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1.
Title: Circumcision's place in the vicious cycle involving herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV [editorial]
Author: Bailey RC; Mehta SD
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Apr 1;199(7):923-5.
Abstract: HSV-2 as a biological cofactor in HIV acquisition and transmission has likely contributed substantially to the HIV epidemic. Although it remains possible that HSV-2 suppressive therapy will be efficacious in reducing HIV transmission, it is not clear how and whether a twice daily regimen of acyclovir will be manageable and effective at a population level. Research is needed to develop and test a prophylactic vaccine that, even if only partially protective against HSV-2 acquisition, is likely to be effective in both concentrated epidemics and in generalized epidemics in which a large proportion of HIV transmission occurs in stable partnerships. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | EUROPE | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | HERPES GENITALIS | HIV INFECTIONS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 341208

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Pregnancy outcome of migrant women and integration policy: a systematic review of the international literature.
Author: Bollini P; Pampallona S; Wanner P; Kupelnick B
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Feb;68(3):452-61.
Abstract: Immigrant mothers in developed countries often experience worse pregnancy outcomes than native women. Several epidemiological studies have described the pregnancy outcome of immigrant women in European receiving countries, with conflicting results. The present systematic review makes a quantitative synthesis of available evidence on the association between pregnancy outcomes and integration policies. We reviewed all epidemiological studies comparing the pregnancy outcome of native versus immigrant women in European countries from 1966 to 2004 and retained 65 for analysis, from 12 host countries. Overall, as compared to native women, immigrant women showed a clear disadvantage for all the outcomes considered: 43% higher risk of low birth weight, 24% of pre-term delivery, 50% of perinatal mortality, and 61% of congenital malformations. The risks were clearly and significantly reduced in countries with a strong integration policy. This trend was maintained even after adjustment for age at delivery and parity. On the basis of an analysis of naturalisation rates, five countries in our sample could be categorised as having a strong policies promoting the integration of immigrant communities. The mechanisms through which integration policies may be protective include the increased participation of immigrant communities in the life of the receiving society, and the decreased stress and discrimination they may face. The results of this study highlight a serious problem of equity in perinatal health across European countries. Immigrant women clearly need targeted attention to improve the health of their newborn, but a deep societal change is also necessary to integrate and respect immigrant communities in receiving societies.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | PREGNANCY | MIGRATION | ANTENATAL CARE | HEALTH POLICY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331051

3.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Marital and reproductive behavior in Italy after 1995: bridging the gap with Western Europe?
Author: Castiglioni M; Dalla Zuanna G
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):1-26.
Abstract: Despite a delay of 20-25 years, when it comes to cohabitation, Italy has now begun to resemble other Western countries. In addition, the increase in legal separations has accelerated since 1995, although their number still remains far from that observed in countries such as the USA, the UK, and France. Finally, Italy's fertility decline has come to a halt: the cohort of women born in the early 1970s will likely have the same TFR as those born in the mid-1960s (around 1.55). Moreover, in the Centre-North areas, period TFR rose from 1.1 in 1995 to 1.35 children per woman 10 years later. The territorial diffusion of cohabitation, legal separation, out-of-wedlock births, and fertility recovery overlaps closely with that of the decline in births during the first half of the twentieth century. A similar geographical pattern has been observed for the diffusion of school enrolment, industrialization, secularization, and (during the last 20 years) foreign immigration.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEPARATION | MARRIAGE | FERTILITY CHANGES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331294

Peer Reviewed

Title: Rate of pregnancy after using drospirenone and other progestin-containing oral contraceptives.
Author: Cronin M; Schellschmidt I; Dinger J
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Sep;114(3):616-22.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES:: To determine whether prior oral-contraceptive use has a negative effect on the ability of women to conceive in both the short-term and long-term. METHODS:: The European Active Surveillance Study on Oral Contraceptives (EURAS-OC) was a controlled, prospective, noninterventional cohort study of 59,510 users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or other progestins in clinical practice in seven European countries. In a planned secondary analysis, pregnancy outcomes were investigated in 2,064 participants in EURAS-OC who stopped oral-contraceptive use after study entry because of planned pregnancy. The influence of age, parity, progestin type, ethinylestradiol dose, duration of oral-contraceptive use, and smoking status on the rate of pregnancy was assessed. RESULTS:: Overall, 21.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.4-23.0%) of the past oral-contraceptive users were pregnant one cycle after oral-contraceptive cessation. This rate increased to 79.4% (95% CI 77.6-81.1%) at 1 year (13 cycles). Progestin type, ethinylestradiol dose, duration of oral-contraceptive use, and parity had no major influence on the rate of pregnancy after oral-contraceptive cessation. Up to age 35 years, age had only a minor influence on the rate of pregnancy. Rates of pregnancy were reduced in women older than 35 years and in current smokers. CONCLUSION:: Previous oral-contraceptive use does not negatively affect initial and 1-year rates of pregnancy after oral-contraceptive cessation. A comparison of these data with data external to this study indicates that the negative effect of aging on fecundity is not amplified by oral-contraceptive use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: II.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 342570

