1.  Title: Correlates of in-law conflict and intimate partner violence against Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong Author: Chan KL; Tiwari A; Fong DY; Leung WC; Brownridge DA; Ho PC Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009 Jan;24(1):97-110. Abstract: This study examines correlates of in-law conflict with intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics in Hong Kong. This was a territory-wide, cross-sectional study of 3,245 pregnant women recruited from seven hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were invited to complete the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen and a demographic questionnaire. About 9% of the pregnant women reported having been abused by their partners in the preceding year. In-law conflict was the characteristic most significantly associated with preceding-year abuse against pregnant women, after controlling for covariates. Findings underscore the need to obtain information on in-law conflict as a risk factor for IPV. In-law conflict should be included in the assessment of risk for IPV. For the prevention of IPV, family-based intervention is needed to work with victims as well as in-laws. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXTENDED FAMILY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 328410 |
| 2. Title: Individual- and community-level determinants of social acceptance of people living with HIV in Kenya: Results from a national population-based survey. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V; Sambisa W Source: Health and Place. 2009 Sep;15(3):742-750. Abstract: Using the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the influence of individual- and community-level factors on accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLHIV) using three outcomes: (1) willingness to care for an infected household member, (2) willingness to buy vegetables from an infected vendor, and (3) willingness to allow an infected female teacher to continue teaching. In multilevel logistic regression models, we found that individuals who expressed greater acceptance of PLHIV were more likely to be male, older, more educated, high AIDS knowledge, and exposed to mass media. At the community level, differences in accepting attitudes were associated with community AIDS knowledge, community education, and community AIDS experience, but not for region, or place of residence. The findings suggest the important role of community factors in determining social acceptance of PLHIV. Programmatic strategies aimed at increasing these accepting attitudes should consider both individual- and community-level factors. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | TEACHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Decision Making | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341072 |
| 3. Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective. Author: Foner N Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29. Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts? Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 341298 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Polygynous marital structure and child survivorship in sub-Saharan Africa: some empirical evidence from Ghana. Author: Gyimah SO Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):334-42. Abstract: Although studies have found children in married families to have better health outcomes than those in other family types, this strand of research implicitly views marriage as monolithic and, by default, monogamous as found in western industrialized societies. In polygynous cultures, there is a need to make a distinction between polygynous and monogamous families, because these marital arrangements might imply varying levels of parental support necessary for optimum child outcomes. Using pooled children's data from the 1998 and 2003 (N=4938) Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, this study investigates the effects of polygynous marital structure on child survivorship and assesses whether the effect is uniform over the entire childhood period. In models that did not allow for age-specific effects of polygyny, children in polygynous marriages were found to have an elevated risk of death. Further analysis revealed that only older children experienced the survival disadvantages associated with polygyny. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | POLYGYNY | MARRIAGE | CHILD MORTALITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CHILD SURVIVAL | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Nuptiality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 331179 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Empowering teenagers to prevent pregnancy: lessons from South Africa. Author: Jewkes R; Morrell R; Christofides N Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Oct;11(7):675-688. Abstract: In South Africa, the rate of teenage pregnancy is high but has declined substantially over the last 20 years. In this paper, the authors argue that the key to the country’s success has been an empowering social policy agenda that has sought to make young people aware of their rights and the risks of sexual intercourse. Furthermore, family responses and education policy have greatly reduced the potential negative impact of teenage pregnancy on the lives of teenage girls. However, more attention should be paid to issues of gender and sexuality, including the terms and conditions under which teenagers have sex. There needs to be critical reflection and engagement with men and boys on issues of masculinity, including their role in child rearing, as well as examination within families of their support for pregnancy prevention and their responses to pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL POLICY | SEX EDUCATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341492 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in sexual experience, contraceptive use, and teenage childbearing: 1992-2002. Author: Manlove J; Ikramullah E; Mincieli L; Holcombe E; Danish S Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 May;44(5):413-23. Abstract: PURPOSE: To examine how cohort trends in family, individual, and relationship characteristics are linked to trends in adolescent reproductive health outcomes to provide a better understanding of factors behind recent declines in teenage birth rates. METHODS: We examine a sample of three cohorts of females and males aged 15-19 in 1992, 1997, and 2002, based on retrospective information from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. We identify how family, individual, and relationship characteristics are associated with the transition to sexual intercourse, contraceptive use at first sex, and the transition to a teen birth. RESULTS: Cohort trends and multivariate analyses indicate changes in family and relationship characteristics among American teens have been associated with positive trends in reproductive health since the early 1990s. Factors associated with improvement in adolescent reproductive health include positive changes in family environments (including increases in parental education and a reduced likelihood of being born to a teen mother) and positive trends in sexual relationships (including an increasing age at first sex and reductions in older partners). These positive trends may be offset, in part, by negative changes in family environments (including an increased likelihood of being born to unmarried parents) and the changing racial/ethnic composition of the teen population. CONCLUSIONS: Recent increases in the U.S. teen birth rate highlight the continued importance of improving reproductive health outcomes. Our research suggests that it is important for programs to take into consideration how family, individual, and relationship environments influence decision-making about sex, contraception, and childbearing. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | BIRTH RATE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 331077 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Temporary migration and changing family dynamics: implications for social development. Author: Rahman M Source: Population, Space and Place. 2009;15(2):161-174. Abstract: Drawing upon longitudinal data, this research documents the relationship between migration and development by highlighting the conditions which promote changes in social and familial relations, social positioning, and intergenerational relationships within the families who experience temporary outmigration and the return of at least one male member. The fieldwork data (based on two surveys) derive from research conducted on Bangladeshi temporary migrants in Singapore and in an 'origin' village in Bangladesh in 2001 and 2006. The study reports that male labour migration has contributed to social changes in their own families and villages over time that are most likely to stimulate, in turn, macro-changes in Bangladeshi society in the long run. Language: English Keywords: SINGAPORE | BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY LIFE | SOCIAL MOBILITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Studies | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics Document Number: 328737 |
| 8. Title: HIV transmission within families in rural India [letter] Author: Soni S; Ramesh N Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Mar;20(3):214-5. Abstract: We have read with interest, two case reports from this journal which highlight obstacles in tackling India's HIV epidemic. Venkatesh et al. illustrated three missed opportunities for diagnosis including pre-blood transfusion screening, precounselling of blood donors and antenatal testing. More recently, Wal et al. describe a tragic story of HIV transmission and subsequent death within a family, whereby a HIV-positive widower was coerced, by her in-laws, into remarrying her deceased husband's brother. Despite the parent's prior knowledge of their elder son's HIV-positive status, the marriage went ahead without HIV testing of either partners or any attempt to protect the second son from onward transmission. Complex cases such as the latter are infrequently encountered in clinical practice although the burden of having an HIV-positive member of the family is nearly always apparent. With customs and traditions being central to Indian family life, especially in rural India, huge efforts are made by some parents to conceal the HIV status of their son or daughter prior to marriage. Widowhood, especially at a young age, is seen as bad luck and a financial drain on the family and joins other stigmatizing conditions such as psychiatric illness and now HIV-positivity, which lead to social exclusion. Monogamous married women misperceive their personal risk making them less likely to question their husband's extramarital affairs, practise safe sex and engage appropriate services. Even those who are educated with a good level of awareness may lack the autonomy to seek health-care services after moving to a new village to be with a new family. Eighty percent of HIV-infected Indians are unaware of their diagnosis and a large majority of these reside in rural India. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) has implemented a scale-up of HIV testing interventions over recent years, but only urban areas have seen the real benefit. Most HIV-testing takes place at district antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres potentially hundreds of miles away from a village. For a rural community, the nearest blood donation centre is unlikely to test for HIV, yet high-risk individuals are encouraged to donate by the financial incentive for doing so. In addition, the shortage of present clinical expertise means that pregnant women remain untested and those known to be positive are inadequately treated. The Indian epidemic will also continue to be influenced in part by the nature of its society; ignorance prevails, open discussions about sex are avoided, male partner extramarital sex is quietly accepted and disclosure of HIV status among couples takes too long, longer from man to woman than vice versa. NACO sets out clear guidelines for all aspects of HIV-testing but some of the shortfalls we witness probably reflect the actual impracticalities of implementation in all areas of India. Improving understanding of HIV should increase the uptake of voluntary testing, pre- and post-test counselling including family-based support for disclosure of HIV status should be easily available and safe sex messages emphasized. We support NACO phase III plans to decentralize the provision of HIV counselling and testing services, provision of follow-up and ART services at a primary healthcare level,4 but these should be implemented at the earliest opportunity. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PREVALENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV TESTING | MARRIAGE | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | COUNSELING | ANTENATAL CARE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Treatment | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Family Characteristics Document Number: 331238 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceived risks of HIV/AIDS and first sexual intercourse among youth in Cape Town, South Africa. Author: Tenkorang EY; Rajulton F; Maticka-Tyndale E Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):234-245. Abstract: The "Health Belief Model" (HBM) identifies perception of HIV/AIDS risks, recognition of its seriousness, and knowledge about prevention as predictors of safer sexual activity. Using data from the Cape Area Panel Survey and hazard models, the authors examined the impact of risk perception (considered the first step in HIV prevention), within the context of the HBM and socioeconomic, familial, and school factors, on the timing of first sexual intercourse among youth aged 14-22 in Cape Town, South Africa. Of the HBM components, female youth who perceive their risk as "very small" and males with higher knowledge, experience their sexual debut later than comparison groups. For both males' and females' socioeconomic and familial factors also influence timing of sexual debut, confirming the need to consider the social embeddedness of this sexual behavior as well as the rational components of decision making when designing prevention programs. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | URBAN POPULATION | YOUTH | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | KNOWLEDGE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SCHOOLS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Education Document Number: 340123 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The lived experience of Malawian women with obstetric fistula. Author: Yeakey MP; Chipeta E; Taulo F; Tsui AO Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 14;:1. Abstract: Data on women who experience obstetric fistula paints an often tragic picture. The majority of previous research has focused on facility-based data from women receiving surgical treatment. The goal of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding of the lived experience of obstetric fistula in Malawi. Forty-five women living with fistula were interviewed in their homes to learn how the condition affected them and their families on a daily basis. Findings indicate that the experiences of Malawian women with fistula were more varied than anticipated. Concerning relationships with husbands and family, we found high rates of divorce and stigma, yet these outcomes were far from universal or inevitable. Many women, in addition to their families, discussed high levels of support from those individuals closest to them. Nonetheless, many women experienced the fistula as a direct assault on their ability to fulfil social expectations of them as women, wives and mothers. Women identified fertility and continued childbearing as central concerns. The data suggest that we cannot discount the experiences of women living with fistula from continued participation in marriage, community and childbearing. Programmes for outreach and services should consider a broadened range of outcomes of women living with fistula. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | SPOUSE | VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | STIGMA | DIVORCE | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | FEMALE ROLE | FERTILITY | QUALITY OF LIFE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Social Problems | Nuptiality | Microeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Social Welfare Document Number: 341494 |
| 11. Title: Building protective factors to offset sexually risky behaviors among black youths: a randomized control trial. Author: Bell CC; Bhana A; Petersen I; McKay MM; Gibbons R; Bannon W; Amatya A Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008 Aug;100(8):936-44. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of the CHAMP among black South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS: A randomized control trial was conducted in KwaDedangendlale, South Africa, among youths (ages 9-13) and their families (245 intervention families rearing 281 children and 233 control families rearing 298 children). The CHAMPSA intervention targeted HIV risk behaviors by strengthening family relationship processes as well as targeting peer influences through enhancing social problem solving and peer negotiation skills for youths. RESULTS: Among caregivers in the control and experimental conditions, significant intervention group differences were revealed regarding HIV transmission knowledge, less stigma toward HIV-infected people, caregiver monitoring-family rules, caregiver communication comfort, caregiver communication frequency and social networks. Among youths, data revealed that control and experimental groups were significantly different for children in AIDS transmission knowledge and less stigma toward HIV-infected people. CONCLUSIONS: CHAMPSA enhances a significant number individual, family and community protective factors that can help youths avoid risky behaviors leading to HIV-positive status. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | BLACKS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328413 |
