1.  Title: The conceptions of care among family caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Aga F; Kylma J; Nikkonen M Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2009 Jan;20(1):37-50. Abstract: This focused ethnographic study explores and describes the conceptions of care among family caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality is the conceptual anchor of this ethnographic study. Using semistructured interviews and participant observation, 6 key informants and 12 general informants were interviewed in their home in Amharic language. Data were analyzed in Amharic using Leininger's phases of ethnonursing analysis for qualitative data and then translated to English. Four major themes representing family caregivers' conceptions of care were identified: nourishing the PLWA while struggling with poverty, maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene of the person and surroundings, comforting the PLWA, and sacrificing self to sustain the PLWA. Valuable data were gathered about the family caregivers' conceptions of care. Nurses can use this knowledge to design and provide culturally congruent care to family caregivers and PLWAs in the community. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PERCEPTION | CARE AND SUPPORT | TREATMENT | HYGIENE | POVERTY | SANITATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOME CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Public Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330218 |
| 2. Title: Family Health Program professionals' view on family structures and health implications. Author: Gabardo RM; Junges JR; Selli L Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):91-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe perception of family structures and understanding of a healthy family by Programa Saude da Familia (Family Health Program) team members. METHODS: Research with a qualitative approach, employing the focus group technique, and involving the Program professionals from the city of Campo Bom, Southern Brazil, between June and August 2005. Sample was comprised of 12 professionals, including doctors, nurses, nursing technicians and community health agents. The following issues were investigated: the meaning of family; the meaning of the role of family; type of family most frequently cared for by professionals; the meaning of a healthy family; and types of family causing more difficulties of care. The methodological instrument used was content analysis. RESULTS: Two main categories were observed: family structures, where a great diversity of arrangements was found; and healthy family, where the predominance of speech is consistent with a multifaceted view on health, involving political, social, economic and cultural aspects. Professionals identify and respect distinct family structures and adapt medical treatment accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal that professionals are willing to deal with the different family structures present in their routine. Language: EnglishPortuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PERCEPTION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | HEALTH SERVICES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341989 |
3.  Title: Home truths: facing the facts on children, AIDS, and poverty. Final report of the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS. Author: Irwin A; Adams A; Winter A Source: Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS, 2009. [84] p. Abstract: This report summarizes two years of research and analysis of AIDS- related policies, programs, and funding sources and their effectiveness in addressing the needs of children. It calls for greater emphasis on strengthening families and communities to enable them to give children the care and support they are uniquely suited to provide. The report also recommends new approaches to address the simultaneous impacts of HIV, poverty, food insecurity, and social inequality that many countries confront today. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | TREATMENT | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY LIFE | CARE AND SUPPORT | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330184 |
| 4. Title: The phenomenology of bodily care: caregivers' experiences with AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapies in Lesotho. Author: Makoae MG Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):17-27. Abstract: This study provides an account of caregivers' experiences with the bodily care of AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapies were available in the public health sector in Lesotho. It describes the mechanisms through which the body may become a stressor in caregiving. The phenomenological method, guided by the notion of epoché, was used to understand caregiving experiences from the perspective of family caregivers. Data on caregivers' physical activities and what they saw and thought were collected through in-depth interviews with 21 caregivers (mostly females); the caregivers were identified with the help of HIV/AIDS counsellors at two hospitals where AIDS patients received medical treatment. The thematic analysis shows that a patient's body was central in caregiving experiences. Social interaction in caregiving was mediated through seeing and touching the bodies of the patients. The different aspects of caregiving and the close interaction with the body of an ill family member - especially seeing major changes in the patient's physical appearance, their declined capacity to perform the activities of daily living, and discovering the symptoms of their illness - contributed to the caregivers' experiences of sympathy and pain. The social meanings and boundaries that tended to persist regarding touching and accessing others' bodies and bodily matter also contributed to the caregivers' stress. Language: English Keywords: LESOTHO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | HOME CARE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | STRESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior Document Number: 341284 |
