1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Sex ratio at birth and family composition in sub-saharan Africa: inter-couple variations. Author: Garenne M Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):399-407. Abstract: In this study, sex ratios at birth (male/female births) were found to vary according to family composition. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) maternity histories from sub-Saharan Africa, the study shows that the sex ratio at birth increases with the number of previous male births and decreases with the number of previous female births. For families with only males, the sex ratio increases from 1.046 for the first birth to 1.083 for the 8th birth. For families with only females, the sex ratio decreases from 1.046 for the first birth to 0.942 for the 8th birth. The differences were highly significant when tested with a linear logistic model (p=0.018 for males; p=1.85 x 10(-11) for females). The effect was not symmetrical, and was found to be significantly stronger for females. These effects could be reproduced assuming a strong heterogeneity between couples. The distribution of sex ratios was fitted with an asymmetrical log-gamma function, which revealed a wide range of variation in the sex ratio between 0.50 and 1.30, and a peak around 1.14. The results and their implications are discussed in the light of former findings in France and in the United States of America. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | SEX RATIO | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | BIRTH HISTORY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 341403 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: A multilevel analysis of individual and community effect on chronic childhood malnutrition in rural Nigeria. Author: Uthman OA Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;55(2):109-15. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Protein energy malnutrition is the second most important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Nigeria after infections. The purpose of this article was to develop and test a model of childhood malnutrition that includes individual-level characteristics along with contextual characteristics defined at the community level. DESIGN: Multilevel logistic regression analysis. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: A total of 4007 children resident in 96 rural villages in Nigeria. MAIN OUTCOME: Stunting: height-for-age that is less than the international reference value by >2 standard deviations (SDs). MAIN RESULTS: Independent of other factors, children born to underweight mothers were 1.32-times more likely to be stunted [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.64]. For each additional month of breastfeeding the odds of being stunted increased by 4% (aOR 1.04; 95% CI 1.03-1.06). Each SD increase in the household wealth index and maternal health-seeking behaviour index decreased the odds of being stunted by 16% (aOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.76-0.94) and 29% (aOR 0.71; 95% CI 0.60 -0.82), respectively. CONCLUSION: The study has provided evidence that both individual and community characteristics are important predictors of childhood malnutrition in rural Nigeria; and that scholars trying to understand variation in childhood malnutrition should pay attention to the characteristics of both children and place of residence. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 331196 |
3.  Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume I. Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR] Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68a) Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD LABOR | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | DISEASES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Status | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Nutrition Document Number: 329544 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Italy: Delayed adaptation of social institutions to changes in family behaviour. Author: De Rose A; Racioppi F; Zanatta AL Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(19):665-704. Abstract: Considering its very low fertility and high age at childbearing, Italy stands alone in the European context and can hardly be compared with other countries, even those in the Southern region. The fertility decline occurred without any radical change in family formation. Individuals still choose (religious) marriage for leaving their parental home and rates of marital dissolution and subsequent step-family formation are low. Marriage is being postponed and fewer people marry. The behaviours of young people are particularly alarming. There is a delay in all life cycle stages: end of education, entry into the labour market, exit from the parental family, entry into union, and managing an independent household. Changes in family formation and childbearing are constrained and slowed down by a substantial delay (or even failure) with which the institutional and cultural framework has adapted to changes in economic and social conditions, in particular to the growth of the service sector, the increase in female employment and the female level of education. In a Catholic country that has been led for almost half a century by a political party with a Catholic ideology, the paucity of attention to childhood and youth seems incomprehensible. Social policies focus on marriage-based families already formed and on the phases of life related to pregnancy, delivery, and the first months of a newborn's life, while forming a family and childbearing choices are considered private affairs and neglected. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | YOUTH | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | EMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Marriage | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Religion Document Number: 327727 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The transition to early fatherhood: National estimates based on multiple surveys. Author: Hynes K; Joyner K; Peters HE; DeLeone FY Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 29;18(12):337-376. Abstract: This study provides systematic information about the prevalence of early male fertility and the relationship between family background characteristics and early parenthood across three widely used data sources: the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. We provide descriptive statistics on early fertility by age, sex, race, cohort, and data set. Because each data set includes birth cohorts with varying early fertility rates, prevalence estimates for early male fertility are relatively similar across data sets. Associations between background characteristics and early fertility in regression models are less consistent across data sets. We discuss the implications of these findings for scholars doing research on early male fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | YOUTH | ETHNIC GROUPS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 326465 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessing the economic impact of HIV/AIDS on Nigerian households: a propensity score matching approach. Author: Mahal A; Canning D; Odumosu K; Okonkwo P Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S95-101. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We used a novel approach to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on individuals' healthcare utilization and spending in the Oyo and Plateau states of Nigeria and income foregone from work time lost. METHODS: Data from a 2004 random survey of over 6400 individuals were compared with a sample of 482 individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Estimating the effect of HIV is complicated by the fact that our sample of HIV-positive individuals was non-random; there are selection effects, both in acquiring HIV and being in our sample of HIV-positive people, which was based on contacts through non-governmental organizations. To overcome these, we compared HIV-positive people with a control group with similar observed characteristics, using propensity score matching. The matched HIV-negative individuals had worse health and greater health spending than the full HIV-negative group. This suggests that our HIV sample would not have had 'average' outcomes even if they had not acquired HIV. RESULTS: Compared with our matched control group, HIV is associated with significantly increased morbidity, healthcare utilization, public health facility use, lost work time and family time devoted to care-giving. Direct private healthcare costs and indirect income loss per HIV-positive individual were 36 065 Naira, approximately 56% of annual income per capita in affected households. Approximately 40% of these costs were income losses associated with sickness and care-giving. 10% of the cost of HIV is accounted for by public subsidies for health. The largest single cost, representing 54% of the total economic burden of HIV, is for out-of-pocket expenses for healthcare. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | LOGISTIC MODEL | MORBIDITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS Document Number: 328235 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Holding the line: Family responses to pregnancy and the desire for a child in the context of HIV in Vietnam. Author: Oosterhoff P; Nguyen Thu Anh; Ngo Thuy Hanh; Pham Ngoc Yen; Wright P Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 May;10(4):403-416. Abstract: Health services around the world offer many guidelines for HIV-positive women who are pregnant or who want to become pregnant, and for women with HIV infected partners. These guidelines are addressed to women and, increasingly, also to men, but pay little or no attention to the role of other members of the family in fertility decisions. This study looked at factors influencing decisions about fertility in families with an HIV-positive member. In Vietnam, the whole family takes a crucial role in deciding whether a woman should become pregnant and whether she will keep her child. This decision is taken in the context not only of the close family but also under the influence of ancestors and the weight given to them within the culture. Key in this regard is the need for parents and grandparents to have male offspring. Health workers share these ideas about preferred family composition and support men and women in the quest for male offspring. Policies and guidelines should take into account these additional family factors and goals as a basis for the design of appropriate programmes to reduce HIV transmission. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | EXTENDED FAMILY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CULTURE | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | SEX PREFERENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326951 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Family structure and adolescent sexual behavior in a poor area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author: Peres CA; Rutherford G; Borges G; Galano E; Hudes ES Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Feb;42(2):177-183. Abstract: In Brazil, as elsewhere, behavior during adolescence can place young people at risk for serious medical and social problems, including sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, drugs, crime, and violence. Few studies internationally have examined the influence of family structure on risk behavior among low-income youths. This cross-sectional study included 296 young people in one of the poorest areas of Sao Paulo who were recruited through a vocational school and completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. We examined associations between family structure and various risk behaviors. Ages ranged from 13-24 years (82%, 15-18); 67% were of Afro-Brazilian ancestry, and 56% were female. Median family monthly income was about US$200. Less than half lived with both parents, and 14% lived with neither parent. Rates of many risk behaviors, including involvement in crime and violence, drug and alcohol use, and sexual risk, were lowest among those living with both parents, higher among those living with one parent, and highest among those living