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Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice)
Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331689

Title: Expanding access to injectable contraceptives.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], USAID, [2009]. [2] p.
Abstract: A technical consultation, co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and Family Health International (FHI), was held June 15-17, 2009, at the WHO in Geneva to review the evidence and programmatic experience for community-based provision of injectable contraceptives. Thirty technical and program experts from countries and organizations reviewed the scientific evidence and experiences from programs that provided injectable contraceptives through community-based health workers (CHWs). This evidence and programmatic experience came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America and focused on depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The evidence consistently showed that given appropriate training, CHWs can screen clients effectively, provide DMPA injections safely, and counsel on side effects appropriately, demonstrating competence equivalent to higher level facility-based providers of DMPA. Continuation of use of DMPA by clients of CHWs was as long as those of clients receiving injections at clinics. In addition, the vast majority of clients expressed satisfaction with CHW provision of DMPA. The Consultation concluded that sufficient evidence existed for national policies to support the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, especially DMPA. Provision of DMPA by CHWs will expand choice for underserved populations and contribute to reducing the unmet need for family planning. Operational guidelines for family planning should therefore reflect that appropriately trained CHWs can safely initiate use of DMPA and provide reinjection. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331839

Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter]
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance
Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p.
Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331346 Notification

Title: Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: Conclusions from a technical consultation.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009. 4 p.
Abstract: In June 2009, a technical consultation held at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva concluded that evidence supports the introduction, continuation, and scale-up of community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives. The group of 30 technical and programme experts reviewed scientific and programmatic experience, which largely focused on the progestin-only injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). The experts found that community-based provision of progestin-only injectable contraceptives by appropriately trained community health workers (CHWs) is safe, effective, and acceptable. Such services should be part of a family planning programme offering a range of contraceptive methods. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | WHO | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | NEEDS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Economic Factors | Public Health | Contraceptive Usage | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 331834

Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Uganda.
Author: Bremner J; Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jun. 6 p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: After decades of instability and civil conflict, Uganda has enjoyed relative stability, sustained economic growth, and great improvements in health over the last 20 years. During the same period, Uganda's population has grown rapidly, and in 2009 surpassed 30 million people. This rapid population growth is contributing to the degradation of Uganda's natural resources, the backbone of the country's economy and household livelihoods. Continued reductions in poverty depend in large part on finding innovative and integrated solutions to the complex population, health, and environment problems affecting Uganda's poorest people.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE
Document Number: 342029

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Title: Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning [memorandum]
Author: Obama BH
Source: Washington, D.C., White House, 2009 Jan 23. [2] p.
Abstract: Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the administrator of the United States Agency for International Development with appended statement of President Barack Obama on rescinding the Mexico City policy, including the following: "It is clear that the provisions of the Mexico City Policy are unnecessarily broad and unwarranted under current law, and for the past eight years, they have undermined efforts to promote safe and effective voluntary family planning in developing countries. For these reasons, it is right for us to rescind this policy and restore critical efforts to protect and empower women and promote global economic development.", The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (23 Jan 2009). White House press statement appended 31 Mar 2009. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FOREIGN AID | USAID | GRANTS | STANDARDS | POPULATION POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Policy | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Research Methodology
Document Number: 331358 Notification

Title: High rate of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Cordoba, Argentina: a pilot study.
Author: Palena C; Bahamondes MV; Schenk V; Bahamondes L; Fernandez-Funes J
Source: Reproductive Health. 2009 Jul 20;6(1):11.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although Argentina has a new law of Reproductive Health, many barriers continue existing to the provision of contraceptive methods at public healthcare facilities. Methods: This exploratory, descriptive pilot study evaluated 212 pregnant women selected at random at the Maternity and Neonatal Hospital, Cordoba, Argentina, who completed a structured questionnaire. The objectives were to determine the rate of unintended pregnancies, reasons for not using contraception, past history of contraceptive use, and intended future use. Results: Two hundred women responded the questionnaire. Forty percent of the participants stated that they had never used contraception and pregnancy was declared unintended by 65% of the interviewed women. In the unintended pregnancy group, almost 50% of women said that they had not been using a contraceptive method because they were "unaware about contraception", and 25% stated that their contraceptive method had failed. Almost 85% of the women stated that they intended to use a contraceptive method after delivery. Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of all pregnancies in this sample were unintended. Although the data is limited by the small sample size, our findings suggest that government needs to invest in counseling and in improving the availability and access to contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LEGISLATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342283

Title: Contraceptive projections and the donor gap: Meeting the challenge.
Author: Ross J; Weissman E; Stover J
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Feb. 44 p.
Abstract: This report looks at just one component of reproductive health commodities: contraceptives: A follow-up report of the same title published in 2001, the report starts with an overview of current demand for contraceptives in 88 developing countries that depend on supplies from donors. Future needs for contraceptive commodities are projected for two scenarios: one assuming that all unmet need for family planning will be satisfied by 2015 as specified in the ICPD and the MDGs, and the other one based on the medium variant projections of the United Nations Population Division-projections that assume a more gradual contraceptive prevalence increase that is based on historical trends. The proportion of future needs that will require donor funding is estimated on the basis of historical funding trends. Those future needs are compared with current donor funding to highlight the ?donor gap,? the expected shortfall in commodity funding unless resources for commodities are increased substantially.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FOREIGN AID | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 341071

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Title: Making the case for U.S. international family planning assistance.
Author: Speidel JJ; Sinding S; Gillespie D; Maguire E; Neuse M
Source: [Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Ipas], 2009 Jan. 15 p. (Report)
Abstract: This report documents the urgent need for greater U.S. assistance to family planning programs in the developing world and recommends targeted investment in such programs, primarily through the U.S. Agency for International Development. Five former directors of the Population and Reproductive Health Program of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) issue a call for renewed U.S. political and financial commitment to international family planning programs. USAID has been the largest donor to international population and family planning efforts and a transformative source of leadership and innovation in the field. Its professional staff and technical resources are unparalleled among donor agencies. However, its funding peaked in 1995 and has declined in real terms ever since, even as the worldwide demand for family planning and other reproductive health services has grown. As a result, many successful programs in developing countries have stagnated and global fertility decline has slowed. At the beginning of a new administration and a new Congress, it is time to reverse the decline in U.S. political and financial commitment to this field of signature U.S. leadership and accomplishment, to satisfy the unmet need for services, and to improve women's reproductive health worldwide. We estimate that USAID's population budget should be increased to $1.2 billion. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING | FOREIGN AID | USAID | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Social Policy | Policy | Programs
Document Number: 331360

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Title: AWARENESS Project. Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) projects in India.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [90] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: In 2006, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) asked the Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University (IRH) to resume the role of providing technical assistance for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), which IRH had developed under a previous project. In light of the weak state of LAM programs worldwide, IRH developed and pilot tested strategies to reinvigorate LAM. This included emphasizing LAM's potential to serve as a gateway to other family planning methods, simplifying messages to clients, and streamlining training and counseling for LAM. To pilot IRH's approach to LAM, IRH engaged in programs to integrate LAM in three countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, and India. This report focuses on the experience in India. IRH worked with three non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas of India to incorporate LAM into their programs. These organizations were World Vision in Uttar Pradesh, URMUL Seemant in Rajasthan, and People's Rural Education Movement (PREM) in Orissa. All three organizations offered LAM through community level workers as part of a basket of family planning methods. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | ADVOCACY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COUNSELING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327638

15.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Mali country report, 2006-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [16] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: Mali, a large, landlocked country in western sub-Saharan Africa, has high fertility and low contraceptive use. Only 8% of married women use any method of contraception, with 6% using modern methods. Its approximately 13 million people are mainly Muslim (90%), and 80% live in rural areas with limited access to family planning services. The total fertility rate was seven children per woman in 2006, compared to an average of five in Africa. The government of Mali (GOM) actively promotes family planning and contraceptive security as part of improving quality of life. Unlike other countries in the AWARENESS Project, the GOM committed to national integration of the Standard Days Method� (SDM) without undertaking a pilot study. A relative newcomer to the AWARENESS Project, Mali began implementing project activities in 2006, utilizing the SDM and LAM as an approach to repositioning family planning. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | CAPACITY BUILDING | AWARENESS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Program Sustainability | Knowledge
Document Number: 327639

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Title: Repositioning family planning: Guidelines for advocacy action. Le repositionnement de la planification familiale: Directives pour actions de plaidoyer.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Regional Office for Africa; Population Reference Bureau [PRB]. Bringing Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE]; Academy for Educational Development [AED]. Africa's Health in 2010
Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], 2008. 64 p. Also available in French: http://www.prb.org/pdf08/familyplanningadvocacytoolkit_FR.pdf
Abstract: Countries throughout Africa are engaged in an important initiative to reposition family planning as a priority on their national and local agendas. Provision of family planning services in Africa is hindered by poverty, poor access to services and commodities, conflicts, poor coordination of the programmes, and dwindling donor funding. Although family planning enhances efforts to improve health and accelerate development, shifting international priorities, health sector reform, the HIV/AIDS crisis, and other factors have affected its importance in recent years. Traditional beliefs favouring high fertility, religious barriers, and lack of male involvement have weakened family planning interventions. The combination of these factors has led to low contraceptive use, high fertility rates in many countries, and high unmet needs for family planning throughout the region. Family planning advocates must take action to change this situation. Family planning, considered an essential component of primary health care and reproductive health, plays a major role in reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality and transmission of HIV. It contributes to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the targets of the Health-for-All Policy for the 21st century in the Africa Region: Agenda 2020. In recognition of its importance, the World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa developed a framework (2005-014) for accelerated action to reposition family planning on national agendas and in reproductive health services, which was adopted by African ministers of health in 2004. The framework calls for increase in efforts to advocate for recognition of "the pivotal role of family planning" in achieving health and development objectives at all levels. This toolkit aims to help those working in family planning across Africa to effectively advocate for renewed emphasis on family planning to enhance the visibility, availability, and quality of family planning services for increased contraceptive use and healthy timing and spacing of births, and ultimately, improved quality of life across the region. It was developed in response to requests from several countries to assist them in accelerating their family planning advocacy efforts.
French Abstract: Les pays Africains se sont engag�s � prendre l'initiative importante de repositionner la planification familiale comme une priorit� de leurs agendas nationaux et locaux. La fourniture de services de planification familiale en Afrique est entrav�e par la pauvret�, l'acc�s limit� aux biens et services, les conflits, la mauvaise coordination des programmes et la diminution du financement des donateurs. Bien que la planification familiale permette de renforcer les efforts d�ploy�s pour am�liorer la sant� et acc�l�rer le d�veloppement, le changement des priorit�s internationales, la r�forme du secteur de la sant�, la crise du VIH/SIDA ainsi que d'autres facteurs, ont tous affect� son importance au cours de ces derni�res ann�es. Les croyances traditionnelles favorisant une fertilit� �lev�e, les barri�res religieuses et le manque d'implication masculine ont aussi affaibli le niveau d'activit�s de planification familiale. La combinaison de ces facteurs a conduit � une baisse de l'utilisation de contraceptifs, � une croissance des taux de fertilit� dans de nombreux pays et � une augmentation des besoins non satisfaits en planification familiale dans toute la r�gion.1 Les d�fenseurs de la planification familiale se doivent de prendre des mesures pour rem�dier � cette situation. La planification familiale, consid�r�e comme une composante essentielle des soins de sant� primaire et de sant� de la reproduction, joue un r�le important dans la r�duction des taux de morbidit� et de mortalit� maternelles et n�onatales, ainsi que de la transmission du VIH/SIDA. Elle contribue � la r�alisation des Objectifs du Mill�naire pour le D�veloppement (OMD) et des objectifs de la Politique de la Sant� pour Tous au 21�me si�cle: Agenda 2020. Reconnaissant son importance, le bureau r�gional pour l'Afrique de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sant� (OMS) a d�velopp� un Cadre visant � acc�l�rer l'action (2005-2014) en faveur du repositionnement de la planification familiale au coeur des agendas nationaux et dans les services de sant� de la reproduction, action qui a �t� adopt�e par les ministres africains de la sant� en 2004. Ce cadre exige un regain d'efforts en faveur de la reconnaissance du �r�le central de la planification familiale� pour atteindre les objectifs de sant� et de d�veloppement � tous les niveaux. Cette trousse � outils a �t� d�velopp�e en r�ponse aux demandes d'aide de plusieurs pays pour accro�tre leurs efforts de plaidoyer en faveur de la planification familiale.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | MANUAL | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | INFLUENTIALS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ADVOCACY | USAID | WHO | FAMILY PLANNING | LEADERSHIP | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PRIVATE SECTOR | MASS MEDIA | NEWS COVERAGE | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | UN | International Agencies | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328215

