1.  Peer Reviewed Title: The role of biological fertility in predicting family size. Author: Joffe M; Key J; Best N; Jensen TK; Keiding N Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Aug;24(8):1999-2006. Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is plausible that a couple's ability to achieve the desired number of children is limited by biological fertility, especially if childbearing is postponed. Family size has declined and semen quality may have deteriorated in much of Europe, although studies have found an increase rather than a decrease in couple fertility. METHODS: Using four high-quality European datasets, we took the reported time to pregnancy (TTP) as the predictor variable; births reported as following contraceptive failure were an additional category. The outcome variable was final or near-final family size. Potential confounders were maternal age when unprotected sex began prior to the first birth, and maternal smoking. Desired family size was available in only one of the datasets. RESULTS: Couples with a TTP of at least 12 months tended to have smaller families, with odds ratios for the risk of not having a second child approximately 1.8, and for the risk of not having a third child approximately 1.6. Below 12 months no association was observed. Findings were generally consistent across datasets. There was also a more than 2-fold risk of not achieving the desired family size if TTP was 12 months or more for the first child. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the available data quality, family size appears to be predicted by biological fertility, even after adjustment for maternal age, if the woman was at least 20 years old when the couple's first attempt at conception started. The contribution of behavioural factors to this result also needs to be investigated. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST PREGNANCY INTERVALS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL AGE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Pregnancy Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior Document Number: 342795 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 2: Parity distribution and completed family size in Europe: Incipient decline of the two-child family model? Author: Frejka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(4):47-72. Abstract: By the end of the 20th century the two-child family became the norm throughout Europe. Between 40 and over 50 percent of women in the 1950s and 1960s cohorts had two children. There were some incipient signs that shares of two-child families were declining, especially in Central and Eastern and Southern Europe. An increase in childlessness among recent generations was an almost universal trend. The increase in proportions of one-child families was prominent in CEE and in SE. Wherever shares of childless women and of women with one child continue to grow, the obvious result will be entrenched below replacement fertility. Much depends on progression ratios to first and to second births. In CEE mainly the progression ratios to second births are declining. In the Nordic countries progression ratios to first and to second births were relatively stable and even more so in France. Altogether, most people opt for two children, very few for three or more, the frequency of the one-child family is increasingas are the proportions of people remaining childless. The latter trends were more pronounced in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe and not so much in Northern and Western countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | NULLIPARITY | ONLY CHILD | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 327714 |
| 3. Title: Blacks and the family cap: Pregnancy, abortion, and spillovers. Author: Sabia JJ Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):111-134. Abstract: While reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing is a central goal of welfare reform, most policymakers prefer achieving this objective via a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in the incidence of abortion. Using aggregate state-level data from 1984 to 1998, I estimate fixed effects models that allow for autocorrelated and heteroskedastic disturbances to examine the association between the family cap and nonmarital birth, pregnancy, and abortion rates. I find robust evidence that the family cap is associated with a reduction in nonmarital birth rates, particularly among black women. This reduction is driven by a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in abortion or marriage rates. These findings suggest that that the stigmatizing effect of the family cap may influence the nonmarital pregnancy decisions of black women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | BLACKS | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | STIGMA | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | DISINCENTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Social Problems | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 322758 Notification |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences. Author: Sigle-Rushton W Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502. Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327723 Notification |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of family policies on fertility in industrialized countries: A review of the literature. Author: Gauthier AH Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Jun;26(3):323-246. Abstract: This paper examines the theoretical propositions and empirical evidence linking policies and fertility. More specifically, the analysis presented in this paper draws attention to the complex mechanisms that theoretically link policies and demographic outcomes: mechanisms that involve imperfect information and decisions that are rationally bound by very specific circumstances. As to the empirical evidence, studies provide mixed conclusions as to the effect of policies on fertility. While a small positive effect of policies on fertility is found in numerous studies, no statistically significant effect is found in others. Moreover, some studies suggest that the effect of policies tends to be on the timing of births rather than on completed fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | GOVERNMENT | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313752 |