with neither parent. For example, 26% of females living with both parents, 37% with one parent, and 71% with neither parent were sexually active (p = .003). Family structure and a personal or parental history of drug or alcohol problems were significant independent predictors of sexual activity. The presence of both parents is an important protective factor for Brazilian youth vulnerable to multiple risks. Prevention programs should explore ways to support parents to be present and involved in the lives of their adolescent children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN POPULATION | POVERTY | SLUMS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing Document Number: 323967 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: A double disadvantage? Immigration, gender, and employment status in Israel. Author: Rebhun U Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Mar;24(1):87-113. Abstract: This article examines gender differences in employment status among immigrants in Israel, and how these differences vary across origin groups. Analysis of the 1995 population census indicates that, all else being equal, immigrant women exert a negative effect on activity in the annual labor force. As time elapses, the probability of immigrant women being employed improves but remains considerably lower than that of both immigrant and native-born men. However, after a few years in the country, immigrant women do close the gap with native-born women. For employment status in the last week, being an immigrant woman has a positive effect on full-time employment. A detailed analysis reveals substantial stratification by country of birth. Thus, the patterns of employment status for immigrant groups can reflect different levels (single, double, and triple) of disadvantage or advantage for women. I attach this stratification to cultural background and social values of country of birth as well as to economic and religious considerations, not fully indexed by the census data. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IMMIGRANTS | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 325046 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Supporting orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS: Using community-generated definitions to explore patterns of children's vulnerability in Zambia. Author: Schenk KD; Ndhlovu L; Tembo S; Nsune A; Nkhata C Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Sep;20(8):894-903. Abstract: This study explores how communities in Zambia characterize vulnerable children in the context of HIV; demonstrates how estimates of vulnerability vary depending on definitions; and discusses the implications of these estimates for program delivery. Baseline research conducted in 2005 included cross-sectional community-based household surveys at six locations using multi-stage random sampling (totalling 1,503 households, reporting on 5,009 children) and participatory qualitative research (focus group and in-depth interviews) with adults and youth at four locations. Between 14 and 27% of children in the sample had experienced a parental death (2-5% maternal orphans, 7-13% paternal orphans, 4-10% double orphans). In addition, other characteristics that communities associated with children's vulnerability were prevalent: 26-34% had been taken into another household, 15-27% were living in female-headed households, and 11-28% were living in a household with someone who is chronically ill. Overall, 58-73% of children had one or more community-defined characteristics of vulnerability. This study highlights the need to carefully consider the meaning of "vulnerability" when targeting programmes to support children affected by HIV and AIDS. Local community input is vital to inform context-specific criteria for distributing programme resources. If used, eligibility criteria should be context-specific yet flexible to evolving community realities. In settings such as rural Zambia where levels of HIV-related vulnerability are high, it may be more efficient to target at the level of communities rather than assess individual households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | COMMUNITY SURVEYS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAMS | PROGRAM DESIGN | TERMINOLOGY | FOSTERING | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 328165 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Hungary: Secular fertility decline with distinct period fluctuations. Author: Speder Z; Kamaras F Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(18):599-664. Abstract: In this study, we demonstrate from different angles that Hungarian fertility basically decreased between 1965 and 2005, but also clearly fluctuated, and showed different patterns in the different periods within this epoch. As a result, the clear communist-era family pattern of "early marriage and childbearing with two children" was replaced, but new family model(s) have not yet fully emerged. We could show that profound changes in partnership behaviour -divorce and cohabitation-started before the change of the political regime, but also that changes in partnership relations accelerated after 1990, and that partnerships have become more fragile. In addition, Western-style values of "empty individualism" and consumerism were clearly present under socialism, but their motivating force was tamed by the communist system, in which population policy played a significant role. Of these institutional changes, we ascribe the greatest importance to the expansion in the educational system and the changes in the labour market. We show that, following the changes in the economic system, the conflict between family and work intensified. The synchronic consideration of values, labour market relations, economic development, and population policy; and the relationship of these factors to fertility and nuptiality trends, enabled us to formulate a developmental scheme of four phases concerning the evolution of fertility since 1965. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY SIZE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATION | LABOR FORCE | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | DIVORCE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Human Resources | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 327726 Notification |