17.

Title: ICPD to MDGs: Missing links and common grounds.
Author: Abrejo FG; Shaikh BT; Saleem S
Source: Reproductive Health. 2008;5:4.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: The ICPD agenda of reproductive health was declared as the most comprehensive one, which had actually broadened the spectrum of reproductive health and drove the states to embark upon initiatives to improve reproductive health status of their populations. However, like all other countries, Pakistan also seems to have shifted focus of its policies and programs towards achieving MDGs. As a result, concepts highlighted in the ICPD got dropped eventually. In spite of specific goals on maternal and child mortalities in MDGs and all the investment and policy shift, Pakistan has still one of the highest maternal mortality ratios among developing countries. Lack of synchronized efforts, sector wide approaches, inter-sectoral collaboration, and moreover, the unmet need for family planning, unsafe abortions, low literacy rate and dearth of women empowerment are the main reasons. Being a signatory of both of the international agendas (ICPD and MDGs), Pakistan needed to articulate its policies to keep the balance between the two agendas. There are, however, certainly some common grounds which have been experimented by various countries and we can learn lessons from those best practices. An inter-sectoral cooperation and sector wide approaches would be required to achieve such ambitious goals set out in ICPD-Program of Action while working towards MDGs. There is a need of increasing resource allocation, strengthening primary health care services and emergency obstetric care and motivating the human resource employed in health sector by good governance. These endeavors should lead to formulate evidence based national policies, reproductive health services which are affordable, accessible and culturally acceptable and finally a responsive health system.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | UN | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328036

18.

Title: The impact of government programs on reproductive health disparities: three case studies.
Author: Boonstra HD
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):6-12.
Abstract: During the last several decades, the health of Americans overall has steadily improved. However, many low-income, poorly educated or disabled Americans, as well as people of color, have not benefited from many of the recent health gains for the population as a whole. Across the board, these groups are disproportionately more likely than others to struggle with diabetes, heart disease, cancer and obesity. Some groups have higher death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide than the general population, and others tend to report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness and days of depression. Recognizing the magnitude of health inequalities in the United States, one of the goals of the Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities. In the field of sexual and reproductive health, three government initiatives stand out as case studies of policies and their impact on disparities. The first examines the federally funded family planning program, which was a conscious attempt to ensure that any woman-regardless of her age, marital status, income or health insurance status-has access to the contraceptive services she wants and needs. The second highlights the Hyde Amendment, in which the government has abdicated its responsibility to poor women faced with an unintended pregnancy. And the third focuses on a Medicaid eligibility expansion for pregnant women that revolutionized how pregnancy-related care is paid for in this country. Each of these case studies presents a starkly different portrait of government policies and the lessons that can be learned about addressing inequalities in the United States. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY SIZE | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABORTION LAW | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Government Financing | Financial Activities
Document Number: 323168 Notification

19.

Title: U.S. global HIV prevention policy: still time to get it right.
Author: Cohen SA
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Fall;11(4):2-6.
Abstract: Over the summer, the United States strongly recommitted itself to fighting AIDS in the developing world. After months of wrangling earlier in the year, President Bush and congressional conservatives found a way to agree with congressional progressives on legislation renewing the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).The former agreed to a much steeper increase in the financial promise to the effort to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria than they had wanted originally. In exchange, the latter made significant policy concessions, particularly around HIV prevention. Without doubt, the new PEPFAR is improved in many ways. It bolsters its previous treatment focus with an increased emphasis on care and support services for people living with HIV. In addition, the new law allows for somewhat greater prevention efforts overall, as well as some increased flexibility in how to allocate those funds. Yet, the new law's fundamental prevention policy remains fraught with proscriptions and prescriptions that will continue to hamper PEPFAR's ability to be as responsive as it could and should be to local needs in terms of supporting the most effective interventions. Also, the U.S. HIV prevention agenda is greatly weakened by ignoring the well-established interrelationships between reproductive health services and HIV prevention and AIDS treatment programs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | FOREIGN AID | LEGISLATION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV
Document Number: 323172

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing fortunes: Analysis of fluctuating policy space for family planning in Kenya.
Author: Crichton J
Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2008;23:339-350.
Abstract: Policies relating to contraceptive services (population, family planning and reproductive health policies) often receive weak or fluctuating levels of commitment from national policy elites in Southern countries, leading to slow policy evolution and undermining implementation. This is true of Kenya, despite the government's early progress in committing to population and reproductive health policies, and its success in implementing them during the 1980s. This key informant study on family planning policy in Kenya found that policy space contracted, and then began to expand, because of shifts in contextual factors, and because of the actions of different actors. Policy space contracted during the mid-1990s in the context of weakening prioritization of reproductive health in national and international policy agendas, undermining access to contraceptive services and contributing to the stalling of the country's fertility rates. However, during the mid-2000s, champions of family planning within the Kenyan Government bureaucracy played an important role in expanding the policy space through both public and hidden advocacy activities. The case study demonstrates that policy space analysis can provide useful insights into the dynamics of routine policy and programme evolution and the challenge of sustaining support for issues even after they have reached the policy agenda. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327983

21.

Title: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa.
Author: Dabash R; Roudi-Fahimi F
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. 8 p. (Policy Brief: Gynuity Health Projects)
Abstract: Unsafe abortion is one of the most neglected public health challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where an estimated one in four pregnancies are unintended--wanting to have a child later or wanting no more children. Many women with unintended pregnancies resort to clandestine abortions that are not safe. According to the World Health Organization, around 1.5 million abortions in MENA in 2003 were performed in unsanitary settings, by unskilled providers, or both. Complications from those abortions accounted for 11 percent of maternal deaths in the region. Abortion is one of the oldest medical practices, evidence of which dates back to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Abortion techniques used by Egyptian pharaohs were documented in the ancient Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.). It is believed that during the Middle Ages, abortion techniques were adopted and accepted by Western Europe and later diffused across the globe. Today, medical and scientific advances have made abortion a safe procedure when offered under medical supervision and with high standards of care. Yet each year, thousands of women in the developing world die and millions more are left with temporary or permanent disabilities because of unsafe abortion. This policy brief explores the public health concerns surrounding abortion in MENA and discusses ways to make it both rarer and safer.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 323117 Notification

22.