Peer Reviewed

Title: Oral contraceptive effectiveness according to body mass index, weight, age, and other factors.
Author: Dinger JC; Cronin M; Mohner S; Schellschmidt I; Minh TD; Westhoff C
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 May 28;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the use-effectiveness of oral contraceptives (OCs) in Europe according to body mass index (BMI), weight, age, and other factors. STUDY DESIGN: In a planned secondary analysis, we used data from the European Active Surveillance Study on Oral Contraceptives, which was a prospective active cohort surveillance study of 59,510 OC users, to assess the effectiveness of OCs overall and by BMI, weight, age, duration of use, ethinylestradiol dose, regimen type, starting/switching status, and parity. Self-reported unplanned pregnancies during OC use were confirmed by interview. RESULTS: An analysis of OC effectiveness (112,659 women-years of exposure and 545 unplanned pregnancies) found little variation in effectiveness by BMI/weight. Failure rates decreased after 30 years of age and with an increasing duration of use. CONCLUSION: OC users in Europe reported high contraceptive effectiveness with "typical use." Failure rates decreased with age and duration ofuse. BMI and weight had little, if any, influence on effectiveness.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | BODY WEIGHT | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341572

Peer Reviewed

Title: Bleeding pattern, tolerance and patient satisfaction with a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive evaluated in 3488 women in Europe, the Middle East and Canada.
Author: Endrikat JS; Milchev NP; Kapamadzija A; Georgievska J; Gerlinger C; Schmidt W; Feroze S
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):428-32.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the bleeding pattern, tolerance and patient satisfaction associated with an oral contraceptive (OC) containing 3 mg of drospirenone and 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol under real-life conditions. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, prospective and observational six-cycle study was conducted in 12 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Canada. The efficacy variables included an assessment of bleeding patterns, premenstrual symptoms of water retention and patient satisfaction as determined by a visual analog scale. RESULTS: A total of 3488 women was enrolled in the study. The percentage of women with intermenstrual bleeding decreased from 27.9% at baseline to 5.4% at the end of Cycle 6, while dysmenorrhea decreased from 67% to 17.7%. Also, amenorrhea decreased from 21.3% to 7.5%. The decreases in all three parameters were statistically significant (p<.0001). Approximately 70% of the women reported abdominal bloating and/or breast tenderness at baseline and less than 38% did so at the end of Cycle 6 (p<.0001). Patient satisfaction increased for all investigated items. Upon completion of the study, 86.2% of the women answered "yes" to continuing treatment with this OC. CONCLUSION: The OC containing 3 mg of drospirenone and 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol has beneficial effects on bleeding pattern, symptoms of water retention and patient satisfaction.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | MIDDLE EAST | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | BLEEDING | SATISFACTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | AMENORRHEA | METRORRHAGIA | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health | Menstruation Disorders
Document Number: 341103

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adolescent sexual behavior during periods of increase and decrease in the abortion rate.
Author: Falah-Hassani K; Kosunen E; Shiri R; Jokela J; Liinamo A; Rimpela A
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jul;114(1):79-86.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study changes in adolescent sexual behavior in periods of increase (1994-2000) and decrease (2001-2007) in the abortion rate. METHODS: School surveys with self-administered questionnaires were carried out annually among eighth graders (mean age 14.8 years) and ninth graders (mean age 15.8 years) (N=286,665) in 1996/1997 and 2006/2007. Schools participated biennially. The proportions of respondents reporting noncoital (kissing, light petting, heavy petting) and coital (ever had sexual intercourse, intercourse at least 10 times, at least three partners) sexual experience and nonuse of contraception were studied. RESULTS: Among adolescents, both coital and noncoital sexual experiences and the proportion of those not using contraception increased between 1996-1997 and 2000-2001 (P for trend <.01, all) and decreased from 2000-2001 onward (P<.001, all), except the proportion of at least 10 coital events, which did not decrease. Among sexually experienced adolescents, a similar increase in coital experiences (intercourse at least 10 times from 38.2% to 41.5%, at least three partners from 27.8% to 30.7%, P<.001) and in not using contraception (from 17.2% to 19.1%, P=.002) was seen before 2000-2001, but after that the only significant change was a further increase in the proportion of those reporting intercourse at least 10 times (from 41.5% to 47.8%, P<.001). CONCLUSION: The proportion of adolescents reporting noncoital sexual experiences, intercourse, or not using contraception increased in the 1990s and decreased in the 2000s, reflecting the changes in the abortion rate. However, as the abortion rate decreased, the intensity of sexual activity further increased among sexually experienced adolescents, suggesting that the fall in the abortion rate may be due to contraception and more effective sexual education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: III.
Language: English
Keywords:
FINLAND | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | ABORTION RATE | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Education
Document Number: 342595 Notification