| 12. Title: Overweight, stunting, and anemia are public health problems among low socioeconomic groups in school adolescents (12-15 years) in the North Gaza Strip. Author: Abudayya A; Thoresen M; Abed Y; Holmboe-Ottesen G Source: Nutrition Research. 2007 Dec;27(12):762-771. Abstract: The objective of the study was to describe sociodemographic differences in nutritional status among school adolescents aged 12 to 15 years in north Gaza Strip. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2002 comprising 1022 students from 10 schools in Gaza city, Jabalia village, and Jabalia refugee camp. Height, weight, and hemoglobin levels were measured to assess nutritional status. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to students and parents to obtain data on sociodemographic characteristics. The prevalence of overweight/obesity, stunting, and anemia in the total sample was 17.9%, 9.7%, and 49.6%, respectively. More overweight/obese girls than boys were found (20.2% vs 15.4%). In girls, being from a low-income residential area, having employed fathers, and having reached puberty had highest risk of overweight/obesity, whereas in boys, those with medium socioeconomic status (SES) had the lowest risk of overweight. The mean height-forage percentile was generally low for both sexes compared with the National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organization reference, but stunting was more common in boys than girls (13.7% vs 6.2%). Age was positively associated with risk of stunting in boys, whereas in girls, SES and mother's education were negatively associated with stunting. Anemia prevalence was high in both girls and boys (51.3% vs 47.9%). Age and onset of puberty had an independent negative effect on anemia among boys. Girls from nuclear families and from Jabalia village had higher risk of being anemic. In conclusion, undernutrition and overnutrition coexisted in the study area. Anemia, stunting, and overweight among the adolescents are public health problems, especially among low SES groups that merit attention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | PUBLIC HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ANEMIA | SEX FACTORS | PUBERTY | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Economic Factors | Diseases | Reproduction | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322904 |
| 13. Title: Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis viruses A, C, E antibodies and HBsAg -- prevalence and associated risk factors in pediatric communities of Karachi. Author: Aziz S; Muzzafar R; Hafiz S; Abbas Z; Zafar MN Source: JCPSP. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan. 2007 Apr;17(4):195-198. Abstract: The objective was to document the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies and Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), in the pediatric age group of low socioeconomic urban communities of Karachi and to identify risk factors associated with these infections. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Three selected squatter settlements of Karachi during April 2002 to December 2004. Three hundred and eighty children, ages 5 months to 15 years were investigated. Venous blood samples were collected and questionnaire filled on sociodemographic characteristics (family income, number of dependents in the family, area of living, number of people per room per house, and number of children sharing bed with parents and siblings). Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded. Anti-HAV IgG (Hepatitis A virus IgG antibody), anti-HCV (Hepatitis C virus antibody), anti-HEV (Hepatitis E antibodies) and HBsAg, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Samples were also screened for anti-HIV1/2 (human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 antibodies by EIA. IgG antibodies against H. pylori were detected by immunochromatography. A correlation between increasing age and seroconversion was seen for hepatotropic viruses. At 14 years and above,100% of the children were found to be positive for anti-HAV, 26% for anti-HEV, and 1.4%, for anti-HCV while HBsAg was positive in 1.9%. H. pylori infection did not show a significant increase with age. Both anti-HAV and anti-H. pylori were present simultaneously in 30% of the population investigated. With age, increasing number of children acquired antibodies against hepatotropic viruses and H. pylori. Occurrence of HBsAg and anti-HEV at a later age suggests horizontal, rather than vertical transmission. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | CHILD | HEPATITIS | INFECTIONS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317760 |
| 14. Title: Brief report: Effect of menarcheal status and family structure on depressive symptoms and emotional / behavioural problems in young adolescent girls. Author: Capron C; Therond C; Duyme M Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2007 Feb;30(1):175-179. Abstract: The study investigated the relationship between depressive symptoms and emotional/behavioural problems in adolescent girls (N = 553) aged 12-13 years, menarcheal status and family structure, and considered whether the effect of family structure was the same in the presence or absence of menses. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were administered to a representative sample of adolescents. Results showed main effects of menarcheal status and family structure on SDQ scores and a significant interaction on CDI scores only. A non-intact family appeared to be a stronger risk factor for depressive symptomatology than for emotional/behavioural problems in menarcheal girls. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MENARCHE | DEPRESSION | EMOTIONS | BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Menstruation | Reproduction | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Biology Document Number: 311600 |
