "Soviet type" modernization. Frequent changes in the timing of births and marriages engendered a mass "abortion culture". Contraceptive devices of poor quality were produced on a limited scale. The Soviet regime promulgated pronatalism and considered contraception to contradict this ideology. There have been two waves of government policy interventions. In the 1930s and 1940s restrictive and propaganda measures prevailed. These failed to yield serious effects. In the 1980s, policies aimed at lessening the tension between full-time employment and maternal roles. These generated shifts in birth timing, namely shorter birth intervals and earlier second and third births, however increase in completed cohort fertility was minimal. A third wave started in 2007. Preoccupied with continuous depopulation, authorities intend to boost births by substantially increasing benefits. The mid-1990s was a turning point in the change of fertility and nuptiality models. The 1970s birth cohorts marry and become parents later. They delay first and second births and increasingly begin partnerships with cohabitation. Contraception is replacing abortion. New attitudes and perceptions about family, partnership, childbearing, and family planning are emerging. A major transformation typical for developed countries, the Second Demographic Transition, is underway. Nevertheless, many neo-traditional features of fertility and nuptiality remain. These distinguish Russia from most European countries and will persist in the near future. Completed fertility, however, hardly differs from the average European level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIAL CHANGE | FAMILY POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | ABORTION | CONSENSUAL UNION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Nuptiality | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327672 Notification |
| 27. Title: The determinants of female decision-making power and its demographic implications: An analysis of northern and southern India. Author: Barrett K Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):1-19. Abstract: Over the last 20 years there has been an onslaught of research on the determinants of "women's autonomy" and the role of female autonomy in hastening demographic transition. Unfortunately, the complex nature of female autonomy and the challenges of accurately measuring each of its elements have hindered past efforts to elucidate these relationships (Mason, 1985,1995; Agarwala, 2004). As a result, many hypotheses about the impact of female autonomy on fertility decline remain speculative, and we have limited understanding of how policy may be used to decrease fertility via the influence of female autonomy. Whether fertility reduction is necessarily desirable is a disputed issue which is beyond the scope of this paper; however, population control is a concern in at least some developing nations. Hence for the purposes of this paper I assumed that fertility reduction is a worthwhile goal, and explored the question of whether female autonomy plays a role in the pursuit of this goal. In the present study I focused on a single aspect of female autonomy: intra-household decision-making power. I examined its determinants as well as its relationship to fertility, considering three fertility-related variables for a comprehensive view of reproductive preferences and behaviours. Rather than using a simple summed index, as is common in the literature (Agarwala, 2004), I used a weighted index in order to more accurately proxy for decision-making power. I examined a large region in pursuit of broadly applicable results, and separated northern and southern India for greater accuracy. This study also considered two explanatory variables which past research has examined very little, but are of great interest from a policy perspective: exposure to mass media and educational difference between spouses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CURRENTLY MARRIED | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Family Size | Family Characteristics Document Number: 324140 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of modernisation on desired fertility in Egypt. Author: Baschieri A Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Sep-Oct;13(5):353-376. Abstract: Using a conceptual framework that borrows notions both from the economic theory of fertility and social interaction theory, this paper assesses the relative importance of social and economic modernisation at the individual and community level in explaining geographical differentials in desired fertility in Egypt. Using the 2000 Egyptian Demographic Health Survey and an up-to-date map of land cover in Egypt, this paper provides an application of an advanced methodology which uses a combination of multilevel modelling and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. The paper shows how GIS techniques facilitate the construction of several variables representing the level of economic modernisation, such as land use, road density and urbanisation. It illustrates how GIS techniques and multilevel modelling can help us to move forward a step in substantiating theories of community influences on fertility. This study also analyses the effect of current family composition on desired fertility in Egypt and reveals the desire of Egyptian society to have at least two children and at least one boy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LOGISTIC MODEL | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | MODERNIZATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MAPS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Economic Factors Document Number: 313833 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility intentions: are the undecided more like those who want more or want no more children? Author: Becker S; Sutradhar SC Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Jan;39(1):137-145. Abstract: In fertility surveys often women (and sometimes men) are asked their fertility desires, i.e. whether they want another birth or not. Some respond that they are undecided. This study examines whether these persons are more like those who say they want more births or like those who say they want no more births. Data on married men and women in 29 Demographic and Health Surveys with sample sizes ranging from 300 to 3000 are used. A logistic regression equation is estimated within each country for those with known desires and then used to classify each person who was undecided. In all sub-Saharan African countries (n=20) and for both sexes, 50% or more of the undecided persons are classified as wanting more children (with one exception of wives in Kenya). By contrast in all five Latin American countries for both sexes less than 50% of the undecided were classified in the 'want more' group (with an exception of husbands in the Dominican Republic). Generally, the undecided tend to be classified the same as the majority among those in the survey with stated desires. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | ASIA | LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COUPLES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | RESPONDENTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Africa | Developing Countries | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Family Size Document Number: 311575 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Desired family size, family planning and fertility in Ethiopia. Author: Bhargava A Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 May;39(3):367-381. Abstract: This paper models the proximate determinants of children born to over 13,000 Ethiopian women and of the women's stated preferences for additional births using the data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2000. Empirical models for the number of children born to women were estimated using Poisson and ordinal regressions. The results show the importance of variables such as maternal education for smaller family size, and that variables reflecting desired family size are strong predictors of the numbers of children born to women. Secondly, binary logistic models for dichotomous variables for women not wanting more children and if getting pregnant would be a 'big problem' showed non-linear effects of the surviving and 'ideal' number of children. Moreover, the results indicated a desire on the part of women to limit family size, especially as the number of surviving children increased. Probit models were estimated to address potential endogeneity of certain variables. Overall, the results indicated that counselling couples about small family size and increasing the utilization of health care services can lower fertility in Ethiopia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | MATERNAL AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | CONTRACEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313236 |
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