Title: Late termination of pregnancy: a comparison of obstetricians' experience in eight European countries.
Author: Habiba M; Da Fre M; Taylor DJ; Arnaud C; Bleker O; Lingman G; Gomez MM; Gratia P; Heyl W; Viafora C
Author: EUROBS Study Group
Source: BJOG. 2009 Sep;116(10):1340-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the experience and attitude of obstetricians in Europe towards late termination of pregnancy and the factors affecting their responses. DESIGN: Cluster sampling cross-sectional survey. All neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-associated maternity units were recruited (census sampling) in Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden. In France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, units were selected at random. In every recruited unit, all obstetricians with at least 6 months' experience were invited to participate. SETTING: NICU-associated maternity units in eight European countries. POPULATION: Obstetricians with at least 6 months' clinical experience. METHODS: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used. Multinomial logistic analysis was used to identify factors predicting the obstetricians' views about modifying the law governing late termination in their country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Obstetricians' experience of late termination of pregnancy and views about national policies. RESULTS: One hundred and five units and 1530 obstetricians participated (response rates 70 and 77% respectively). The most common indications for late termination were congenital anomalies and women's physical health. Feticide was not common except in France, Luxembourg and the UK. Active euthanasia of a liveborn was practiced in France and the Netherlands. Obstetricians in Germany were more likely to feel that late termination should be more severely restricted, the opposite was true in Spain and the Netherlands. In Italy, there was dissatisfaction with current status, but opinion was divided, reflecting views on both sides of the debate. CONCLUSIONS: This research outlines current practice in a difficult and sensitive area and suggests the need for more discussion and support for all those who were involved.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | OBSTETRICS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, THIRD TRIMESTER | EUTHANASIA | ULTRASONICS | ATTITUDES | QUESTIONNAIRES | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | ETHICS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Religion
Document Number: 342944 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Profile of long-acting reversible contraception users in Europe.
Author: Haimovich S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):187-95.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the profile of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) users in Europe. METHODS: A random sample of women aged 15-49 years in 14 European countries (Germany, France, UK, Spain, Italy, Russian Federation, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) underwent web-based or computer-aided face-to-face interviews in June 2006. In this paper data pertaining to a subgroup of women using LARCs are presented. RESULTS: A total of 11,490 women participated in the full study. Of these, 1,188 (10%) women were LARC (hormonal implant, injectables, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system [LNG-IUS], copper intrauterine device [Cu-IUD]) users. The age of the LARC users exceeded 30 years for 57-91% of them. Furthermore, more than half of them found convenience an extremely important factor when selecting the LARC as a contraceptive method. As compared to those wearing a Cu-IUD, women using hormonal LARCs experienced fewer physical and emotional symptoms that appeared or worsened during menstruation. CONCLUSIONS: LARCs have their place in the contraceptive market in Europe. The most popular LARCs among European women were the LNG-IUS and the Cu-IUD; both were mainly used by women who had children and had no wish to have more in the future.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | AGE FACTORS | PARITY | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 341802

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Efficacy and safety of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive containing drospirenone 3 mg and ethinylestradiol 20 mcg in a 24/4-day regimen.
Author: Hernadi L; Marr J; Trummer D; De Leo V; Petraglia F
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):18-24.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing drospirenone (drsp) 3 mg/ethinylestradiol (EE) 20 mcg administered for 24 days of active treatment followed by a 4-day hormone-free interval (24/4 regimen). STUDY DESIGN: In this open-label uncontrolled study conducted in 50 European centers, healthy females aged 18-35 years with a body mass index of less than 30 kg/m(2) received drsp 3 mg/EE 20 mcg 24/4 over 13 cycles. The primary efficacy variable was the number of unintended pregnancies. RESULTS: Five pregnancies occurred among 1101 women over 13,248 treatment cycles, resulting in a Pearl Index (PI) of 0.49 with an upper two-sided 95% CI limit of 1.14. Of these pregnancies, three were attributed to noncompliance with tablet use resulting in an adjusted PI for 'perfect use' of 0.22 (upper limit of two-sided 95% CI: 0.80) based on 11,755 cycles. CONCLUSION: Drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mcg 24/4 is a highly effective COC in nonobese women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PEARL'S FORMULA | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 341586