| 15. Title: The behavioral economics of altruism, reciprocity, and transfers within families and rural communities: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Chao LW; Kohler HP; Chavula K; Phiri J; Chitenje D Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 24 p. Abstract: Transfers between strangers, neighbors, families, and spouses were examined using Triple Dictator Games (TDG, involving only givings) and Trust Games (TG, involving both givings and reciprocations) among 240 participants from 60 families in 20 villages in rural Malawi. In TDG, more was sent by those who were older, male, in better physical health, financially poorer, or frequent lenders of personal items, but less was sent to neighbors by participants with higher HIV felt stigma. In TG, higher transfers were associated with the expected amount of reciprocation, amount sent in TDG, and prior lending behavior; participants with high HIV stigmatization attitudes gave less, especially to their own families and spouses. Higher reciprocation in TG was associated with better mental health. Those with HIV stigmatization attitudes reciprocated differently, depending on whether their game-partner was the neighbor, family, or spouse. Social distance, physical and mental health, and HIV-stigma were predictors of transfers behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | HIV | STIGMA | ATTITUDES | MENTAL HEALTH | BEHAVIOR | Africa | Developing Countries | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Psychological Factors | Health Document Number: 317746 |
| 16. Title: Social representations of family and violence. Author: Diniz NM; Santos MF; Lopes RL Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2007 Nov-Dec;15(6):1184-1189. Abstract: The idea of family alludes to relations of protection. Generally, the thought and idealized family connotes hegemony. In Brazil, adopting the idea of families would be more appropriate considering the ethnic and cultural multiplicity. However, it is in this refuge that generally involves relations between adults, youth and children, that domestic violence occurs, which is a social phenomenon of alarming relevance. This review article aimed to discuss the relation between social representations of family and violence in a space of family relations, from studies performed with various social groups composed of women and/or men, children, health professionals and health managers. Theses and dissertations, developed in the Federal Universities of Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil, were used as the study base. The studies full reading was followed by a registration form. The results pointed the family as a moral value that makes difficulty breaking relations of violence. The existent paradigms in social andhealth areas that influence and establish professional actions, do not answer to the consideration of the phenomenon family violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY LIFE | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Political Factors Document Number: 326536 |
| 17. Title: Family context and child mental health problems in the Family Health Program. Author: Ferriolli SH; Marturano EM; Puntel LP Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2007 Apr;41(2):251-259. Abstract: The objective was to assess the association between variables in the family context and the risk for emotional/behavioral problems in children enrolled in a Family Health Program. A cross-sectional design study was conducted with 100 children aged 6 to 12 years old and their families, especially their biological mothers (82%). All subjects were enrolled in center of the Family Health Program in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Southern Brazil, in 2001. Emotional/behavioral problems of the child, in levels considered as at risk for the development of disorders, were identified by means of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Regarding conditions in the family context, the following variables were evaluated: socioeconomic level, adverse events, maternal stress, maternal depressive symptoms, organization, and structure of family environment. Data analysis was performed through univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Maternal stress was associated with general mental health problems in the child (OR=2.2), while a daily routine with an organized timetable and greater range of activities to fill up their free time were associated with the absence of these problems (1/OR 1.3 and 1.9, respectively). Maternal stress was also a risk factor for anxiety/depression symptoms (OR=1.6). Regarding hyperactivity, financial instability was a risk factor (OR=2.1), and all indicators of environmental stability were protective variables (1/ OR between 1.2 and 1.6). Information about family context indicators associated with mental health problems in schoolchildren may subsidize actions of the Family Health Program teams for the child and his/her family; the results indicate a possible employment of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by the teams, in order to identify early problems in child mental health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY RESEARCH | CHILDREN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MENTAL DISORDERS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | RISK FACTORS | STRESS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 315638 |