| 5. Title: Absence of intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus and low risk for sexual transmission in rural central Africa indicate a cohort effect. Author: Ndong-Atome GR; Njouom R; Padilla C; Bisvigou U; Makuwa M; Kazanji M Source: Journal of Clinical Virology. 2009 Aug;45(4):349-53. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Intrafamilial and sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still being debated, and little is known about such transmission in central Africa. OBJECTIVE: To examine the rate of intrafamilial transmission of HCV between patients and their household members. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dienga, a remote village in Gabon, involving 195 household members of 14 index cases of HCV infection. After a questionnaire on the risk factors for parenteral exposure, blood samples were obtained and tested for antibody to HCV by an enzyme immunoassay (Monolisa anti-HCV plus version 2). Positive samples were tested for HCV RNA and genotyped by amplification and phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the NS5B gene. RESULTS: HCV antibody was found in 13/195 (6.7%) household contacts, comprising 5/14 (35.7%) sexual partners and 8/114 (7%) relatives. None of the children of index patients tested positive. HCV RNA was detected in only five household members with HCV antibody. The same genotypes were found in only two of five couples, both couples being sexual partners. Parenteral risk factors were not more likely to be reported by people positive for HCV antibody than by those who were negative. Age over 50 years was the only independent predictor of positivity for HCV antibody. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates, as previously suggested, that the spread of HCV in central Africa is due to a cohort effect, with previous, possibly iatrogenic, transmission rather than intrafamilial or sexual transmission. Language: English Keywords: GABON | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HEPATITIS | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | NEEDLE PIERCING | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | VACCINATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Health | Risk Behavior | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Immunization | Primary Health Care Document Number: 342639 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Does type of household affect maternal health? Evidence from India. Author: Saikia N; Singh A Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):329-53. Abstract: The present paper examines the association between the type of household and maternal health in India using data from the National Family Health Survey 1998-99. The indicators of maternal health used in the analysis are contraceptive use, visit to obtain antenatal care in the first trimester, safe delivery and nutritional status of women measured in terms of body mass index (BMI). Binary and multinomial logistic regressions are used to establish associations. The type of household is coded into three categories, viz. nuclear household, joint household with in-laws and joint household without in-laws. The other independent variables used in the analysis are age, children ever born, work status, education of women, religion, caste, standard of living, exposure to mass media, women's autonomy and presence of others at the time of interview. The findings clearly suggest that type of household is significantly associated with the utilization of the above-mentioned services that positively affect maternal health. Women in nuclear households are more likely to utilize these services compared with women in joint households. However, an association between type of household and BMI was not found. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERVIEWS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | NUTRITION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341402 |
| 7. Title: HIV transmission within families in rural India [letter] Author: Soni S; Ramesh N Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Mar;20(3):214-5. Abstract: We have read with interest, two case reports from this journal which highlight obstacles in tackling India's HIV epidemic. Venkatesh et al. illustrated three missed opportunities for diagnosis including pre-blood transfusion screening, precounselling of blood donors and antenatal testing. More recently, Wal et al. describe a tragic story of HIV transmission and subsequent death within a family, whereby a HIV-positive widower was coerced, by her in-laws, into remarrying her deceased husband's brother. Despite the parent's prior knowledge of their elder son's HIV-positive status, the marriage went ahead without HIV testing of either partners or any attempt to protect the second son from onward transmission. Complex cases such as the latter are infrequently encountered in clinical practice although the burden of having an HIV-positive member of the family is nearly always apparent. With customs and traditions being central to Indian family life, especially in rural India, huge efforts are made by some parents to conceal the HIV status of their son or daughter prior to marriage. Widowhood, especially at a young age, is seen as bad luck and a financial drain on the family and joins other stigmatizing conditions such as psychiatric illness and now HIV-positivity, which lead to social exclusion. Monogamous married women misperceive their personal risk making them less likely to question their husband's extramarital affairs, practise safe sex and engage appropriate services. Even those who are educated with a good level of awareness may lack the autonomy to seek health-care services after moving to a new village to be with a new family. Eighty percent of HIV-infected Indians are unaware of their diagnosis and a large majority of these reside in rural India. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) has implemented a scale-up of HIV testing interventions over recent years, but only urban areas have seen the real benefit. Most HIV-testing takes place at district antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres potentially hundreds of miles away from a village. For a rural community, the nearest blood donation centre is unlikely to test for HIV, yet high-risk individuals are encouraged to donate by the financial incentive for doing so. In addition, the shortage of present clinical expertise means that pregnant women remain untested and those known to be positive are inadequately treated. The Indian epidemic will also continue to be influenced in part by the nature of its society; ignorance prevails, open discussions about sex are avoided, male partner extramarital sex is quietly accepted and disclosure of HIV status among couples takes too long, longer from man to woman than vice versa. NACO sets out clear guidelines for all aspects of HIV-testing but some of the shortfalls we witness probably reflect the actual impracticalities of implementation in all areas of India. Improving understanding of HIV should increase the uptake of voluntary testing, pre- and post-test counselling including family-based support for disclosure of HIV status should be easily available and safe sex messages emphasized. We support NACO phase III plans to decentralize the provision of HIV counselling and testing services, provision of follow-up and ART services at a primary healthcare level,4 but these should be implemented at the earliest opportunity. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PREVALENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV TESTING | MARRIAGE | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | COUNSELING | ANTENATAL CARE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Treatment | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Family Characteristics Document Number: 331238 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of HIV/AIDS on the living arrangements and well-being of elderly caregivers in rural Uganda. Author: Ssengonzi R Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):309-14. Abstract: As the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to devastate the sub-Saharan Africa region, the demand for care and support services to persons infected and affected by the disease is proliferating. Currently providing the bulk of this much-needed care and support are elderly persons. However, limited work has been done to examine how such care and support impacts the well-being of elderly caregivers. Using qualitative data from elderly respondents in two Ugandan districts, Kamuli and Luwero, this article examines changes in the household structure and living arrangements of older persons (50 years and above) after they take on caregiving responsibilities for persons suffering from AIDS-related illnesses and orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) affected by HIV/AIDS. The findings show that elderly caregivers face drastic disruptions of living arrangements, including prolonged travels and absences from their homes to care for the sick. There is also a sharp increase in their household size as they take on more OVC. The implications of such changes on the older persons' health and well-being are discussed. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | OLDER ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CARE AND SUPPORT | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | INTERVIEWS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341857 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Community influences on young people's sexual behavior in 3 African countries. Author: Stephenson R Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;99(1):102-109. Abstract: The author analyzed demographic and health survey data from Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Zambia from 2001 through 2003 to identify individual, household, and community factors associated with reports of risky sexual behaviors among youth aged 15-24. Community demographic profiles were not associated with reports of risky sexual behavior among young women but were influential in shaping the behavior of young men. Prevailing economic conditions and the behaviors and attitudes of adults in the community were strong influences on young people's sexual behaviors. These results provide strong support for a focus on community-level influences as an intervention point for behavioral change. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | YOUTH | COMMUNITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SEX FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ATTITUDES | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328584 |
| 10. Title: Gender roles and informal care for patients with AIDS: a qualitative study from an urban area in Tanzania. Author: Tarimo EA; Kohi TW; Outwater A; Blystad A Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2009 Jan;20(1):61-8. Abstract: As HIV/AIDS imposes an overwhelming pressure on the capacity of an already overburdened health care system in many African countries, families have increasingly been noted to supplement hospital care services for patients with AIDS. The aim of the present study is to generate knowledge on the experiences of family caregivers to the patients with AIDS at the household level in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 family caregivers and were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The article provides the reader increased insight on the obligations that AIDS caregiving has imposed on women within the close kin group of the patient. The study indicates that caregiving has increased the workload and in the same vein the economic marginality of women, who themselves are increasingly widowed heads of households. The study findings demonstrate strong gendered implications for community and policy makers. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | URBAN AREAS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | CARE AND SUPPORT | HOME CARE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | IMPACT | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330213 |
| 11. Title: Contraceptive withdrawal in adolescents: a complex picture of usage. Author: Woods JL; Hensel DJ; Fortenberry JD Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Aug;22(4):233-7. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Contraceptive withdrawal, or coitus interruptus, is a widespread method in adolescents, but factors affecting usage have not been longitudinally investigated. Study objectives were to examine usage numbers of withdrawal among a group of sexually active adolescent females and to investigate the influence of personal, partner, and family factors on usage patterns. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (N=387; 14 to 17 years at enrollment; 92% African American) were recruited from primary care adolescent health clinics in areas with high rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. As part of a larger longitudinal study, subjects contributed face-to-face quarterly and annual questionnaires assessing contraceptive behavior, recent sexual behaviors, as well as partner- and family-based attitudes/beliefs. INTERVENTIONS, MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variable was: withdrawal use during the previous 12 weeks (no/yes); predictor variables included 19 individual, family and partner variables. All models additionally controlled for any current hormonal use (no/yes; any method), current condom use (no/yes) and past withdrawal use (past 30 days; no/yes). Logistic regression, with GEE estimation to adjust for repeated within-subject observations, was performed in SUDAAN, 9.0. RESULTS: Subjects supplied 1632 quarterly interviews; withdrawal was mentioned in about 25% of the interviews (392/1632). Controlling for primary contraceptive method, withdrawal was mentioned in 13.2% (51/307) of interviews with hormonal methods, in 32.4% (255/787) of the interviews with condoms and in 4.7% (78/1632) of interviews with no method. Current hormonal use was associated with a decreased likelihood of also using withdrawal (OR=0.34), whereas past withdrawal use increased the likelihood of current withdrawal by about 4-fold (OR=4.18). Condom use was not associated with withdrawal use. Current withdrawal use was more likely with a more diverse sexual repertoire (OR=1.65), more sexual partners in the past 3 months (OR=1.46), higher sexual control (OR=1.15), lower perceived STI risk (OR=0.46), higher sexual self-efficacy (OR=1.24), lower sexual coercion (OR=0.56) higher condom negativity (OR=1.16), living with a boyfriend (OR=2.17) and lower family sexual health support (OR=0.88). CONCLUSION: Contraceptive withdrawal in adolescents should not be considered 'rare.' Careful clinical consideration of usage within the context of other contraceptive behaviors, sexual behaviors/attitudes, and relationship issues could better inform effective contraceptive counseling efforts. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WITHDRAWAL | INTERVIEWS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Data Collection | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception Document Number: 342400 |