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Traces of the second demographic transition in four selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe: union formation as a demographic manifestation.
Author: Hoem JM; Kostova D; Jasilioniene A; Muresan C
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):239-255.
Abstract: Using data from the first round of the national Gender and Generations Surveys of Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria, and from a similar survey of Hungary, which were all collected in recent years, we study rates of entry into marital and non-marital unions. We have used elements from the narrative of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) as a vehicle to give our analysis of the data from the four countries some coherence, and find what can be traces of the SDT in these countries. The details vary by country; in particular, latter-day developments in union formation patterns did not start at the same time in all countries, but in our assessment it began everywhere before communism fell, that is, before the societal transition to a market economy got underway in 1990.
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | EUROPE | ROMANIA | HUNGARY | BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DATA ANALYSIS | MARRIAGE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE AGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe, Central | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Marriage Patterns
Document Number: 339896

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The role of biological fertility in predicting family size.
Author: Joffe M; Key J; Best N; Jensen TK; Keiding N
Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Aug;24(8):1999-2006.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is plausible that a couple's ability to achieve the desired number of children is limited by biological fertility, especially if childbearing is postponed. Family size has declined and semen quality may have deteriorated in much of Europe, although studies have found an increase rather than a decrease in couple fertility. METHODS: Using four high-quality European datasets, we took the reported time to pregnancy (TTP) as the predictor variable; births reported as following contraceptive failure were an additional category. The outcome variable was final or near-final family size. Potential confounders were maternal age when unprotected sex began prior to the first birth, and maternal smoking. Desired family size was available in only one of the datasets. RESULTS: Couples with a TTP of at least 12 months tended to have smaller families, with odds ratios for the risk of not having a second child approximately 1.8, and for the risk of not having a third child approximately 1.6. Below 12 months no association was observed. Findings were generally consistent across datasets. There was also a more than 2-fold risk of not achieving the desired family size if TTP was 12 months or more for the first child. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the available data quality, family size appears to be predicted by biological fertility, even after adjustment for maternal age, if the woman was at least 20 years old when the couple's first attempt at conception started. The contribution of behavioural factors to this result also needs to be investigated.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST PREGNANCY INTERVALS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL AGE | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Pregnancy Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior
Document Number: 342795

13.
Title: [Contraceptive methods used by women in the period before and after giving birth] Praxe v pouzivani kontracepcnich metod u zen v obdobi pred porodem a po porodu.
Author: Krepelka P; Hanacek J; Hrdlicka D
Source: Ceska Gynekologie. 2009 Jun;74(3):211-8.
Abstract: GOAL OF THE STUDY: To provide information on the knowledge and practices involving the use of the contraceptive methods employed by women of a fertile age, especially in the period of lactation. DESIGN: A cross-section, descriptive study. Setting: Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at the Institute of Postgraduate Education in Healthcare, Prague; Cegedim Strategic Data CZ s.r.o., Prague. METHODOLOGY: The method involved a written questionnaire in a structured form. The investigation was undertaken in two phases; the first round took place directly after giving birth, while the second took place 6 months after giving birth. The group consisted of 4535 women who gave birth at the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child in the period between 15. 11. 2006 - 15. 11. 2007. RESULTS: 2540 women (56.0%) answered the questions in the first round; 85% of them were in the 26-35 age group, 44.3% were secondary school graduates and 36.7% were university graduates. 61.3% were first-time mothers, 32.3% were second-time mothers and 5.4% were third-time mothers. Contraception used before current gravidity: (n=2540) oral hormonal contraception 59.7%, a condom 11.1%, intrauterine contraception 1.0% and 20.6% of the women used no contraceptive method. The users of oral hormonal contraception (n=1517) were most frequently prescribed (12.8% of the women) a preparation containing 20 microg ethinylestradiol and 150 eLg desogestrel (Mercilon). The contraception used during the course of lactation after a birth in the group of mothers of more than one child (n=982): oral hormonal contraception 19.6%, a condom 17.1%, intrauterine contraception 1.3%, no contraceptive method 54.5%. Breastfeeding users of oral hormonal contraception (n=192) were most frequently prescribed (20.3% of women) a preparation containing 500 microg lynestrenol (Exluton) and a preparation containing 75 microg desogestrel (Cerazette) (16.1% of women). The contraceptive methods planned by women after birth (n=2540): oral hormonal contraceptive 36.5%, a condom 18.8%, intrauterine contraception 18.8%, no method 20.1%. 1440 women (56.7%) answered the questions in the second round; 83.5% of them were in the 26-35 age group, 45.0% were secondary school graduates and 37.0% were university graduates. 64.4% were first-time mothers, 30.6% were second time mothers and 4.2% were third-time mothers. 74.6% of women were still breastfeeding 6 months after giving birth. Contraception used by breastfeeding women (n=1074): oral hormone contraception 27.6%, a condom 21.8%, an intrauterine system with levonorgestrel 2.8%, intrauterine contraception 2.4%, no method 39.5%. Contraception used by non-breastfeeding women (n=366): oral hormonal contraception 42.1%, a condom 15.0%, an intrauterine system with levonorgestrel 2.7%, intrauterine contraception 2.7%, no method 31.4%. In both groups of women, the users of oral hormonal contraception were most frequently prescribed a preparation containing 75 pg desogestrel (Cerazette); this accounted for 99.3% of the breastfeeding women and 18.8% of those not breastfeeding. 40.0% of breastfeeding and 48.4% of non-breastfeeding women are planning to use hormonal contraception in the coming period. The self-evaluation of the knowledge of contraception methods (n=2540): 61.6% of women evaluated their knowledge as good, but 77.6% of women did not know a suitable hormonal contraceptive for the period of lactation. According to 80.7% of the women, their main source of expert information in the area of family planning is their gynaecologist. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of breastfeeding women 6 months after giving birth is high in the monitored group. Oral hormonal contraceptives are the most frequently used contraceptive method in general, including during the lactation period when women prefer a preparation containing 75 microg desogestrel regardless of whether or not they are breastfeeding. The women's knowledge of suitable methods of contraception during the period of lactation is unsatisfactory and represents a challenge for healthcare providers to improve the amount of information available to women in this area
Language: Czech
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BREASTFEEDING | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342298