| 18. Title: Jamaican Youth Risk and Resiliency Behaviour Survey 2005. School-based survey on risk and resiliency behaviours of 10-15 year olds. Author: Fox K; Gordon-Strachan G Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Mar. [134] p. (TR-07-58USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: The 2005 Jamaica Youth Risk and Resiliency Behaviour Survey (2005 JYRRBS) interviewed a nationally representative sample of 3003 in-school youth aged 10-15, of whom 1,422 were males and 1581 were females. The main purpose of the survey was to determine health status, nutritional habits and lifestyles of children and young teenagers aged 10-15 years in a nationally representative sample of Jamaican children currently in school and relate these to demographic and socio-economic factors. In addition, the 2005 JYRRBS included questions on risk and resiliency to determine factors which provide protection from teen pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, violence and obesity to inform programs targeted at the early adolescent period. The survey included the following modules: demographic information; the child and school; physical activity; dietary practices; medical care and perception of self; emotions and mental health; resiliency; violence and unintentional injuries; alcohol, tobacco and drug use; sexual behaviour; sources of information; anthropometry - weight, height, and waist and hip circumference; and literacy and numeracy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | CHILD HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Health | Evaluation | Behavior | Biology | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 319743 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors associated with depressive symptoms among postnatal women in Nepal. Author: Ho-Yen SD; Bondevik GT; Eberhard-Gran M; Bjorvatn B Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2007;86(3):291-297. Abstract: Depression after childbirth affects both the mother and her infant. In South-Asia, maternal depression might also contribute to poor infant growth. Knowledge of risk factors could improve the health workers' recognition of depression. The aim was to examine possible risk factors for depression in the postnatal period among women in one clinical, one urban and one rural population in Lalitpur district, Nepal. A total of 426 postnatal women were included in a crosssectional structured interview study, 5-10 weeks after delivery. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]. Multivariate analysis showed that depression (EPDS >/12) was strongly associated with husband's alcoholism, polygamy and previous depression. Other significant factors were stressful life events, multiparity, smoking and depression during pregnancy. There was a non-significant trend of lower depressive scores among women living in arranged marriages, and among women practicing the tradition of staying in their maternal home after delivery. In addition to previously documented risk factors, traditional family structures may influence the risk of depression among postnatal women in Nepal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | DEPRESSION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | RISK FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | POLYGAMY | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | TOBACCO USE | STRESS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Biology | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 315222 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Child work and schooling in Bangladesh: The role of birth order. Author: Khanam R; Rahman MM Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Sep;39(5):641-656. Abstract: Using data from Bangladesh, this paper examines how the birth order of a child influences parental decisions to place children in one of four activities: 'study only', 'study and work', 'neither work nor study' and 'work only'. The results of the multinomial logit model show that being a first-born child increases the probability of work as the prime activity, or at least a combination of school and work, rather than schooling only. The results confirm that later-born children are more likely to be in school than their earlier-born counterparts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | BIRTH ORDER | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | DECISION MAKING | CHILD LABOR | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SEX FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 318914 |
| 21. Title: Cohabitation vs. marriage in Bulgaria. The rise of cohabitation and childbearing outside of marriage in Bulgaria: Who are the forerunners of the new family model? Draft version. Author: Kostova D Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 30 p. Abstract: This paper is aimed at studying the development of cohabitation in Bulgaria and to investigate whether the cohabitation is "institutionalized" among the couples as a substitute to the marital family or it is rather recognized as a last stage in a process leading to marriage. Hence the character of the study will be mostly descriptive as far as we do not apply explicit theory in order to explain particular phenomenon. We intend to provide an accurate description combined with a brief interpretation of the process of union formation, where the main stress will be laid on the impact of the family background and the social environment on the union formation process as well as on the transformation of cohabitation into marriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE | UNMARRIED | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARRIAGE AGE | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FIRST BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317738 |
| 22. Title: Demographic change and the living arrangements of the elderly: the case of Brazil. Author: Marteleto LJ Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 16 p. Abstract: The demographic transition Brazil has been through in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in unprecedented increases of cohorts of older adults and smaller family sizes. As population ages and family size declines, it becomes crucial to understand how families adjust to their changing social and demographic environment. In particular, the well-being of older persons is a growing policy concern worldwide. Yet, the consequences of these demographic shifts for the elderly often are not well understood, especially in developing countries. In this paper, we take advantage of unique nationally representative data collected yearly over a period of three decades to employ a cohort analysis in which the living arrangements of several cohorts of elderly are traced. This study's cohorts were of childbearing ages prior to, during, and after Brazil's rapid fertility decline. Smaller families mean fewer children for support and exchange later in life, which may result in fewer intergenerational households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | OLDER ADULTS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL CHANGE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317748 |