12.  Title: The Sita Syndrome: Examining the communicative aspects of domestic violence from a South Asian perspective. Author: Bhatt AP Source: Journal of International Women’s Studies. 2008 May;9(3):155-173. Abstract: This essay explores the communicative aspects of domestic violence by articulating the Eurocentric components of domestic violence research. Utilizing a postcolonial ethnography, this essay reconceptualizes domestic violence from a South Asian perspective, articulating the ways in which relational violence, its acceptance and its social function are gendered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | GENDER ISSUES | FOLKLORE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327265 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Socio-demographic factors influence contraception use among female students of the University of Novi Sad (Serbia). Author: Bjelica A Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):422-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify some of the socio-demographic factors that influence the use of contraception among female university students and to gain a deeper insight into their contraceptive behaviour. METHODS: The study encompassed 597 randomly chosen, sexually active, second- and third-year female students of the University of Novi Sad (Serbia). The questionnaire, specially designed for the purpose of this investigation, covered a number of socio-demographic factors that could presumably influence the contraceptive behaviour of the polled students. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences among the respondents with respect to contraception use appeared to be: mother's education, presence of an elder sibling in the family, motivation for engaging in sexual intercourse, talking with friends, as well as self-assessment of the knowledge about contraception. CONCLUSION: The identified socio-demographic factors that influence the contraceptive behaviour of female students should allow to devise appropriate strategies for the promotion of the use of contraception by this young population. Language: English Keywords: SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MOTIVATION | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | PEER PRESSURE | SELF-PERCEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Education | Population | Schools | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Psychosocial Factors | Perception Document Number: 331097 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Menarche and father absence in a national probability sample. Author: Bogaert AF Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jul;40(4):623-636. Abstract: The relation between women's timing of menarche and father absence was examined in a national probability sample of Great Britain (NATSAL 2000; N greater than 5000). Current body mass index (as a proxy for childhood weight) was examined as a potential mediator of this relationship, along with the potential moderating role that siblings (e.g. number of older brothers) had on this relationship. As in a number of previous studies, an absent father (but not an absent mother) during childhood predicted an earlier age of puberty (i.e. an early menarche). There was no evidence that weight mediated this relationship or that siblings moderated it. Both a lower body mass index and more siblings (e.g. more younger sisters and brothers) were independent predictors of a later timing of puberty. The results confirm that certain psychosocial factors (i.e. father absence; presence of siblings) may affect the timing of sexual maturation in adolescent girls. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROBABILITY | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | ONE PERSON HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SIBLINGS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Households | Behavior Document Number: 327239 |
| 15. Title: Teenage pregnancy and frequent use of alcohol and drugs in the home environment. Author: Caputo VG; Bordin IA Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42(3):402-410. Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess individual and family factors associated to teenage pregnancy, including frequent use of alcohol and illicit drugs by family members. A case-control study was conducted with a sample of 408 sexually active female adolescents (aged 13-17 years) in school from the city of Marília (Southeastern Brazil) in 2003-2004. Cases consisted of 100 primigravid teenagers assisted in prenatal care programs in health units. Controls were 308 nulligravid students from state public schools. Standardized instruments identified demographic and educational factors, contraceptive behavior, mental health problems, and family characteristics. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and logistic regression models. Low paternal education (p=0.01), lack of information on sexuality and fertilization (p=0.001) and the use of illicit drugs by a resident family member (p=0.006) were independent risk factors. Family income per capita and asking the partner to use a condom were confounders. The frequent use of illicit drugs by a resident family member is a factor strongly associated to teenage pregnancy, regardless of other risk factors. The expectation of going to college constitutes a protective factor, mainly in the presence of low maternal education. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | FAMILY LIFE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Biology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Behavior Document Number: 327561 |
| 16. Title: Beyond incomes: A new take on the "feminisation of poverty". Author: Chant S Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):26-27. Abstract: The 'feminisation of poverty' has traditionally been viewed as a global phenomenon, and associated with three apparently intuitive notions. These are first, that women are poorer than men; second, that the incidence of poverty among women is increasing relative to men over time, and third, that growing poverty among women is linked with the 'feminisation' of household headship. While a now quite substantial body of research has cast doubt on the last of these assumptions, the other two are still treated as somewhat self-evident. This is despite serious conceptual and/or empirical problems with both. For example, the first assertion-that women are poorer than men-is static, and therefore anomalous within a construct whose very nomenclature implies dynamism. While the latter is highlighted in the second tenet, it is virtually impossible to establish whether gender gaps in poverty are widening given a dearth of sex-disaggregated panel data. On top of this, no consistent trend in this direction is verified by the limited statistical evidence actually available. Beyond these caveats, there is arguably a bigger problem still with the 'feminisation of poverty', namely its implicit emphasis on incomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | HOME ECONOMICS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323227 |