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP): the path towards a true partnership.
Author: Matee MI; Manyando C; Ndumbe PM; Corrah T; Jaoko WG; Kitua AY; Ambene HP; Ndounga M; Zijenah L; Ofori-Adjei D; Agwale S; Shongwe S; Nyirenda T; Makanga M
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 20;9(1):249.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) was founded in 2003 by the European Parliament and Council. It is a partnership of 14 European Union (EU) member states, Norway, Switzerland, and Developing Countries, formed to fund acceleration of new clinical trial interventions to fight the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria and tuberculosis (TB) in the sub-Saharan African region. EDCTP seeks to be synergistic with other funding bodies supporting research on these diseases. METHODS: EDCTP promotes collaborative research supported by multiple funding agencies and harnesses networking expertise across different African and European countries. EDCTP is different from other similar initiatives. The organisation of EDCTP blends important aspects of partnership that includes ownership, sustainability and responds to demand-driven research. The Developing Countries Coordinating Committee (DCCC); a team of independent scientists and representatives of regional health bodies from sub-Saharan Africa provides advice to the partnership. Thus EDCTP reflects a true partnership and the active involvement and contribution of these African scientists ensures joint ownership of the EDCTP programme with European counterparts. RESULTS: The following have been the major achievements of the EDCTP initiative since its formation in 2003; i) increase in the number of participating African countries from two to 26 in 2008 ii) the cumulative amount of funds spent on EDCTP projects has reached E 150 m, iii) the cumulative number of clinical trials approved has reached 40 and iv) there has been a significant increase number and diversity in capacity building activities. CONCLUSION: While we recognise that EDCTP faced enormous challenges in its first few years of existence, the strong involvement of African scientists and its new initiatives such as unconditional funding to regional networks of excellence in sub-Saharan Africa is envisaged to lead to a sustainable programme. Current data shows that the number of projects supported by EDCTP is increasing. DCCC proposes that this success story of true partnership should be used as model by partners involved in the fight against other infectious diseases of public health importance in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MALARIA | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CAPACITY BUILDING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342291

16.

Title: How well protected are sexually active 15-year olds? Cross-national patterns in condom and contraceptive pill use 2002-2006.
Author: Nic Gabhainn S; Baban A; Boyce W; Godeau E
Author: the HBSC Sexual Health Focus Group
Source: International Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 21;
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To present comparative data on sexual initiation, and condom use and contraceptive pill use at last intercourse among adolescents in Europe, Israel and Canada.METHODS: Data were collected by self-report questionnaire from nationally representative samples of 15 year olds in school classrooms in two cross-national surveys undertaken in 24 countries in 2001/02 and 30 countries in 2005/06.RESULTS: In 2005/06 almost 27% of those surveyed had had sex and almost 86% reported using condoms or the contraceptive pill at last intercourse. This reflects little change since 2001/02 in prevalence of sexual initiation and a general increase in being well-protected at last intercourse. There were wide variations with up to a third of sexually active 15 year olds in some countries at risk for either Sexually Transmitted Infections or pregnancy, or both.CONCLUSIONS: Most adolescents were well protected against Sexually Transmitted Infections and pregnancy, but an important minority remain at risk, with very wide cross-national differences.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | EUROPE | ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 342218

17.