| 23. Title: The within -- household schooling decision: A study of children in rural Andhra Pradesh. Author: Ota M; Moffatt PG Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2007 Feb;20(1):223-239. Abstract: Using microdata from a field survey of children in rural Andhra Pradesh, India, we estimate econometric models which aim to identify the key explanatory factors in the decision on schooling. The approach adopted is to focus on the effects of sibling competition within the household, by paying close attention to the number, age and gender of a child's siblings, while also taking account of the characteristics of the household and community. Our findings suggest that the schooling decision depends as much on the child's characteristics and position within the household, as on the circumstances in which the child lives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | BIRTH ORDER | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Family Relationships Document Number: 315908 |
| 24. Title: Trends in demographic and reproductive health indicators in Nepal. Further analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2006 Demographic and Health Surveys data. Author: Pradhan A; Pant PD; Govindasamy P Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Dec. 66 p. (DHS Trend Report No. 5) Abstract: This report highlights trends in key demographic and health indicators in Nepal from data collected in the three demographic and health surveys: the 1996 Nepal Family Health Survey (NFHS), the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) and the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Specifically, the report discusses changes in demographic and reproductive health outcomes over the last decade, including changes in fertility, knowledge and practice of family planning, maternal and child health, nutrition, and infant, child and adult mortality. The report also explores the knowledge of HIV/AIDS over the decade in the country. In addition, this report compares Nepal with other South and Southeast Asian countries that have data from similarly conducted demographic and health surveys. These include India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. The primary objective of this report is to provide information needed by planners, policymakers and program administrators to assess the current situation and trends in Nepal, and to design more effective population and reproductive health programs aimed at achieving positive outcomes in the future. The study aims to present the relative importance of socio-demographic and economic variables in highlighting inter-regional differences in Nepal in 1996-2006 and to gauge the country's progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | HIV | AIDS | FAMILY PLANNING | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Economic Factors | Health | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 323731 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of parents' marital relationship and women's status on children's age at first sex in Cebu, Philippines. Author: Upadhyay UD; Hindin MJ Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2007 Sep;38(3):173-186. Abstract: This study examines the intergenerational effects of parents' marital relationship and the status of women on children's age at first sexual intercourse in Cebu, Philippines. Matched longitudinal data for 1,661 mothers and their children are analyzed. The mothers were interviewed in 1994, when their children were aged 9 to 11, about sociodemographic characteristics, their marital relationships, and women's status. Cox proportional hazards models are used to assess unmarried children's age at first sex as reported by the children in 2005 at ages 20 to 22. After multivariate adjustment, the analysis indicates that when parents make household decisions jointly, sons report delaying first sex. In households in which mothers have higher status, daughters report delayed first sex. The results demonstrate that long-term positive effects on children, particularly delaying first sex, occur in families in which parental decision-making is cooperative and in which women have high status. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PARENTS | WOMEN'S STATUS | FAMILY LIFE | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILDREN | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 313852 |
| 26. Title: Old-age wealth in Mexico: the role of early-life reproductive and human capital decisions. Extended abstract. Author: Wong R; DeGraff DS Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [7] p. Abstract: This paper examines the effects of early-life decisions regarding investment in human capital, family formation and work activities on wealth holdings of the elderly in Mexico, using the 2001 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) data. We will examine correlates of accumulated wealth across three cohorts, based on age in the year 2000: those aged 50 to 59, those aged 60 to 69, and those aged 70 or older. These cohorts have experienced enormous changes in social, economic and institutional context during their lifetimes, such that behaviors at certain ages or points in the life course may translate differently across these cohorts into effects on later-life wealth. In this abstract, we first describe this changing context, and then briefly discuss the theoretical foundation for our research, the MHAS data, and the proposed analysis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS | HUMAN CAPITAL | DECISION MAKING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DECLINE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | SAVINGS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Behavior | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 317747 |