| 6. Title: Birth spacing and neonatal mortality in India: dynamics, frailty and fecundity. Author: Bhalotra S; van Soest A Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 44 p. Abstract: A dynamic panel data model of neonatal mortality and birth spacing is analyzed, accounting for causal effects of birth spacing on subsequent mortality and of mortality on the length of the next birth interval, while controlling for unobserved heterogeneity in mortality (frailty) and birth spacing (fecundity). The model is estimated using micro data on about 29000 children of 6700 Indian mothers, for whom a complete retrospective record of fertility and child mortality is available. Information on sterilization is used to identify an equation for completion of family formation that is needed to account for right-censoring in the data. We find clear evidence of frailty, fecundity, and causal effects of birth spacing on mortality and vice versa, but find that birth interval effects can explain only a limited share of the correlation between neonatal mortality of successive children in a family. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MOTHERS | INFANT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SIBLINGS | BIRTH SPACING | NEONATAL MORTALITY | BIRTH INTERVALS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FEMALE STERILIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Theoretical Models | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Size | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 317415 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Interconnections among changing family structure, childrearing and fertility behaviour among the Ogu, southwestern Nigeria: a qualitative study. Author: Wusu O; Isiugo-Abanihe UC Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Feb 24;14(8):139-156. Abstract: The interconnections of family transformation, childrearing and fertility behaviour are explored. Data were generated through nine focus groups organized among the Ogu and content analyzed. The analysis reveals that although the family system is still largely dominated by extended structure, the strong traditional kinship ties have begun to undergo serious strain. Child fostering and other means of spreading childrearing cost among relatives are fading out. Consequently, desired family size and ideal number of children in the society now gravitate to four children relative to over eight in the past. Given dwindling extended family resources for the support of a large number of its members, innovative reproductive behaviour is permeating the society, such as the adoption of family planning. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CHILD REARING | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 299321 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Female sterilisation in rural Bihar: what are the acceptor characteristics? Author: Thind A Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2005;31(1):34-36. Abstract: The National Population Policy aims to expand voluntary and informed use of contraceptive services. This paper examines the determinants of use of female sterilisation versus other contraceptive methods in rural Bihar, one of the most socially and economically deprived states in India. Data for 1378 ever-married women aged 15–49 years in rural Bihar, who are currently using contraception, were abstracted from the Second National Family Health Survey. A logistic regression model was developed to understand the determinants of use of female sterilisation versus other contraceptive methods. Maternal age, the number of living sons, religion, scheduled caste/tribe/backward class status, exposure to mass media and household standard of living are statistically significant determinants of the choice between sterilisation and other contraceptive methods. The study underscores the need to significantly broaden the contraceptive choice for women in rural Bihar. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CASTE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Population Characteristics | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 281559 |
| 9. Title: Reproductive career of women: comparison of the Netherlands and Andhra Pradesh in India. Author: Banerjee S Source: Groningen, Netherlands, University of Groningen, Population Research Centre, 2003 Feb. [12], 109 p. (Master Thesis Series 03-1) Abstract: In a woman's life course, the reproductive career begins with the onset of menarche and ends with sterilisation or menopause. The shifts in the sequencing and ordering of events in the reproductive career over time could indicate changes in women's position at the societal level. The focus is specifically on the timing, frequency and occurrence of different reproductive events within the reproductive career. This research is a cross-national study of women in The Netherlands and India. The research has looked into the differences and similarities in the varying pattern of reproductive career in these two diverse country contexts. Different patterns of event sequencing in the reproductive career have been studied considering different birth cohorts. The data used in this study is derived from the Netherlands Family Fertility Survey (Onderzoek Gezinsvorming) conducted during 1998 and the second round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) conducted during 1998-99. Not all-Indian states are studied because of wide social and cultural diversity. The state of Andhra Pradesh is considered from India for various reasons. This study assumes that the initiation of the reproductive career of women begins with the age at first cohabitation in the Dutch context whereas for the Andhra Pradesh context, the age at first conjugal union or consummation of marriage marks the onset of reproductive career. The ending of reproductive career is assumed to take place with sterilisation. Furthermore, the Dutch context is mostly characterised by late marriage, late childbearing and very moderate acceptance of sterilisation in comparison with that of the Indian context, which is characterised by early marriage, early childbearing, and early sterilisation. However the waiting time to first birth since cohabitation or marriage is found similar for both The Netherlands and Andhra Pradesh. The analysis of the reproductive career of women stresses the differences and similarities in the occurrence and timing of reproductive events in the two country contexts. The effect of 'time' in explaining the changes in reproductive career across birth cohorts was found significant. The study also examined the relationship of the macro level variables, for example, place of residence, religion and educational attainment of the women with reference to different reproductive events over the birth cohorts. The study has proved very useful in emphasising the fact that apart from the macro-micro linkages in the society, there exists a linkage within the micro level itself that facilitates or inhibits a particular reproductive behaviour. The position of women in the Dutch context orientates more towards individual aspects whilst women in India bequeath to social bounds. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | ADULTS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | MARRIAGE AGE | CONSUMMATION OF MARRIAGE | FERTILITY | FIRST BIRTH | MATERNAL AGE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | PARITY | BIRTH INTERVALS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | RURAL AREAS | URBAN AREAS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Pregnancy History | Parental Age | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 178126 |