| 12. Title: HIV preventive education information kit for school teachers. Author: UNESCO Bangkok. HIV Coordination, Adolescent Reproductive and School Health Unit Source: Bangkok, Thailand, UNESCO Bangkok. HIV Coordination, Adolescent Reproductive and School Health Unit, 2008. 101 p. Abstract: This kit provides teachers with basic information on teaching young people about HIV and AIDS. The materials cover challenges of teaching about HIV and AIDS in the school setting, countering community resistance to HIV/AIDS education, addressing stigma and discrimination, and reducing risk behaviors. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CHILD, FEMALE | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Drug Use and Abuse | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 330183 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Confirming the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemics on household vulnerability in Asia: the case of Cambodia. Author: Alkenbrack Batteh SE; Forsythe S; Martin G; Chettra T Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S103-111. Abstract: This study explores the effects of HIV and AIDS on household economics and the social wellbeing of children in HIV-affected families in Cambodia. A purposive sample of parents living with HIV and their children was selected from networks of people living with HIV. 'Nearest-neighbour' households served as the comparison group. Interviews were conducted with the parent and at least one child or adolescent in each household between October 2003 and January 2004. The urban/rural sample included 1000 households, 1000 adults, and 1443 children aged 6-17 years, inclusive, and was drawn from Phnom Penh, Battambang and Takeo provinces. Despite similar overall expenditures, HIV-affected households incurred proportionately larger expenditures on medical care and funerals. Income among case households was lower than comparison households. HIV-affected households were more likely to sell off assets, borrow from family members, take out loans, and ration medical care and food for children. Children in HIV-affected households reported eating fewer meals in a day, increased frequency of hunger, and increased household and employment responsibilities compared with comparison children. School enrollment rates were similar between pairs of households. The results add to growing evidence that HIV and AIDS contribute to increased vulnerability to poverty and increased burdens on families and children. This study corroborates findings from previous studies in Asia, while providing country-specific information to stakeholders in Cambodia. At this stage in the epidemic, policy makers should focus on implementing and evaluating mitigation interventions. Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOUSEHOLDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | POVERTY | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Document Number: 328252 |
| 14. Title: Youth risk-taking behavior in Brazil: Drug use and teenage pregnancy. Author: Cardoso AR; Verner D Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Sustainable Development Division, 2008 Mar. 14 p. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4548) Abstract: Using an extensive survey that addresses risk factors faced by the population in the shantytowns (favelas) of Fortaleza, Brazil, the aim of this paper is to study risk-taking behavior by youth, focusing on drug use and teenage pregnancy. The paper analyzes the impact of factors such as exposure to mass media, the existence of support networks, self-esteem, and the occurrence of violence at home and in the neighborhood, on the probability of risk-taking behavior. A bivariate probit model is estimated. The findings indicate that reliance on support networks and exposure to mass media are associated with a lower probability of either type of risk behavior. Living in a violent home increases drug consumption. Race does not have a significant impact on either type of behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | YOUTH | URBAN AREAS | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MASS MEDIA | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SELF ESTEEM | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 325788 |
| 15. Title: Gender and migration in the central valleys of Oaxaca. Author: Cohen JH; Rodriguez L; Fox M Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):79-101. Abstract: In this paper, we examine the gendered nature of international and internal migration that originates in the central valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Our goals are to define migration patterns and outcomes for Oaxacan women from the central valleys region and note the differences that mark migrant men and women. We use ethnographic data from anthropological research in 12 of Oaxaca's central valley communities to argue that local concepts of what defines correct behaviour (for both men and women) are critical to the outcomes and the differences that exist in the practices of migrant men and women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | RURAL AREAS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | MOTIVATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324346 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Germany: Family diversity with low actual and desired fertility. Author: Dorbritz J Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(17):557-598. Abstract: Germany is a low-fertility country with a rapidly ageing population, and will remain so for the foreseeable future. There are several reasons for this trend. Germany is among the countries with the highest rates of childlessness in the world, and childlessness has become widely accepted. This is illustrated by changes in living arrangements. A broad range of living