| 1. Title: Effects of female literacy on family size. Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7. Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 340190 |
2.  Title: The relationship of family size and composition to fertility desires, contraceptive adoption and method choice in South Asia. Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):29-38. Abstract: CONTEXT: Many countries in South Asia, including Nepal, India and Bangladesh, demonstrate a strong cultural preference for sons, which may influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data from married, nonpregnant women aged 15-49 who had at least one child were used to examine the relationship of parity and number of sons to reproductive outcomes in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Outcomes of interest were desire for another child, contraceptive use and type of contraceptive (modern vs. traditional, temporary vs. permanent). Odds ratios and relative risk ratios were calculated using binary and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In general, desire for another child decreased and contraceptive use increased as the number of children and number of sons increased. These associations were more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. For example, compared with women who had three daughters and no sons, the odds of contraceptive use among women with two sons and one daughter were 4.8 in Nepal, 3.5 in India and 2.0 in Bangladesh. Within India, the associations of parity and number of sons with reproductive outcomes were generally stronger in northern states than in South India or West Bengal. CONCLUSIONS: Son preference remains widespread in all three countries and has a major influence on reproductive behavior. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | NEPAL | BANGLADESH | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341316 |
| 3. Title: Tradeoffs and sexual conflict over women's fertility preferences in Mpimbwe. Author: Mulder MB Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):478-87. Abstract: There are two principle evolutionary models for why women reduce their fertility, which can be used to explain the modern demographic transition. The first derives from optimality theory (specifically the "quantity-quality" tradeoff hypothesis), and the second from models of biased cultural transmission ("prestige bias" and "kin influence" hypotheses). Data on family planning preferences collected in 1996 and 1998 in a rural African village (in Mpimbwe, Tanzania) are used to test predictions derived from each hypothesis and show that both "quantity-quality" tradeoffs and biased cultural transmission underlie Pimbwe women's decisions. Reproductive decisions, however, are not made in a vacuum. Men and women's ideal family sizes often differ, and sexual conflict is particularly likely to affect a woman's success in limiting her family size. Pimbwe women's reproductive output between the initial family planning survey in 1996 and the most recent demographic survey (2006) is analyzed in relation to both the woman's preferences to limit her family and her exposure to husbands and husbands' kin. Despite wide differences in desired family sizes between men and women the extent of sexual conflict in this population is restricted to husbands and wives, and affects not a woman's use or planned use of modern contraception but her success in employing such methods effectively. There is also some evidence that a woman's mother and her kin assist in the use and effective use of modern methods, offering a prevailing force to the high-fertility objectives of the husband. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY SIZE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception Document Number: 342951 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Ronald Freedman on American population growth: A view from 1957. Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):155-167. Abstract: Half a century ago, in 1957, the American baby boom reached its peak. The period total fertility rate (TFR) had climbed to 3.76-a level wholly unexpected even in the immediate postwar years. In combination with the then prevailing pattern of early childbearing and already fairly low mortality, this yielded an intrinsic rate of natural increase slightly above 2 percent per year. Such a rate implied, even without immigration, a long-run population growth potential unprecedented in US history. How should this demographic upsurge be interpreted? And what was the likely future demographic course of the United States? These were questions of manifest public interest. From the vantage point of the crest of the baby boom, Ronald Freedman addressed them in an essay titled "The planned family and American population growth," which appeared in the March 1957 issue of The Antioch Review. At the time Freedman was already a well-known social demographer, director of the first national fertility survey in the US(Growth of American Families); he was to become a leader in worldwide research on fertility and family planning. His 1957 essay is reproduced below in full. Written in nontechnical language but reflecting the best understanding of the factors underlying US fertility trends, Freedman's commentary provides a compelling narrative for today's readers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHERS | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 325567 |
5.  Title: Motivating healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies -- lessons from the field. Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Health Communication Partnership Source: Communication Impact!. 2008 Jan;(24):[2] p. Abstract: There is strong evidence that healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy saves lives from six key studies conducted between 2000 and 2005 (supported by USAID). These studies indicate the lack of appropriate spacing significantly harms maternal and child health. Birth-to-pregnancy intervals of less than six months were associated with a 150% increased risk of maternal mortality. Risk of induced abortion was 650% greater, and miscarriage 230% greater among women with short intervals. Child health was also adversely affected, including a 223% increased risk of newborn death. Studies conducted in 2007 in Jordan, Uganda, and Egypt by the Health Communication Partnership (HCP) illustrate how health communication approaches can help change community norms and promote birth spacing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | UGANDA | EGYPT | TECHNICAL REPORT | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, North | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 327607 |