| 10. Title: The physical and psychosocial health of Bedouin Arab women of the Negev area of Israel. Author: Cwikel J; Lev-Wiesel R; Al-Krenawi A Source: Violence Against Women. 2003 Feb;9(2):240-257. Abstract: This study examined the self-reported health status of Bedouin Arab women in relation to two salient features of current Bedouin Arab social mores: the emphasis on maintaining a high rate of fertility and the social acceptance of domestic violence. A quota sample of 202 Bedouin Arab women ranging in age from 22 to 75 were personally interviewed. Forty-eight percent of the women reported a lifetime exposure to physical violence, and 30% reported domestic violence that was associated with symptoms of poor mental health status and gynecological problems. Domestic violence was associated with a large number of children, and there is some indication that the level of domestic violence decreases during pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | NOMADS | MORBIDITY | HEALTH | PERCEPTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PREGNANCY | ISLAM | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | Middle East | Developed Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Fertility | Reproduction | Religion | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 194246 |
| 11. Title: Event histories in the Netherlands Fertility and Family Survey 1998: a technical report. Author: Matsuo H; Willekens F Source: Groningen, Netherlands, University of Groningen, Population Research Centre, 2003 Feb. [7], 119 p. (Population Research Centre Research Report 03-1) Abstract: The Fertility and Family Survey (FFS) [Onderzoek Gezinsvorming (OG)] is designed by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) to supply basic data to formulate hypotheses for the Population and Household Forecasts. This research report describes the conversion of the Public Use Data File of the OG 1998 (female respondents, individual file) into an event history data structure that facilitates event history analysis. The main requirement is the ordering of events and the definition of events in terms of origin state, destination state, and date of occurrence. All the dates are recoded in century month codes (CMC). We consider more than 20 events related to leaving the parental home, marriage, cohabitation, and childbearing. For each respondent, the OG98 reports up to three marriages and up to six cohabitations. Investigation of the sequences of events reveals a few measurement problems and inconsistencies. They are identified and removed using additional information provided by the survey or relying on explicit assumptions. The month of interview is estimated since the information is omitted from the Public Use File. The information is necessary to estimate transition rates in the presence of censoring. The report provides the SPSS syntax that converts the Public Use File into an event history data structure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | TECHNICAL REPORT | DATA FILES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | DATA LINKAGE | DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL | ADULTS | WOMEN | FERTILITY | FAMILY LIFE CYCLE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARITAL STATUS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Collection | Information Processing | Information | Population Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Nuptiality | Family Size | Family Characteristics Document Number: 178127 |
| 12. Title: Re-emerging diversity: Rapid fertility changes in Central and Eastern Europe after the collapse of the communist regimes. Author: Sobotka T Source: Population-E. 2003;58(4-5):451-486. Abstract: Demographic development in central and eastern Europe have long attracted specialist attention for the varied effects of the population policies pursued in these countries during the communist era. The political upheavals occurring since the collapse of the Soviet Union have re-established economic and social conditions as the key influences in the process of family building. Using a set of indicators for fertility, contraception and union formation, Tomas SOBOTKA analyses the different paths taken by these countries in the 1990s. Over and above the apparent uniformity of the decline in fertility since 1989, the author distinguishes between, on the one hand, the countries of central Europe, where the decline seems to result primarily from a shift towards later childbearing, and on the other, the group formed by Romania, Bulgaria, the Russian Federation and the republic of the former USSR, where completed fertility is tending to fall sharply, mainly due to growing proportion of one-child families. The trends observed in the first group can be interpreted as an alignment with western patterns of behaviour and lifestyles, and those in the second group as the result of the economic and social crises affecting these countries since the demise of the communist regimes. (authors) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, CENTRAL | EUROPE, EASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FERTILITY CHANGES | POLITICAL FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PARENTAL AGE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | Europe | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Age Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 312363 |