arrangements has been added to the basic model of marriage with children; namely, single living, non-marital cohabitation, lone parenthood, patchwork families and living apart together. A culture of individualism has spread in Germany which forms the basis for widespread decisions against family formation. The desired number of children has become low and family policy is considered to be a failure in terms of its influence on fertility. German family policy has had a traditional orientation centred on monetary support to families and on the promotion of the male breadwinner model. Women have been largely forced to choose between familyand work, and leave the labour market when a child is born. The still prevailing concept of family policy does not help to reduce the pressure to choose between work and family life, and thus makes it easier to decide not to have children, especially for highly educated women. A change in family policy is needed which will enable couples to choose between the breadwinner-housewife and the reconciliation model. Gradually, this change is starting to take place. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | NULLIPARITY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Gender Issues Document Number: 327725 |
| 17. Title: Family policy in Germany: appraisal and assessment. Author: Honekamp I Source: Journal of Family History. 2008 Oct;33(4):452-64. Abstract: The German government spends about euro 185 billion on measures to support families. This amount is above European Union average, but still, families have become smaller and the number of childless couples has increased. This article outlines some of the 145 German policy measures to support families and their purpose. An assessment that takes into account economic theory and empirical studies shows that an increase of monetary incentives could influence the decision to bear a child only moderately. This implies that policy measures alone cannot be held responsible for the entire difference in fertility rates between countries. Cited studies based on surveys among the German and French populations reveal how different attitudes of the population may also play their role in determining the fertility rate of a country. Language: English Keywords: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL MODELS | ECONOMIC MODEL | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY POLICY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FAMILY SIZE | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | FERTILITY | ECONOMIC POLICY | INCENTIVES | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330744 |
| 18. Title: The effect of family size and composition on fertility desires, contraceptive adoption, and method choice in South Asia. Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Mar. 26 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 40USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: We examine the influence of family size and composition on reproductive behavior in three South Asian countries - Nepal, India, and Bangladesh - that are known for strong son preference. Using data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys, we analyze whether the choice of contraceptive method adopted (modern versus traditional; temporary versus permanent) and desire for another child differ by parity and sex composition of surviving children. In addition, for India we pool data for four northern states (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh) and four southern states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) in order to capture the north-south variation within the country. We also compare West Bengal and Bangladesh to understand how son preference in these culturally similar regions affects fertility desires and contraceptive adoption. The effects of parity and sex composition on fertility desire and contraceptive use are estimated using binary and multinomial logistic regression after controlling for key socioeconomic factors, including education, work status, media exposure, household wealth status, woman's participation in household decision-making, and urban/rural residence. We find that, independent of socioeconomic factors, women with more sons have a lower desire to have another child and are more likely to use contraception than those with more daughters. These effects are more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. Within India, the effects are stronger in north India than in south India or West Bengal. However, considerable proportions of women also express a desire for at least one daughter, especially in Bangladesh after having a son. There is a clear shift towards permanent methods of contraception with an increase in the number of sons, but we find no systematic pattern in the use of traditional methods by parity or sex composition of children. We conclude that son preference remains widespread in all three countries, and it has a major influence on reproductive behavior. The preference for boys is embedded in the cultural and traditional beliefs of these countries. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women within the household. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | INDIA | BANGLADESH | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 326390 |
| 19. Title: Living on the edge: Risk, protection, behavior, and outcomes of Argentine youth. Author: Justesen M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Social Development Family, 2008 Jan. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4485) Abstract: Risk and protective factors influence behaviors and outcomes for youth. While risk factors expose youth to risk-taking behavior that compromises well-being and hinders personal development, protective factors mediate risk and act as protective mechanisms that insulate youth from negative outcomes. This paper groups youth by risk levels using a cluster analysis methodology, and identifies the risk and protective factors that characterize these groups. Using data from a new household survey covering youth in four urban areas of Argentina in 2005, youth are clustered by characteristics in relation to family and health, education and income, substance abuse, and crime and violence as indicators of risk and protective factors, and behaviors and consequences. Almost half of Argentine youth are at an elevated risk level, and one in four is at serious risk of experiencing negative outcomes or already suffering the consequences. The findings show, for example, that higher income protects against risk factors, such as an insecure neighborhood, and facilitates youth attending school. Furthermore, parents' lack of education is negatively related to the behaviors and outcomes of their children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | YOUTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | SAFETY | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326419 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing gendered norms about women and girls at the level of household and community: A review of the evidence. Author: Keleher H; Franklin L Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3 Suppl 1:42-57. Abstract: Gendered norms are embedded in social structures, operating to restrict the rights, opportunities, and capabilities, of women and girls, causing significant burdens, discrimination, subordination, and exploitation. This review, developed for the Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, sought to identify the best available research evidence about programmatic interventions, at the level of household and community, that have been effective for changing gender norms to increase the status of women. The focus was on developing countries. A wide range of single and multiple databases were searched, utilizing database specific keywords such as: women and girls; men and boys; household and community; intervention; and gender norms. Key themes were identified: education of women and girls; economic empowerment of women; violence against women, including female genital mutilation/cutting; and men and boys. Types of interventions, levels of action, populations of interest, and key outcomes from evaluations are identified. Evaluations are limited, with little evidence or measurement of changes in gender equity and women's empowerment. A key finding is, that targeting women and girls is a sound investment, but outcomes are dependent on integrated approaches and the protective umbrella of policy and legislative actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | COMMUNITY | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INEQUALITIES | INTERVENTIONS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326806 |
| 21. Title: Kamalapur 2005-2007 census results. Author: Lindeboom W Source: Dhaka, Bangladesh, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B], Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division, 2008 Jul. 20 p. (Special Publication No. 130) Abstract: This paper provides a brief description of the Kamalapur study population and area. The Kamalapur study site was set up in 1998, with the main purpose to conduct a population-based zinc trial. Kamalapur is situated in the south-eastern part of Dhaka Metropolitan area. The study site is located between a train terminal and a bus station. For research and sampling purposes, the study site was divided into seven strata, and within each stratum, clusters were identified. Demarcation of the strata was based primarily on seven communities that the site comprised but included demarcation based on physical infrastructure, such as roads, railroads, tracks and water bodies. Stratum 1 and 2 are mainly congested slum areas, residence of 4th class employees, such as cleaners and sweepers of the Dhaka City Corporation. The populations of the other clusters are a mix of upper-, middle- and lower-class social groups. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | POVERTY | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Households | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 328026 |
| 22. Title: Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Author: Mendola M Source: Journal of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;85(1-2):150-175. Abstract: In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on the people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but, given its lumpy-investment nature, lack of resources may constitute both a motivation and a hurdle to migrate. We use a cross-sectional household survey from rural Bangladesh to test whether migration is a diversification strategy that enables sending households to uptake high-yielding seed technology. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints by differentiating between temporary-domestic, permanent-domestic and international movement. We find that households able to engage in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) are more likely to employ modern farming technology, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the other hand, are unable to overcome the entry costs of cross-border movement and fall backon low net-return (i.e. domestic) migration, which does not drive production enhancements and may act as a poverty-trap. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LABOR MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Technology | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development Document Number: 327379 |
| 23. Title: Planned fertility and family background: A quantile regression for counts analysis. Author: Miranda A Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):67-81. Abstract: This paper examines how education and family background affect the fertility plans of young individuals in Mexico. Quantile regression for count data is used for the analysis. Results indicate that education and family structure affect planned fertility only at the tails of the conditional distribution. Education reduces planned fertility only among women with relatively strong preferences towards children. An absent father reduces planned fertility mostly at the bottom of the conditional distribution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | YOUTH | ONE PARENT FAMILY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Fertility | Family Size Document Number: 322756 |
| 24. Title: Orphans and vulnerable children in high HIV-prevalence countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Mishra V; Bignami-Van Assche S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International Inc., 2008 Sep. 113 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Analytical Studies No. 15) Abstract: This study estimates the size and distribution of the population of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in eight sub-Saharan African countries with relatively high rates of HIV. It highlights the heavy burden and the multi-dimensional nature of caring for OVC, particularly with regard to schooling and health care. The study finds that substantial proportions of children in these countries are OVC, and that the prevalence of OVC varies widely across countries and across different population sub-groups with countries and sub-regions with a higher prevalence of HIV having a higher prevalence of OVC as well. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | SOCIAL WELFARE | CHILD SURVIVAL | BED NETS | USER COMPLIANCE | STIGMA | MALNUTRITION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONDOM USE | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Parasite Control | Public Health | Behavior | Social Problems | Nutrition Disorders | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 326055 |
