Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 18091 records

Your search found 18091 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

Subscription may be needed for full text

2.
Title: Impact of new WHO growth standards on the prevalence of acute malnutrition and operations of feeding programs - Darfur, Sudan, 2005-2007.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Jun 5;58(21):591-4.
Abstract: Acute malnutrition among children aged 6-59 months is a key indicator routinely used for describing the presence and magnitude of humanitarian emergencies. In the past, the prevalence of acute malnutrition and admissions to feeding programs has been determined using the growth reference developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), CDC, and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). In 2006, WHO released new international growth standards and recommended their use in all nutrition programs. To evaluate the impact of transitioning to the new standards, CDC analyzed anthropometric data for children aged 6-59 months from Darfur, Sudan, collected during 2005-2007. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that use of the new standards would have increased the prevalence of global acute malnutrition on average by 14% and would have increased the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition on average by 100%. Admissions to feeding programs would have increased by 56% for moderately malnourished children and by 260% for severely malnourished children. For programs in Darfur, this would have resulted in approximately 23,200 more children eligible for therapeutic feeding programs. For the immediate future, the prevalence of acute malnutrition in children should be reported using both the old WHO/CDC/NCHS reference and the new WHO standards. More research is needed to better ascertain the validity of the admission criteria based on the new WHO standards in predicting malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality.
Language: English
Keywords:
SUDAN | SUMMARY REPORT | WHO | STANDARDS | PREVALENCE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | GROWTH | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Measurement | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341622

Title: How to put an end to the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)? Panel discussion report (6 February 2008).
Author: Inter-Parliamentary Union; International Organization for Migration [IOM]; Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children; Switzerland. Geneva. Departement des Institutions
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009. 32 p.
Abstract: Every 10 seconds, somewhere in the world, a little girl is a victim of genital mutilation. Three million girls are excised every year. To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM on 6 February 2008, more than 100 representatives of international organizations, civil society, media, diplomatic missions and the local authorities in Geneva gathered at The House of Parliaments to discuss ways of putting an end to this harmful practice. The IPU, the Departement des Institutions de l?Etat de Geneve (Geneva Department of Institutions), the International Organization for Migration and the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices decided to join forces to put an end to this human tragedy. This publication contains the experts' contributions, extracts of the debates and conclusions of the seminar. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | SOCIAL POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy | Human Rights
Document Number: 331363

Title: Starting with the classroom: updating family planning knowledge in East Africa.
Author: IntraHealth International. Capacity Project
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Feb. [2] p. (Voices No. 28)
Abstract: In Kenya, a dedicated midwifery tutor is working hard to train students at Aga Khan University but worries that he isn't teaching them the latest information and techniques. Many of his fellow instructors are in the same situation. "We had our last refresher training ten years ago," he laments. In Tanzania, a midwifery tutor from Tumaini University Faculty of Nursing observes, "Many nurses who are providing service have never been updated on new issues [in family planning]. It will be our responsibility to see how we can help as a training institution because we will send our students to some of these clinics." To build instructors' capacity and address the knowledge gaps, the Capacity Project partnered with East, Central and Southern Africa (ECSA) Health Community and Africa's Health in 2010 to deliver a week-long workshop on Contemporary Issues in Family Planning for midwifery tutors in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Held in Dar es Salaam in April 2008, the workshop updated the knowledge of 22 tutors and enabled them to teach their students more effectively. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation showed the workshop to be highly successful. Average scores climbed from 58% on the pre-test to 81% on the post-test. Additionally, 94% reported that they have used the workshop information and resources to update their colleagues. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | NURSE-MIDWIVES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | USAID | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORKSHOPS | CONTRACEPTION | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Management | Educational Methods | Educational Activities
Document Number: 325236

Title: Postpartum family planning for healthy pregnancy outcomes. A training manual.
Author: Pathfinder International. Extending Service Delivery Project
Source: Watertown, Massachusetts, Pathfinder, 2009 Feb. 124 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-05-00027-00)
Abstract: This manual provides material to conduct a comprehensive two-day training for facility-based health workers (such as health supervisors, nurses and midwives) on providing community-based postpartum family planning education, counseling and referral that enables women and couples to use family planning methods for Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy (HTSP). The Manual addresses the following content areas: 1. The importance of the postpartum period; 2. HTSP for postpartum women; 3. Postpartum family planning for HTSP; 4. Postpartum family planning counseling and education; 5. Postpartum family planning for HIV positive women. Under each topic, key information for the trainer is provided, as well as a training activity to promote participant learning and skills development for improved community-based postpartum care that includes family planning and HTSP. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | COUNSELING | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Puerperium | Reproduction | Pregnancy | Education | Training Programs | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 325159

Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter]
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance
Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p.
Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331346 Notification

Title: Celebrating life: The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. 2009 Annual Report to Congress.
Author: United States. Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator
Source: Washington, D.C., Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator, 2009. 64 p.
Abstract: The fifth Annual Report celebrates life. In countless communities around the world, through partnerships with the American people, courageous individuals in nations devastated by HIV/AIDS are choosing life, saving the lives of their fellow countrymen and women, and creating hope for a future free of HIV/AIDS. Through the power of these partnerships, the American people and the dedicated men and women in nations devastated by HIV/ AIDS have proven that the seemingly impossible is possible.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | TREATMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INTERVENTIONS | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Programs | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 328418

10.

Title: The morning-after pill [letter]
Author: Abell S
Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;48(3):341-2; discussion 342.
Abstract: This is a question from a reader to the journal's Medical Doctor about the morning-after pill. The Dr. clearly confirms that the morning-after pill is not causing abortion. Her description helps us better understand how this pill (usually levonorgestrel), a progestin, works in preventing a pregnancy. This approach, which is now known as Plan B�, has received strong support in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies from both the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Academy of Pediatrics in also circumventing the need for abortions in women of all ages, especially in adolescent girls. Some pharmacists have resisted filling these Plan B prescriptions, so it will be important for pediatricians to know which pharmacies in your community will accept your Plan B� prescriptions. Sadly, teenage pregnancies continue to have a major impact on disadvantaged teenagers. This group of individuals also may have limited access to Plan B prescriptions, which requires that they should be taken within 5 days of unprotected intercourse in order for them to be effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | NAUSEA | VOMITING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Safety | Public Health | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases
Document Number: 331244 Notification

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe.
Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T
Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17.
Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy
Document Number: 341476

12.

Title: PRISM tools for assessing, monitoring, and evaluating RHIS performance.
Author: Aqil A; Lippeveld T
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. [32] p. (MS-09-34USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: PRISM Framework and its tools applications have expanded since 2004. Now it has been applied in Pakistan, Uganda, South Africa, Mexico, Paraguay, Honduras, Haiti, China and Cote d'Ivore for assessment and evaluation. It has been applied in diverse countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Carribean continents. While these applications showed the strengths and appropriateness of PRISM Framework and its tools in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the routine information systems, they brought some challenges to attention. First, to make a distinction between RHIS performance indicators -accuracy, timeliness and completeness, from their counterpart processes. Second, to keep minimum variables in various tools for triangulation of information to avoid respondent's burden of filling the details. Third, better measurement of use of information. Thus, there was a need to revise the PRISM tools. Uganda PRISM evaluation in 2007 for testing its reliability and validity also helped to make the revisions. PRISM tools version 3.0 meets old and new challenges in assessing, monitoring and evaluation of RHIS.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | MEXICO | HONDURAS | HAITI | CHINA | PARAGUAY | SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | INFORMATION PROCESSING | DATA COLLECTION | MANAGEMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Caribbean | Asia, Eastern | South America, Central | South America | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Information | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Programs
Document Number: 339994

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Growth faltering due to breastfeeding cessation in uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in Zambia.
Author: Arpadi S; Fawzy A; Aldrovandi GM; Kankasa C; Sinkala M; Mwiya M; Thea DM; Kuhn L
Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Aug;90(2):344-53.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of breastfeeding on growth in HIV-exposed infants is not well described. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effect of early breastfeeding cessation on growth. DESIGN: In a trial conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, HIV-infected mothers were randomly assigned to exclusive breastfeeding for 4 mo followed by rapid weaning to replacement foods or exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mo followed by introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding for a duration of the mother's choice. Weight-for-age z score (WAZ), length-for-age z score (LAZ), and weight-for-length z score (WLZ) and the self-reported breastfeeding practices of 593 HIV-uninfected singletons were analyzed. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: WAZ scores declined precipitously between 4.5 and 15 mo. The decline was slower in the breastfed infants. At 9, 12, and 15 mo, mean WAZs were, respectively, -0.74, -0.92, and -1.06 in infants who were reportedly breastfed and were -1.07, -1.20, and -1.31 in the weaned infants (P = 0.003, 0.007, and 0.02, respectively). No differences were observed past 15 mo. Breastfeeding practice was not associated with LAZ, which declined from -0.98 to -2.24 from 1 to 24 mo. After adjustment for birth weight, maternal viral load, body mass index, education, season, and marital and socioeconomic status, not breastfeeding was associated with a 0.28 decline in WAZ between 4.5 and 15 mo (P < 0.0001). During the rainy season, not breastfeeding was associated with a larger WAZ decline (0.33) than during the dry season (0.22; P for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Early growth is compromised in uninfected children born to HIV-infected Zambian mothers. Continued breastfeeding partially mitigates this effect through 15 mo. Nutritional interventions to complement breastfeeding after 6 mo are urgently needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00310726.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | INFANT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BREASTFEEDING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | IMPACT | NEEDS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Biology | Communication | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342426