| 17. Title: Individual- and community-level determinants of social acceptance of people living with HIV in Kenya: Results from a national population-based survey. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V; Sambisa W Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. 32 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 50USAID Contract No. CPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: Using data from the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the influence of individual- and community-level factors on accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV (PHLIV) using three outcomes: willingness to care for an infected household member, willingness to buy vegetables from an infected vendor, and willingness to allow an infected female teacher to continue teaching. Multilevel logistic regression models, with individuals at the first level and community variables at the second level, were performed. We found that males were more likely than females to have higher social acceptance attitudes toward PLHIV. Respondents who were older, had higher education, had high knowledge of AIDS, knew someone with HIV or someone who had died of AIDS, or who were exposed to mass media expressed greater acceptance of PLHIV. The percentage of the total variance that was explained by the community of residence ranged between 14 percent and 23 percent among females and between 14 percent and 32 percent among males across all three outcomes. At the community level, differences in accepting was attitudes were associated with community AIDS knowledge, community education, and community AIDS experience, but not with region or place of residence. The findings suggest that community level factors play a significant role in determining social acceptance of PLHIV. Programmatic strategies aimed at increasing accepting attitudes toward PLHIV should take into consideration both individual- and community-level factors. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | TEACHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Decision Making | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341073 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The HIV testing experiences of adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: Do families and friends matter? Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Jan;20(1):61-71. Abstract: This study explored how adolescents involve their families, friends and sex partners when making decisions about seeking HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and disclosing their HIV-status. The study is based on 40 qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 to 19 year olds who knew their HIV status in Ndola, Zambia. The findings show that: a) almost half of the youth turned to family members for advice or approval prior to seeking VCT; b) a disapproving reaction from family members or friends often discouraged youth from attending VCT until they found someone supportive; c) informants often attended VCT alone or with a friend, but rarely with a family member; and d) disclosure was common to family and friends, infrequent to sex partners, and not linked to accessing care and support services. Family members need access to information on VCT so they can support young peoples' decisions to test for HIV and to disclose their HIV status. These results reinforce the need to provide confidential VCT services for adolescents and the need to develop and test innovative strategies to reach adolescents, their families and sex partners with VCT information and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Evaluation Document Number: 324156 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The long-term social and economic impact of HIV on the spouses of infected individuals in northern Malawi. Author: Floyd S; Crampin AC; Glynn JR; Mwenebabu M; Mnkhondia S Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Apr;13(4):1-12. Abstract: The objective was to assess the social and economic impact of HIV-related illness and death on the spouses of HIV-infected individuals. From population-based surveys in the 1980s in Karonga district, northern Malawi, 197 'index individuals' were identified as HIV-positive. A total of 396 HIV-negative 'index individuals' were selected as a comparison group. These individuals, and their spouses and children, were followed up in 1998-2000, in a retrospective cohort study. All analyses compared spouses of HIV-positive indexes with those of HIV-negative indexes. By 1998-2000, most marriages involving an HIV-positive index individual had ended in widowhood. Twenty-Six percent of the wives of HIV-positive index men experienced household dissolution precipitated by widowhood, compared with 5% of the wives of HIV-negative index men. Corresponding percentages for husbands of index women were 14% and 1%. Widow inheritance was uncommon. The remarriage rate among separated or widowed wives of HIV-positive index men was half that of such wives of HIV-negative index men. About 30% of surviving wives of HIV-positive index men were household heads at the time of follow-up, compared with 5% of such wives of HIV-negative index men. Almost all these women were widows who lost their husband when greater than 35 years old, and they had relatively few household assets. The social and economic impact of HIV on the spouses of HIV-infected individuals in rural northern Malawi is substantial. Interventions that strengthen society's ability to absorb and support widows and widowers, and their dependents, without necessarily involving the traditional coping mechanism of remarriage, are essential. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | HIV | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SPOUSE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 324189 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender, culture and harm: an exploratory study of female heroin users of Vietnamese ethnicity. Author: Higgs P; Owada K; Hellard M; Power R; Maher L Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Oct;10(7):681-96. Abstract: Previous quantitative cross sectional studies of ethnic Vietnamese drug users in Melbourne have been overwhelmingly drawn from samples of men. In this qualitative investigation, 24 women aged between 18 and 33 years were interviewed. This exploratory study sought: to identify issues surrounding heroin initiation and drug use career; to examine relationships with family and primary sex partners; and to reveal participants' attitudes to drug treatment. Data reveal that for the women in this study the initiation and continued use of heroin was heavily influenced by men, especially their primary sex partners. The women interviewed reported strategies to minimise their risk taking including enrolling in pharmacotherapy treatment programmes, but they remained particularly vulnerable - especially to blood borne viruses - through both injecting and sexual risk behaviour. The data suggest that interventions which focus on the gendered nature of injecting practices within personal relationships may go some way to both reducing harm and increasing control for the women involved. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | IV DRUG USERS | ASIANS | GENDER ISSUES | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SEX BEHAVIOR | TREATMENT | VIRAL DISEASES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Drug Use and Abuse | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases Document Number: 329319 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Who owns the body? Indigenous African discourses of the body and contemporary sexual rights rhetoric. Author: Izugbara CO; Undie CC Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):159-167. Abstract: The realisation of sexual rights remains a daunting challenge in most of sub-Saharan Africa despite the articulation of these rights in several international documents and national laws. In this paper, we highlight a possible but neglected reason why this is so. Current sexual rights declarations derive from the notion that the body, as a physical entity, belongs to the individual. However, our work in two southeastern Nigerian cultures, the Ngwa-Igbo and the Ubang, shows that there is at least one alternative view of the body, which constructs it as the property of the wider community, rather than that of the individual. In the two cultures in question, rights are embodied in the community, which also lays powerful claims on all its members, including the claim of body ownership. Individuals are thus more likely to seek and realise their rights within the communal space, rather than by standing alone. The assumption that individuals always hold the ultimate right to their bodies is problematic and may constrain the effectiveness of rights-based programmes and interventions in general, and of work around sexual rights in particular. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | SEXUALITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | OWNERSHIP | CULTURE | BELIEFS | WOMEN'S STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Africa | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327199 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal versus paternal orphans and HIV / STI risk among adolescent girls in Zimbabwe. Author: Kang M; Dunbar M; Laver S; Padian N Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Feb;20(2):221-224. Abstract: The AIDS epidemic has contributed to a drastic increase in the number of orphans in Zimbabwe. Orphans (whether orphaned by AIDS or other causes) have been shown to have economic and educational disadvantages as well as poor reproductive health outcomes. We recruited a convenience sample of 200 girls in a peri-urban area of Zimbabwe to examine the impact of orphan status (compared to non-orphans) on household composition, education, risk behaviour, pregnancy and prevalent HIV and HSV-2 infection. In our population, maternal orphans were more likely to be in households headed by themselves or a sibling, to be sexually active, to have had an STI, to have been pregnant and to be infected with HIV. Paternal orphans were more likely to have ever been homeless and to be out of school. Our findings suggest that maternal care and support is important for HIV prevention. This finding corroborates previous research in Zimbabwe and has implications for intervention strategies among orphan girls. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HIV TRANSMISSION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREGNANCY RATE | SEX FACTORS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement Document Number: 324771 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: "We grandmothers know plenty": Breastfeeding, complementary feeding and the multifaceted role of grandmothers in Malawi. Author: Kerr RB; Dakishoni L; Shumba L; Msachi R; Chirwa M Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(5):1095-1105. Abstract: This paper has two purposes: first of all, we examine grandmothers' role and views of child feeding practices in northern Malawi, and their influence on younger women's practices. Secondly, we consider the implications of these findings for health promotion activities and models of health education. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, focus groups and a participatory workshop. Findings demonstrate that, to address child feeding practices which have an effect on nutrition, attention must be paid to the broader context that influences child nutrition, including extended family relations. Paternal grandmothers have a powerful and multifaceted role within the extended family in northern Malawi, both in terms of childcare and in other arenas such as agricultural practices and marital relations. Grandmothers often differ in their ideas about early child feeding from conventional Western medicine. Some practices have existed in the area at least since colonial times, and have strong cultural significance. Despite the important integrated role, older women have within households and communities in this part of Malawi, hospital personnel often have disparaging and paternalistic attitudes towards 'grannies' and their knowledge. Health education rarely involves grandmothers, and even if they are involved, their perspectives are not taken into consideration. Hospital staff often reject grandmother knowledge as part of a broader modernization paradigm which views 'traditional knowledge' as backward. Grandmothers view current child health conditions within a broader context of changing livelihood conditions and a high prevalence of HIV/ AIDS. The paper concludes by discussing the challenges of involving grandmothers in health education, and the difficulties of incorporating local knowledge into a medical system that largely rejects it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | GRANDPARENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | BREASTFEEDING | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | INFANT NUTRITION | WORKSHOPS | CHILD CARE | STAFF ATTITUDE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Culture Document Number: 324417 |
| 24. Title: Early adverse emotional response to childbirth in Turkey: The impact of maternal attachment styles and family support. Author: Kuscu MK; Akman I; Karabekiroglu A; Yurdakul Z; Orhan L Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Mar;29(1):33-38. Abstract: Early adverse emotional response which is often detected in the form of depressive symptoms is a predictor of postpartum depression following the birth. The aim of our study is to highlight contextual and individual factors that have an impact on mothers' depressive symptoms during the early postpartum period. One hundred mothers participated in the study. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and maternal anxiety level was assessed by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at early postpartum period (7-10 days). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used for the assessment of maternal social support. The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) was used to determine the attachment style of the mother. The mean EPDS score of mothers who live in extended families is found to be significantly lower than mothers who live in nuclear families (extended families 7.13 plus or minus 7.39, nuclear families 11.77 plus or minus 5.96, p = 0.006). Significant positive correlations were found between EPDS total scores and ambivalent attachment style group (r = 0436, p = .000), and avoidant attachment style group (r = .328, p = .001). The level of perceived family support also showed a negative correlation with EPDS total score (r = -.363, p = .000). The regression of EPDS total score with ambivalent attachment style and state anxiety level are positively predicted and the level of perceived family support and existence of wider social network negatively predict the EPDS total score in the first postpartum week. Maternal attachment patterns, living with the extended family and existence of family support have an important impact on early postpartum emotional adaptation. Early intervention strategies should count towards these individual and contextual factors when designing screening and preventive interventions for postpartum depression. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | EMOTIONS | POSTPARTUM | DEPRESSION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Puerperium | Reproduction | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 324368 |
| 25. Title: Confidentiality or continuity? Family caregivers’ experiences with care for HIV / AIDS patients in home-based care in Lesotho. Author: Makoae MG; Jubber K Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2008 Apr;5(1):36-46. Abstract: In the context of poor access to antiretroviral therapies in sub-Saharan Africa, the minimum treatment package intended to treat opportunistic infections common with HIV infection is inadequate but appealing, since it presumes universal coverage of medical care for patients living with HIV and AIDS. The overall objective of this study was to analyse the challenges which family caregivers encountered in home-based care when they tried to access medical treatment for home-based AIDS patients in the context of confidentiality and limited medical care. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with a sample of 21 family caregivers -16 females and 5 males aged between 23 and 85 years was conducted with the assistance of health personnel in two hospitals in Lesotho. Using the concept of continuity of care, this article discusses the experiences of family caregivers about home care, including their experiences of adherence to confidentiality by health care professionals and non-disclosure of AIDS as the context of illness, the circumstances under which the caregivers initiated caregiving and sought medical care, and how these factors could be stressors in caregiving. There was continuity of care where the caregivers obtained hospital support. However, when confidentiality was adhered to the caregivers were frustrated by lack of information, disrupted treatment, exclusion of their perspectives in medical care, failure to secure hospitalisation, ambiguous goals and non-responsiveness, so that continuity of care was jeopardised. Thus it can be concluded that professional-assisted disclosure benefited the patients because it facilitated continuity of care through the caregivers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | HOME CARE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PERCEPTION | ETHICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | HIV | AIDS | Family Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 326972 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Condom use and consistency among male adolescents in the United States. Author: Manlove J; Ikramullah E; Terry-Humen E Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Oct;43(4):325-33. Abstract: PURPOSE: To incorporate a behavioral model of health services utilization to examine whether male adolescents' family, individual, sex education, and partner factors are associated with several measures of condom use and consistency in heterosexual relationships. METHODS: We examine a sample of sexually experienced male adolescents 15-19 years of age in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to identify factors associated with condom use at first sex and last sex, condom consistency with their most recent sexual partner, and condom consistency in the past 4 weeks. RESULTS: Male adolescents who were Hispanic and those who did not receive formal sex education had lower odds of condom use and/or consistency, whereas African-American male adolescents and those with more positive attitudes about condoms had greater odds. Males who were older at most recent sex, who had an older sexual partner or a casual first sexual partner, who had a partner who used a method of contraception, who were in longer relationships, or who engaged in more frequent sex had reduced odds of contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight multiple domains of influence on condom use behaviors among male adolescents. Programs that provide targeted services, address condom use attitudes, and help teens to negotiate condom use decision making with sexual partners may help to reduce high rates of sexually transmitted infections among male adolescents in the United States. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HETEROSEXUALS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CONDOM USE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SEX EDUCATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Cultural Background | Risk Reduction Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors Document Number: 329329 |
| 27. Title: [The meanings of quality of life for women with AIDS] Significados de qualidade de vida para mulheres convivendo com AIDS. Author: Martins JT; Garanhani ML; Robazzi ML; dos Santos WC Source: Revista Gaucha De Enfermagem. 2008 Dec;29(4):619-25. Abstract: The objective of this study conducted among women with AIDS, was to identify the knowledge about how they acquired the disease, as well as the meaning AIDS has in their Quality of Life. This is a qualitative, exploratory descriptive study encompassing twelve women. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews from October 2006 to January 2007. After the analysis, two categories were identified. The first one related to how AIDS was acquired, and the other to the meanings of Quality of Life (QL) for these women. The results revealed that the interviewees know how the HIV infection was acquired. The meanings, as far as Quality of Life, had to do with keeping healthy, family and work relationships, and acceptance of current situation, all of which points out to the need of providing wholesome care for these women. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | FAMILY LIFE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics Document Number: 331258 |
| 28. Title: Planned fertility and family background: A quantile regression for counts analysis. Author: Miranda A Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):67-81. Abstract: This paper examines how education and family background affect the fertility plans of young individuals in Mexico. Quantile regression for count data is used for the analysis. Results indicate that education and family structure affect planned fertility only at the tails of the conditional distribution. Education reduces planned fertility only among women with relatively strong preferences towards children. An absent father reduces planned fertility mostly at the bottom of the conditional distribution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | YOUTH | ONE PARENT FAMILY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Fertility | Family Size Document Number: 322756 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexuality, HIV risk and potential acceptability of involving adolescent girls in microbicide research in Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Montandon M; Sahin-Hodoglugil NN; Bukusi E; Agot K; Boland B; Cohen CR Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Dec;5(4):339-46. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Current microbicide clinical trials primarily enroll adult participants; however, females under the age of 18, because of their high rates of HIV acquisition, represent an important population for future microbicide clinical research. We sought to understand the individual, family and community-level factors that may influence the acceptability of microbicide use and research involving adolescent girls. METHODS: We conducted 30 interviews with adolescent girls aged 14-17 and nine focus group discussions with adolescent girls, parents and community leaders in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants discussed adolescent sexuality, HIV prevention methods, perceptions about microbicide use and views about microbicide research involving adolescent girls. RESULTS: Adolescent sexual activity is stigmatised yet acknowledged to be a natural part of the 'adolescent stage.' Desperation to stop the spread of HIV among youth and support for female-initiated HIV prevention methods led to enthusiasm about microbicides and future microbicide research. Yet concerns about microbicides were numerous and included: difficulty using it in a timely manner due to the rushed, unplanned nature of adolescent sex; a fear of trying experimental products; concerns about microbicide efficacy; and parental worry that supporting microbicide use in youth would defy societal pressures that denounce adolescent sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: Microbicide acceptability for youth in sub-Saharan Africa may be bolstered by desperation for new methods to stop the spread of HIV, yet hindered by misgivings about experimental HIV prevention methods for youth. Understanding and addressing the microbicide's perceived benefits and shortcomings, as well as the broader context of adolescent sexuality and HIV prevention, may facilitate future research and promotion of microbicides in this high-risk group. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | COMMUNITY | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MICROBICIDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | STIGMA | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Drugs | |