Title: Oral Contraceptive Use and BRCA Penetrance: A Case-Only Study.
Author: Pasanisi P; Hedelin G; Berrino J; Chang-Claude J; Hermann S; Steel M; Haites N; Hart J; Peled R; Gafa L; Leggio L; Traina A; Amodio R; Primic-Zakelj M; Zadnik V; Veidebaum T; Tekkel M; Berrino F
Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Jun 23;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Women with deleterious mutations in BRCA genes are at increased risk of breast cancer. However, the penetrance of the genetic trait may be regulated through environmental factors. This multinational case-only study tested the interaction between oral contraceptive use and genetic susceptibility in the occurrence of breast cancer.METHODS: We recruited 3,123 patients diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 45 years. Participants were classified according to their probability of carrying a BRCA mutation on the basis of their family history of breast and ovarian cancer. According to a case-only approach, the frequency of relevant exposures among breast cancer cases with high probability of BRCA mutation ("genetic cases") was compared with the frequency of the same exposures among breast cancer cases with a low probability of BRCA mutation ("sporadic cases"). The interaction odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for oral contraceptive use were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, after controlling for potentially confounding variables.RESULTS: The analysis was carried out comparing 382 "genetic" and 1,333 "sporadic" cases. We found a borderline significant interaction between genetic breast cancer and oral contraceptive use for ever users compared with never users (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7). The greatest interaction OR was found for women who started using pill at 18 to 20 years (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3).CONCLUSION: These results suggest that BRCA mutation carriers, as well as women with a significant family history of breast and ovarian cancer are more vulnerable to exogenous hormones in oral contraceptives. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2107-13).
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | GENETICS | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 341746

19.

Title: User Satisfaction with the Combined Oral Contraceptive Drospirenone 3 mg/Ethinylestradiol 20 mug (Yasminelle(R)) in Clinical Practice: A Multi-Country, Questionnaire-Based Study.
Author: Short M
Source: Clinical Drug Investigation. 2009;29(3):153-9.
Abstract: To assess women's perception of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing drospirenone 3 mg/ethinylestradiol (EE) 20 mug administered in the conventional 21/7 regimen (drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7 regimen [Yasminelle(R)]) in clinical practice. This questionnaire-based study was performed in 12 European countries and included women who had been taking the drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7 regimen COC for >/=3 months. Of 16 461 completed questionnaires, 12 277 were from women who had been using the drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7 regimen COC for >/=3 months - 34% of women were new users of COCs and 65% had switched from alternative contraceptive brands. The mean age of these respondents was approximately 27 years. Seventy percent of women who indicated that they had skin problems before taking the drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7 regimen COC responded that their skin had improved with treatment (3030/4305). Sixty-nine percent of women who had switched to the drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7regimen COC because of weight problems with their previous method of contraception responded that they had experienced weight loss (1205/1745). Approximately 95% of respondents said they were satisfied with the drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7 regimen COC. Moreover, 83% of respondents said they would recommend this COC to a friend. There were high levels of perceived satisfaction with the drospirenone 3 mg/EE 20 mug 21/7 regimen COC. The reported effects on weight loss (due to decreased water retention) and skin problems are consistent with the antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic benefits of drospirenone-containing COCs.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | SATISFACTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | BODY WEIGHT | FLUID BALANCE | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Physiology | Biology | Homeostasis
Document Number: 330423

20.
Title: Towards an EU-wide regularisation scheme.
Author: Strang A
Source: Forced Migration Review. 2009 Apr;(32):63-64.
Abstract: The RU immigration framework is presently based on the idea that there are two types of irregular migrants: persecuted refugees (legal) and economic immigrants (illegal). This presumption informs a policy that aggravates stigmatisation and criminalisation of refugees and migrants alike. In reality, both 'types' of migrants usually originate from countries characterised by chronic poverty, violent conflict, political instability and socio-economic deprivation which generate both refugee-producing conditions as well as other modes of (de facto) forced migration to places of greater political and economic stability. The author presents an argument for regularization and suggests policy improvements to adminster labour migration.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRATION POLICY | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 340192

21.

22.