| 6. Title: A comparative analysis of unmet need in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Author: Aryal RH; Pathak RS; Dottel BR; Pant PD Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 May. 18 p. (Nepal Further Analysis No. 50USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: This paper examines the levels, trends, and differentials in the unmet need for family planning in Nepal and explores factors that contributed to its decline over the ten-year period from 1996 to 2006. The data for this study come from the three population-based demographic and health surveys conducted in Nepal in 1996, 2001, and 2006. Selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of currently married women age 15-49 are used to explore the determinants of the unmet need for family planning. The same groups of variables are then used to examine the factors associated with reducing the levels of unmet need in Nepal. A detailed description of the sampling methodology, number of respondents in each survey, and information gathered are presented in the final reports for each survey. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327593 |
| 7. Title: The impact of government programs on reproductive health disparities: three case studies. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):6-12. Abstract: During the last several decades, the health of Americans overall has steadily improved. However, many low-income, poorly educated or disabled Americans, as well as people of color, have not benefited from many of the recent health gains for the population as a whole. Across the board, these groups are disproportionately more likely than others to struggle with diabetes, heart disease, cancer and obesity. Some groups have higher death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide than the general population, and others tend to report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness and days of depression. Recognizing the magnitude of health inequalities in the United States, one of the goals of the Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities. In the field of sexual and reproductive health, three government initiatives stand out as case studies of policies and their impact on disparities. The first examines the federally funded family planning program, which was a conscious attempt to ensure that any woman-regardless of her age, marital status, income or health insurance status-has access to the contraceptive services she wants and needs. The second highlights the Hyde Amendment, in which the government has abdicated its responsibility to poor women faced with an unintended pregnancy. And the third focuses on a Medicaid eligibility expansion for pregnant women that revolutionized how pregnancy-related care is paid for in this country. Each of these case studies presents a starkly different portrait of government policies and the lessons that can be learned about addressing inequalities in the United States. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY SIZE | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABORTION LAW | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 323168 Notification |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards smaller family size in Egypt, Morocco and Turkey: Overall change over time or socio-economic compositional effect? Author: D'Addato AV; Vignoli D; Yavuz S Source: Population Review. 2008;47(1):[14] p. Abstract: The whole region of the South and East Mediterranean exhibits a profound fertility transition with marked differences in the pace of fertility declines among the countries. The authors choose three representative countries: Egypt, Morocco and Turkey. Determinants of the propensity towards smaller family size are investigated as scrutinizing the development in the pattern of third births, which represents the critical step in the transitional process for these countries. The authors are particularly interested in verifying whether the decline of higher-order births is significantly driven by an overall societal change over time or by compositional change over different socio-economic segments of the female population. Evidence is found that overall societal changes have mainly driven the decline in large family size, though, to a much lesser extent, compositional changes are important too. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | MOROCCO | TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL CHANGE | BIRTH LIMITING | BIRTH SPACING | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Document Number: 327572 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of infant growth in Eastern Uganda: a community-based cross-sectional study. Author: Engebretsen IM; Tylleskar T; Wamani H; Karamagi C; Tumwine JK Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:418. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Child under-nutrition is a leading factor underlying child mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies from Uganda have reported impaired growth, but there have been few if any community-based infant anthropometric studies from Eastern Uganda. The aim of this study was to describe current infant growth patterns using WHO Child Growth Standards and to determine the extent to which these patterns are associated with infant feeding practices, equity dimensions, morbidity and use of primary health care for the infants. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of infant feeding practices, socio-economic characteristics and anthropometric measurements was conducted in Mbale District, Eastern Uganda in 2003; 723 mother-infant (0-11 months) pairs were analysed. Infant anthropometric status was assessed using z-scores for weight-for-length (WLZ), length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ). Dependent dichotomous variables were constructed using WLZ < -2 (wasting) and LAZ < -2 (stunting) as cut-off values. A conceptual hierarchical framework was used as the basis for controlling for the explanatory factors in multivariate analysis. Household wealth was assessed using principal components analysis. RESULTS: The prevalences of wasting and stunting were 4.2% and 16.7%, respectively. Diarrhoea during the previous 14 days was associated with wasting in the crude analysis, but no factors were significantly associated with wasting in the adjusted analysis. The adjusted analysis for stunting showed associations with age and gender. Stunting was more prevalent among boys than girls, 58.7% versus 41.3%. Having brothers and/or sisters was a protective factor against stunting (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8), but replacement or mixed feeding was not (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.1). Lowest household wealth was the most prominent factor associated with stunting with a more than three-fold increase in odds ratio (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.6-7.8). This pattern was also seen when the mean LAZ was investigated across household wealth categories: the adjusted mean difference between the top and the bottom wealth categories was 0.58 z-scores, p < 0.001. Those who had received pre-lacteal feeds had lower adjusted mean WLZ than those who had not: difference 0.20 z-scores, p = 0.023. CONCLUSION: Sub-optimal infant feeding practices after birth, poor household wealth, age, gender and family size were associated with growth among Ugandan infants. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ANTHROPOMETRY | LOW INCOME POPULATION | INFANT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331178 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The Netherlands: Childbearing within the context of a "Poldermodel" society. Author: Fokkema T; de Valk H; de Beer J; van Duin C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(21):743-794. Abstract: The Netherlands has seen a considerable decline of the period total fertility rate and delayed childbearing, just like all other European countries. The drop in fertility, however, has not been as sharp as in many other regions of Europe. The period total fertility rate in the Netherlands has stabilized since the late 1970s at around 1.6 children per woman, and it has even risen slightly since 1995. In addition, although the Netherlands has one of the oldest first-time mothers, completed fertility is still rather high compared to other European countries, suggesting a strong "catching up" of births by women in their thirties. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the main driving forces behind specific fertility trends in the Netherlands. Among other factors, it focuses on changing patterns of home leaving and union formation, declining partnership stability, and the growing acceptability and use of contraception. The chapter also looks at prolonged education, rising labor-force participation of women, economic uncertainties, the growing migrant population, and family policies. Data allowing, and to the extent possible, we examine the effects of these factors on decision-making about parenthood and the timing of childbearing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ILLEGITIMACY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MATERNAL AGE | FAMILY SIZE | DIVORCE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 327728 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 5: Determinants of family formation and childbearing during the societal transition in Central and Eastern Europe. Author: Frejka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(7):139-170. Abstract: Societal conditions for early and high rates of childbearing were replaced by conditions generating late and low levels of fertility common in Western countries. Central among factors shaping the latter behaviour (job insecurity, unstable partnership relationships, expensive housing, and profound changes in norms, values and attitudes) were the following: increasing proportions of young people were acquiring advanced education, a majority of women were gainfully employed, yet women were performing most household maintenance and childrearing duties. Two theories prevailed to explain what caused changes in family formation and fertility trends. One argues that the economic and social crises were the principal causes. The other considered the diffusion of western norms, values and attitudes as the prime factors of change. Neither reveals the root cause: the replacement of state socialist regimes with economic and political institutions of contemporary capitalism. The extraordinarily low period TFRs around 2000 were the result of low fertility of older women born around 1960 overlapping with low fertility of young women born during the 1970s. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SOCIAL CHANGE | FEMALE ROLE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Reproductive Behavior | Social Behavior | Behavior | Policy Document Number: 327717 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Summary and general conclusions: Childbearing trends and policies in Europe. Author: Frejka T; Sobotka T; Toulemon L; Hoem JM Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(2):5-14. Abstract: European fertility early in the 21st century was at its lowest level since the Second World War. This study explores contemporary childbearing trends and policies in Europe, and gives detailed attention to the past two or three decades. We felt motivated to undertake this project because in many European countries, as well as for the European Union as a whole, the overall fertility level and its consequences are of grave concern and draw attention on the political stage. Our account focuses somewhat more on the previously state socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, where available knowledge about the impact on childbearing of the momentous political and economic transition that started in 1989 remains relatively scarce. As family formation and childbearing behaviour are inherent components of societal life, they were influenced and modified by the various political, economic, and social changes that took place in Europe during the past 60 years. There were also profound changes in norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes regarding family and childbearing, and these exerted additional effects on fertility and family trends. To identify such effects, this study pays much attention to the influence of social and family policies on fertility, to the influence of political and economic changes on fertility and family trends, and to the diverse ways changes in values, norms, and attitudes relate to the transformation in family-related behaviour in Europe. In the present chapter, we outline main issues discussed in the subsequent overview chapters, and summarize the main findings of the entire study. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Policy Document Number: 327712 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Population control and uncertainty -- a doctor's role. Author: Godlee F Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Aug 2;337(7664):a1076. Abstract: Several readers have pointed out that the BMJ's recent coverage of climate change has ignored a key issue-the need for population control. John Guillebaud and Pip Hayes give the same rebuke in their editorial this week. They may be right that "population" and "family planning" are taboo words. The BMJ hasn't actively avoided these issues, but we could do more to highlight them. As Guillebaud and Hayes portray it, every week an extra 1.5 million people need food and somewhere to live, amounting to "a huge new city each week, somewhere, which destroys wildlife habitats and augments world fossil fuel consumption." Population control need not be coercive, they say. Half of pregnancies worldwide are unplanned. Simply by meeting women's unmet contraceptive needs, several developing countries have halved their fertility rates. Clear evidence points to the demand for contraception increasing when it is available, accessible, and properly marketed. Guillebaud and Hayes call on doctors to take an active role in overcoming barriers to the universal availability of contraception and ensuring that patients and the public understand the environmental consequences of population growth. Controversially, as evidenced by the responses to the editorial since it was published online on 24 July, they say that doctors should advise patients on limiting family size for environmental reasons and should set their own example. Not everyone will agree that this is a doctor's role. Most will agree, however, that it is the role of doctors to deal with uncertainty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | FAMILY SIZE | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Natural Resources | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327974 |
| 14. Title: Reproductive health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Gribble J; Haffey J Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2008 Oct. 4 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00004-00) Abstract: Even as African women use family planning more and bear fewer children, the continent's youthful population will fuel the continent's growth for many decades to come. Africa's population of 967 million is projected to grow to 1.9 billion by 2050, according to the 2008 Africa Population Data Sheet, produced by the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) and the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). The report highlights the regional differences within Africa, especially between sub-Saharan and Northern Africa. Contraceptive use has increased fastest in Northern and Southern Africa, and as a result, the number of children the average woman in those regions has during her lifetime has dropped from nearly six children in the early 1980s to around three in 2005. This has slowed population growth in those regions. In most Eastern, Western, and Middle African countries, however, use of family planning remains low, and fertility rates have dropped little, with women averaging between five and six children. Educational attainment, considered an important element in reducing poverty, has increased in many countries, especially at the primary level. But fewer than 75 percent of primary school-age children were enrolled in primary school in Chad, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and several other countries. African countries have made less progress getting children to advance to secondary school. For all of sub-Saharan Africa, the average net enrollment for secondary school is 28 percent. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY SIZE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement Document Number: 323119 |
| 15. Title: The impact of the labour market on the timing of marriage and births in Spain. Author: Gutierrez-Domenech M Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):83-110. Abstract: This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945-1960 and Cohort 1961-1977. Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945-1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961-1977. We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts. The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE AGE | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | UNEMPLOYMENT | SEX FACTORS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics Document Number: 322757 |
| 16. Title: Determinants of family size in a Gulf Arab state: a comparison between two areas. Author: Hamadeh RR; Al-Roomi K; Masuadi E Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 2008 Sep;128(5):226-32. Abstract: AIMS: The rapid economic transition in the Gulf Arab countries has resulted in marked changes in fertility and marriage patterns and a decrease in the number of children per family. Yet little is known about the determinants of family size in urban and less urban areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 450 Kuwaiti women aged 20-60 years who attended health care centres in Al Asima and Al Jahra governorates. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interview which included variables on socio-demographic characteristics, family size, actual and ideal spacing, marriage related variables, health conditions and utilization of health services. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors that affect family size. RESULTS: The socio-economic indicators were significantly better in Al Asima, the capital, than in Al Jahra, a less urbanized area. On average, family size for the total sample was 5.97 +/- 0.114 with a larger size (6.27 +/- 0.242) in Al Jahra than in Al Asima (5.80 +/- 0.118) but without a significant difference. Al Jahra women reported a larger number of deliveries and past pregnancies but a lower usage of contraceptive measures. The total fertility rate was 3.65 in Al Asima, 3.84 in Al Jahra and 3.71 births per woman in the total population. Family size was inversely related to the educational level of women and their husbands. Currently employed women had a smaller family size (5.22 +/- 0.119) than the unemployed (6.81 +/- 0.187); p < 0.0005. Health problems in the interviewee or her husband played a minor role in the decision to have more children. Families where the husband was the decision-maker on the number of children had a significantly larger family size (6.91 +/- 0.451) than families where the couple both participated in the decision (5.83 +/- 0.129; p = 0.032). The duration of marriage, ideal number of children, age of women at last delivery, number of rooms and the crowding index had significant positive effects on family size, whereas age at first delivery, duration between two consecutive pregnancies and history of past abortions were inversely related to family size in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although women in the less urbanized areas in the Gulf Arab populations are more disadvantaged with respect to socio-economic characteristics than women in the more urbanized areas, there were no significant differences in family size in these contrasting communities. The impact of socio-demographic characteristics on family size was minor compared to factors related to fertility and the husband's desire to have more children. Fertility and family planning policies should consider these issues in order to promote more effective programmes. Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | RESPONDENTS | FAMILY SIZE | BIRTH SPACING | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY CHANGES | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Marriage | Nuptiality | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 328680 |
| 17. Title: Family policy in Germany: appraisal and assessment. Author: Honekamp I Source: Journal of Family History. 2008 Oct;33(4):452-64. Abstract: The German government spends about euro 185 billion on measures to support families. This amount is above European Union average, but still, families have become smaller and the number of childless couples has increased. This article outlines some of the 145 German policy measures to support families and their purpose. An assessment that takes into account economic theory and empirical studies shows that an increase of monetary incentives could influence the decision to bear a child only moderately. This implies that policy measures alone cannot be held responsible for the entire difference in fertility rates between countries. Cited studies based on surveys among the German and French populations reveal how different attitudes of the population may also play their role in determining the fertility rate of a country. Language: English Keywords: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL MODELS | ECONOMIC MODEL | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY POLICY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FAMILY SIZE | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | FERTILITY | ECONOMIC POLICY | INCENTIVES | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330744 |
| 18. Title: Disappearing daughters. Author: Kelly A Source: London, United Kingdom, ActionAid, [2008]. 27 p. Abstract: India's daughters are disappearing. New research by ActionAid and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) shows that the number of girls born and surviving in northern India compared to boys falls far short of normal expectations, and continues to slide. In a country with a long history of discrimination against women, the preference for sons over daughters has led to the number of girls under the age of six hitting an all-time low. The introduction of sex-detection ultrasound technology, coupled with the long-term problem of the neglect of girls, means that millions of women are now 'missing' in India. ActionAid and IDRC's research reveals that, despite policies to address girls' rights and public information campaigns, sex-selective abortion and neglect are on the increase. In four of the five sites surveyed, the proportion of girls to boys has declined even further since 2001. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | SEX PREFERENCE | CHILD, FEMALE | ULTRASONICS | ABORTION | SEX RATIO | FAMILY SIZE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327602 Notification |
| 19. Title: Gender based violence: Correlates of physical and sexual wife abuse in Kenya. Author: Kimuna SR; Djamba YK Source: Journal of Family Violence. 2008 Jul;23(5):333-342. Abstract: This study explored factors associated with physical and sexual wife abuse on a sample of 4,876 married women aged 15-49 years in the 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey. Results indicate that 40% of married women reported at least one type of violence; 36% were physical and 13% were sexual. Multivariate analysis showed that living in poorer households, being Christian, being in a polygamous marriage, having a husband who drinks alcohol, and being in sales, agricultural, or unskilled jobs significantly increased the wife's risk of physical and sexual abuse. Wife's education had significant effect on both physical and sexual abuse, but the relationships were not linear. Wife's age and number of children were significantly associated only with physical abuse; husband's education had a marginal but significant effect only on sexual abuse. Research implications are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | POVERTY | POLYGAMY | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | RISK ASSESSMENT | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327072 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Stages of the demographic transition from a child's perspective: Family size, cohort size, and children's resources. Author: Lam D; Marteleto L Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):225-252. Abstract: The demographic transition has played itself out with great regularity in developing countries over the last 50 years. Looking at a broad set of countries, a stylized version of the demographic transition is consistent with the empirical experience of most of the developing world. The transition begins with large and sustained declines in death rates, especially infant and child mortality. The immediate effect of this mortality decline is an increase in the number of surviving children at the family level and an increase in the total number of children at the population level. Mortality decline is eventually followed by the second key element of the transition, a decline in fertility, which in turn has effects on both family size and cohort size. These changes in family size and cohort size over the course of the demographic transition are the focus of this article. We develop a new characterization of stages of the transition, viewing the demographic changes from a child's perspective. As we show, dramatic changes in the numbers of siblings and the size of cohorts can occur during the demographic transition, changes with important implications for children's resources at the family level and the population level. These changes do not always move in the same direction, however, owing to the complex interaction of population momentum with falling fertility and mortality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MORTALITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY SIZE | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY CHANGES | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327507 |
| 21. Title: Only children of the head of household benefit from increased household food diversity in northern Ghana. Author: Leroy JL; Razak AA; Habicht JP Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2008 Nov;138(11):2258-63. Abstract: In many societies, foods are preferentially channeled to certain members of the household. We studied whether being the child of a powerful household member (head of household or first wife in a polygynous family) was associated with greater child stature in Northern Ghana and how this association varied with differences in household food availability. We used a sample of 464 children between 9 and 36 mo of age in extended households in rural Northern Ghana. Child stature was regressed on household food availability, the status of the child's father (head of household or other male), the status of the child's mother (marital order in a polygynous marriage), and the interaction terms between household food availability and parental status. The models were controlled for child age, sex, maternal height, parity, household size, and potential intra-community clustering. Household dietary diversity was associated with child stature (P < 0.05), but this association was limited to children of the head of household. For children of other males, there was no quantifiable association between household dietary diversity and child stature. Children of monogamous mothers were taller than children of second wives (P < 0.05). Our findings show that studies of intra-household allocation need to investigate beyond gender differences. Other structural household factors need to be considered in designing interventions, because they affect impact and even lead to increased intra-household inequality. Our results are relevant for Northern Ghana and as well as for similar settings elsewhere in the world. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | CHILDREN | DIET | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | CHILD WORTH | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | BODY HEIGHT | PARITY | FAMILY SIZE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 329367 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: The quantity-quality trade-off of children in a developing country: Identification using Chinese twins. Author: Li H; Zhang J; Zhu Y Source: Demography. 2008 Feb;45(1):223-243. Abstract: Testing the trade-off between child quantity and quality within a family is complicated by the endogeneity of family size. Using data from the Chinese Population Census, we examine the effect of family size on child educational attainment in China. We find a negative correlation between family size and child outcome, even after we control for the birth order effect. We then instrument family size by the exogenous variation that is induced by a twin birth and find a negative effect of family size on children's education. We also find that the effect of family size is more evident in rural China, where the public education system is poor. Given that our estimates of the effect of having twins on nontwins at least provide the lower bound of the true effect of family size, these findings suggest a quantity-quality trade-off for children in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | FAMILY SIZE | CHILDREN | MULTIPLE BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CHILD WORTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 326396 |
| 23. Title: Rubella serology in pregnant women attending health centres of TehranUniversity of Medical Sciences. Author: Majlessi F; Batebi A; Shariat M; Rahimi A; Azad TM Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):590-594. Abstract: This study was performed in 2003-05 to determine the serological status of a sample of pregnant women as a preliminary study for the rubella vaccination programme. Out of 965 pregnant women attending health centres affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences for prenatal care, the estimated rubella immunity rate was 91.1% (95% CI: 89.3%-92.9%) and the nonimmunity rate was 8.9% (95% CI: 7.1%-10.7%). The rubella immunity rate differed in different areas of Tehran but not significantly so. However, there was a significant difference in the level of rubella immunity by the number of persons per household and by age, but no significant relationship with economic status, occupation or level of education. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | IMMUNITY | RUBELLA | EVALUATION | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | VACCINATION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Immunization Document Number: 327174 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: The changing relationship between family size and educational attainment over the course of socioeconomic development: Evidence from Indonesia. Author: Maralani V Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):693-717. Abstract: Many studies from developed countries show a negative correlation between family size and children's schooling, while results from developing countries show this association ranging from positive to neutral to negative, depending on the context. The body of evidence suggests that this relationship changes as a society develops, but this theory has been difficult to assess because the existing evidence requires comparisons across countries with different social structures and at different levels of development. The world's fourth most populous nation in 2007, Indonesia has developed rapidly in recent decades. This context provides the opportunity to study these relationships within the same rapidly developing setting to see if and how these associations change. Results show that in urban areas, the association between family size and children's schooling was positive for older cohorts but negative for more recent cohorts. Models using instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of fertility confirm these results. In contrast, rural areas show no significant association between family size and children's schooling for any cohort. These findings show how the relationship between family size and children's schooling can differ within the same country and change over time as contextual factors evolve with socioeconomic development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | FAMILY SIZE | CHILDREN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors Document Number: 327987 |
| 25. Title: Sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases in street-based female sex workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Author: Mondal NI; Hossain K; Islam R; Mian AB Source: Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Aug;12(4):287-292. Abstract: We analyzed the sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of street-based female sex workers (SFSWs) of Rajshahi city and examined their socio-demographic profiles. Among the SFSWs attending three dropin centers (DIC) named PIACT, PROVA, and Suraksha Madhumita in Rajshahi, 150 self-motivated and willing individuals were interviewed through a structured questionnaire to obtain obstetric histories and socio-demographic information. Among these SFSWs, 56.7% were infected with two or more pathogens of STDs, with gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, syphilis, and trichomoniasis observed in 23.3, 27.3, 24.0, 17.3, and 20.0%, respectively. We found a strong association between the prevalence of STDs among SFSWs and their socio-demographic profiles. Illiterate and comparatively older SFSWs who spent very little money for health purposes, had larger numbers of children, and used condoms inconsistently were observed to be at higher risk of STDs. These results observed with bivariate analysis were also confirmed by logistic regression analysis. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | STREETS AND ROADS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREVALENCE | ILLITERACY | AGE FACTORS | CONDOM USE | FAMILY SIZE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Transportation | Population | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329481 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Romania: Childbearing metamorphosis within a changing context. Author: Muresan C; Haragus PT; Haragus M; Schroder C Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(23):855-906. Abstract: In 1989, the socialist regime in Romania collapsed and the state's coercive pro-natalist policy ended. Since then, fertility has gone through major changes, namely, a massive reduction in fertility and important structural changes: birth postponement, an end to universal childbearing, and the emergence of non-marital births. Family formation has been postponed, but a pattern of early marriage still persists compared to other European countries. Although unmarried cohabitation is rising, it is rarely seen as an alternative to marriage. Modern contraceptive methods are being used increasingly, but traditional contraceptive methods continue to be widespread. Abortion, which was relegalized in 1989 and made available after two decades of prohibition, has been practiced extensively ever since, especially after first birth. Romanians in 2004 continue to have a universal preference for parenting. However, the preference for the two-child family has declined and the desire for a larger family has become the exception. The transformation of the socialist regime into a democratic society with a market economy generated a socio-economic crisis, and the majority of social benefits have therefore been oriented towards alleviating poverty. Other social policies, including those affecting the family, were redefined. However, fewer funds were made available than for those geared to promote economic development or reduce poverty and, as a consequence, their impact on childbearing has been small. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ROMANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH INTERVALS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 327662 Notification |
| 27. Title: Gender inequality: Is the national population policy's objective of two child norm heading the correct way? Author: Patrikar SR; Bhalwar R; Datta A; Basannar DR Source: Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2008 Jul;64(3):221-223. Abstract: Male preference is a well known phenomena world wide from ancient ages. A descriptive study was carried out to assess the attitude of women towards birth of son, use of contraception methods and sex determination methods in rural village Kasurdi in Pune district. Univariate analysis was carried out by considering each factor determining sex preference separately as well as using a Logistic Regression Model. Adequacy of fit of the model has also been tested. Out of 110 respondents interviewed, 62.7% felt that male child is necessary in the family. Univariate analysis revealed that sex of first child, concern undergone for second pregnancy with regards to sex of the child, number of children in family and type of family were significant factors contributing to the son preference. The analysis under the logistic regression model revealed that sex of the first child and concern undergone in second pregnancy with respect to the sex of the second child are the most dominating and significant factors in the causation of son preference. The difference between family sizes when compared with the sex of first child was statistically significant signifying that if the first child is a male then it hardly matters whether the second child is male or female, but if the sex of first child is female then the families land up with bigger family size. On an average most of the respondents favour two children with an equal share of male and female children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | SEX PREFERENCE | CHILD, MALE | FAMILY SIZE | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327586 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Analysis of socio-political and health practices influencing sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam. Author: Pham BN; Hall W; Hill PS; Rao C Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 Nov;16(32):176-84. Abstract: Viet Nam has experienced rapid social change over the last decade, with a remarkable decline in fertility to just below replacement level. The combination of fertility decline, son preference, antenatal sex determination using ultrasound and sex selective abortion are key factors driving increased sex ratios at birth in favour of boys in some Asian countries. Whether or not this is taking place in Viet Nam as well is the subject of heightened debate. In this paper, we analyse the nature and determinants of sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam, including a small family size norm, recent reinforcement by the Government of the "one-to-two child" family policy, traditional son preference, easy access to antenatal ultrasound screening and legal abortion, and an increase in the proportion of one-child families. In order to prevent an increased sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam, we argue for the relaxation of the one-to-two child family policy and a return to the policy of "small family size" as determined by families, in tandem with a comprehensive approach to promoting the value of women and girls in society, countering traditional gender roles, and raising public awareness of the negative social consequences of a high sex ratio at birth. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RECOMMENDATIONS | SONS | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | FAMILY SIZE | SEX DETERMINATION | ULTRASONICS | SEX PRESELECTION | ABORTION | LEGISLATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 342199 Notification |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Slovakia: Fertility between tradition and modernity. Author: Potancokova M; Vano B; Pilinska V; Jurcova D Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(25):973-1018. Abstract: In the last 60 years, Slovakia has experienced comparatively high and most recently very low fertility, long periods of stable fertility alternating with periods of changes, periods of substantial as well as lesser state interventions. Fertility was above replacement in 1990 and declined to the lowest-low levels during the period of transformation. Postponement of life course transitions -leaving the parental home, marrying and becoming a parent -became widespread among younger cohorts after 1990. High unemployment of young adults, increasing economy-driven migration and problems to gain a stable job contribute to this phenomenon. Reproductive behavior is changing, yet Slovak society remains culturally conservative. The dominant form of partnership is marriage, although extra-marital childbearing is rising. Cohabitation is spreading mainly as a prelude to marriage but is not widely approved. Population measures have a long tradition, although 15 years after regime change their nature is very different than that of the state socialist era. Considerable attention was and is being paid to population problems, however, the government has not designed and implemented a comprehensive system of family and population policies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SLOVAKIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327550 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Austria: Persistent low fertility since the mid-1980s. Author: Prskawetz A; Sobotka T; Buber I; Engelhardt H; Gisser R Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(12):293-360. Abstract: This article offers an in-depth analysis of fertility in Austria, a country which has experienced a low and relatively stable fertility level and a gradual postponement of childbearing since the mid-1980s. We begin by summarising Austrian population trends in the post-World War II period and highlighting recent relatively high migration levels. We outline the long history of sub-replacement fertility and high childlessness in Austria and look in detail at recent parity-specific developments, trends in family size, delayed childbearing and persistent fertility differences by education level, country of origin and religious affiliation. The chapter then summarises main trends in family related behaviour, including the changing patterns of leaving parental home, the rise in cohabitation, the decline in marriage and the rise of divorce and the diversity in nonmarital childbearing, which has a long tradition in many parts of the country. We discuss the development of family policies in Austria and their relationship to fertility during the past decades. Social policies in Austria provide only a limited support for a reconciliation of childrearing and employment among mothers with children below the age of three. A combination of one of the highest family spending rates among the OECD countries and the low fertility rates indicate that structural constraints (such as the availability of childcare) constitute part of the explanation of low fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | FAMILY SIZE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Birth Rate | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 327730 |
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