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Rates of induced abortion in Iran: The roles of contraceptive use and religiosity.
Author: Erfani A; McQuillan K
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Jun;39(2):105-110.
Abstract: Iran has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility in recent decades, but limited access to legal abortion continues to lead many women whose pregnancies are unwanted or mistimed to undergo clandestine, unsafe abortions. No official data on the abortion rate in Iran have been collected, however. This study uses the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey to estimate the abortion rate for the country as a whole and for specific regions, and to explore the role of contraceptive use and religiosity in explaining regional variations in abortion rates. We estimate the total abortion rate for the country to be 0.26 abortions per married woman, and the annual general abortion rate to be 7.5 abortions per 1,000 married women aged 15-49. We find that the negative effect of modern contraceptive use on the abortion rate is 31 percent greater than the negative effect of religiosity, and we highlight the implications of these findings for policies on reproductive health and family planning. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | ISLAM | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 326973 Notification

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: 'New bottle, but old wine': From family planning to HIV / AIDS in post-Doi Moi Vietnam.
Author: Giang LM; Huong NT
Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3(S2):76-91.
Abstract: This paper begins with an observation that during the past two decades HIV/AIDS has emerged as a new public health priority in Vietnam and has commanded increasing attention and resources from both the government and the donor community. By juxtaposing HIV/AIDS with family planning, another social and health priority that preceded, and overlapped with, HIV/AIDS for a large part of the 1990s, we show two major gaps that have undermined both programmes. One is the lack of a strong civil society, that could have served as advocates for change, especially outside the government and the donor community. The other is the desire for control of women's bodies and sexuality that has been driven by the ever shifting project of nation building. We argue that these two major gaps represent more continuity than discontinuity in the way sexual and reproductive health issues are approached in Vietnam despite the seeming shift in priority that the emergence of HIV/AIDS suggests. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BIRTH LIMITING | HIV | AIDS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | CIVIL SOCIETY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Planning
Document Number: 327575

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change.
Author: Gjonca A; Aassve A; Mencarini L
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(11):261-292. Special Collection 7: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe.
Abstract: For a very long time, Albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in Europe: in 2002 the total fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman was the highest in Europe. Although this current level is high, the country has experienced a rapid fertility reduction during the last 50 years: a TFR decline from 7 to 2.2. This reduction has occurred in the absence of modern contraception and abortion, which indicates the significance of investments in the social agenda during the communist regime that produced policies with indirect effects on fertility. Most significant of these were policies focused on education, in particular on female education. Social and demographic settings for a further fertility reduction in Albania have been present since 1990. Contraception and abortion have been legalized and available since the early 1990s, but knowledge of their use is still not widespread in the country, largely due to the interplay between traditional and modern norms of Albanian society. This chapter points out that future fertility levels will be determined not only by new policies that might be introduced, but predominantly by the balance of this interplay. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POPULATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 327530

26.

Title: Breaking new ground: ingenuity and innovation in Medicaid family planning expansions.
Author: Gold RB
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Spring;11(2):7-12.
Abstract: Through three waves of expansions spanning more than two decades, Medicaid has opened its doors to large numbers of women and children whose low family incomes were nonetheless too high to meet the strict eligibility requirements for the Medicaid program. In implementing these expansions, policymakers and providers in states and communities across the country have confronted myriad challenges in their efforts to enroll and serve newly eligible groups. Expansions of Medicaid eligibility for family planning, the newest of these expansions, have both built upon these earlier efforts and broken critical new ground on issues that have bedeviled policymakers and providers for years. In many ways, this progress has come through developing new and unique partnerships between state programs and providers, and by finding creative ways to leverage state dollars and funding through the federal Title X program. When Medicaid was first established in 1965, the low-income families covered by the program generally were headed by single mothers receiving welfare benefits. In the 1980s, Congress broke the welfare-Medicaid link by first allowing and later requiring states to extend eligibility for Medicaid-covered pregnancy-related care (including postpartum family planning services) to women with incomes up to 133% of the federal poverty level-far above most states' regular Medicaid eligibility ceiling. The expansions for pregnant women pioneered what was for Medicaid a wholly new emphasis: actively reaching out to potential clients in an attempt to locate and enroll in the program as many eligible people as possible. The family planning expansions have built upon this foundation. In the process, they have developed important innovations of their own, including a focus on program Web sites. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HEALTH INSURANCE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323166

27.