| 27. Title: Women's Legal Rights Initiative Conference. The role of women's legal rights in the family and in Rwandan society. Author: Chemonics International. Women's Legal Rights Initiative; MetaMetrics Source: Kigali, Rwanda, Chemonics International, Women's Legal Rights Initiative, 2006 Jul. 32 p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00016-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADH-915) Also prepared by Jeanne d'Arc Kanakuze. Abstract: This Women's Legal rights Initiative (WLR) Rwanda conference on women's legal rights and the Rwandan family conference was one of a range of activities to mark International Women's Day, celebrated every year on March 8th. Women's Day has been celebrated in Rwanda since its institution on a global level, each year having a particular theme. The 2006 theme for Rwanda was, "Local Decision-Making is the Foundation of Sustainable Development -- Rwandan Women, Get Involved!" Certain conditions need to be met to allow full, genuine participation of women. First, each Rwandan woman needs to be aware that it is her fundamental right and her constitutional responsibility to participate in the country's governance. To do so, the woman needs to feel empowered and safe within her family and her community. Some Rwandan people believe that defending women's legal rights and gender principles may to some extent disturb family tranquility and eventually lead to family disruption. Woman's role within a Rwandan family is the cornerstone of national development. A Rwandan woman is foremost concerned with the welfare of her family, but she deserves to be free to enjoy her rights as a person, as a global citizen, and as a member of Rwandan society. Women are over 50% of the population in the Rwandan population. Our country needs women-friendly policies aimed at ensuring all necessary conditions for women to fulfill their responsibilities and enjoy their rights. There are still legal provisions that violate Rwandan women's rights. The country needs new laws to reduce or remove those obstacles which hinder women's rights. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HUMAN RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL POLICY | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy Document Number: 315343 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Societal transition, policy changes and family formation: evidence from Hungary. Author: Aassve A; Billari FC; Speder Z Source: European Journal of Population. 2006 Jun;22(2):127-152. Abstract: The paper uses the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey 'Turning Points in the Life-course' (HGGS) to describe recent changes in union formation, onset of childbearing, leaving home and cohabitation. By estimating survivor functions and semi-parametric hazard regression models with time-varying covariates for the timing of first union and first birth, we find a long delay among the youngest cohorts, but also remarkably strong period effects. Reduced employment, increased educational enrolment, and a higher level of uncertainty are important drivers behind these changes. Moreover, our evidence suggests that certain policy changes during the transition have exacerbated this effect, having an asymmetric impact on family formation -- depending on the social status of individuals. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | MARRIAGE AGE | EMPLOYMENT | FIRST BIRTH | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Macroeconomic Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 309288 |
| 29. Title: Risk, network quality, and family structure: child fostering decisions in Burkina Faso. Author: Akresh R Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 39 p. Abstract: Researchers often assume household structure is exogenous, but child fostering, the institution in which parents send their biological children to live with another family, is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and provides evidence against this assumption. Using data I collected in Burkina Faso, I analyze a household's decision to adjust its size and composition through fostering. A household fosters children as a risk-coping mechanism in response to exogenous income shocks, if it has a good social network, and to satisfy labor demands within the household. Increases of one standard deviation in a household's agricultural shock, percentage of good network members, or number of older girls increase the probability of sending a child above the current fostering level by 29.1, 30.0, and 34.5 percent, respectively. Testing whether factors influencing the sending decision have an opposite impact on the receiving decision leads to a rejection of the symmetric, theoretical model for child fostering. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY RESEARCH | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CHILDREN | FOSTERING | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD WORTH | INCOME | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 317247 |
| 30. Title: Gender inequality and AIDS. Author: Beegle K; Ozler B Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 1 p. Abstract: Gender inequalities in, among other things, education, income, property ownership, and power, are often cited as factors that fuel the HIV/AIDS epidemic. One specific pathway through which inequalities can impact the spread of HIV/AIDS is transactional relationships where young/poor women receive gifts from older/wealthier boyfriends. Transactional relationships, which imply concurrent relationships as opposed to serial monogamy, are common in many parts of the world. Such relationships, combined with the penetration of global consumer goods into poor countries, imply that income inequalities between genders might exacerbate the epidemic. While this has been hypothesized, testing it empirically requires data on both this specific inequality and HIV/AIDS. Over et al. examine the relationship between income inequality and AIDS at a cross-country level and Lin has examined this relationship for the United States at the state level. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | HIV TRANSMISSION | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Income | Family and Household Document Number: 317237 |
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