14.

15.

Title: Worldwide: Incentives for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment.
Author: Beith A; Eichler R; Weil D
Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :237-56.
Abstract: Many tuberculosis programs incorporate material (food) and financial performance-based incentives for patients, providers, or both. Findings from a combination of rigorous evaluations and data from routine program monitoring suggest that performance incentives can improve both case detection and treatment adherence. Performance incentives applied to tuberculosis contain lessons for treatment of other extended-duration and chronic conditions.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | INCENTIVES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | EVALUATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition
Document Number: 331459

16.
Title: Risk of mortality in pediatric intensive care unit, assessed by PRISM-III.
Author: Bilan N; Galehgolab BA; Emadaddin A; Shiva Sh
Source: Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009 Mar 15;12(6):480-5.
Abstract: This study aimed at evaluating the mortality rate in a PICU applying PRISM-III. Two hundred and twenty one infants and children consecutively admitted to PICU of Tabriz Children's Hospital were studied during a 13 months period of time. Data required for calculating the PRISM-III score were collected during the first 24 h of PICU stay in all patients. The prediction of actual mortality by PRISM-III scoring was evaluated by the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed, as well. The observed (O) short-term (during hospital stay) mortality rate was compared with the expected (E) figures as the O/E ratio. The mean value of the PRISM-III score was 14.22 +/- 9.57(2-42). ROC analysis indicated a strong predictive power for the PRISM-III (area under the curve = 0.898) and the test was well fit to the designed study (goodness-of-fit p-value = 0.161). The observed short-term mortality rate was 9.05% and the expected mortality rate by the PRISM-III scoring was 9% (O/E ratio = 1.005). The PRISM-III scoring system was highly calibrated in our institute.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | INFANT | CHILDREN | DEATH RATE | RISK FACTORS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health
Document Number: 342232

17.

Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Uganda.
Author: Bremner J; Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jun. 6 p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: After decades of instability and civil conflict, Uganda has enjoyed relative stability, sustained economic growth, and great improvements in health over the last 20 years. During the same period, Uganda's population has grown rapidly, and in 2009 surpassed 30 million people. This rapid population growth is contributing to the degradation of Uganda's natural resources, the backbone of the country's economy and household livelihoods. Continued reductions in poverty depend in large part on finding innovative and integrated solutions to the complex population, health, and environment problems affecting Uganda's poorest people.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE
Document Number: 342029

18.

Title: Maternal mortality in low-income countries: what interventions have been evaluated and how should the evidence base be developed further?
Author: Burchett HE; Mayhew SH
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):78-81.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of non-clinical interventions to reduce maternal mortality in low-income settings and identifies the gaps in the evidence base. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted to identify reviews and evaluations of non-clinical interventions to reduce maternal mortality in lower-income countries with high maternal mortality published between 1997 and 2008. Studies were reviewed to identify the topic focus, study design, and outcomes measured. RESULTS: There were 109 intervention evaluations and 30 reviews identified. Studies had been conducted in less than half of the countries and were generally poor quality. More studies focused on tertiary prevention (i.e., preventing death) rather than secondary prevention (i.e., preventing complications). More interventions sought to address quality of care than delays in seeking or accessing care. CONCLUSIONS: While evidence partly reflects difficulties in evaluating complex public health interventions, more robust study designs are possible to evaluate interventions to reduce maternal mortality. In addition, better standardized outcome measures are needed. This overview identifies topic areas neglected by intervention research.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | EVALUATION | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341377