Title: Case studies in global school health promotion: From research to practice.
Author: Whitman CV; Aldinger CE
Source: New York, New York, Springer, 2009. 408 p.
Abstract: A growing body of research identifies strong links between children's health, social, and educational outcomes. Research also points to the reciprocal benefits of access to quality education on individual and family health status. In response to these findings, the World Health Organization developed the concept of the health-promoting school (HPS). This book, available for purchase, provides readers with examples from more than two dozen countries (representing urban and rural areas in developing and developed nations) that outline the strategies taken to implement HPS programs in individual schools, municipalities, and nations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH | PROMOTION | HEALTH POLICY | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Marketing | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331372

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Transnational comparisons of adolescent contraceptive use: What can we learn from these comparisons?
Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Jan;162(1):92-94.
Abstract: Population-based behavioral surveillance is an essential public health activity for monitoring the health of adolescents. These surveys - often conducted by government scientists, virtually always with government support - provide critical data on behaviors as diverse as drug and alcohol use, suicidal intentions, sexual behavior, diet and nutrition, and dental hygiene. Similar surveys monitor adult health. Such data can be used to assess health risks among youth, to plan prevention programs, to measure trends over time, and to evaluate the impact of prevention programs. United States-based pediatricians and adolescent health providers are very familiar with the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS), which tracks health risk behaviors among high school students for the nation and many states and cities. For example, YRBS data have been used to explain recent declines in teenage pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus risk and to understand risk factors for adolescent alcohol and drug use. Similar surveys have been used around the globe in rich and poor countries to monitor health. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | EVALUATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Behavior | Biology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 323372

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies.
Author: Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration
Source: Lancet. 2008 Jul 26;372(9635):293-299.
Abstract: Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy has led to significant increases in survival and quality of life, but at a population-level the effect on life expectancy is not well understood. Our objective was to compare changes in mortality and life expectancy among HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy. Methods: The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration is a multinational collaboration of HIV cohort studies in Europe and North America. Patients were included in this analysis if they were aged 16 years or over and antiretroviral-naive when initiating combination therapy. We constructed abridged life tables to estimate life expectancies for individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, and stratified by sex, baseline CD4 cell count, and history of injecting drug use. The average number of years remaining to be lived by those treated with combination antiretroviral therapy at 20 and 35 years of age was estimated. Potential years of life lost from 20 to 64 years of age and crude mortality rates were also calculated. Findings: 18 587, 13 914, and 10 854 eligible patients initiated combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, respectively. 2056 (4.7%) deaths were observed during the study period, with crude mortality rates decreasing from 16.3 deaths per 1000 person-years in 1996-99 to 10.0 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2003-05. Potential years of life lost per 1000 person-years also decreased over the same time, from 366 to 189 years. Life expectancy at age 20 years increased from 36.1 (SE 0.6) years to 49.4 (0.5) years. Women had higher life expectancies than did men. Patients with presumed transmission via injecting drug use had lower life expectancies than did those from other transmission groups (32.6 [1.1] years vs 44.7 [0.3] years in 2003-05). Life expectancy was lower in patients with lower baseline CD4 cell counts than in those with higher baseline counts (32.4 [1.1] years for CD4 cell counts below 100 cells per �L vs 50.4 [0.4] years for counts of 200 cells per �L or more). Interpretation: Life expectancy in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy increased between 1996 and 2005, although there is considerable variability between subgroups of patients. The average number of years remaining to be lived at age 20 years was about two-thirds of that in the general population in these countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 327889

25.

Title: Semi-annual report, Task Order 1, April 1, 2008-September 30, 2008. Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Sep. 170 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The purpose of this task order is to exercise global leadership and provide field-level programming in policy development and implementation. The assistance provided under this procurement is expected to improve the enabling environment for health, making it possible for men and women around the world to obtain and use information and services they need for better health, especially in the areas of family planning and reproductive health, HIV/AIDS, and maternal health. Task Order 1 implements a comprehensive and challenging set of corefunded activities with funding from the Office of Population and Reproductive Health, Office of HIV/AIDS, and the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases, and Nutrition. To date, the project has received field support funds from 36 country or regional programs. The bureaus for Africa, Asia and the Near East, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean also provide funds for HPI to support their regional activities in health, HIV/AIDS, family planning, and contraceptive security. For the period from April 1, 2008 to September 30, 2008, we report 72 results in 16 country and regional programs. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | ASIA | EUROPE | LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HEALTH POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331368

26.

Title: Progress towards interrupting wild poliovirus transmission worldwide, January 2007 - April 2008.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008 May 9;83(19):170-176.
Abstract: In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. Subsequently, the global Polio Eradication Initiative reduced the worldwide incidence of polio associated with wild polioviruses (WPVs) from an estimated 350 000 cases in 1988 to 1997 cases in 2006; it also reduced the number of countries that have never succeeded in interrupting WPV transmission from greater than 125 to 4 (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan). Circulation of type-2 WPV (WPV2) was last observed in October 1999. In February 2007, WHO convened a stakeholders' meeting to agree on making an accelerated eradication effort during 2007-2008 and on milestones to monitor progress. Programmatic strategies implemented in 2007 included expanding the use of type-1 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1) to preferentially eliminate transmission of type-1 WPV (WPV1) before type-3 WPV (WPV3) and targeting the use of type-3 monovalent OPV (mOPV3) in selected areas. This report summarizes the results of implementing these strategies and indicates the overall progress that has been made towards achieving the 2007 milestones (including a decline in the overall number of WPV cases to 1310 in 2007) and the substantial progress made towards interrupting WPV1 circulation in India (supported by 2008 data). An increase in the number of WPV3 cases in India in 2007 occurred as the result of an outbreak that spread to areas where there was limited immunization against WPV3. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | AFRICA | ASIA | EUROPE | SUMMARY REPORT | POLIO | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TRANSMISSION | INCIDENCE | IMMUNIZATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 326726

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Migration, fertility, and aging in stable populations.
Author: Alho JM
Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):641-650.
Abstract: Fertility is below replacement level in all European countries, and population growth is expected to decline in the coming decades. Increasing life expectancy will accentuate concomitant aging of the population. Migration has been seen as a possible means to decelerate aging. In this article, I introduce a stable, open-population model in which cohort net migration is proportional to births. In this case, the migration-fertility trade-off can be studied with particular ease. I show that although migration can increase the growth rate, which tends to make the age distribution younger, it also has an opposite effect because of its typical age pattern. I capture the effect of the age pattern of net migration in a migration-survivor function. The effect of net migration on growth is quantified with data from 17 European countries. I show that some countries already have a level of migration that will lead to stationarity. For other countries with asymptotically declining population, migration still provides opportunities for slowing down aging of the population as a whole. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | MIGRATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | AGE FACTORS | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327986

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: What do we know about sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Europe?
Author: Avery L; Lazdane G
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Mar;13(1):58-70.
Abstract: Acceptance of sexual and reproductive health as fundamental to the sustainable development of societies has allowed for creation of new reproductive health programmes and policies. WHO sexual and reproductive health (SRH) strategies were developed in the WHO Regional Office for Europe (2001), as well as globally (2004). Adolescent SRH is important in both strategies. Despite these commitments, adolescents remain vulnerable to poor reproductive health. The goal of this paper is to analyse the current status of SRH of adolescents in Europe. Key reproductive health indicators were chosen. Information was obtained from published studies, databases and questionnaires sent to WHO reproductive health counterparts within the health ministries in the Member States of the WHO European Region. Pregnancy rate, age at first sexual intercourse, contraceptive use at first and last intercourse, contraceptive prevalence, HIV knowledge, and STI rates vary widely according to the population considered. Gender difference and lack of information pertaining to SRH of all adolescent populations are other key findings. While the SRH of most European adolescents is good, they remain a vulnerable population. Lack of standardized reproductive indicators and age specific aggregate data make it difficult to accurately assess the situation in individual countries or perform cross country comparison. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | WHO | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors
Document Number: 324656

29.

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Women's contraceptive practices and sexual behaviour in Europe.
Author: Cibula D
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):362-75.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess current and past contraceptive usage, awareness of and satisfaction with available methods, and sexual and reproductive behaviour of women in 14 European countries (Spain, Italy, UK, France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Czech Republic, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Russian Federation). METHODS: A random sample of women aged 15-49 years underwent web-based or computer-aided face-to-face interviews in June 2006. All data were weighted to correct for differences between the samples surveyed in each country relative to their general population, and further weighted relative to the size of the overall female population across the participating countries. RESULTS: A total of 11,490 women participated in the study. The mean age at first sexual intercourse ranged between 16.5 and 18.5 years. The use of contraception at first intercourse varied significantly across Europe - the rates were the highest in Germany (76%) and France (72%), and the lowest in Russia, the Czech Republic and the Baltic States (29-40%). There was considerable heterogeneity in the general pattern of current contraceptive usage between countries. Oral contraceptives were the most popular current method of contraception, with usage rates highest in France (49%) and the Czech Republic (44%) and lowest in Russia, the Baltic States and Spain (15-18%). The current absence of contraception was fairly consistent across countries, ranging from 21-30%. However, Russia (57%) and the Baltic States (50%) had the highest proportion of women using either no contraception or 'other methods' (mostly methods considered unreliable). CONCLUSIONS: Oral contraceptives remain a popular method of contraception in Europe; however, great differences exist in contraception acceptance and in the rates of use of the various methods. A sizeable proportion of women do not currently use contraception or use contraceptive methods considered to be unreliable.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | SATISFACTION | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | INTERNET | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Information Processing | Information | Information Networks | Communication | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 329785


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