| 13. Title: A contextual model for reproductive health education: fertility and family planning in Jordan. Author: Paksima SM; Madanat HN; Hawks SR Source: Promotion and Education. 2002;9(3):[7] p.. Abstract: A high fertility rate combined with relatively low infant mortality rates and high levels of immigration make the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan one of the fastest growing countries in the world. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, commonly referred to simply as Jordan is a developing country in the Middle East with a relatively high fertility rate (3.6) and an infant mortality rate of 31/1,000. Because Jordan is strategically positioned both geographically and politically, and has been a consistently positively and moderate force in a region that is fragmented by conflicts, it has also attracted high numbers of immigrants. The primarily Sunni Muslim (92%) country of Jordan has become a centre for Palestinian refugees (1.4 million) creating a period population influx that has increased the demands for an already strained health care system, scarce water resources, and limited employment. There are indications that this immigrant population is also contributing to Jordan's high birthrate. Although there are no statistics that separate the fertility rate of Palestinians from native Jordanians, Palestinians in the Palestinian Territories have a fertility rate of 5.9. Given Jordan's scarce water and economic resources, and an annual growth rate of 2.8%, a more effective family planning strategy seems essential for Jordan's future development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | NURSE-MIDWIVES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | RELIGION | MASS MEDIA | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Education | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication Document Number: 309851 |
| 14. Title: Determinants of unmet need for contraception in Uttar Pradesh. Author: Ramanujam C; Vadivel KS; Muthu C Source: In: Biostatistical aspects of health and epidemiology, edited by Chandra M. Pandey, Pradeep Mishra, Uttam Singh. Lucknow, India, Prakashan Kendra, 2002. :124-131. Issued by Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Lucknow, India. Abstract: In India, the unmet need for family planning was 20 percent in 1992-93 and 16 percent in 1998(NFHS-I, II). Even though, there was a reduction in percentage of unmet need for contraception between NFHS-I and NFHS-II at all India level, Meghalaya (36%), Nagaland (30%), Arunchal Pradesh (27%) and Uttar Pradesh (25%) are the leading states with higher proportion of unmet need. It is necessary to investigate the factors associated with the unmet need in these states, which will be helpful for the policy makers and programme implementing authorities to develop a suitable strategy in order to reduce the prevalence of unmet need and ultimately to reduce the fertility level. Since the latest NFHS-II data on unmet need and its associated factors is readily available for UP, an attempt has been made to study the determinants of unmet need for family planning in Uttar Pradesh. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADULTS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | AGE FACTORS | RELIGION | CASTE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | STANDARD OF LIVING | SPOUSE | MEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family Relationships Document Number: 179438 |
| 15. Title: A study of some socio-demographic characteristics of acceptors of sterilization operation in Bhandara district of Maharashtra. Author: Das PK Source: [Unpublished] [2001]. [49] p. Abstract: It has been reported by various surveys conducted at National, State or District level that female sterilization is the most commonly used method of family planning in India. The median age of woman at the time of sterilization operation is 27 years. The sterilization rate is highest for women with three or more living child at the time of accepting sterilization operation. People usually do not prefer to undergo sterilization operation unless the couple has at least a male child. Based on the above background the present study has been carried out to know the present pattern of the acceptors of sterilization operation in Bhandara district of Maharashtra by knowing various socio-demographic characteristics of the acceptors and any change in the characteristics mentioned above during last one decade. In this retrospective study, the major source of data is the service statistics obtained from the District Family Planning Bureau, Bhandara. Additional information required for analysis and comparison of the service statistics are being collected from other available sources like National Family Health Survey, phase I and II; Rapid Household Survey conducted under Reproductive and Child Health services and Census information etc. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | VASECTOMY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Sterilization, Sexual | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Male Sterilization Document Number: 194437 |
| 16. Title: [How many children, how many brothers and sisters in the last hundred years?] Combien d'enfants, combien de freres et soeurs depuis cent ans? Author: Toulemon L Source: Population et Societes. 2001 Dec;(374):1-4. Abstract: After declining steadily between World War I and World War II, France’s overall total fertility rate (TFR) rose abruptly between 1945 and 1947, then remained elevated for 20 years before declining again after 1964. Since 1975, France’s TFR has remained relatively stable near 1.8 children per woman. The author examines the reproductive behaviors of different generations born during the 20th century. Women born in 1930, who were in their reproductive years during the baby boom, bore an average of 2.6 total children, 0.5 child more than women born in 1900 and 1950. Women born in subsequent generations during 1950-60 bore an average of 2.1 total children. Women born during 1940-45 were the youngest mothers of the century, bearing their children at mean age 26.1 years, compared to 28.4 years among women born in 1920. The end of the baby boom witnessed a declining number of large families, with parents instead favoring 2-child families. The author considers the impact of family planning development and use upon fertility control. Language: French Keywords: FRANCE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | BABY BOOM | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | WAR | CHANGES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Political Factors | Social Change Document Number: 165628 |