19.
Title: Conflicting policies in China's fight against HIV/AIDS.
Author: Burki T
Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb;9(2):84.
Abstract: The police and security forces are hampering Chinese efforts to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, according to a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report published on Dec 9. "The government has expanded prevention and treatment programmes for drug users" said Joe Amon, HIV/AIDS programme director at HRW, "but at the same time, police are detaining drug users trying to access these services, and putting drug users in so-called drug rehabilitation centres where they are provided no drug dependency treatment". The report focuses on Guangxi province in southern China, but noted that the issues with which it dealt "stem from national laws and policies". HRW claim that police routinely wait outside methadone clinics and pharmacies to arrest suspected drug users. By placing them in mandatory confinement, the report says, the Chinese authorities were discouraging intravenous drug users from engaging with voluntary drug treatment programmes. HRW commented that the rehabilitation centres-which have a country wide population of over 340 000-"subject drug users to abusive, inhuman, and degrading treatment. They not only fail to provide HIV prevention and treatment to drug users, but facilitate its spread". The report added that HIV-positive detainees do not have their CD4 count monitored. According to official figures, there are roughly 700 000 cases of HIV/AIDS in China, and between 3 and 6 million drug users. Unsafe injection practices are a major source of HIV transmission, accounting for nearly half of new cases. "China has been very open-minded in rolling out drug substitution policies" Joseph Schumacher (University of Alabama, USA) told TLID. Since 2000, over 500 methadone clinics have been established in the country. Several nongovernmental organisations run needle exchange programmes. "More NGOs are opening and making voluntary HIV testing and counselling available", Schumacher pointed out. In China, drug addiction is widely regarded as an offence against society. The rehabilitation centres-some of which are known as "re-education through labour" centres-are emblematic of this. Schumacher suggests adjusting their function. "Instead of using these camps or re-education programmes as punishment", he says "integrate evidence-based therapies into the programmes. Use them more as treatment than as incarceration". In a related story, researchers report that improper care and the overuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs, throughout the country, have propelled Chinese rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis to almost twice the global average. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICE | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Policy | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330595

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The national response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Peru: accomplishments and gaps--a review.
Author: Caceres CF; Mendoza W
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S60-6.
Abstract: In Peru, after the first case of AIDS was reported in 1983, nearly 20,000 AIDS cases have been notified to date and between 20,000 and 79,000 persons are estimated to be living with HIV. Despite a relatively low HIV prevalence in the general population, the epidemic has importantly mobilized social actors and economic resources and has helped articulate a very active field within the Peruvian health sector. In recent years, the country has become the largest recipient of HIV funding from the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria in Latin America, for which a substantial national counterpart has been committed. Peru's predictable selection as one of the 12 focal countries for the 5-year impact evaluation of the Global Fund suggested that an analysis of the response to the HIV epidemic in Peru may provide significant lessons on the possibilities of international aid in the AIDS field, particularly in the Latin American context. This article presents an analysis of the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the nature of the response articulated by the State and civil society in Peru, based on the Universal Access Principles proposed by World Health Organization, UNAIDS, and others. Relying on a number of recent secondary sources, we focus not only on the impact of the epidemic on morbidity and death but also on the changes in society as a whole, particularly in social movements and their dynamic relationship with the State. We start with an epidemiological overview and move to describe the role of social actors in response to the epidemic and then propose a framework for the analysis of the scope and limitations of the national response and elaborate on potential courses of action that may lead to strengthen accomplishments and resolve remaining gaps.
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MORBIDITY | DEATH RATE | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | EPIDEMIOLOGY | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health
Document Number: 341319

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos
Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-18.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piaui State, and Garrafao do Norte, Para State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafao do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | HOUSEHOLDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SANITATION | ANTENATAL CARE | INCOME | SOCIAL WELFARE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342662

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Project AID Khmer: addressing the health impact of HIV/AIDS on Cambodia through rural capacity building.
Author: Chang M; Kong NB; Phal V; Pugatch D; Allen S
Source: Global Public Health. 2009 May 27;:1-12.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Cambodia have largely focussed on urban populations. This focus, however, has diverted attention from the impact of the disease on rural communities, where poverty and a lack of basic infrastructure forced many to migrate to urban areas. Rural communities thus play a crucial part in the understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics in Cambodia. This paper will provide an analysis of socio-economic and health-related needs of rural communities in Cambodia, giving a different context for understanding the national burden of HIV/AIDS. These concepts will be illustrated with experiences from Project AID Khmer, a Cambodian non-governmental organisation that is working to improve Cambodian health through education programmes and community capacity building in rural Takeo province.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURE | LAND TENURE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health
Document Number: 341470