Title: Equipping Title X for the future.
Author: Gold RB
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):19-23.
Abstract: Providing critical financial support to a nationwide network of family planning provider agencies has been at the heart of the federal Title X program since its enactment nearly four decades ago. Among the various federal and state programs that subsidize clinical family planning services,Title X is uniquely equipped to play this role. And it will remain an essential role long into the future, even assuming Medicaid coverage expansions and eventual broader-based health insurance reform. Without a vibrant provider system, simply having a source of payment will still be little more than a hollow promise to many young and low-income people in need of contraceptive and closely related preventive health care (related article,Winter 2008, page 6). Today,Title X undergirds a network of family planning clinics located in nearly three in four U.S. counties. Despite stagnant funding levels through much of the last quarter century, rising costs of everything from medical supplies to personnel and the challenging politics of being the federal government's only program dedicated to providing family planning, this network continues to serve nearly five million women (and a small but important number of men) each year. Still, clinics have not been able to reach and serve everyone in need. As the ranks of the uninsured continue to increase, new data demonstrate that more women across the country- many more in some areas-are in need of publicly funded services. The demands facing the provider network are at once pressing and expanding, and Title X must be equipped to meet them. First, it must have increased funding to support high-quality clinical care-including counseling, education and outreach- in a way that both leverages the potential of and compensates for the shortcomings of Medicaid and other funding sources Equally important, however, it must support clinics' infrastructure needs more expansively than it now does, embrace new ways to assess the full impact of the program, and craft better mechanisms to ensure that care is supported by the latest scientific evidence and medical recommendations. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | POVERTY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | CLINICS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation
Document Number: 323170

28.

Title: Sex selection by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for nonmedical reasons in contemporary Israeli regulations.
Author: Grazi RV; Wolowelsky JB; Krieger DJ
Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2008 Summer;17(3):293-9.
Abstract: We report here on recent developments in Israel on the issue of sex selection for nonmedical reasons by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Sex selection for medical reasons (such as in cases of sex-linked genetic diseases) is generally viewed as uncontroversial and legal in European and American law. Its use for nonmedical reasons (like "balancing" the gender ratio in a family) is generally illegal in European countries. In the United States, it is not illegal, although in the opinion of the Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), it is problematic. This position is undergoing reconsideration, albeit in a limited way. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ISRAEL | CRITIQUE | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX PREFERENCE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | JUDAISM | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | ETHICS | LEGISLATION | Developed Countries | Middle East | Reproduction | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 328368

29.

Title: Reproductive health in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Gribble J; Haffey J
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2008 Oct. 4 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00004-00)
Abstract: Even as African women use family planning more and bear fewer children, the continent's youthful population will fuel the continent's growth for many decades to come. Africa's population of 967 million is projected to grow to 1.9 billion by 2050, according to the 2008 Africa Population Data Sheet, produced by the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) and the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). The report highlights the regional differences within Africa, especially between sub-Saharan and Northern Africa. Contraceptive use has increased fastest in Northern and Southern Africa, and as a result, the number of children the average woman in those regions has during her lifetime has dropped from nearly six children in the early 1980s to around three in 2005. This has slowed population growth in those regions. In most Eastern, Western, and Middle African countries, however, use of family planning remains low, and fertility rates have dropped little, with women averaging between five and six children. Educational attainment, considered an important element in reducing poverty, has increased in many countries, especially at the primary level. But fewer than 75 percent of primary school-age children were enrolled in primary school in Chad, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and several other countries. African countries have made less progress getting children to advance to secondary school. For all of sub-Saharan Africa, the average net enrollment for secondary school is 28 percent.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY SIZE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement
Document Number: 323119

30.