| 17. Title: [Aspects of contraceptive methods used in São Paulo State, Brazil] Características do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais no Estado de São Paulo. Author: Vieira EM; Badiani R; Dal Fabbro AL; Rodriguez Junior AL Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2001;36(3):263-270. Abstract: To analyze data on contraceptive use in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 1996. The study data were compared to 1986 DHS and 1996 data on the Brazilian population. Contraceptive use among married or cohabiting women was evaluated focusing on age, number of children, schooling, and age and timing of female sterilization. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test and Kendall’s non-parametric test. Unlike data on the Brazilian population, female sterilization rates were steady in the State of São Paulo during the studied period. The same contraceptive pattern is seen in both Brazil and São Paulo: women aged up to 30 years use largely pills; female sterilization predominates in women over 30, increasing with the number of children and decreasing with years of schooling. Male methods have also increased in recent years, being greater in São Paulo than in Brazil. São Paulo also shows a greater variety of reversible contraceptive methods. Although there were some differences, the prevalence of only two contraceptive methods in both Brazil and São Paulo suggests a tendency regarding the contraceptive methods offered and in reproductive health in the view of new regulations on family planning. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | MALE CONTRACEPTION | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual | Population Characteristics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 189934 |
| 18. Title: The Muslim family: predicament and promise. Author: Dhami S; Sheikh A Source: Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 Nov;173(5):352-356. Abstract: We live in an era in which the nature, function, and structure of the family have been thrown into question. Many, for example, would consider an unmarried couple, a single mother, and homosexual couples as equally legitimate expressions of the family unit. Islam takes a more conservative stance, arguing that the family is a divinely inspired institution, with marriage at its core. In this article, we explore what the family means for Muslims living in minority communities in the West. Our aim is not to be prescriptive, but rather to provide clinicians with key insights needed to allow their Muslim patients' concerns to be adequately heard. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | EXTENDED FAMILY | NUCLEAR FAMILY | ISLAM | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY LIFE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Religion | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Size | Health Document Number: 309853 |
| 19. Title: [Fertility and family growth] La fecundidad y el crecimiento de la descendencia. Author: Paz Gomez L Source: Demos. 2000;(13):12-3. Abstract: Although fertility surveys have largely supplanted census data as a source of information for fertility analysis, census data permit greater geographic disaggregation. Mexican fertility declined from more than 6 children per woman in 1960 to 3.4 in 1990. The 1996 National Survey of Demographic Dynamics gave a total fertility rate of 2.7 and the National Population Council projected a TFR of 2.4 in 2000. Fertility is projected to decline to replacement level by 2005. Half of Mexican women have children by age 25, and 93.5% eventually have at least one child. The probability that women of a particular parity will progress to the next is a useful fertility indicator that permits simple description of changes in fertility behavior. The convex curve obtained from probability data of the 1960s indicates that deliberate fertility limitation was not practiced, while the concave form of the 2000 data reveals widespread contraceptive usage. In 1960, 43.9% of women aged 40-49 had 6 children or more, while only 25% did so in 2000. A comparison of the curves for all women aged 45-49 in 1990 and 2000 indicates that the probability of having at least once child remained high, while the probability of having two children declined slightly but also remained high. The major fertility changes began with the third child. The cohort fertility rate calculated from this data revealed that Mexican women aged 45-49 in 2000 had 4.5 children on average. An analysis by size of locality indicates that in places with under 2500 inhabitants, significant decline in probability of progressing to the next child began with the fifth child. Women living in larger places began limiting their fertility after the third child. Spanish Abstract: Aunque las encuestas de fecundidad hayan suplantado en gran medida los datos censales como fuente de información para los análisis de fecundidad, los datos censales permiten una mayor desagregación geográfica. La fecundidad mexicana disminuyó de más de 6 hijos por mujer en 1960 a 3,4 en 1990. La Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica de 1996 reveló una tasa de fecundidad total de 2,7 y el Consejo Nacional de Población proyectó una tasa de fecundidad total de 2,4 en el año 2000. Según las proyecciones, la fecundidad disminuirá al nivel de reposición hacia el año 2005. El 50% de las mexicanas tienen hijos antes de haber cumplido los 25 años, y el 93,5% llegan a tener por lo menos un hijo. La probabilidad de que las mujeres de una paridad en particular progresen a la siguiente es un indicador útil de la fecundidad que permite una simple descripción de los cambios de comportamiento respecto a la fecundidad. La curva convexa obtenida de los datos de probabilidad de los años 60 indica que no se practicó la limitación deliberada de la fecundidad, mientras que la forma cóncava de los datos del año 2000 revela el uso generalizado de anticonceptivos. En 1960, 43,9% de las mujeres de 40 a 49 años de edad tenía 6 hijos o más, pero en el año 2000 sólo 25%. Al comparar las curvas relativas a todas las mujeres de 45 a 49 años de edad en 1990 y 2000, se puede ver que la probabilidad de tener por lo menos un hijo seguía siendo elevada, mientras que la probabilidad de tener dos hijos disminuyó un poco pero siguió siendo elevada. Los mayores cambios de fecundidad comenzaron a producirse con el tercer hijo. La tasa de fecundidad de generación calculada partiendo de estos datos reveló que las mexicanas de 45 a 49 años de edad en 2000 tenían un promedio de 4,5 hijos. Según un análisis realizado en base al tamaño de la localidad, en los lugares con menos de 2.500 habitantes se produjo un descenso significativo de la probabilidad de tener otro hijo a partir del quinto hijo. Las mujeres que vivían en lugares de mayor extensión comenzaron a limitar su fecundidad después del tercer hijo. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY SIZE, AVERAGE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 159115 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Expected and actual family size in Greece: 1983-1997. Author: Symeonidou H Source: European Journal of Population / Revue Europeenne de Demographie. 2000 Dec;16(4):335-52. Abstract: On the basis of data collected in the 1997 fertility study in the Greater Athens area, in which a sub-sample of women previously interviewed in the 1983 National Fertility Survey were interviewed again, the validity of aggregate and individual fertility intentions is evaluated. The main finding is that fertility intentions slightly overestimate ultimate family size. Moreover, higher expectations are associated with higher `transition rates' towards having children and to shorter birth intervals for all parties. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | EMPLOYMENT | WOMEN | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 157919 |
| 21. Title: Contraceptive use for birth spacing in sub-Saharan Africa [abstract] Author: Greene DL Source: DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL. 1999;59(8-A):3221. Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 1998. Order No. AAD99-01807. Abstract: Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, breast-feeding and postpartum abstinence are declining, leaving women at risk of very short birth intervals that may be offset by an increase in contraceptive use. This study used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 1986-94 in 13 countries to examine the role of contraception for spacing on the length of the birth interval and on women's fertility and reproductive preferences. It was found that birth intervals for women who have used contraception for spacing are on average only 3-4 months longer than intervals for women who have never used contraception. Substitution of contraception for breast-feeding and abstinence leads to a smaller difference in birth intervals between contraceptive users and nonusers as women trade natural protection for imperfect contraceptive protection. Detailed analysis of the 1994 DHS calendar data for Zimbabwe revealed that modern contraceptives were effective in months in which they were actually used. If more women were to use contraception beyond the period of postpartum amenorrhea, a substantial decline in mistimed births would likely occur. Consideration of the broader impacts of contraception on the timing of births within a woman's reproductive lifetime and on her ideal and achieved family size revealed that, in most countries, women who use contraception for spacing desire fewer births. Despite their lower ideal family size, women who use contraceptives for spacing do not have fewer children over their lifetimes than nonusers. (full text, modified) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraception | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 138703 |
| 22. Title: Analysis of population structure in rural areas of China. Author: Jing Y Source: CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE. 1998;10(1):17-30. Abstract: This paper presents the results of the study and analysis of the condition, problems, and opportunities of economic development in rural China. Major population problems and key issues in those areas are discussed and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Appropriate economic policies for rural areas are proposed. China's large population seriously impedes national economic development. The structure analysis method is a new way of studying the relationship of population, economy, society, natural resources, and the environment. Most of China's population problem is in its rural areas, where there is not enough cultivated land to support the population. The solution of the problem therefore depends heavily upon economic progress in those areas. Impeded economic development in rural China due to population and the structure of industry and production, the centrality of population and industrial structure in rural China, the distribution of personal wealth in rural China, the need to improve education and work skills in rural areas, and family structure changes and economic adjustment are discussed. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | OBSTACLES | INDUSTRY | PRODUCTION | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | EDUCATION | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Income | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Change Document Number: 139557 |
| 23. Title: [Social conditions and reasons for choosing abortion] Abortsogendes praeventionsbrug og arsager til valg af abort. Author: Hansen SK; Birkebaek JS; Husfeldt C; Munck CB; Noddebo M; Petersson BH Source: UGESKRIFT FOR LAEGER. 1996 Oct 7;158(41):5773-6. Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe a group of women applying for legal abortion in relation to their use of contraception and reasons for choosing an abortion. During a period of 13 months (1991-92) a questionnaire was distributed to women applying for legal abortion at Hillerod Hospital in Denmark. 339 women participated. 59% of the women had become pregnant although they had used contraception. As seen in other studies, women still state demographic factors as their most important reasons for choosing an abortion. Women with two or more children do not want to have more children. Single women do not want children without being in a stable relationship. Furthermore occupation and education were frequently stated as important reasons for having an abortion. Economy and housing were not main reasons but contributory factors. 30% of the women expressed ambivalence about the choice of abortion at the time the procedure was due. (author's) Language: Danish Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ABORTION | UNMARRIED | CURRENTLY MARRIED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 118184 Notification |
| 24. Title: [Desire to have children in Austria] Kinderwunsch in Osterreich. Author: Holzer W; Munz R Source: ZEITSCHRIFT FUR BEVOLKERUNGSWISSENSCHAFT. 1996;21(1):69-102. Abstract: "Of Austrians of both genders 20-39 years of age, more than half (1993: 56%) desire to have at least one child, or at least one more child. Only a small minority (8%) plans to remain childless for life....As a rule, there is a discrepancy between desired and actual family size....Overall, Austrians have somewhat fewer children than they actually desire to have....Of the 20-39-year-olds who do not wish to have children, the majority (72%) indicated that they already had the number of children they desired under the existing circumstances....In the event that certain family policy measures were actually instituted, two-thirds (64%) of those 20-39 years of age who desire to have (another) child expect such measures to provide substantial support for the realization of that desire." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE) (EXCERPT) Language: German Keywords: AUSTRIA | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY POLICY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 251903 |
| 25. Title: When to have another baby: a dynamic model of reproductive decision-making and evidence froma Gabbra pastoralists. Author: Mace R Source: ETHOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY. 1996 Jul;17(4):263-73. Abstract: Maximizing reproductive success involves having as many children as possible which can successfully reproduce themselves. Gabbra pastoralists are a group of camel-keeping nomads who occupy the area east of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. When Gabbra parents decide to have another child, they must weigh the probability that they will be able to afford to raise the child and marry it off successfully once mature against the burden of feeding and raising the child and potentially harming the marriage prospects of other children in the household. Raising additional children could diminish the family herd and even lead to household destitution. A dynamic, state-dependent optimality model is used to analyze the trade-off. The decision to have another child depends upon household wealth and the number of children the parents already have. Parents should not necessarily reproduce at the maximum rate to maximize reproductive success, and the costs of marrying off a child have a large impact upon optimal family size. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DECISION MAKING | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior Document Number: 122566 |
| 26. Title: [The Muslim family model in immigration and in the Mediterranean countries of origin: recent demographic trends and education] Le modele familial musulman en immigration et dans les pays mediterraneens d'origine: tendances demographiques recentes et enseignements. Author: Salhi M Source: In: Menages, familles, parenteles et solidarites dans les populations mediterraneennes. Seminaire International d'Aranjuez (27-30 septembre 1994), [compiled by] Association Internationale des Demographes de Langue Francaise [AIDELF]. Paris, France, AIDELF, 1996. :421-32. Abstract: With the Turks, the people of the Maghreb comprise a Muslim community of more than 4.3 million people living in Europe. They represent more than half of all the non-European foreigners in the region, and in some countries such as France, Holland, and Belgium, their proportion reaches or surpasses 70%. Following the economic recession of the 1970s and the wave of familial immigrations, Europe began to increasingly realize the permanent nature of its coexistence with culturally different population groups and to set about facilitating their stabilization and integration while checking further immigration. Most Muslim countries have fertility rates which are among the highest in the world. Nonetheless, there have been fertility declines in Turkey and the Maghreb in recent decades, as well as a rise in marriage ages for both men and women, high stability of first unions, disappearing polygamy, and the use of contraception. These factors in the countries of origin are examined, followed by consideration of the situation in the destination countries, an exploration of the influence of both countries of origin and destination, and fertility decline among Turks and people from the Maghreb in their destination countries. These populations demonstrate a tendency toward having smaller families in both their countries of origin and their host countries. French Abstract: Avec les Turcs, les Maghrébins constituent une communauté musulmane de plus de 4,3 millions de personnes habitant dans l'espace européen. Ils représentent plus de 50% des étrangers non européens dans cet espace, et dans certains pays comme la France, les Pays-Bas, et la Belgique, leur proportion atteint ou dépasse les 70%. Suite à la récession économique des années 70 et à la vague familiale des migrations, l'Europe a commencé de prendre progressivement conscience du caractère définitif de la coexistence en son sein de ces groupes de population culturellement différents et de fixer comme objectif central leur stabilisation à côté d'un coup d'arrêt à l'immigration et un effort accru d'intégration. La plupart des pays musulmans ont des taux de fécondité qui sont parmi les plus élevés du monde. Quand même, l'auteur décrit des baisses de fécondité en Turquie et au Maghreb dans de récentes décennies, aussi bien que le recul de l'âge au mariage chez les hommes et les femmes dans ces pays, la grande stabilité des premières unions, la polygamie qui est en train de disparaître, l'endogamie et le choix du conjoint, et la pratique de la contraception. Après avoir regardé ces facteurs dans les pays d'origine, la situation dans les pays d'accueil est considérée, suivi par une exploration de l'influence des pays d'origine et des pays d'accueil, et la baisse de fécondité des Maghrébines et des Turques dans les pays d'accueil. Tous les deux chez eux et en immigration, les Maghrébins et les Turques montrent une tendance universelle à la réduction de la taille de leurs familles. Donc, des préjugés qui existent à l'égard du modèle familial musulman, surtout en ce qui concerne le statut de la femme et le modèle matrimonial, sont contredits par les observations actuelles. Ni l'excitation ni la coercition peut changer une société. Un meilleur instrument de changement est le temps aidé par les facteurs d'adaptation qui ont fait leur preuve ailleurs dans le monde et en terre musulmane. Language: French Keywords: EUROPE | AFRICA, NORTHERN | TURKEY | ISLAM | IMMIGRANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | ORIGIN | NUPTIALITY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CHANGES | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa | Europe, Southeastern | Religion | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Marriage | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change Document Number: 140532 |