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Suboptimal therapy and clinical management of gonorrhoea in an area with high-level antimicrobial resistance.
Author: Chen PL; Hsieh YH; Lee HC; Ko NY; Lee NY; Wu CJ; Chang CM; Lee CC; Ko WC
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Apr;20(4):225-8.
Abstract: The choice of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of gonorrhoea is critical in areas where the prevalence of drug resistance is high. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic treatment of gonorrhoea in endemic areas. During 1999-2004, all Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections (n = 90) were evaluated. Patients' medical records and antibiotic treatment regimens were retrospectively reviewed if their isolates were viable (n = 65). In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates was performed. Urethritis (89%) and pelvic inflammatory disease (42%) were the most common presentations among men (n = 53) and women (n = 12), respectively. Of 54 patients with uncomplicated N. gonorrhoeae infection, 32 of them received appropriate antibiotics, including cefuroxime (n = 20), ceftriaxone (n = 10), ciprofloxacin (n = 1) and azithromycin (n = 1) during follow-ups. Among 65 patients, 53.8% were notified to the health authority. Check-ups of other sexually transmitted diseases were carried out in only 46% of patients. Not all isolates were susceptible to penicillin, 96.9% were resistant to tetracycline and 86% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin and azithromycin were active in vitro against all isolates. In conclusion, It is crucial to develop treatment guidelines according to regional antimicrobial resistances and educational programmes to improve clinical care for genital gonococcal diseases.
Language: English
Keywords:
TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GONORRHEA | DRUG RESISTANCE | TREATMENT | MANAGEMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341629

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Antiretroviral drug supply in Argentina: National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs] Suministro de antirretrovirales en Argentina: Programa Nacional de Lucha contra
Author: Colautti M; Luppi I; Salamano M; Traverso ML; Botta C; Palchik V
Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud P�blica / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;25(1):62-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the supply cycle of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, overseen by the National Program to Combat Human Retroviruses, AIDS, and STDs, through its order fulfillment indicators, and to obtain input from supply chain stakeholders. METHODS: A study was carried out from April-September 2005 in the pharmacies of two hospitals in Rosario, Argentina, involving both a quantitative analysis of indicators and secondary sources and a qualitative evaluation using semistructured interviews. RESULTS: The indicators reveal the impact that interruptions in ARV supply stream from the Program (central level) have and the overstocking that takes place at the pharmacies (local level) to manage the shortages. Changes in ARV treatment account for over 50% of the prescriptions. Fulfillments fall short of the reference value. The interviewees shared possible strategies for overcoming the communication gaps between levels, for building-up stock, for guaranteeing availability, and for shortening waiting times; reached informal agreements to deal with the lack of policies and the shortage of staff; acknowledged the challenges facing the jurisdictions (central, intermediate, and local/community); and recognized local efforts to improve management. CONCLUSIONS: These challenges could be the starting point for building teams to work on effectively decentralizing the entire supply chain and allowing the Program to fulfill its much-needed oversight role.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | LOGISTICS | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | PRESCRIPTIONS | MANAGEMENT | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs
Document Number: 341540

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A global fund for the health MDGs?
Author: Cometto G; Ooms G; Starrs A; Zeitz P
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1500-2.
Abstract: The world is off track to achieve the health-related targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Maternal mortality has stagnated for two decades, child mortality is not declining fast enough, HIV/AIDS still infects people faster than the pace of antiretroviral treatment roll-out, and inequalities are widening within and across countries. Addressing these crises will require increased funding and more efficient spending. The next Board meetings of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance, scheduled for May and June, respectively, present an opportunity to tackle these issues. We propose that the exceptional approach created for the fight against AIDS should be expanded: the entire global health agenda must adopt a rights-based approach, which in some countries requires challenging the model of national financial autonomy. We therefore recommend that the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance gradually move towards becoming a global fund for all the health MDGs, which will require substantially greater resources to address the broader mandate. As a first step the next Global Fund and GAVI Alliance board meetings should expand the review of their architecture to provide greater support to national health plans, including co-financing non-disease-specific human resources for health. A global fund for the health MDGs would eventually allow the delivery of prevention and treatment services for specific diseases through revamped general health services, reducing transaction costs and streamlining the global health architecture. Such radical, yet rational, action is our best chance of meeting-or at least making significant progress toward-the health-related MDG targets by 2015.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | WHO | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 341099

26.