| 25. Title: The impact of diarrhoea in infants on the quality of life of low-income households. Author: Murray M; Versteeg M; Hugo J Source: South African Family Practice. 2008 Mar-Apr;50(2):62. Abstract: This article reports on a study that explored the impact of diarrhoea in babies on the quality of life of low-income households. Diarrhoeal diseases continue to be an important cause of illness and death worldwide. One major cause of infantile diarrhoea is the rotavirus, an airborne virus to which almost all children in both the developing and developed world will be exposed to at least once. The study, as well as the clinical trials and cost studies, was commissioned by GlaxoSmithKline to assist in the decision-making processes regarding whether and how to implement a newly developed vaccine against rotavirus through national immunisation programmes. The objective of the study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of severe diarrhoea in babies on the quality of life of a selected group of low-income households. The study was qualitative, explorative and descriptive in nature. A recently developed quality of life (QoL) assessment instrument, based on a comprehensive list of fundamental needs developed by development expert Manfred Max-Neef, was used to assess the impact of diarrhoea in babies on households. The QoL instrument includes 125 open questions related to basic necessities and activities, localisation, relationships and consciousness of household members. In addition, group and individual interviews were held. Twenty-nine households with children younger than two years of age who had experienced diarrhoea in the previous two months were selected. By means of a number of medical questions related to the duration of the diarrhoea and related symptoms, babies with severe diarrhoea were purposively sampled. After analysis of the data, these babies were classified as follows: 20 had severe diarrhoea, six had moderate diarrhoea and three were diagnosed as having had mild diarrhoea. Two babies were previously admitted to the hospital. Of the 29 households surveyed, 22 households were interviewed using the QoL assessment instrument, and seven households were interviewed by means of group and individual interviews. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria. Poor housing conditions exacerbated the effect of diarrhoea in infants on the primary caregiver as well as the other household members. Household members complained about the sound of the babies crying and almost half of the mothers reported that they felt stressed or ashamed about the quality of air in their dwellings. One mother said that the smell was so bad that she could not eat her food because it caused her to vomit. The lack of basic necessities, for example the shortage of water in a number of households, intensified the struggle to cope with the diarrhoea. It was found that the burden of care fell mainly on the mothers of the babies with diarrhoea. The pressure experienced by some mothers seems to be related to the way they experience their identity. Mothers indicated that they felt responsible for tasks in and around the household, including the duty of caring for their children. This places a physical and emotional burden on the primary caregiver. Diarrhoea was the cause of tension and conflict in a number of households, not only because of inflated financial costs related to efforts to cope with the illness, but also because of differing views among household members regarding the most suitable treatment Western or traditional medicine. Mothers identified different causes of the diarrhoea, including teething, heat, wrong food and 'the problem of the fontanelle'. It became evident that some mothers believed that a sunken fontanelle was the cause of diarrhoea, and this was believed to be best treated by traditional healing methods. A vaccine against rotavirus diarrhoea could benefit the households in this research by: reducing the emotional burden of care on the mother; reducing the physical burden of care on the mother, and reducing the financial burden that childhood diarrhoea imposes on households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INFANT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DIARRHEA | QUALITY OF LIFE | ROTAVIRUS | VACCINES | CHILD CARE | FEMALE ROLE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases | Social Welfare | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Rearing | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 327280 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Coping strategies of families in HIV/AIDS care: some exploratory data from two developmental contexts. Author: Palattiyil G; Chakrabarti M Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Aug;20(7):881-5. Abstract: Caring for a family member with HIV/AIDS presents multiple challenges that strain a family's physical, economic and emotional resources. Family carers provide physical care and financial support and deal with changes in family relationships and roles, often with little support from outside of the family. Carers in developing countries face even greater challenges, due to lack of medical and support services, poverty and widespread discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS. Little is known about how family carers cope with these challenges or about the ways that development impacts on the process of coping. The current study explored coping strategies used by family carers in two contexts, Kerala, India and Scotland, UK. As part of a larger study, 28 family carers of persons living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed -23 in Kerala and 5 in Scotland. A modified version of the Ways of Coping scale was used to assess coping strategies. Responses were compared on the total number of coping responses used as well as on selected subscales of the WOC. Differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The two cohorts differed significantly in terms of the coping strategies used. The carers from Scotland used a larger number of different coping strategies and scored higher on measures of problem focused coping, positive reappraisal, seeking social support, self-controlling and distancing/detachment. Respondents from Kerala scored higher on a measure of self-blame. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of community resources on coping strategies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SCOTLAND | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HOME CARE | CARE AND SUPPORT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 328867 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Family structure and adolescent sexual behavior in a poor area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author: Peres CA; Rutherford G; Borges G; Galano E; Hudes ES Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Feb;42(2):177-183. Abstract: In Brazil, as elsewhere, behavior during adolescence can place young people at risk for serious medical and social problems, including sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, drugs, crime, and violence. Few studies internationally have examined the influence of family structure on risk behavior among low-income youths. This cross-sectional study included 296 young people in one of the poorest areas of Sao Paulo who were recruited through a vocational school and completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. We examined associations between family structure and various risk behaviors. Ages ranged from 13-24 years (82%, 15-18); 67% were of Afro-Brazilian ancestry, and 56% were female. Median family monthly income was about US$200. Less than half lived with both parents, and 14% lived with neither parent. Rates of many risk behaviors, including involvement in crime and violence, drug and alcohol use, and sexual risk, were lowest among those living with both parents, higher among those living with one parent, and highest among those living with neither parent. For example, 26% of females living with both parents, 37% with one parent, and 71% with neither parent were sexually active (p = .003). Family structure and a personal or parental history of drug or alcohol problems were significant independent predictors of sexual activity. The presence of both parents is an important protective factor for Brazilian youth vulnerable to multiple risks. Prevention programs should explore ways to support parents to be present and involved in the lives of their adolescent children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN POPULATION | POVERTY | SLUMS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing Document Number: 323967 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Supporting orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS: Using community-generated definitions to explore patterns of children's vulnerability in Zambia. Author: Schenk KD; Ndhlovu L; Tembo S; Nsune A; Nkhata C Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Sep;20(8):894-903. Abstract: This study explores how communities in Zambia characterize vulnerable children in the context of HIV; demonstrates how estimates of vulnerability vary depending on definitions; and discusses the implications of these estimates for program delivery. Baseline research conducted in 2005 included cross-sectional community-based household surveys at six locations using multi-stage random sampling (totalling 1,503 households, reporting on 5,009 children) and participatory qualitative research (focus group and in-depth interviews) with adults and youth at four locations. Between 14 and 27% of children in the sample had experienced a parental death (2-5% maternal orphans, 7-13% paternal orphans, 4-10% double orphans). In addition, other characteristics that communities associated with children's vulnerability were prevalent: 26-34% had been taken into another household, 15-27% were living in female-headed households, and 11-28% were living in a household with someone who is chronically ill. Overall, 58-73% of children had one or more community-defined characteristics of vulnerability. This study highlights the need to carefully consider the meaning of "vulnerability" when targeting programmes to support children affected by HIV and AIDS. Local community input is vital to inform context-specific criteria for distributing programme resources. If used, eligibility criteria should be context-specific yet flexible to evolving community realities. In settings such as rural Zambia where levels of HIV-related vulnerability are high, it may be more efficient to target at the level of communities rather than assess individual households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | COMMUNITY SURVEYS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAMS | PROGRAM DESIGN | TERMINOLOGY | FOSTERING | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 328165 |
| 29. Title: Agency, education and networks: Gender and international migration from Albania. Author: Stecklov G; Carletto C; Azzarri C; Davis B Source: [Washington, D.C], World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty Team, 2008 Feb. 31 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4507) Abstract: This paper examines the causes and dynamics of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly, in the access of women to migration opportunities and decision making. The context of the analysis is Albania, a natural laboratory for studying migration developments given that out-migration was practically eliminated from the end of World War II to the end of the 1980s. The authors use micro-level data from the Albania 2005 Living Standards Measurement Study including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows an impressive expansion of female participation in international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education, wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Yet, using unique data on the dependency of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level shocks, the authors show that it is the households themselves that are the decision-making agents behind this economic calculus and there is little to suggest that increased female migration signals the emergence of female agency. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | DECISION MAKING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Women's Status | Friends and Relatives | Behavior Document Number: 325675 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the northeast and central-west regions of Brazil. Author: Ximenes RA; Martelli CM; Merchan-Hamann E; Montarroyos UR; Braga MC Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Aug;37(4):852-861. Abstract: The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. This population-based survey was conducted in 2004-2005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (5-9 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 5-9 and 10-19 agegroup was 41.5 and 57.4%, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0%, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1% for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5% of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0% in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was _70% in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RISK FACTORS | HEPATITIS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 327852 |
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