| 27. Title: Assessing the impact of the quality of family planning services on fulfillment of reproductive intentions in Peru. Author: Mensch B; Arends-Kuenning M; Jain A; Garate MR Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, California, April 6-8, 1995. [2], 53 p. Abstract: A comparison of findings of three data sets from Peru--the 1991-92 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), a 1994 follow-up of a subsample of DHS respondents, and a 1992 Situation Analysis--enabled identification of factors that most influence women's ability to achieve their reproductive goals. The surveys were conducted in two areas: Lima and Nor Oriental del Maranon. Of the 1096 women re-interviewed in 1994, 268 had given birth to 295 babies since the 1991-92 survey. For 82.2% of these births, respondents had indicated in the original survey that an additional birth was desired; the remaining 18.8% were unwanted or unplanned pregnancies or births. 30.6% of women in the rural Nor Oriental sample compared to 23.6% of those in urban Nor Oriental and only 12.0% of those in Lima had an unplanned or unwanted birth or pregnancy. 82.1% of the failure to meet reproductive goals in rural Nor Oriental was attributable to no method use or failure of a traditional method compared to 34.3% in Lima and 59.4% in urban Nor Oriental. From the Situation Analysis, a quality index was developed for each cluster; assessed were method availability, provider unbiased, provider nonrestrictive, information provided, provider training, cleanliness, privacy, and reproductive and other health services. Only 6.6% of women in clusters with high quality family planning services had an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy or birth compared to 14.4% of those in low quality clusters. When individual demographic characteristics were included in the regression analysis, quality of family planning program care remained a highly significant predictor of achievement of reproductive goals; the only other significant variable was age over 40 years. These findings highlight the feasibility of interventions aimed at improving the quality of family planning service delivery points. Language: English Keywords: PERU | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY SIZE, EXPECTED | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 105004 |
| 28. Title: Women and development. Author: Fouad DM Source: In: CDC 23rd. Annual Seminar on Population and Development Issues in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. CDC Annual Seminar, 1993, [compiled by] Cairo Demographic Centre. Cairo, Egypt, Cairo Demographic Centre, 1994. :88-114. (Cairo Demographic Centre Research Monograph Series No. 23) Abstract: The author explores the direct contribution of women's participation in the labor force and women's role in reducing family size. Female labor force growth rates were almost twice the population growth rate during 1960-86, especially in urban areas, and higher than the male labor force growth rates which actually decreased over the same period. The data indicate that the extent to which women contribute economically or work to limit their fertility is highly dependent upon their educational status. The higher the level of education, the more women participate in the labor force and the smaller will be the sizes of their completed families. However, higher labor force activity rates may also help reduce completed family size, with reduced family sizes allowing the chance for greater labor force participation and activity rates. The mass media has a role in affecting women's behavior. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT | FEMALE ROLE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 117437 |
| 29. Title: Room to decide: education, employment and reproductive choice in Pakistan. Author: Khan A Source: In: Private decisions, public debate: women, reproduction and population, edited by Judith Mirsky, Marty Radlett, Wendy Davies, Olivia Bennett. London, England, Panos Publications, 1994. :121-34, 183. Abstract: It is widely assumed that women who are educated and generate their own income gain higher status within the family and have fewer children. The process of improving women's status, however, is more complicated. Research suggests that a link exists between the education and employment of women and having smaller families, but there are mixed conclusions about whether wage employment actually increases a woman's status and decision-making power within the family. Studies are ongoing to determine which factors allow women to control the size of their families and improve their status. Extracts from interviews show what ten Pakistani women consider to be the extent of their decision-making power and the constraints under which their decisions are made. For even these women, most of whom are privileged socioeconomically, reproductive decision-making cannot be separated from other aspects of their lives. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | DECISION MAKING | FERTILITY | WOMEN | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 106848 |
| 30. Title: [General fertility] Fecondite generale. Author: Sardon JP Source: POPULATION EUROPEENNE EN CHIFFRES. 1994;(Spec No):1-13. Abstract: The first issue of the new National Institute of Demographic Studies periodical, "European Population Figures", concerns general fertility rates in the twelve European Union countries plus Norway and Sweden. The periodical was created to permit diffusion of the rich database created by Gerard Calot and known as the International Project for Period Demographic Analysis. The four graphs and four tables compare total fertility rates, average and completed family sizes, and average age at maternity for different years of birth in the fourteen countries. Table 1 sets forth the total fertility rate for the fourteen countries for 1950 through 1993. The second table compares the final family size defined as the sum of annual age-specific fertility rates. The information is given for 1930-35 and for each year from 1935 to 1961. Table 3 shows the average age at maternity for all births by the mother's year of birth for 1930 and 1935-61. The final table compares the average achieved family sizes at five-year age intervals from 20 to 50 years for the years 1930, 1935, 1940, and 1945 through 1972 by single years for the fourteen countries. All estimates in the four tables are indicated by italics. Figures 1 through 3 show the total fertility rate decomposed to the monthly level for each of the fourteen countries for the years 1988 to 1993. The graphs also show the 7-month average in order to smooth fluctuations. The final graph compares the total fertility rate and completed family size for 1950 through 1995. It thus allows visual comparison of period and longitudinal fertility rates. Language: French Keywords: EUROPE | TABLES AND CHARTS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | MATERNAL AGE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 098438 |
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