Title: From reproductive choice to reproductive justice.
Author: Cook RJ; Dickens BM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 6;
Abstract: Since the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development, the human rights movement has embraced the concept of reproductive rights. These are often pursued, however, by means to which objection is taken. Some conservative political and religious forces continue to resist implementation of several means of protecting and advancing reproductive rights. Individuals' rights to grant and to deny consent to medical procedures affecting their reproductive health and confidentiality have been progressively advanced. However, access to contraceptive services, while not necessarily opposed, is unjustifiably obstructed in some settings. Rights to lawful abortion have been considerably liberalized by legislative and judicial decisions, although resistance remains. Courts are increasingly requiring that lawful services be accommodated under transparent conditions of access and of legal protection. The conflict between rights of resort to lawful reproductive health services and to conscientious objection to participation is resolved by legal duties to refer patients to non-objecting providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RELIGION | CONSERVATISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION LAW | LITIGATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Program Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 341457

27.

Title: Guinea. Village health committees drive family planning uptake: communities play lead role in increased acceptability, availability.
Author: Diakite O; Keita DR; Mwebesa W
Source: Washington, D.C., Core Group, [2009]. 8 p.
Abstract: This document highlights the Village Health Committee (VHC), a vital player in the child survival project and the integration of family planning work within Save the Children's portfolio in Guinea. The document briefly describes the committee's purpose, membership, and tasks. It focuses on a handful of the people and activities that exemplified the VHCs' unique role in ensuring that family planning was not only accessible but acceptable to the villagers they served. The document concludes with some outcomes of Save the Children's family planning component in Mandiana and Kouroussa. In effect, the VHCs' stellar success in building demand for contraception (when coupled with modest investments in existing health workers' ability to supply modern methods) resulted in a sustained increase in the use of contraception in the project zone.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | RURAL POPULATION | USAID | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management
Document Number: 325193

28.

Title: Evaluation of the birthweight values of newborns presenting at the Mother-Child Health and Family Planning Center in Yenibosna, Istanbul, Turkey.
Author: Dolgun G; Cimen S; Yazici S; Savaser S
Source: Nursing and Health Sciences. 2009 Jun;11(2):174-9.
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the effect of a number of variables related to the mother (age, educational level, employment status, cigarette smoking during pregnancy) and to the baby (sex and birth order) on newborns' birthweight. The research was carried out in the province of Istanbul, one of Turkey's large metropolises, at the Mother-Child Health and Family Planning Center in the district of Yenibosna, where 0-1 month old infants had been brought in for phenylketonuria screening and vaccinations. The mean age of the mothers was 26.1 +/- 4.8 years and the mean birthweight of the newborns was 3236.7 +/- 542.2 g. Of the infants, 6.3% were classified as having a low birthweight and 8.3% were large infants. The mean birthweight showed a statistical significance depending upon the infants' sex and birth order. The mean birthweight of the infants of the working mothers, as opposed to the unemployed mothers and the mothers in nuclear families, as opposed to the mothers in extended families, was higher.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | INFANT | EDUCATION | PREGNANCY | BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341575

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Spousal intimate partner violence is associated with HIV and other STIs among married Rwandan women.
Author: Dude AM
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb 10;:1-11.
Abstract: HIV is a health problem in Rwanda, where the adult HIV prevalence is 3.1% (WHO 2008 in Online database of HIV/AIDS epidemiological data, found at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas); the majority of those infected are women (UNAIDS 2008 in http://data.unaids. org/pub/Report/2008/rwanda_2008_country_progress_ report en.pdf). Prior studies indicate that intimate partner violence is frequently associated with increased HIV risk in women, often because men who abuse their wives also exhibit riskier sexual behaviors (Silverman et al. in JAMA 300:703-710 2008. Population-based data from the 2005 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey indicate that women with few, if any, other sexual risk factors who have experienced sexual, physical, or emotional abuse within their marriages are 1.61-3.46 times as likely to test positive for HIV, and 2.14-4.11 times more likely to report another STI. These findings confirm prior clinical studies that indicate that intimate partner violence is a correlate of HIV/STIs in Rwanda. Further research is needed to determine whether Rwandan men that abuse their wives have higher baseline rates of HIV/STI infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EVALUATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nuptiality | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 340206

30.


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy